HDKUBSDC HDKUB SDC CE CE]EK CE]EKJF JF P K@ELK K@ELK@D @D YFB@S@KD E[KUEBD E[KUE BD Y]FHE[@FL Y]FHE[@FLDB DB CE CE]EKJF CE]EKJF
H@B@DB - JUDLKDXEB@KD S]DMDGF DKDCÀA@KF Yrdkt`kd Yrdkt` kd Kd Kdb`b`h`h`kdcd kdcd L¹4 L¹4
Y]E[ELSDCF YF]7 EAYE]DS]@W AE]KECE[, KD]MDGDB TU@LKJF (KFC.=94:444>0=)
D[@NLDSU]D7 D[@NLD SU]D7 YFB@S@KD P KFAE KFAE]K@F ]K@F @LSE] @LSE]LDK@FLDB LDK@FLDB CFKELSE ]E[YFL[DMBE7 C]. GF[E X@N@B HD]@D[ [EAE[S]E 90 ([EKK@FL-93-4) JUDLKDXEB@KD ‛ YE]ß
=9=4-=
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
CEC@KDSF]@D
D C`fs, pfr mr`lcdrlfs bd c`kjd ce bd sdbuc y m`elestdr hda`b`dr. D luestrfs pdcres, pfr su eshuerzf, dafr y dpfyf `lkflc`k`fldb, curdlte luestrd hfradk`ûl tdltf persfldb kfaf prfhes`fldb.
pän. =
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
YFB@S@KD P KFAE KFAE]K@F ]K@F @LSE] @LSE]LDK@FLDB LDK@FLDB Y]DKS@KD KDB@H@KDCD Lf 94 4.- EB Y]FSEKK@FL@[AF7 KFLKEYSF E @AYF]SDLK@D. ‛ Eb Yrftekk`fl`saf. - Es uld pfbát`kd ekflûa`kd que muskd prftener bd
prfcukk`ûl y eapbefs ce ul pdás `apfl`àlcfbe restr`kk`fles, b`a`tdk`fles f drdlkebes d bfs m`eles f serv`k`fs prfvel`eltes ceb extrdlgerf elkdrek`àlcfbfs pdrd jdkerbfs aelfs kfapet`t`vfs hrelte d bfs ldk`fldbes. Yfr elce, bd `apfrtdlk`d, vd ser bd dkk`ûl ce aec`cds prftekk`fl`stds que vd `lk`c`r c`rektdaelte el bds beyes ce bd kfapetelk`d, es cek`r, bds beyes ceb aerkdcf que expb`kdl bd rebdk`ûl c`rektd eltre fhertd y ceadlcd. 4.4.- S@YF[ CE Y]FSEKK@FL@[AF. ➭
Kfapelsdcfr. - Equ`pdrd bfs prek`fs ce kfaprd ce bfs prfcuktfs pdrd
que lf ex`stdl c`skrepdlk`ds s`nl`h`kdt`vds eltre eb prfcuktf ldk`fldb y eb `apfrtdcf. ➭ Dl Dlt`t`
Cuap` Cua p`ln ln.. - Estdmbeke mdrrerds kfl sums`c`fs pdrd ev`tdr bd
präkt`kd ceb ‒cuap`ln‑ f bd veltd pfr cemdgf ceb vdbfr ce aerkdcf. ➭
Yrftekk`fl`saf H`skdb . -
Yrftene bds tdreds h`skdbes ce bd ldk`ûl
aec`dlte estrdten`ds el tfrlf d bd rekducdk`ûl ce `apuestfs. 4.=.- KÛAF KÛAF [E D DYB@KDL YB@KDL B D[ YFBÁS@KD[ Y]FSEKK@FL@ Y]FSEKK@FL@[SD[. [SD[. -
Bds aec`cds pdrd dpb`kdr bds pfbát`kds prftekk`fl`stds sfl d trdvàs ce7 ➭ Dr Drdlk dlkebes ebes..
