Political Law Case Doctrines

SUMMARY OF DOCTRINES CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1 CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES De Leon v. ESGUERRA The 1987 Constitution was ratified in a plebiscite on February 2, 1987. By that date, therefore, the Provisional Constitution must be deemed to have been superseded. (Effectivity is immediately upon ratification) Gonzales v. COMELEC Nature of power to amend the Constitution or to propose amendments thereto: not inherent power of Congress but of the people; constituent power of Congress Tolentino v. COMELEC The condition and limitation that all the amendments to be proposed by the same convention must be submitted in a “single

election” or plebiscite. Imbong v. COMELEC Competence of Congress acting as Constituent Assembly: Authority to call constitutional convention as Constituent Assembly in enacting implementing details. Sanidad v. COMELEC -Presidential exercise of legislative powers (and proposing amendments) is valid in martial law. -Amending process is a sovereign act, although the authority to institute the same and the procedure to be followed reside somehow in a particular body (Pres. Marcos). Santiago v. COMELEC The right of the people to directly propose amendments to the Constitution through the system of initiative would remain entombed in a cold niche until Congress provides for its implementation. Section 2 of Article XVII is not self-executing.

Lambino v. COMELEC Essence of people's initiative: (1) people must author; (2) they must sign the proposal; (3) proposal is embodied in petition CONCEPT OF STATE Bacani vs NACOCO  The mere fact that the Government happens to be a major stockholder of a corporation does not make it a public corporation.  Distinction between constituent and ministrant functions. PVTA vs CIR  Distinction between constituent and ministrant functions – obsolete.  Government has to provide for general welfare. Gov. of the Phil. Islands vs. Monte de Piedad  Doctrine of Parens Patriae (state as guardian of the people)

 Transfer of sovereignty; effect on laws: - abrogation of laws in conflict with the political character of the substituted sovereign (political law). - great body of municipal law regarding private and domestic rights continue in force until abrogated or changed by new ruler. Co Kim Chan vs. Valdez Tan Keh  Continuity of Law: Law, once established, continues until changed by some competent legislative power (not changed by mere change of sovereignty)  All acts and proceedings of the 3 gov. depts. of a de facto government are good and valid.  Kinds of De facto government: (1) de facto proper – government obtained by force or voice of the majority (2) paramount force – by military forces who invade the territory (3) independent government – established by inhabitants through insurrection  Republic of the Philippines (during Japanese occupation) was a de facto government.

People vs Gozo  Principle of Auto-limitation: Extent of Philippine sovereignty over American bases – Philippine Government has not abdicated its sovereignty over the bases as part of the Philippine territory. Laurel vs Misa  Nature of Allegiance to sovereign: Absolute and permanent  Effect of enemy occupation: sovereignty of the government – not transferred to occupier Ruffy v Chief of Staff  The rule that laws of political nature or affecting political relations are considered superseded or held in abeyance during the military occupation, is intended for the governing of the civil inhabitants of the occupied territory and not for the enemies in arms.

STATE IMMUNITY Sanders v Veridiano  Mere allegation that a government functionary is being sued in his personal capacity will not automatically remove him from the protection of the laws of public officers and doctrine of state immunity  Doctrine of state immunity applicable also to other states. Republic v Sandoval  State cannot be held liable for the deaths that followed the incident; liability should fall on the public officers who committed acts beyond their authority  3 instances when suit is proper: 1. when sued by its name 2. when unincorporated government agency is sued 3. when the suit is against a government employee but liability belongs to the government

Festejo v Fernando  Officer or employee committing the tort is personally liable and maybe sued as any other citizen and held answerable for whatever injury USA vs Guinto - A state may be said to have descended to the level of an individual and can thus be deemed to have tacitly given its consent to be sued only when it enters into business contracts. Veterans Manpower vs CA - The state is deemed to have given tacitly its consent to be sued when it enters into a contract. However, it does not apply where the contract relates to the exercise of its sovereign functions.

waives its immunity from suit. It does not thereby concede its liability to the plaintiff, or create any cause of action in his favor, or extend its liability to any cause not previously recognized. It merely gives remedy to enforce a pre-existing liability and submit itself to the jurisdiction of the court, subject to its right to interpose any lawful defense. Amigable vs. Cuenca The government, when it takes away a property from a private land owner for public use without going through the legal process of expropriation or negotiated sale, the aggrieved party may properly maintain a suit against the government without thereby violating the doctrine of governmental immunity from suit. This doctrine cannot be used in perpetrating injustice to a citizen. Republic vs. Sandiganbayan

The Merritt vs Gov’t of the Phil - By consenting to be sued, a state simply

- When the state files an action, it divests itself of the sovereign character and shed its immunity

form suit, descending to the level of an ordinary litigant. Republic vs. Feliciano - failure to allege in the complaint the existence of consent by the State is a fatal defect (construction must be strict against conferment of waiver - Immunity may be invoked by the courts at any point/stage of the proceedings. USA vs. Ruiz Restrictive Application of State Immunity to foreign states: States may be sued when the proceedings arise out of commercial transactions of the foreign sovereign.

over any real action relating to private immovable property situated in the territory of the receiving state which the envoy holds on behalf of the sending state for the purposes of the mission Republic vs. Villasor - Judgment against the State cannot be enforced by execution. It may limit claimant’s action only up to the completion of proceedings anterior to the state of execution. Power of courts end when judgment is rendered. [suability vs. liability] - Functions and public services cannot be allowed to be paralyzed or disrupted by the disruption of public funds. Department of Agriculture vs. NLRC

The Holy See v Rosario, Jr.  Pursuant to the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, a diplomatic envoy is granted immunity from the civil and administrative jurisdiction of the receiving state

- Not all contracts entered into by the government operate as a waiver of its nonsuability. Distinction must still be made between one which is executed in the exercise of its sovereign function and another which is

done in the proprietary capacity. - State gives consent upon moneyed claim arising from contract.

- Non-suability of the State is available to the agency even if it is shown that it is engaged not only in governmental functions but also, incidentally, in proprietary enterprises (unincorporated agency).

PNB vs. Pabalan - State immunity from suit cannot be validly invoked with regard to funds of public corporations. - [suable corporations] Public funds of corporations which can sue and be sued are not exempt from gaarnishment. Rayo vs. CFI of Bulacan - The character of an incorporated agency allows it to sue and be sued without qualification Bureau of Printing vs. Bureau of Printing Employees Assoc. - Acceptance of outside work and payment of overtime compensation does not make work of Bureau of Printing proprietary.

Mobil Phils. Exploration, Inc. vs. CA If an agency‘s function is deemed proprietary, if such is a necessary incident of the primary and gov. function of such agency, such agency is not suable (for an unincorporated agency only). Civil Aeronautics Administration v. Court of Appeals - Not all government entities whether corporate or not are immune from suits. Immunity from suits is determined by the character of the objects for which the entity was organized. - Suits against State agencies with relation to matters in which they have assumed to act in private or non-governmental capacity, and various suits against certain corporations created by the State to engage In matters partaking more of the nature of ordinary

business are not regarded as suits against the State. Municipality of San Fernando, La Union v. Judge Firme The test of liability of the municipality depends on whether or not the driver acting in behalf of the municipality is performing governmental or proprietary functions. It has already been remarked that municipal corporations are suable because their charters grant them the competence to sue and be sued. Nevertheless, they are generally not liable for torts committed by them in the discharge of governmental functions and can be held answerable only if it can be shown that they were acting in a proprietary capacity. In permitting such entities to be sued, the state merely gives the claimants the right to show the defendant was not acting in its governmental capacity when the injury was inflicted or that the case comes under the exceptions recognized by law. Failing this, the claimants cannot recover.

Municipal funds in possession of municipal and provincial treasurers are public funds exempt from execution. Municipal funds are held in trust for the people intended and used for the accomplishments of the purposes for which municipal corporations are created and that to subject said properties and public funds to execution would materially impede, even defeat and in some instance destroy said purposes. Municipality of Makati v. Court of Appeals When a municipality fails or refuses without justifiable reason to effect payment of a final money judgment rendered against it, the claimant may avail of the remedy of mandamus in order to compel the enactment and approval of the necessary appropriation ordinance and the corresponding disbursement of municipal funds.

Fundamental Principles and State Policies Municipality of San Miguel, Bulacan v. Fernandez

Section 1 Villavicencio v. Lukban: Mayor’s act is unconstitutional. It was not authorized by any law or ordinance. “Our government is a government of laws and not of men.” Section 2 Kuroda v. Jalandoni: think Japanese Lieutenant-General charged before the military commission. Held: The Philippines can adopt the rules and regulations laid down on the Hague and Geneva Conventions notwithstanding that it is not a signatory thereto. It embodied generally accepted principles of international law binding upon all states.