- Es eb aàtfcf que nrdvd d bds `apfrtdk`fle `apfrtdk`fless c`rektdaelte,
ebevdlcf eb prek`f ce bfs prfcuktfs `apfrtdcfs. Esf bfs jdke aelfs kfapet`t`vfs.
pän. ;
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB ➭
Kuftds. - Este aàtfcf estdmbek estdmbekee bds kdlt`cdc kdlt`cdces es báa`te ce bfs prfcukt prfcuktfs fs
que se puecel `apfrtdr, `ap`c`elcf que bds ftrds ldk`fles `lulcel eb aerkdcf kfl prfcuktfs mdrdtfs prfcuktf ce sums`c`fs. ➭
[ums`c`fs. - bfs fhrekel bfs nfm`erlfs d bds `lcustr`ds bfkdbes d trdvàs
ce kràc`tfs h`skdbes f pdnfs c`rektfs, recuk`elcf dsá eb prek`f ce bfs m`eles y serv`k`fs prfcuk`cfs bfkdbaelte. Hulk`fld aegfr que bfs drdlkebes pfrque t`ele bd veltdgd dc`k`fldb ce dmdrdtdr bds expfrtdk`fles y vfbverbds aäs kfapet`t`vds el eb extrdlgerf. 4.;.- XELSDGD[ E @LKFLXEL@ELSE[ CEB Y]FSEKK@FL@[AF. -
Dbnulfs dutfres ceb prftekk`fl`saf drnuaeltdl que dbnulds veltdgds ce dpb`kdr este t`pf ce aec`cds sfl bd aegfrd ce bds `lcustr`ds estrdtàn`kds ceb pdás, eb hfaeltf ceb sektfr `lcustr`db ldk`fldb f bd prftekk`ûl ce sektfres que estäl kfaelzdlcf d cesdrrfbbdrse, y que, s`l eamdrnf, que d bdrnf pbdzf bd hdbtd ce kfapetelk`d tera`ld pfr cem`b`tdr bd `lcustr`d yd que bds eapresds bfkdbes cegdräl ce `llfvdr y aegfrdr sus prfcuktfs f serv`k`fs. D bdrnf pbdzf, seôdbdl, bfs kflsua`cfres tera`ldräl pdndlcf aäs pfr prfcuktfs ce aelfr kdb`cdc. Dceaäs, eb prftekk`fl`saf b`a`td bfs aerkdcfs pdrd bds prfp`ds eapresds ldk`fldbes, db tfpdrse kfl aec`cds s`a`bdres ce pdrte ce ftrds ldk`fles, y, h`ldbaelte, cesdkeberd eb krek`a`eltf ekflûa`kf ceb pdás. 4.3.- EB B@M]E AE]KDCF H]ELSE DB Y]FSEKK@FL@[AF. -
El bd vád fpuestd db prftekk`fl`saf se elkueltrd eb b`mre aerkdcf f b`mre kfaerk`f. Cflce se `apb`kd bd duselk`d ce mdrrerds kfaerk`dbes que supflndl
fmstäkubfs pdrd eb `lterkdam`f ce m`eles f serv`k`fs eltre pdáses. Eb b`mre aerkdcf se hulcdaeltd el bd eb`a`ldk`ûl ce bfs hrelfs drt`h`k`dbes db `lterkdam`f `lterldk`fldb ce m`eles y serv`k`fs. Ce hfrad que a`eltrds eb pän. 3
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
prftekk`fl`saf `apfle aec`cds, kfaf drdlkebes, `apuestfs f kuftds, eb b`mre kfaerk`f bds eb`a`ld. El uld ekflfaád ce b`mre aerkdcf, eb Estdcf lf fhreke sums`c`fs, renubdk`fles, beyes f lfradt`vds. Aukjfs expertfs ceh`elcel que estd cfktr`ld ekflûa`kd bfnrd uld adyfr kfapet`t`v`cdc ce eapresds y prfcuktfs, aegfrd bd dkt`v`cdc ekflûa`kd y eb eapbef. =.- BD E[KUEBD KBÄ[@KD P BD E[KUEBD LEFKBÄ[@KD. -
Ydrd pfcer eltelcer ce uld adlerd aäs kbdrd bf que es eb kfaerk`f `lterldk`fldb es lekesdr`f kfaelzdr pfr pbdltedr kfaf surne y sfmre tfcf kuäbes sfl sus mdses teûr`kds, es cek`r, bds c`versds tefráds que se jdl hfradcf d trdvàs ceb prfp`f cesdrrfbbf y evfbuk`ûl ceb kfaerk`f `lterldk`fldb, eltre ebbds teleafs7 =.4.- BD SEF]@D KBD[@KD. ‛
Bd tefrád ce bd veltdgd dmsfbutd pbdltedcd pfr Dcda [a`tj 4 cestdkd bd `apfrtdlk`d ceb b`mre kfaerk`f pdrd que bd r`quezd ce bds ldk`fles se `lkreaelte, mdsälcfse el eb egeapbf ce que l`ln÷l gehe ce hda`b`d trdtdrád ce prfcuk`r el kdsd ul m`el que `lkurr`erd el ul kfstf adyfr que kfaprdrbf. [` se dpb`kdrd este egeapbf kflkretdaelte d ul pdás extrdlgerf "D", se bbendrád d bd kflkbus`ûl ce que "D" pfcrád prfveer d ftrf pdás "M" ce ul m`el aäs mdrdtf ce bf que eb pdás "M" puc`erd prfcuk`rbf. Ce estd adlerd se puece ceh`l`r d bd veltdgd dmsfbutd kfaf bd kdpdk`cdc ce prfcuk`r ul m`el d ul kfstf dmsfbutdaelte aelfr aec`cf el tàra`lfs ce ul`cdces ce trdmdgf. Dcda [a`tj= dkbdrd su tefrád pfr aec`f ce ul egeapbf selk`bbf, kfls`cerdlcf d cfs pdáses, Estdcfs Ul`cfs e @lnbdterrd, bfs kudbes estäl cftdcfs ce trdmdgf jfafnàlef y cec`kdcfs d bd prfcukk`ûl ce cfs m`eles que sfl db`aeltfs y tebd. Ydrd eb kdsf ce Estdcfs Ul`cfs se pdrte ceb supuestf
4
Kjdkjfb`dces Kjdkjfb`dces A`bqu`dces. Ekflfaád Ekflfaád @lterldk`fldb. Ec`t. Ak Nrdw-J`bb. Aàx`kf 40:9 @M@C
=
pän. 5
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
ce que se requ`ere ce fkjf ul`cdces ce trdmdgf pdrd prfcuk`r uld ul`cdc ce db`aeltf, y ce kudtrf ul`cdces ce trdmdgf pfr kdcd ul`cdc ce tebd que se prfcuzkd. Ydrd eb kdsf ce @lnbdterrd, lekes`td ce c`ez ul`cdces ce trdmdgf pfr kdcd ul`cdc ce db`aeltf y cfs ul`cdces ce trdmdgf pfr kdcd ul`cdc ce tebd que se prfcuzkd. Ce estd adlerd se jdke lftfr`f que Estdcfs Ul`cfs es aäs eh`k`elte el bd prfcukk`ûl ce db`aeltfs, a`eltrds que @lnbdterrd bf es el bd prfcukk`ûl ce tebds? c`kjf el ftrds pdbdmrds, Estdcfs Ul`cfs t`ele uld veltdgd dmsfbutd el bd prfcukk`ûl ce db`aeltfs e @lnbdterrd bd t`ele el bd prfcukk`ûl ce tebd. Ce estd adlerd Dcda [a`tj dh`rad que eb kfaerk`f `lterldk`fldb eltre damfs pdáses es reltdmbe, yd que uld veltdgd dmsfbutd `apb`kd lekesdr`daelte uld espek`db`zdk`ûl el dqueb m`el el eb que se telnd adyfr eh`k`elk`d, cdlcf kfaf resubtdcf ul duaeltf el bd prfcukk`ûl aulc`db ce tfcfs bfs m`eles. D pesdr ceb pbdlteda`eltf tdl kbdrf que jdke estd tefrád, jfy el cád aukjd nelte kfls`cerd que bfs expfrtdcfres cemel teler uld veltdgd dmsfbutd sfmre sus kfapet`cfres extrdlgerfs, y dulque jdstd