Agustin v. Edu:

think triangular reflectorized early warning devices. Held: Legislative enactment is not necessary in order to authorize the issuance of LOI prescribing the use of triangular reflectorized early warning devices. This is also an illustration of generally accepted principles of international law (Pacta sunt servanda). Ichong v. Hernandez: think Retail Trade Nationalization Law which is against the principle of Pacta sunt servanda.Held: the Retail Trade Nationalization Law is not unconstitutional because it was passed in the exercise of the police power which cannot be bargained away through the medium of a treaty. Gonzales v. Hechanova: Prevalence of National or Municipal law over International law: Constitution authorizes the nullification of a treaty, not only when it conflicts with the fundamental law, but also when it runs

counter to an act of Congress. In re Garcia A treaty cannot modify regulations governing admission to Philippine bar (that would be an encroachment upon Supreme Court by the Executive) Section 3 IBP vs. Zamora the deployment of the Marines does not constitute a breach of the civilian supremacy clause. The calling of the marines in this case constitutes permissible use of military asset for civilian law enforcement. x x x The limited participation of the Marines is evident in the provisions of the Letter of Instruction (LOI) itself, which sufficiently provides the metes and bounds of the Marines’ authority. It is noteworthy that the local police forces are the ones charge of the visibility patrols at all times,

the real authority belonging to the PNP. In fact, the Metro Manila Police Chief is the overall leader of the PNP-Marines joint visibility patrols. Under the LOI, the police forces are tasked to brief or orient the soldiers on police patrol procedures. It is their responsibility to direct and manage the deployment of the marines. It is, likewise, their duty to provide the necessary equipment to the Marines and render logistic support to these soldiers. In view of the foregoing, it cannot be properly argued that military authority is supreme over civilian authority. It is worth mentioning that military assistance to civilian authorities in various forms persists in Philippine jurisdiction. The Philippine experience reveals that it is not averse to requesting the assistance of the military in the implementation and execution of certain traditionally “civil” functions. x x x Some of the multifarious activities wherein military aid has been rendered, exemplifying the activities that bring both the civilian and the military together in a relationship of cooperation are: 1. Elections;

2. Administration of the Philippine National Red Cross; 3. Relief and rescue operations during calamities and disasters; 4. Amateur sports promotion and development; 5. Development of the culture and the arts; 6. Conservation of the natural resources; 7. Implementation of the agrarian reform program; 8. Enforcement of customs laws; 9. Composite civilian-military law enforcement activities; 10. Conduct of licensure examinations; 11. Conduct of nationwide test for elementary and high school students; 12. Anti-drug enforcement activities; 13. Sanitary inspections; 14. Conduct of census work; 15. Administration of the Civil Aeronautic Board; 16. Assistance in installation of weather forecasting devices; 17. Peace and order policy formulation in local government units. This unquestionably constitutes a gloss on executive power resulting from a systematic, unbroken, executive practice, long

pursued to the knowledge of Congress and, yet, never before questioned. What we have here is a mutual support and cooperation between the military and civilian authorities, not derogation of civilian supremacy. Section 4 People vs. Lagman - Case at bar: accused is prosecuted for failure to register for military service under the National Defense Act - SC upheld the National Defense Act. To leave an organization of an army to the will of the citizens would be to make this duty of the Government excusable should there be no sufficient men who volunteer to enlist therein. Section 5 Chavez vs. Romulo Right to bear arms: It is statutory and not a constitutional right. The license to carry a firearm is neither a property nor a property

right. Neither does it create a vested right. Even if it were a property right, it cannot be considered absolute as to be placed beyond the reach of police power. The maintenance of peace and order, and the protection of the people against violence are constitutional duties of the State, and the right to bear firearm is to be construed in connection and in harmony with these constitutional duties. Section 6 Aglipay vs. Ruiz -There is no violation of the principle of the separation of church and state. The issuance and sale of the stamps in question may be said to be linked with an event of a religious character, but the resulting propaganda, if any, received by the Catholic Church, was not the aim and purpose of the government. The idea behind the issuance of the postage stamps was to attract tourists to our country and not primarily the religious event. - What is guaranteed by our Constitution is religious liberty , not mere religious toleration.

However, religious freedom is not inhibition of profound reverence for religion and is not a denial of its influence in human affairs. Austria vs. NLRC an ecclesiastical affair involves the relationship between the church and its members and relates to matter of faith, religious doctrines, worship and governance of the congregation. Examples of these affairs in which the State cannot meddle are proceedings for excommunication, ordination of religious ministers, administration of sacraments, and other activities to which is attached religious significance. In this case, what is involved is the relationship of the church as an employer and the minister as an employee. It is purely secular and has no relation whatsoever with the practice of faith, worship or doctrine of the church.

Section 10

Calalang vs. Williams -Social justice is neither communism, nor despotism, nor atomism, nor anarchy, but the humanization of laws and the equalization of social and economic forces by the State so that justice in its rational and objectively secular conception may at least be approximated. Social justice means the promotion of the welfare of all the people, the adoption by the Government of measures calculated to insure economic stability of all the competent elements of society, through the maintenance of a proper economic and social equilibrium in the interrelations of the members of the community, constitutionally, through the adoption of measures legally justifiable, or extra-constitutionally, through the exercise of powers underlying the existence of all governments on the time-honored principle of salus populi est suprema lex. Social justice, therefore, must be founded on the recognition of the necessity of interdependence among divers and diverse units of a society and of the protection that should be equally and evenly extended to all groups as a combined force in

our social and economic life, consistent with the fundamental and paramount objective of the state of promoting the health, comfort, and quiet of all persons, and of bringing about "the greatest good to the greatest number.” Almeda vs. CA -There exists a tenant’s right of redemption in sugar and coconut lands. Pursuant to Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963, it recognizes share tenancy in sugar lands which is in consonance with the State’s promotion of social justice wherein it may “regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, enjoyment and disposition of private property, and equitably diffuse property…ownership and profits.” Ondoy .vs. Ignacio -The principle of social justice applied in this case is a matter of protection, not equality. The Court recognized the right of the petitioner to the claim of compensation because her son was shown to have died while “in the actual performance of his work.” To strengthen the

constitutional scheme of social justice and protection to labor, The Court made mention that “as between a laborer, usually poor and unlettered, and the employer, who has resources to secure able legal advice, the law has reason to demand from the latter the stricter compliance.”

It is incompetent for the government to prohibit the teaching of a foreign language to students. There is nothing harmful in the language that will impair the upbringing of the child. Pierce vs. Society of Sisters

Salonga vs. Farrales -The plea of social justice of the plaintiff cannot be considered because it was shown that no contract, either to sell or of sale, was ever perfected between him and the defendant. It must be remembered that social justice cannot be invoked to trample on the rights of property owners who under our Constitution and laws are also entitled to protection. The social justice consecrated in our Constitution was not intended to take away rights from a person and give them to another who is not entitled thereto.

Section 12 Meyer vs. Nebraska

State may not require children to attend only public schools. The child is not a creature of the State. Virtuouso vs. Municipal Judge Youthful Offender: A person charged with an offense but found to be a youthful offender could be provisionally released on recognizance at court’s decision.

Section 14

PT&T Co. vs. NLRC the SC held that the petitioner’s policy of not accepting or considering as disqualified from work any woman worker who contracts marriage, runs afoul of the test of, and the right against, discrimination, which is guaranteed all women workers under the Constitution. While a requirement that a woman employee must remain unmarried may be justified as a “bona fide occupational qualification” where the particular requirements of the job would demand the same, discrimination against married women cannot be adopted by the employer as a general principle.

Section 16 Oposa vs. Factoran [Intergenerational Responsibility / Intergenerational Justice] the 34 minors duly joined by their respective parents pleading the cause of “inter-generational responsibility” and “inter-generational justice”, had a valid cause of

action in questioning the grant of Timber Licensing Agreements (TLAs) for commercial logging purposes. The minors filed the action for themselves as representing “their generation as well as generations yet unborn”. The SC, on the basis of Section 16, Article II linked with the right to health, recognized a “right to a balanced and healthful ecology” and “the correlative duty to refrain from impairing the environment”. LLDA v. CA The immediate response to the demands of necessities of protecting vital public interests gives vitality to the statement on ecology embodied in the Declaration of Principles and State Policies of the 1987 Constitution. Article II, Section 16. As a constitutionally guaranteed right of every person, it carries the correlative duty of non-impairment. This is but the consonance with the declared policy of the state to protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them.

C&M Timber Corporation vs. Alcala On the issue that the “total log ban” is a new policy which should be applied prospectively and not affect the rights of petitioner vested under the Timber Licensing Agreement (TLA), the Sc held that this is not a new policy but a mere reiteration of the policy of conservation and protection the right to a balanced and healthful ecology. Section 17 PRC vs. De Guzman while it is true that the SC has upheld the constitutional right of every citizen to select a profession or course of study subject to fair, reasonable, and equitable admission and academic requirements, the exercise of this right may be regulated pursuant to the police power of the State to safeguard health, morals, peace, education, order, safety and general welfare. Thus, persons who desire to engage in the learned professions requiring scientific or

technical knowledge may be required to take an examination as a prerequisite to engaging in their chosen careers. This regulation assumes particular pertinence in the field of medicine, in order to protect the public from the potentially deadly effects of incompetence and ignorance. PMMS, Inc. vs. CA the Court said that the requirement that a school must first obtain government authorization before operating is based on the State policy that educational programs and/or operations shall be of good quality and, therefore, shall at least satisfy minimum standards with respect to curricula, teaching staff, physical plant and facilities and administrative and management viability. Section 18 Bernardo vs. NLRC The SC held that the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons mandates that qualified disabled persons be granted the same terms and

conditions of employment as qualified able bodied employees; thus, once hey have attained the status of regular workers, they should be accorded all the benefits granted by law, notwithstanding written or verbal contracts to the contrary. This treatment is rooted not merely in charity or accommodation, but in justice for all. Section 19 Garcia vs. BOI BOI committed grave abuse of discretion because it repudiates the independent policy of government to run its affairs the way it deems best for the national interest. Every provision of the Constitution on the national economy and patrimony is infused with the spirit of national interest. The nonalienation of national resources, the State full control over the development and utilization of contributions to the economic growth and general welfare of the country and the regulation of foreign investment in accordance

to national goals and priorities are too explicit not to be noticed and understood. Section 20 Association of Philippine Coconut Desiccators vs. PCA, the SC said that although the Constitution enshrines free enterprise as a policy, it nevertheless reserves to the Government the power to intervene whenever necessary for the promotion of the general welfare as reflected in Sections 6 & 19 of Article XII. Pest Management Association of the Philippines vs. Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority, and Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association of the Philippines vs. Sec. Duque III Despite the fact that “our present Constitution enshrines free enterprise as a policy”, it nevertheless reserves to the Government the power to intervene whenever necessary to

promote the general welfare. Free enterprise does not call for removal of ‘protective regulations’. It must be clearly explained and proven by competent evidence just exactly how such protective regulation would result in the restraint of trade.

Local Autonomy under 1987 Constitution simply means the decentralization and does not make the local governments sovereign within the State or an imperium imperio. LIMBONA VS MANGELIN

Section 21 ASSOC. OF SMALL LANDOWNERS IN THE PHIL. vs. SEC. OF AGRARIAN REFORM Eminent domain is an inherent power of the State that enables it to forcibly acquire private lands intended for public use upon payment of just compensation to the owner. Private rights must yield to the irresistible demands of the public interest on the time-honored justification, as in the case of the policed power, that the welfare of the people is the supreme law.

Section 25 BASCO VS PAGCOR

Decentralization of administration is merely delegation of administrative powers to the LGUs in order to broaden the base of governmental power. Decentralization of power is the abdication by the national government powers. Section 26 Pamatong vs. COMELEC - There is no constitutional right to run for or hold public office and, particularly, to seek the presidency. What is recognized is merely a privilege subject to limitations imposed by law. Section 26, Article II of the Constitution neither bestows such a right nor elevates the privilege to the level of an enforceable right. There is

nothing in the plain language of the provision which suggests such a thrust or justifies an interpretation of the sort. The "equal access" provision is a subsumed part of Article II of the Constitution, entitled "Declaration of Principles and State Policies." The provisions under the Article are generally considered not selfexecuting, and there is no plausible reason for according a different treatment to the "equal access" provision. Like the rest of the policies enumerated in Article II, the provision does not contain any judicially enforceable constitutional right but merely specifies a guideline for legislative or executive action. The disregard of the provision does not give rise to any cause of action before the courts. Section 30

Valmonte vs de Villa The constitutional right to information is limited on matters of public concern and is further subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. However, although citizens are afforded the right to information, the Constitution does not accord them the right to compel the custodians of official records to prepare lists, abstracts, summaries and the like in their desire to acquire information of public concern. Aquino-Sarmiento vs Morato - When a committee or board is created as public in its very existence and character such as the MTRCB, there can be no valid claim to privacy. Here, decisions of Board and individual voting slips are public in character.

Legspi vs CSC The constitutional right to information on matters of public concern is self-executing without the need for any ancillary act of legislation.

SEPARATION OF POWERS

In re Manzano - Members of the SC and other courts shall not be designated to any agency performing quasijudicial or administrative functions. - The committee performs administrative function* which under Section 12, Article VIII of the Constitution prohibits members of the SC and other courts established by law to be designated to any agency performing quasijudicial or administrative functions. To quote CJ Fernando in Garcia vs. Macaraig, he said that “while the doctrine of separation of powers is a relative theory not to be enforced with pedantic rigor, the practical demands of government precluding its doctrine application, it cannot justify a member of the judiciary being required to assume a position or perform a duty nonjudicial in character.”  Administrative functions are those which involves the regulation and control the conduct and affairs of individuals for their own welfare and the promulgation of rules and regulations to better carry out the policy of the legislative or such as are devolved upon the administrative agency by the

organic law of its existence.

Angara vs. Electoral Commission - Separation of powers as actual division than obtained through express provision - Judiciary is the only Constitutional Arbiter to allocate Constitutional Boundaries - Judicial Supremacy = supremacy of the Constitution asserted by the judiciary (not supremacy of the judiciary itself) - Judicial Review is limited to Actual Litigation. Judiciary does not pass upon questions of wisdom, justice or expediency of litigation. - The Electoral Commission is an independent, impartial, and non-partisan tribunal. The sole power to determine contests regarding the elections, returns, and qualifications of the members of the National Assembly has been transferred in totality to the Electoral Commission. Its power is clear, complete, and exclusive. Eastern Shipping Lines, Inc. vs. POEA

- Legislative discretion as to the substantive contents of the law cannot be delegated. What can be delegated is the discretion to determine how the law may be enforced. - Completeness test and Sufficient Standard Test: Completeness Test = complete in all its terms and conditions when it leaves the legislature such that what is left is merely its enforcement. Sufficient Standard Test = adequate guidelines or limitations in the law to map out the boundaries of the delegate’s authority and prevent the delegation from running riot. - Subordinate Legislation = delegated power to issue rules to carry out the general provision of the statute. (Administrative bodies implement the broad policies by promulgating their supplementary regulations.) Casibang vs. Aquino - Political Question = question of policy; question to be decided by the people in their sovereign capacity or full discretionary authority - Justiciable Question = implies a given right, legally demandable and enforceable; an act or

omission violative of such right, and a remedy, granted or sanctioned by law for said breach of right. Sanidad v. COMELEC On whether the case is justiciable Political questions are associated with the wisdom of the legality of a particular act. Where the vortex of the controversy refers to the legality or validity of the contested act, that matter is definitely justiciable or non-political. If the Constitution provides how it may be amended, the judiciary as the interpreter of that Constitution, can declare whether the procedure followed or the authority assumed was valid or not. On whether the President may propose Constitutional amendments If the President has been legitimately discharging the legislative functions of the interim Assembly, there is no reason why he cannot validly discharge the function of that Assembly to propose amendments to the Constitution, which is but an adjunct, although

peculiar, to its gross legislative power. (Note that at the time Prez. Marcos had legislative powers and there was no legislative department at the time) Daza v. Singson Where the legality or validity of the act is in question and not the wisdom of the act, the Court may take jurisdiction and decide on the acts’ validity. Even in political questions the Court may take jurisdiction under the expanded judicial power extended to it by Art 8 Sec. 1 of the Constitution. (“Judicial power includes the duty to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of Government.”) Delegation of Powers

Garcia v. Exec. Secretary The Congress may authorize the President to fix tariff rates and duties subject to such limitations and restrictions that they may impose. This is expressly provided for in Art 6, Sec 28 par 2 of the Constitution. Araneta v. Dinglasan The delegation of emergency powers by Congress to the President may be limited by Congress subject to restrictions it may provide. Congress may withdraw the delegated power at any time. In this case, the emergency power was withdrawn at the time Congress became able to exercise its legislative duties again. Eastern Shipping Lines vs. POEA The principle of non-delegation of powers is applicable to all three branches of government specifically in the case of the legislative. What can be delegated is the discretion to determine how the law may be enforced and not what the

law shall be since the ascertainment of the latter subject is within the prerogative and determination of the legislature. Delegation of legislative power is permitted and valid provided that is passes the two accepted testscompleteness test and the sufficient standard test. The reason for such delegation is the increasing complexity of the task of the government and the growing inability of the legislature to cope directly with the myriad problems demanding its attention. Rodriguez v. Gella Act No. 671 was expressly in pursuance of the constitutional limitation of the delegation of emergency powers. It is presumed that the National Assembly intended it to be for a limited period. Executive Orders Nos. 545 and 546, which was anchored to the said Act are declared null and void and the respondents are ordered to desist from appropriating, releasing and allotting expending funds set aside therein. People v. Vera Act No. 4221 is tantamount to an undue

delegation of legislative power. The powers of the government are distributed among three coordinate and substantially independent organs: the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Each of the departments of the government derives its authority from the Constitution. US vs. Ang Tang Ho If the act within itself does not define a crime and is not complete, legislative act remains to be done to make it a law or a crime, the doing of which is vested in the Gov, generally, the act is a delegation of legislative power, and is thus unconstitutional and void. Ynot vs. IAC There is no standard that the officials must observe in determining to whom to distribute the confiscated carabaos and carabeef. There is thus an invalid delegation of legislatie power. Tablarin vs. Gutierez Because the necessity standards are set forth in the statute (RA No. 2383), providing for standardization

and regulation of education, delegation is valid.

representative. Mariano Jr. v. Comelec

Pelaez vs. Auditor General The two tests (Completeness test and Sufficient Standard test) must be applied together. Abakada Guro Party List vs. Ermita Where the effectivity of the law is made dependent on the verification by the executive of the existence of certain conditions, the verification is delegated to the executive. (This is an example of contingent legislation - a valid delegation of law execution).

As decided in Tobias v. Abalos, the Constitution provides that the compositions of the House should not be more than 250 members, unless otherwise provided by law. The natural result in the creation of a new legislative from a special law whose purpose is to convert a municipality into a city is sanctioned by the Constitution. Montejo v. Comelec The Comelec has no power to reapportion districts but only to make minor adjustments.

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT Section 5 Tobias v. Abalos The creation of a new congressional district is but a natural consequence of a municipality’s conversion into a city. The Constitution provides that “a city should have a population of at least 250,000” and is entitled to at least 1

Republic Act No. 7941 “An act providing for the election of the party-list representatives through the party-list system and appropriating funds therefrom. Section 13 Zandueta vs. De la Costa

When a judge of first instance, presiding over a branch of a Court of First Instance of a judicial district by virtue of a legal and valid appointment, accepts another appointment to preside over the same branch of the same Court of First Instance, in addition of another Court of First Instance to the old one, enters into the discharge of the functions of his new office and receives the corresponding salary, he abandons his old office and cannot claim to be entitled to repossess it or question the constitutionality of the law by virtue of which his new appointment has been issued; and, said new appointment having been disapproved by the Commission on Appointments of the National Assembly, neither can he claim to continue occupying the office conferred upon him by said new appointment, having ipso jure ceased in the discharge of the functions thereof.

No Member of the Batasang Pambansa shall appear as counsel before any court without appellate jurisdiction, before any court in any civil case wherein the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof is the adverse party, or in any criminal case wherein any officer or employee of the Government is accused of an offense committed in relation to his office,or before any administrative body. Neither shall he, directly or indirectly be interested financially in any contract with, or in any franchise or special privilege granted by the Government, or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, including any government-owned or controlled corporation, during his term of office. He shall not accept employment to intervene in any cause or matter where he may be called to act on account of his office.

Section 14 Section 16 Puyat vs. De Guzman Santiago vs. Guingona, Jr.

Where no provision of the Constitution, the laws or even the rules of the Senate has been clearly shown to have been violated, disregarded or overlooked, grave abuse of discretion cannot be imputed to Senate officials for acts done within their competence and authority.