k`ertf pultf es k`ertf, estd tefrád bbend d ser superh`k`db y elndôfsd. [` eb kfaerk`f se mdsdrd el estd tefrád se bbendrád d bd dmsurcd kflkbus`ûl ce que Estdcfs Ul`cfs cemerád prfcuk`r tdltf tebd kfaf db`aeltfs, e @lnbdterrd pfr su pdrte lf cemerád prfcuk`r ldcd? kfsd que sfbf telcrád selt`cf s` ex`st`erd b`mre afv`b`cdc ceb trdmdgf ce ul pdás d ftrf, perf estf lf es pfs`mbe pfr bf aelfs el bd dktudb`cdc, pfr bf que se puece dh`radr que bd reltdm`b`cdc ceb kfaerk`f `lterldk`fldb lf cepelce ce uld veltdgd dmsfbutd, s`lf aäs m`el ce uld veltdgd kfapet`t`vd. =.=.- SEF]ÁD LEFKBÄ[@KD7 BD CFSDK@ÛL CE HDKSF]E[ F AFCEBF JEKO[KJE]-FBJ@L
Eb afcebf expb`kdt`vf ceb `lterkdam`f `lterldk`fldb, cesdrrfbbdcf pfr bfs ekflfa`stds suekfs Jekoskjer y Fbj`l, resuebve eb c`bead ce bd espek`db`zdk`ûl pän. 8
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
kfapbetd, db `lc`kdr que pdrd redb`zdr eb `lterkdam`f `lterldk`fldb se lekes`tdl cfs hdktfres ce prfcukk`ûl, bf que táp`kdaelte `apb`kd espek`db`zdk`ûl `lkfapbetd y, pfr bf tdltf, pera`te eb kfaerk`f `ltrd`lcustr`db. El bd präkt`kd, eb afcebf Jekoskjer-Fbj`l, kfapbeaeltd eb luevf eskeldr`f ceb `lterkdam`f `lterldk`fldb ce 40;9-4059, dmdstek`cf kfl uld adyfr vdr`ecdc ce prfcuktfs, kfl usf c`skrek`fldb ce luevds teklfbfnáds y sfmre tfcf kfl luevfs eskeldr`fs ce espek`db`zdk`ûl. Eb àlhds`s ceb afcebf Jekoskjer-Fbj`l, se bfkdb`zd el bd dmulcdlk`d ce hdktfres. Ydrd redb`zdr `lterkdam`f `lterldk`fldb se lekes`tdl db aelfs cfs hdktfres ce prfcukk`ûl (pfr egeapbf, trdmdgf y kdp`tdb) perhektdaelte aûv`bes eltre sektfres, perf `laûv`bes eltre pdáses. Estd tefrád `lc`kd que s` `lkbusf bfs pdáses t`elel dkkesf d bd a`sad teklfbfnád pdrd kfam`ldr bfs hdktfres prfcukt`vfs (trdmdgf, kdp`tdb y rekursfs ldturdbes). Cesce estd perspekt`vd, kdcd pdás t`elce d prfcuk`r ce hfrad kfapdrdt`vdaeltee aäs mdrdtd dquebbfs m`eles que requ`erdl uld ut`b`zdk`ûl ``ltels`vd kfapdrdt`vdaelt ltels`vd ceb hdktfr aäs dmulcdlte, espek`db`zälcfse el dquebbfs prfcuktfs que eapbedl kfl `ltels`cdc su hdktfr dmulcdlte y el fmteler aec`dlte eb `lterkdam`f `lterldk`fldb dquebbfs ftrfs que requ`erel eb hdktfr que eskdsed el eb pdás. =. =.=. =.4.4.- Dpfr Dpfrte te lefkbäs`kf7 ttefrád efrád ceb kfaerk`f kfaerk` f `lt `ltrd`lcu rd`lcustr str`db. `db. -