Constitution. Also, Congress has the inherent legislative prerogative of suspension. PAREDES, JR. VS SANDIGANBAYAN Sandiganbayan has the authority to suspend a district representative in violation of the AntiGraft Law as it is being imposed on the representative NOT as a member of the House.

Avelino vs. Cuenco U.S. VS PONS The constitutional grant to the Senate of the power to elect its own president should not be interfered with, nor taken over, by the judiciary. When the constitution declares that a majority of “each House” shall constitute a quorum, it does not mean all of its members. Majority of all the members constitute the House. Hence, 12 senators who unanimously voted constitute a majority of 23 senators (10 walked out, 1 out of the country).

The Court may not go beyond the the recitals of the legislative journals for the purpose of determining the date of adjournment when such journal are clear and explicit. To inquire the veracity of journals, when they are clear and explicit, would be to violate both the letter and spirit of the laws, to invade the coordinate and independent department of the government and to interfere with the legitimate powers and functions of the Legislature. CASCO PHIL CHEMICAL CO VS GIMENEZ

OSMEÑA VS. PENDATUN The House is the judge of what constitutes disorderly behavior as conferred upon by the

Enrolled bill doctrine- the term “urea formaldehyde” is conclusive upon the courts as regards the tenor of the measure passed by the

Congress and approved by the President. Section 18 Daza vs Singson - The sense of the Constitution is that the membership in the COA must always reflect political alignments and must adjust to changes. Nowhere, however, in the Constitution require that the party must be a registered party. Coseteng vs Mitra - Endorsement of other representatives (in COA) cannot be counted in favor of a representative if they do not belong to the latter's party. Guingona vs Gonzales - Full complement of 12 seats in COA is not mandatory Rounding out 0.5 to 1 is unconstitutional as it would deprive other parties of seats in COA. Sec. 21: Bengzon vs Senate Blue Ribbon Committee - Investigation was not in aid of legislation where it merely aims at determining whether a law is violated.

To allow such investigation is to violate separation of powers. Arnault vs Nazareno - Power of Investigation includes power to punish a contumacious witness for contempt. Experience has shown that mere requests for information are frequently unavailing. - “In aid of legislation” - not difficult to satisfy. Necessity or lack of necessity for legislative action is determined by the sum total of information to be gathered as a result of investigation, and not by a fraction of such information elicited from single question. It is sufficient that the question is germane to the subject matter of inquiry. There is no need for it to be directly related or connected to possible legislation. Neri vs Senate Committee on Accountability - Exception to legislative inquiry: Executive Privilege (which is extended to all close advisors of the President) - It is wrong for Senate to punish one for contempt where executive privilege is properly invoked. - Senate's mistakes in the case at bar: (1) invitations to Neri did not include possible statute; (2) contempt order lacks required # of votes; (3) Senate did not

first rule on the claim of executive privilege and instead dismissed Neri's explanation; (4) rules of procedure on inquiries in aid of legislation – not duly published. Sec. 21 and 22: Senate vs Ermita - When Congress merely seeks to be informed on how department heads are implementing the statutes, it is not imperative. - The “oversight function” of Congress may be facilitated by compulsory process only to the extent that it is performed in pursuit of legislation. - Appearance of department heads in question hour is discretionary. - When Congress exercises its power of inquiry, the only way for the department heads to exempt themselves therefrom is by a valid claim of privilege. - EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE – privilege based on doctrine of separation of powers, exempting executive from disclosure requirements where such exemption is necessary to the discharge of highly important executive responsibilities. It covers “categories of information” not of persons.

Sec. 24: Tolentino vs Secretary of Finance - The phrase “originate exclusively” does not refer to the appropriations law but to the appropriations bill. It is sufficient that the House of Rep. initiated the passage of the bill. Alvarez vs Guingona - A bill of local application, such as one asking for the conversion of a municipality into a city, is deemed to have originated from the House provided that the bill of the House was filed prior to the filing of the bill in the Senate even if, in the end, the Senate approved its own version. - The filing in the Senate of a substitute bill in anticipation of its receipt of the bill does not contravene the constitutional requirement as long as the Senate does not act thereupon until it receives the House bill. Sec. 25: Garcia vs Mata - RIDER – a provision not related to the appropriation act (is prohibited)

Demetria vs Alba - transfer of appropriations – prohibited PHILCONSA vs Enriquez - The list of those who may be authorized to transfer funds is exclusive. - Case at bar: Congressmen are allowed to determine the necessity of realignment, but House Speaker or Senate Pres. will have to approve the realignment before items are realigned. - Case at bar: Chief of Staff may not be give authority to realign appropriations. Sec. 26: Tio vs Videogram Regulatory Board - Imposition of tax is sufficiently related to the regulation of video industry where the title is comprehensive enough to include such subject (taxation) related to the general purpose (creation of Videogram Board) Phil. Judges Assoc. vs Prado - Repeal/Withdrawal of franking privilege is germane to the object of the title, which is to create postal

service system. Hence, the same is embraced in the title/ Tolentino vs Secretary of Finance [Sec. 26 (1)] - Withdrawing tax exemptions granted before is embraced in the subject of the title which is to widen the tax base Tan vs Del Rosario - 3 purposes of Sec. 3(1), Art. VI: (a) to prevent hodge-podge or log-rolling legislation (b) to prevent surprise or fraud upon the legislature by means of provisions which might be overlooked (c) to fairly apprise the people of the subjects of legislation Tobias vs Abalos - Provision providing for a separate legislative district is germane to the subject of the bill creating the City of Mandaluyong Tolentino vs Secretary of Finance [Sec. 26 (2)] - IF it is only the printing that is being dispensed by presidential certification, the time saved would be so negligible as to be of any use in ensuring immediate

enactment. (Printing and Readings on separate days – both dispensable by pres. certification) - Where no Senators controverted the reality of the factual basis of certification, growing budget deficit may be considered as basis for presidential certification. Senators, in responding to the call of the Pres. by voting on the bill, manifested their belief in the urgent need for certification of the bill. Sec. 27: Tolentino vs Sec. of Finance - It is within the power of a conference committee to include in its report an entirely new provision not found in either House Bill or Senate Bill. (Amendment in the nature of substitution is warranted as long as amendment is germane to the subject matter of the bill) - to disregard the enrolled bill is to disregard the respect due the other 2 departments. Gonzales vs Macaraig - President can veto an item - Doctrine of inappropriate provisions – a provision that is constitutionally inappropriate may be singled out for veto if it is not an appropriation or revenue

item. An inappropriate provision in an appropriations bill is an item in itself. Bengzon vs Drilon - President's power to veto an item does not grant authority to veto part of an item (or provisions). - President cannot veto a law or repeal a law. PHILCONSA vs Enriquez - Provisions that are germane to the specific appropriations cannot be vetoed. - Requirement of Congressional approval for release of funds for modernization of AFP can be incorporated in separate bill and hence inappropriate. It was properly vetoed. - Executive Impoundment – refusal of the President to spend funds already allocated by Congress for a specific purpose (the duty to implement the law includes the duty to desist from implementing it when implementation would prejudice public interest). The Court, however, did not rule on this issue, and rather declared the provision concerning benefits of CAFGUs as an inappropriate provision. Sec. 28:

Kapatiran ng mga Naglilingkod sa Pilipinas vs Tan - a tax is considered uniform when it operates with the same force and effect in every place where the subject may be found. Province of Abra vs Judge Hernando Abra Valley College vs Aquino - Where a lot is not used exclusively for educational purpose, it may be taxed if the use is not incidental to the attainment of main purpose. Tan vs Del Rosario - Uniformity of taxation means: (a) standards that are used are substantial and not arbitrary (b) categorization is germane to achieve legislative purpose (c) law applies, all things being equal, to both present and future conditions (d) classification applies equally well to all those belonging to the same class Sec. 29:

Pascual vs Sec. of Public Works - Appropriation for a road owned by a private individual is invalid because it is not for a public purpose. Subsequent donation did not validate the law because validity of a statute depends upon the power of Congress at the time of its approval and not upon subsequent events. Aglipay vs Ruiz - Appropriation for special stamp issue is valid as it is not specifically made to benefit a religious denomination but for a public purpose. The benefit acquired by the Church is incidental only. Guingona vs Carague - The Automatic Reappropriation Law for servicing foreign debts is valid because the amount is fixed by the parameters of the law itself which requires the simple act of looking into the books of Treasure (the amount is determinable). - Budgetary process: (a) budget preparation (b) legislative authorization (c) budget execution (d) budget accountability

Osmena vs Orbos - Increase of petroleum prices to resolve the Terminal Fund Balance deficit is valid as it was a valid exercise of police power. PHILCONSA vs Enriquez - Pork barrel provisions in the annual budget allowing members of Congress to perform executive function of spending money appropriated are not in violation of separation of powers because Congress itself had specified the uses of the fund and the power given was merely recommendatory to the President who could approve or disapprove the recommendation. Sec. 30: First Lepanto Ceramics, Inc. vs CA - B.P. Blg. 129 granting exclusive appellate jurisdiction to CA over the decisions of quasi-judicial bodies is not superseded by Omnibus Investments Code of 1987 providing that decisions of BOI are appealable to SC because advice and concurrence of SC was not sought.

affected by a decision of ERB may file a petition with SC” was superseded by the Constitution stating that jurisdiction of SC cannot be made to increase without its advice and concurrence. Sec. 32: Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority vs COMELEC - Initiative is entirely the work of electorate; the process of law-making by the people themselves - Referendum consists merely of the electorate approving or rejecting what has been drawn up or enacted by a legislative body. - Case at bar: COMELEC erred in implementing a Resolution when respondents filed petition for Initiative and not Referendum.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Sec. 1:

Diaz vs CA - Sec. 10 of EO No. 170 stating “a party adversely

Marcos vs Manglapus

- The President has “residual powers.” The President is more than the sum of specific powers enumerated in the Constitution. - What is not part of the legislative and judicial departments is deemed part of the executive. - The 1987 Constitution provided for a limitation of specific powers of the President, particularly those relating to the commander-in-chief clause, but not a diminution of the general grant of executive power. Soliven vs Makasiar - The privilege of immunity from suit is to assure the exercise of Presidential duties free from any hindrance or distraction considering that being the Chief Executive demands undivided attention. - The privilege pertains to the President by virtue of the office and may be invoked only by the holder of the office. There is nothing which prohibits the President to waive this privilege.