Eb kfaerk`f `ltrd`lcustr`db supfle que ul cetera`ldcf pdás `apfrtd y expfrtd s`aubtäledaelte m`eles y serv`k`fs ce bd a`sad ldturdbezd. Estd vdr`ecdc ce kfaerk`f es sfmre tfcf v`s`mbe eltre pdáses kfl ul nrdcf ce cesdrrfbbf teklfbûn`kf s`a`bdr y kfl cftdk`fles rebdt`vds ce hdktfres seaegdltes, pfr kfls`nu`elte, este t`pf ce kfaerk`f lf puece ser expb`kdcf cesce bd perspekt`vd ceb afcebf ce bd veltdgd kfapdrdt`vd (afcebf Jekoskjer-Fbj`l), puestf que eb pän. >
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
`lterkdam`f `lterldk`fldb el estfs kdsfs estä mdsdcf el eb kfaerk`f `lter`lcustr`db, estf es, bd espek`db`zdk`ûl es pfs`mbe cdcf que kfap`tel sektfres `lcustr`dbes c`hereltes. Eb kfaerk`f `ltrd`lcustr`db, respflce d bd bûn`kd ce bd ekflfaád ce aerkdcf, el eb selt`cf ce que eb pultf ce equ`b`mr`f se fmt`ele pfr eb b`mre egerk`k`f ce bd fhertd y bd ceadlcd. ;.- BD[ BD [ YFB@S@KD[ CE E[SDM@B@WDK@ÛL E[SDM@B @WDK@ÛL ELS] ELS]E E BF[ DÔF[ D ÔF[ 40> 40>> > P 4009.-
Luestrd J`stfr`d kfl respektf d bd ekflfaád y bd sfk`ecdc, estäl sua`cds el eb kdfs y c`versfs kdam`fs pfbát`kfs, ekflûa`kfs y sfk`dbes, que cflce eb pultf ce pdrt`cd ce estd kr`s`s prfbflndcd hue eb dnftda`eltf ce bd estrdten`d ce `lcustr`db`zdk`ûl aec`dlte sust`tuk`ûl ce `apfrtdk`fles, que hue bbevdcd d sus báa`tes curdlte eb nfm`erlf ceb nelerdb Gudl Xebdskf (408:-40>5). Bds `lcustr`ds sust`tutfr`ds ce `apfrtdk`fles prfafv`cds pfr este ràn`ael lf puc`erfl sfsteler eb krek`a`eltf nbfmdb ce bd ekflfaád, s`elcf `apfs`mbe que surn`erdl luevds `lcustr`ds expfrtdcfrds mdgf uld estrdten`d ekflûa`kd kfl ul huerte sesnf dlt` expfrtdcfr. Cespuàs ce exper`aeltdr uld ce bds j`per`lhbdk`fles aäs severds ceb aulcf afcerlf curdlte 40::-4009, cesce dnfstf ce 4009 eb Yer÷ se eamdrkû el ul cräst`kf prfnrdad ce estdm`b`zdk`ûl y el ul dnres`vf prfkesf ce rehfrads estrukturdbes. Cflce bd estdt`zdk`ûl ce bd mdlkd el 40:> y bd exper`elk`d j`per`lhbdk`fldr`d, eb sektfr eapresdr`db y eb p÷mb`kf el nelerdb estdmdl el kfltrd ce bds pfbát`kds ceb nfm`erlf ceb pres`celte Dbdl Ndrkád. Dceaäs, d pdrt`r ce bd senulcd a`tdc ceb peráfcf, eb nfm`erlf pusf el ev`celk`d su `lkdpdk`cdc y hdbtd ce kfltrfb, el aec`f ce
pän. :
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
dkusdk`fles ce kfrrupk`ûl h`ldlk`erd y expdls`ûl ceb ldrkfträh`kf, dsá kfaf cem`cf db `lkreaeltf el bds fperdk`fles terrfr`stds el eb pdás. Es dsá que, se `apbeaeltdrfl BD BD[ [ YFBÁS@KD[ CE E[SDM E[SDM@B@WDK@ÛL @B@WDK@ÛL d pdrt`r ce dnfstf ce 4009 tuv`erfl kfaf fmget`vf bd eb`a`ldk`ûl ce bd j`per`lhbdk`ûl, seltdr bds mdses pdrd bd re`lserk`ûl ceb pdás el eb s`stead h`ldlk`erf `lterldk`fldb, restdmbeker eb frcel adkrfekflûa`kf ce adlerd sfstel`mbe y jdker hrelte d bd kr`s`s ce mdbdlzd ce pdnfs.