Estrada vs Desierto - A non-sitting President does not enjoy immunity from suit (immunity is only during the tenure) - Even a sitting President is not immune from suit for non-official acts or from wrongdoing. (Public office is

a public trust. The rule is that unlawful acts of public officials are not acts of the State and the officer who acts illegally is not acting as such but stands in the same footing as any other trespasser.) Sec. 13: Doromal vs Sandiganbayan - Sec Sec. 13, Art. VII is applicable in a case where the accused has not signed any document of any bid of the family corporation of which he is a member, submitted to any government department. - Case at bar: Petitioner has at least an indirect interest with the transaction with DECS and NMYC. Civil Liberties Union vs Executive Secretary - EO No. 284 is unconstitutional insofar it allows a member of the Cabinet to hold not more than two positions in the government. (Respondent's contention that Sec. 7, Art. IX-B is an exception would defeat the obvious legislative intent which is to prohibit cabinet members from holding multiple offices.) Aytona vs Castillo - As a rule, once an appointment is issued, it cannot

be reconsidered where the appointee has qualified. Exception: ad interim appointments issued in the last hours of an outgoing Chief Executive (midnight appointments – made for buying votes). In re Valenzuela and Vallarta - Sec. 15 (President shall not make appointments within 2 months prior to the next Presidential election) is applicable to the members of the Judiciary. - This sort of appointment is made for partisan considerations. De Castro vs. JBC

Sec. 16: Binamira vs Garrucho - Appointment or designation involves exercise of discretion which cannot be delegated. Even if it be assumed that the power could be exercised by Minister of Tourism, it could be recalled by the President. - Designation is considered only an acting or

temporary appointment, which does not confer security of tenure. Sarmiento vs Mison - 4 groups of officers whom the President shall appoint: (a) heads of the executive departments, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, and other whose appointments are vested in him in this Constitution (b) all other officers of the Government whose appointments are not otherwise provided for by law (c) those whom the President may be authorized by law to appoint (d) officers lower in rank whose appointments the Congress may by law vest in the President alone. - Case at bar: Confirmation of COA is not needed in appointment of Commissioner of Bureau of Customs because a bureau head is not among those within the first group of appointments where consent of COA is required. Bautista vs Salonga - Confirmation of COA is not needed in appointment of Chairman of Commission of Human Rights because such appointment is not vested in the

President in the Constitution. The President appoints Chairman of CHR pursuant to EO 163 (CHR Chairman is thus within the 3rd group of officers) Quintos-Deles vs Commission of Appointments - The appointment of Sectoral Representatives requires confirmation by the Commission on Appointments. The seats reserved for sectoral representatives may be filled by appointment by the President by express provision of Sec.7, Article XVIII of the Constitution (hence, sectoral representatives are within the 1st group of officers) - Exceptions to those officers within the 1st group: (1) Ombudsman and his deputies, and (2) members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts. Calderon vs Carale - Confirmation by COA is required only for presidential appointees that are within the 1 st group of officers as mentioned in Sarmiento vs Mison. - Congress may not expand the list of appointments needing confirmation. - Case at bar: RA 6715, which requires the COA confirmation in appointments of NLRC Chairman and Commissioners, transgresses Sec. 16, Art. VII. The appointments of NLRC Chairman and Commissioners do not need COA confirmation

because they fall under the 3rd group of officers. Tarrosa vs Singson - affirmed the ruling in Calderon vs Carale - Case at bar: Appointment of Central Bank Governor does not need COA confirmation. Flores vs Drilon - A law which limits the President to only one appointee is an encroachment to the prerogative of the President because appointment involves discretion to choose who to appoint. Luego vs Civil Service Commission - CSC is without authority to revoke an appointment because of its belief that another person was better qualified, which is an encroachment on the discretion vested solely in the appointing authority. - The permanent appointment made by the appointing authority may not be reversed by CSC and call it temporary. Pobre vs Mendieta - The vacancy in the position of Chairman of the Professional Regulation Commission cannot be filled by the Senior Associate Commissioner by operation of law (or by succession) because it will deprive the

President of the power to appoint the Chairman. Sec. 17 Drilon vs Lim - Distinction between power and control: An officer in control lays down the rules in the doing of an act. if they are not followed, he may, in his discretion, order the act undone or re-done by his subordinate or he may even decide to do it by himself. Supervision does not cover such authority. The supervisor merely sees to it that rules are followed, but he himself does not lay down such rules, nor does he have the discretion to modify or replace them. If the rules are not observed, he may order the work done or re-done but only to conform to the prescribed rules. He may not prescribe his own manner except to see to it that the rules are followed. (Note) Power of control pertains to power of an officer to alter, modify, nullify, or set aside what a subordinate has done in the performance of his duties and to substitute his judgment to that of the former [Mondano vs Silvosa]

Villena vs Secretary of the Interior - Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency (alter ego principle) -acts of the Secretaries of Executive Departments, when performed and promulgated in the regular course of business or unless disapproved or reprobated by the Chief Executive, are presumptively the acts of the Chief Executive - Case at bar: Secretary of the Interior is invested with the authority to order the investigation of the charges against the petitioner and to appoint a special investigator for that purpose. Lacson-Magallanes Co., Inc. vs Pano - Department heads are President's “men of confidence.” His is the power to appoint them; his, too, is the privilege to dismiss them at pleasure. Normally, he controls and directs their acts. Implicit then is his authority to go over, confirm, modify or reverse the action taken by his department secretaries. - Case at bar: The President, through his Executive Secretary, may undo an act of the Director of Lands City of Iligan vs Director of Lands - The President has the power to grant portions of public domain to any government entity like the City of Iligan because he has control over the Director of

Lands, who has direct executive control in the lease, sale or any form of concession or disposition of the land of public domain. Gascon vs Arroyo - Case at bar: Executive Secretary has the power and authority to enter into the Agreement to Arbitrate with the ABS CBN as he acted for and in behalf of the President when he signed it. Kilusan Bayan vs Dominguez - An administrative officer has only such powers as are expressly granted to him and those necessarily implied in the exercise thereof. These powers should not be extended by implication beyond what may be necessary for their just and reasonable execution. Angangco vs Castillo - The power to remove is inherent in the power to appoint, but not with regard to those officers or employees who belong to the classified service for as to them the inherent power cannot be exercised NAMARCO vs Arca - Executive power of control extends to governmentowned corporations.

Sec. 18: Guazon vs De Villa - The President has the power to ordain saturation drives. There is nothing in the Constitution which denies the authority of the Chief Exec. to order police actions to stop unabated criminality, rising lawlessness, and alarming communist activities. Ruffy vs Chief of Staff - Courts martial are simply instrumentalities of the executive power, provided by the Congress for the President as Commander in chief to aid him in properly commanding the army and navy and enforcing discipline therein and utilize under his order those of his authorized military representatives. Olaguer vs Military Commission No. 34 - Due process of law demands that in all criminal prosecutions the accused be entitled to a trial. The trial contemplated by the due process clause is trial by judicial process. Military Commissions are not courts within the Philippine judicial system. Judicial power is vested only in the courts. Military commissions pertain to the executive department and are instrumentalities of the President as

commander-in-chief to aid him in enforcing discipline in the armed forces. Quilona vs General Court Martial Gudani vs Senga - The President has constitutional authority to prevent a member of the armed forces from testifying before a legislative inquiry, by virtue of her power as commander-in-chief, and that as a consequence, a military officer who defies such injunction is liable under military justice. At the same time, the Court also holds that any chamber of Congress which seeks the appearance befoe it of a military officer against the consent of the President has adequate remedies under law to compel such attendance. Any military officer whom the Congress summons to testify before it may be compelled to do so by the President. If the President is not so inclined, the President may be commanded by judicial order to compel the attendance of the military officer. Final judicial orders have the force of the law of the land which the President has the duty to faithfully execute. Sec. 19:

Torres vs Gonzales - A judicial pronouncement is not necessary in determining whether the conditions in the pardon are violated. The determination of whether there is a violations of the conditions rests exclusively in the sound judgment of the President. Monsanto vs Factoran - Pardon implies guilt. While it relieves the party pardoned from all punitive consequences of his criminal act, it relieves him from nothing more. It does not, therefore, restore a convicted felon to public office forfeited by reason of conviction. People vs Salle, Jr. - Pardon may be granted only by final judgment. Where the judgment of conviction is still pending appeal, executive clemency may not yet be granted. Before an appellant may be granted pardon, he must first ask for the withdrawal of his appeal. Garcia vs COA - President's grant of executive clemency to a person dismissed from his office pursuant to an administrative case (but where the latter has been acquitted in a criminal case based on the same facts alleged in the criminal case) entitles the latter to

automatic reinstatement and backwages. Sabello vs DECS - Pardon (in a criminal case) frees the individual from all the penalties and disabilities and restores him to all his civil rights. Although such pardon may restore a person's eligibility to public office, it does not entitle him to automatic reinstatement. He should apply for reappointment to said office. - [Compare with Garcia vs COA] Llamas vs Orbos - In granting the power of executive clemency, the Constitution does not distinguish between criminal and administrative cases. Sec. 18: Constantino, Jr. vs Cuisia - The debt-relief contracts, providing for buy-back and bond-conversion schemes, entered into pursuant to Financing Program are not beyond the powers granted to the President under Sec. 20, Art. VII. The only restriction that the Constitution provides, aside from the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board, is that loans must be subject to limitations provided by

law. Accordingly, the contention that buy-back and bond-conversion schemes are neither “loans” nor “guarantees,” and hence beyond the President’s power to execute, are without merit. Sec. 21: Commissioner of Customs vs Eastern Sea Trading (1961) - The concurrence of the House of Congress is required by our fundamental law in the making of treaties which are however distinct and different from executive agreements which may be validly entered without such concurrence. Pimentel, Jr. vs Exec. Sec. - The power to ratify is vested in the President, subject to concurrence of the Senate. The role of the Senate is limited only to giving or withholding its consent or concurrence to the ratification. Hence, it is within the authority of the President to refuse to submit a treaty to the Senate or having secured its consent for its ratification, refuse to ratify it. This discretion to ratify lies within the President's competence alone. - 4 steps in treaty-making process:

(a) negotiation (b) signing of the treaty (simply a means of authenticating the instrument and a symbol of good faith) (c) ratification (formal act by which a statute confirms and accepts the provisions of a treaty) (d) exchange of instruments of ratification - In the case at bar, the treaty was merely signed.

conferred upon it that now covers, in proper cases, even the political question. - That where serious constitutional questions are involved, "the transcendental importance to the public of these cases demands that they be settled promptly and definitely brushing aside, if we must, technicalities of procedure." Mantruste Systems v Court of Appeals

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT Sec. 1: Santiago vs Bautista - The courts may not exercise judicial power when there is no applicable law. - Case at bar: An award of honors to a student by a board of teachers may not be reversed by a court where the awards are governed by no applicable law. Daza v Singson - Even if the issue presented was political in nature, the Court is still not be precluded from resolving it under the expanded jurisdiction

- There can be no justification for judicial interference in the business of an administrative agency, except when it violates a citizen's constitutional rights, or commits a grave abuse of discretion, or acts in excess of, or without jurisdiction. - Courts may not substitute their judgment for that of the Asset Privatization Trust (administrative body), nor block, by an injunction, the discharge of its functions and the implementation of its decisions in connection with the acquisition, sale or disposition of assets transferred to it. Malaga v Penachos, Jr.

- It was previously declared the prohibition pertained to the issuance of injunctions or restraining orders by courts against administrative acts in controversies involving facts or the exercise of discretion in technical cases. The Court observed that to allow the courts to judge these matters would disturb the smooth functioning of the administrative machinery. On issues definitely outside of this dimension and involving questions of law, courts could not be prevented by any law (in this case, P.D. No. 605) from exercising their power to restrain or prohibit administrative acts. PACU v Secretary of Education - Judicial power is limited to the decision of actual cases and controversies. (Mere apprehension that the Secretary of Education might under the law withdraw the permit of one of petitioners does not constitute a justiciable controversy.) - Courts do not sit to adjudicate mere academic questions to satisfy scholarly interest therein however intellectually solid the problem may

be. This is especially true where the issues "reach constitutional dimensions, for then there comes into play regard for the court's duty to avoid decision of constitutional issues unless avoidance becomes evasion. Mariano, Jr. v COMELEC - Considering that those contingencies mentioned by the petitioners may or may not happen, petitioners merely pose a hypothetical issue which has yet to ripen to an actual case or controversy. Petitioners who are residents of Taguig (except Mariano) are not also the proper parties to raise this abstract issue (city of Makati is involved). Worse, they raise this futuristic issue in a petition for declaratory relief over which this Court has no jurisdiction. Macasiano v National Housing Authority -It is a rule firmly entrenched in our jurisprudence that the constitutionality of an act of the legislature will not be determined by the courts unless that question is properly raised and presented in appropriate cases and is

necessary to a determination of the case.

which may be enjoined at the request of a taxpayer.

J. Joya v PCGG Legaspi v Civil Service Commission - The rule is settled that no question involving the constitutionality or validity of a law or governmental act may be heard and decided by the court unless there is compliance with the legal requisites for judicial inquiry, namely: that the question must be raised by the proper party; that there must be an actual case or controversy; that the question must be raised at the earliest possible opportunity; and, that the decision on the constitutional or legal question must be necessary to the determination of the case itself. But the most important are the first two (2) requisites. - Not every action filed by a taxpayer can qualify to challenge the legality of official acts done by the government. A taxpayer's suit can prosper only if the governmental acts being questioned involve disbursement of public funds upon the theory that the expenditure of public funds by an officer of the state for the purpose of administering an unconstitutional act constitutes a misapplication of such funds,

- It becomes apparent that when a Mandamus proceeding involves the assertion of a public right, the requirement of personal interest is satisfied by the mere fact that the petitioner is a citizen, and therefore, part of the general "public" which possesses the right. -"Public" is a comprehensive, all-inclusive term. Properly construed, it embraces every person. Dumlao v COMELEC - For one, there is a misjoinder of parties and actions. One petitioner does not join other petitioners in the burden of their complaint, nor do the latter join the former in his. They, respectively, contest completely different statutory provisions. - For another, there are standards that have to be followed in the exercise of the function of judicial review, namely: (1) the existence of an

appropriate case; (2) an interest personal and substantial by the party raising the constitutional question; (3) the plea that the function be exercised at the earliest opportunity; and (4) the necessity that the constitutional question be passed upon in order to decide the case. Bugnay Const. and Dev’t. Corp. v Laron - The doctrine holds that only when the act complained of directly involves an illegal disbursement of public funds raised by taxation will the taxpayer's suit be allowed. The essence of a taxpayer's right to institute such an action hinges on the existence of that requisite pecuniary or monetary interest. - It is not enough that the taxpayer-plaintiff sufficiently show that he would be benefited or injured by the judgment or entitled to the avails of the suit as a real party in interest. Kilosbayan v Guingona, Jr. - A party's standing before this Court is a

procedural technicality which it may, in the exercise of its discretion, set aside in view of the importance of the issues raised. - In line with the liberal policy of this Court on locus standi, ordinary taxpayers, members of Congress, and even association of planters, and non-profit civic organizations were allowed to initiate and prosecute actions before this Court to question the constitutionality or validity of laws, acts, decisions, rulings, or orders of various government agencies or instrumentalities. PHILCONSA v Enriquez - The Senators have legal standing to question the validity of the veto. When a veto was made in excess of the authority of the President, it impermissibily intrudes into the domain of the Legislature. A member of Congress can question an act of the Executive which injures Congress as an institution. Tatad v Garcia, Jr. -The prevailing doctrines in taxpayer's suits are

to allow taxpayers to question contracts entered into by the national government or government-owned or controlled corporations allegedly in contravention of the law and to disallow the same when only municipal contracts are involved (just like in Bugnay case since no public money was involved).

balanced and healthful ecology. Put a little differently, the minors` assertion of their right to a sound environment constitutes, at the same time, the performance of their obligation to ensure the protection of that right for the generations to come. Lozada v COMELEC

Oposa v Factoran, Jr. - CLASS SUIT: The subject matter of the complaint is of common and general interest not just to several, but to all citizens of the Philippines. Consequently, since the parties are so numerous, it becomes impracticable, if not totally impossible, to bring all of them before the court. - Their personality to sue in behalf of the succeeding generations can only be based on the concept of intergenerational responsibility insofar as the right to a balanced and healthful ecology is concerned. - Needless to say, every generation has a responsibility to the next to preserve that rhythm and harmony for the full enjoyment of a

- As taxpayers, petitioners may not file the instant petition, for nowhere therein is it alleged that tax money is being illegally spent. It is only when an act complained of, which may include a legislative enactment or statute, involves the illegal expenditure of public money that the socalled taxpayer suit may be allowed. - The unchallenged rule is that the person who impugns the validity of a statute must have a personal and substantial interest in the case such that he has sustained, or will sustain, direct injury as a result of its enforcement. Concrete injury, whether actual or threatened, is that indispensable element of a dispute which serves in part to cast it in a form traditionally capable of judicial resolution. When the asserted harm is a "generalized grievance" shared in substantially equal

measure by all or a large class of citizens, that harm alone normally does not warrant exercise of jurisdiction.

Kilosbayan v Morato - The voting on petitioners' standing in the previous case was a narrow one, seven (7) members sustaining petitioners' standing and six (6) denying petitioners' right to bring the suit. The majority was thus a tenuous one that is not likely to be maintained in any subsequent litigation. In addition, there have been charges in the membership of the Court, with the retirement of Justice Cruz and Bidin and the appointment of the writer of this opinion and Justice Francisco. Given this fact it is hardly tenable to insist on the maintenance of the ruling as to petitioners' standing. SECTION 3 Bengzon v Lim - What is fiscal autonomy? It contemplates a

guarantee of full flexibility to allocate and utilize their resources with the wisdom and dispatch that their needs require. It recognizes the power and authority to levy, assess and collect fees, fix rates of compensation not exceeding the highest rates authorized by law for compensation and play plans of the government and allocate and disburse such sums as may be provided by law or prescribed by them in the course of the discharge of their functions. Fiscal autonomy means freedom from outside control. - The Judiciary, the Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman must have the independence and flexibility needed in the discharge of their constitutional duties. The imposition of restrictions and constraints on the manner the independent constitutional offices allocate and utilize the funds appropriated for their operations is anathema to fiscal autonomy and violative not only of the express mandate of the Constitution but especially as regards the Supreme Court, of the independence and separation of powers upon which the entire fabric of our constitutional system is based

SECTION 4 Limketkai Sons Milling, Inc. v Court of Appeals, et.al. - Reorganization is purely an internal matter of the Court to which petitioner certainly has no business at all. - The Court with its new membership is not obliged to follow blindly a decision upholding a party's case when, after its re-examination, the same calls for a rectification. SECTION 5

- In the exercise of this jurisdiction, lower courts are advised to act with the utmost circumspection, bearing in mind the consequences of a declaration of unconstitutionality upon the stability of laws, no less than on the doctrine of separation of powers. As the questioned act is usually the handiwork of the legislative or the executive departments, or both, it will be prudent for such courts, if only out of a becoming modesty, to defer to the higher judgment of this Court in the consideration of its validity, which is better determined after a thorough deliberation by a collegiate body and with the concurrence of the majority of those who participated in its discussion.

Drilon v Lim Larranaga v Court of Appeals - The Constitution vests in the Supreme Court appellate jurisdiction over final judgments and orders of lower courts in all cases in which the constitutionality or validity of any treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regulation is in question.

(Transfer the venue of the preliminary investigation from Cebu City to Manila because of the extensive coverage of the proceedings by the Cebu media which allegedly influenced the people's perception of petitioner's character and guilt.) - The Court recognizes that pervasive and

prejudicial publicity under certain circumstances can deprive an accused of his due process right to fair trial. It was previously held that to warrant a finding of prejudicial publicity there must be allegation and proof that the judges have been unduly influenced, not simply that they might be, by the barrage in publicity. - In the case at bar, nothing in the records shows that the tone and content of the publicity that attended the investigation of petitioners fatally infected the fairness and impartiality of the DOJ Panel. First Lepanto Ceramics, Inc. v Court of Appeals - It is intended to give the Supreme Court a measure of control over cases paced under its appellate jurisdiction. For the indiscriminate enactment of legislation enlarging its appellate jurisdiction. For the indiscriminate enactment of legislation enlarging its appellate jurisdiction can unnecessarily burden the Court and thereby undermine its essential function of expounding the law in its most profound national aspects.

Aruelo v Court of Appeals - Constitutionally speaking, the COMELEC can not adopt a rule prohibiting the filing of certain pleadings in the regular courts. The power to promulgate rules concerning pleadings, practice and procedure in all courts is vested on the Supreme Court. Javellana v DILG (Section 90 of the Local Government Code of 1991 and DLG Memorandum Circular No. 9081 does not violate Article VIII. Section 5 of the Constitution. Neither the statute nor the circular trenches upon the Supreme Court's power and authority to prescribe rules on the practice of law.) - The Local Government Code and DLG Memorandum Circular No. 90-81 simply prescribe rules of conduct for public officials to avoid conflicts of interest between the discharge of their public duties and the private practice of their profession, in those instances where the law allows it.

SECTION 6 Maceda v Vasquez - In the absence of any administrative action taken against a person by the Court with regard to his certificates of service, the investigation being conducted by the Ombudsman encroaches into the Court's power of administrative supervision over all courts and its personnel, in violation of the doctrine of separation of powers. - Where a criminal complaint against a Judge or other court employee arises from their administrative duties, the Ombudsman must defer action on said complaint and refer the same to the Court for determination whether said Judge or court employee had acted within the scope of their administrative duties. Raquiza v Judge Castaneda, Jr. - The rules even in an administrative case demands that if the respondent Judge should be disciplined for grave misconduct or any graver offense, the evidence presented against

him should be competent and derived from direct knowledge. The judiciary, to which respondent belongs, no less demands that before its member could be faulted, it should be only after due investigation and based on competent proofs, no less. This is all the more so when as in this case the charges are penal in nature. ('Misconduct' also implies 'a wrongful intention and not a mere error of judgment. It results that even if respondent were not correct in his legal conclusions, his judicial actuations cannot be regarded as grave misconduct, unless the contrary sufficiently appears.) SECTION 10 Nitafan v Commissioner of Internal Revenue - The clear intent of the Constitutional Commission was to delete the proposed express grant of exemption from payment of income tax to members of the Judiciary, so as to "give substance to equality among the three branches of Government.”

SECTION 11 De La Llana v Alba -Judiciary Act does not violate judicial security of tenure. This Court is empowered "to discipline judges of inferior courts and, by a vote of at least eight members, order their dismissal." Thus, it possesses the competence to remove judges. Under the Judiciary Act, it was the President who was vested with such power. Removal is, of course, to be distinguished from termination by virtue of the abolition of the office. There can be no tenure to a non-existent office. After the abolition, there is in law no occupant. In case of removal, there is an office with an occupant who would thereby lose his position. It is in that sense that from the standpoint of strict law, the question of any impairment of security of tenure does not arise. Nonetheless, for the incumbents of inferior courts abolished, the effect is one of separation. As to its effect, no distinction exists between removal and the abolition of the office. Realistically, it is devoid of significance. He ceases to be a member of the judiciary.

People v Gacott, Jr. - To require the entire Court to deliberate upon and participate in all administrative matters or cases regardless of the sanctions, imposable or imposed, would result in a congested docket and undue delay in the adjudication of cases in the Court, especially in administrative matters, since even cases involving the penalty of reprimand would require action by the Court en banc. - Yet, although as thus demonstrated, only cases involving dismissal of judges of lower courts are specifically required to be decided by the Court en banc, in cognizance of the need for a thorough and judicious evaluation of serious charges against members of the judiciary, it is only when the penalty imposed does not exceed suspension of more than one year or a fine of P10,000.00, or both, that the administrative matter may be decided in division. SECTION 12 In Re: Manzano

- As incumbent RTC Judges, they form part of the structure of government. Their integrity and performance in the adjudication of cases contribute to the solidity of such structure. As public officials, they are trustees of an orderly society. Even as non-members of Provincial/City Committees on Justice, RTC judges should render assistance to said Committees to help promote the landable purposes for which they exist, but only when such assistance may be reasonably incidental to the fulfillment of their judicial duties. SECTION 14

decision clearly and distinctly stating therein the facts and the law on which it is based. Mendoza v CFI - What is expected of the judiciary "is that the decision rendered makes clear why either party prevailed under the applicable law to the facts as established. Nor is there any regid formula as to the language to be employed to satisfy the requirement of clarity and distinctness. The discretion of the particular judge in this respect, while not unlimited, is necessarily broad. There is no sacramental form of words which he must use upon pain of being considered as having failed to abide by what the Constitution directs."

Nicos Industrial Corp v Court of Appeals - The Court is not duty bound to render signed decisions all the time. It has ample discretion to formulate decisions and/or minute resolutions, provided a legal basis is given, depending on its evaluation of a case. - As it is settled that an order dismissing a case for insufficient evidence is a judgment on the merits, it is imperative that it be a reasoned

- The provision has been held to refer only to decisions of the merits and not to orders of the trial court resolving incidental matters such as the one at bar. (content of the resolution: incident in the prosecution of petitioner) Borromeo v Court of Appeals - The Court reminds all lower courts, lawyers,

and litigants that it disposes of the bulk of its cases by minute resolutions and decrees them as final and executory, as where a case is patently without merit, where the issues raised are factual in nature, where the decision appealed from is supported by substantial evidence and is in accord with the facts of the case and the applicable laws, where it is clear from the records that the petition is filed merely to forestall the early execution of judgment and for non-compliance with the rules. The resolution denying due course or dismissing the petition always gives the legal basis. - When the Court, after deliberating on a petition and any subsequent pleadings, manifestations, comments, or motions decides to deny due course to the petition and states that the questions raised are factual or no reversible error in the respondent court's decision is shown or for some other legal basis stated in the resolution, there is sufficient compliance with the constitutional requirement. - Minute resolutions need not be signed by the members of the Court who took part in the deliberations of a case nor do they require the

certification of the Chief Justice. Komatsu Industries (Phils.) Inc v Court of Appeals - It has long been settled that this Court has discretion to decide whether a "minute resolution" should be used in lieu of a fullblown decision in any particular case and that a minute Resolution of dismissal of a Petition for Review on Certiorari constitutes an adjudication on the merits of the controversy or subject matter of the Petition. It has been stressed by the Court that the grant of due course to a Petition for Review is "not a matter of right, but of sound judicial discretion; and so there is no need to fully explain the Court's denial. For one thing, the facts and law are already mentioned in the Court of Appeals' opinion." Prudential Bank v Castro - The Constitutional mandate that "no . . . motion for reconsideration of a decision of the court shall be . . . denied without stating the

legal basis therefor" is inapplicable in administrative cases. And even if it were, said Resolution stated the legal basis for the denial and, therefore, adhered faithfully to the Constitutional requirement. "Lack of merit," which was one of the grounds for denial, is a legal basis. -(certification issue) The requirement of a certification refers to decisions to judicial cases and not to administrative cases. Besides, since the decision was a per curiam decision, a formal certification is not required.

Valdez v Court of Appeals - The (lower) court statement in the decision that a party has proven his case while the other has not, is not the findings of facts contemplated by the Constitution and the rules to be clearly and distinctly stated. - This Court has said again and again that it is not a trier of facts and that it relies, on the factual findings of the lower court and the appellate court which are conclusive. CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS

Oil and Natural Gas Commission v Court of Appeals - The constitutional mandate that no decision shall be rendered by any court without expressing therein clearly and distinctly the facts and the law on which it is based does not preclude the validity of "memorandum decisions" which adopt by reference the findings of fact and conclusions of law contained in the decisions of inferior tribunals. SECTION 14 (not 16)

A. COMMON PROVISIONS Aruelo v. CA The rule of the Commission should prevail if the proceeding is before a Commission. But if the proceeding is before a court, the Rules of Court prevails. (Sec. 6) Cua v. Comelec The 2-1 decision rendered by the First Division

was a valid decision under Article IX-A, Section 7 of the Constitution. (Sec.7) Vital-Gozon v. CA Execution of the Civil Service Commission's decision should have been ordered and effected by the Commission itself, when de la Fuente filed a motion therefor. It declined to do so, however, on the alleged ground, as de la Fuente claims he was told, that it "had no coercive powers unlike a court to enforce its final decisions/resolutions." That proposition, communicated to de la Fuente, of the Commission's supposed lack of coercive power to enforce its final judgments, is incorrect. It is inconsistent with previous acts of the Commission of actually directing execution of its decisions and resolutions, which this Court has sanctioned in several cases; and it is not in truth a correct assessment of its powers under the Constitution and the relevant laws

While it may be true that the lower court has the jurisdiction over controversies dealing with the COMELEC's award of contracts, the same being purely administrative and civil in nature, nevertheless, herein petitioner has no cause of action on the basis of the allegations of its complaint. "The Commission on Elections shall have exclusive charge of the enforcement and administration of all laws relative to the conduct of elections and shall exercise all other functions which may be conferred upon it by law. It shall decide, save those involving the right to vote, all administrative questions affecting elections, including the determination of the number of location of polling places, and the appointment of election inspectors and of other election officials . . . The decisions, orders and rulings of the Commission shall be subject to review by the Supreme Court." Mateo v. CA

Filipinas Engineering and Machine Shop v. Ferrer

The hiring and firing of employees of government-owned and controlled corporations are governed by the provisions of the Civil

Service Law and Rules and Regulations. SC Revised Administrative Circular No. 1-95. Final resolutions of the Civil Service Commission shall be appealable to the Court of Appeals. In any event, whether under the old rule or the present rule, Regional Trial Courts have no jurisdiction to entertain cases involving dismissal of officers and employees covered by the Civil Service Law. CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION Section 2 TUPAS v. NHC Civil service now covers only governmentowned or controlled corporations with original or legislative charters, that is those created by an act of Congress or by special law, and not those incorporated under and pursuant to a general legislation. NHC is not covered by civil service so its employees undoubtedly have the right to form unions or employees' organizations. The right to unionize or to form organizations is now explicitly recognized and granted to employees

in both the governmental and the private sectors. De los Santos v. Mallare The office of city engineer is neither primarily confidential, policy-determining, nor highly technical. These positions mentioned are excluded from the merit system and dismissal at pleasure of officers and employees appointed therein is allowed by the Constitution. Thus, the city engineer cannot be removed without just cause. Salazar v. Mathay The tenure of officials holding primarily confidential positions ends upon loss of confidence because their term of office lasts only as long as confidence in them endures. Corpus v. Cuaderno Highly technical employees cannot be removed by reason of lack or loss of confidence by the one making the appointment.

Luego v. Civil Service Commission The CSC has no authority to disapprove or revoke a permanent appointment on the ground that another person is better qualified than the appointee. The CSC is not empowered to determine the kind or nature of the appointment extended by the appointing officer, its authority being limited to approving or reviewing the appointment in the light of the requirements of the Civil Service Law. Approval is more appropriately called an attestation, that is, of the fact that the appointee is qualified for the position to which he has been named. Province of Camarines Sur v. CA Lack of civil service eligibility makes an appointment temporary; thus, the appointment is revocable at any time (without a fixed and definite term) or dependent upon the pleasure of the appointing power. Obtaining the civil service legibility later on does not ipso facto convert a temporary appointment into a permanent one. SSS Employees Association v. CA

The right of government employees to organize does not include the right to strike. Section 7 Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary While all other appointive officials in the civil service are allowed to hold other office or employment in the government during their tenure when such is allowed by tlaw and the primary function of their office, Cabinet members, their deputies, and assistants may only do so when expressly authorized by the Constitution itself. Flores v. Drilon The proviso which states, “Provided, however, that for the first year of its operations from the effectivity of this Act, the mayor of the City of Olongapo shall be appointed as the chairman and chief executive officer of the Subic Authority”, violates the constitutional prohibition against appointment or designation of elective officials to other government posts.

Section 8 Quimson v. Ozaeta The employment of a person as an agent collector is not itself unlawful because there is no incompatibility between aid appointment and his employment as Deputy Provincial Treasurer and Municipal Treasurer. There is no legal objection to government official occupying two government offices and performing functions to both as long as there is no incompatibility. The Constitutional prohibition refers to double appointments and performance of functions of more than one office. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS Section 1 Cayetano v. Monsod Practice of law means any activity, in or out of court, which requires the application of law, legal procedure, knowledge, training and

experience. To engage in the practice of law is to perform those acts which are characteristics of the profession. Generally, to practice law is to give notice or render any kind of service which device or service requires the use in any degree of legal knowledge or skill. Brillantes v. Yorac The President has no authority to make designation of a Comelec Chairman in an Acting Capacity. The choice of temporary Chairman in the absence of the regular chairman comes under the discretion of the Comelec. It cannot be exercised by the President. A designation As Acting Chairman is by its very terms essentially temporary and therefore revocable at will. No cause need be established to justify its revocation. Lindo v. Comelec Comelec’s statement that fake and spurious ballots may have been introduced to increase the votes of protestant cannot be made a basis for denying the execution pending appeal.

Section 3 Sarmiento vs. Comelec Pursuant to Section 16 of R.A. 7166, it provides: "All pre-proclamation cases pending before the Commission shall be deemed terminated at the beginning of the term of the office involved and the rulings of the boards of canvassers concerned shall be deemed affirmed, without prejudice to the filing of a regular election protest by the aggrieved party. However, proceedings may continue when on the basis of the evidence thus far presented, the Commission determines that the petition appears meritorious and accordingly issues an order for the proceeding to continue or when an appropriate order has been issued by the Supreme Court in a petition for certiorari."

controversies, must be decided by the COMELEC in division. Should a party be dissatisfied with the decision, he may file a motion for reconsideration before the COMELEC en banc. It is, therefore, the decision, order or ruling of the COMELEC en banc that, in accordance with Art. IX, A, Section 7, "may be brought to the Supreme Court on certiorari." Section 4 National Press Club vs. Comelec The Comelec has also been granted the right to supervise and regulate the exercise by media practitioners themselves of their right to expression during plebiscite periods. Media practitioners exercising their freedom of expression during plebiscite periods are neither the franchise holders nor the candidates. In fact, there are no candidates involved in a plebiscite.

Reyes vs. RTC of Oriental Mindoro All election cases, including pre-proclamation

Telecommunications and Broadcast Attorneys of the Philippines vs GMA

It is argued that the power to supervise or regulate given to the COMELEC under Art. IXC, Section 4 of the Constitution does not include the power to prohibit. In the first place, what the COMELEC is authorized to supervise or regulate by Art. IX-C, Section 4 of the Constitution, among other things, is the use by media of information of their franchises or permits, while what Congress (not the COMELEC) prohibits is the sale or donation of print space or air time for political ads. In other words, the object of supervision or regulation is different from the object of the prohibition. It is another fallacy for petitioners to contend that the power to regulate does not include the power to prohibit. This may have force if the object of the power were the same. Adiong vs. COMELEC The posting of decals and stickers on cars, calesas, tricycles, pedicabs and other moving vehicles needs the consent of the owner of the vehicle. Hence, the preference of the citizen becomes crucial in this kind of election propaganda not the financial resources of the

candidate. Whether the candidate is rich and, therefore, can afford to doleout more decals and stickers or poor and without the means to spread out the number of decals and stickers is not as important as the right of the owner to freely express his choice and exercise his right of free speech. The owner can even prepare his own decals or stickers for posting on his personal property. To strike down this right and enjoin it is impermissible encroachment of his liberties. Sanidad vs. COMELEC Comelec spaces and Comelec radio time may provide a forum for expression but they do not guarantee full dissemination of information to the public concerned because they are limited to either specific portions in newspapers or to specific radio or television times. COMMISSION ON AUDIT SECTION 2 GUEVARA VS GIMENEZ

The Auditor-General has no madate to disapprove expenditures which in his opinion are excessive and extravagant. His authority is limited to the auditing in expenditures of funds and properties. such function is limited to a determination of whether there is a law appropriating funds for a given purpose; whether a contract entered made by the proper officer has been entered in conformity with the said appropriation law; whether the goods and services covered by the said contract have been delivered or rendered in pursuance thereof, as attested by the proper officer; and whether payment therefore has been authorized by the officials of the corresponding department or bureau. If these requirements have been fulfilled, it is the ministerial duty of the Auditor General to approve and pass in audit the voucher and treasury warrant for said payment. No discretion to disapprove said payment on the ground that contract was unwise or unreasonable. OROCIO VS COA To determine whether an expenditure of a

government agency or instrumentality is irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant and unconscionable, the COA should not be bound by the opinion of the legal counsel of a particular agency. Legal counsel can only offer legal advice. OSMENA VS COA A compromise agreement between a municipal corporation (Cebu City) and the parents of victim (Spouses dela Cerna) was constitutional. The participation of the city in an amicable settlement and eventual execution of a compromise is indubitable within the power and authority of a municipal corporation. Notably, the compromise agreement was submitted to its legislative council, which approved it conformably with its established rules and procedure. SAMBELI VS PROVINCE OF ISABELA COA has the regulatory power to ensure that government funds and properties are fully protected and conserved and that irregular

unnecessary, excessive, or extravagant expenditures or uses of funds owned by, or pertaining to the Government or any of its subdivisions, agencies of instrumentalities are prevented. BUSTAMANTE VS COA Discretion exercised by COA in the denial of the appeal (on the decision of a Regional Auditor) is within its power. Also, conclusions of a Board of Directors of a government-owned and controlled corporation in safeguarding the proper use of the government’s and people’s property cannot prevail over the constitutional mandate on COA. SALIGUMBA VS COA Supreme Courts power to review COA decisions refers to money matters and not to administrative cases (rape case vs. auditing examiner-respondent) involving the discipline of its personnel. SECTION 3 PHIL AIRLINES VS COA (more on section 2)

COA has the exclusive authority, subject to limitations, to define the scope of its audit and examination, establish the techniques and methods required therefore. COA can adopt as its own, simply by reiteration or by reference, without the necessity of repromulgation, already existing rules and regulations. It may also expand the coverage thereof to agencies or instrumentalities under its audit jurisdiction. COA can advised PAL to desist from bidding the its fuel upon expiration of contracts BAGATSING VS COMMITTEE ON PRIVATIZATION COA, the agency that adopted the rules on bidding procedure to be followed by government offices and corporations, upheld the legality of bidding although there is only one offeror (2 were disqualified- bid below floor price and technical reasons) since the COA Circular does not speak of accepted bids but of offerors, without distinction as to whether they were disqualified. The interpretation of an agency of its own rules should be given more weight than the interpretation by the agency of the law it is merely tasked to administer.