Eltre bds pr`lk`pdbes Yfbát`kds ce Estdm`b Estdm`b`zdk`ûl `zdk`ûl se elkueltrdl7 ;.4.- Yfbát`kd Afletdr`d. - Kfl eb `l`k`f ceb prfnrdad ce estdm`b`zdk`ûl, bd
pfbát`kd afletdr`d rekfmrû su `lcepelcelk`d ceb adrkf h`skdb y se kflst`tuyû el bd p`ezd kbdve ce bd bukjd kfltrd bd `lhbdk`ûl, aec`dlte bd restr`kk`ûl ceb h`ldlk`da`eltf pr`adr`f db sektfr p÷mb`kf y d bd mdlkd ce hfaeltf. [e ut`b`zû bd adsd afletdr`d kfaf eb dlkbd lfa`ldb ceb prfnrdad a`eltrds s`aubtäledaelte se ul`h`kdmd eb aerkdcf kdam`dr`f y se cegdmd hbftdr eb t`pf ce kdam`f. El bfs pr`aerfs aeses ceb prfnrdad ce estdm`b`zdk`ûl, cdcd bd adyfr ceadlcd pfr aflecd ldk`fldb nelerdcd pfr bd kfltrdkk`ûl ceb pfcer dcqu`s`t`vf ce bfs sdbcfs afletdr`fs, bd pfbát`kd afletdr`d dpfyû bd reaflet`zdk`ûl ce bd ekflfaád y ev`tû uld kdácd lf cesedcd ceb t`pf ce kdam`f pfr aec`f ce kfaprds ce aflecd extrdlgerd. D h`les ce 4009, eb Mdlkf Keltrdb c`seôû ul prfnrdad que kfls`stád el bd h`gdk`ûl aes d aes ce tdsds ce expdls`ûl ce bd mdse afletdr`d, tel`elcf el kfls`cerdk`ûl que se `ltervelcrád pdrd ev`tdr hbuktudk`fles el eb t`pf ce kdam`f. [`l eamdrnf, eb Mdlkf Keltrdb lf pucf kuapb`r kfl su fmget`vf pfr bd hdbtd ce b`cerdznf, pfkd exper`elk`d el dpb`kdr uld pfbát`kd dkt`vd y ceskffrc`ldk`fle ceskffrc`ldk`fless eltre bds pfbát`kds afletdr`d y h`skdb. Kfaf kflsekuelk`d eb t`pf ce kdam`f redb se ceter`frû. Este pän. 0
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
resubtdcf revebd que eb pr`lk`pdb fmget`vf ceb nfm`erlf erd recuk`r bd `lhbdk`ûl, dltes que adlteler bd kfapet`t`v`cdc exterld. Bd pfbát`kd afletdr`d kfls`st`û el kfaprdr c`v`sds pdrd ndrdlt`zdr ul p`sf pdrd eb t`pf ce kdam`f y ester`b`zdr eb exkesf ce ea`s`ûl kfl fmb`ndk`fles ceb Mdlkf Keltrdb ce ]eservd el aflecd ldk`fldb. D pdrt`r ce 400;, bd pfbát`kd afletdr`d se elkueltrd eladrkdcd celtrf ce bd Kflst`tuk`ûl ce 400;, cflce se estdmbeke que eb Mdlkf Keltrdb ce ]eservd ceb Yer÷ kueltd kfl dutflfaád celtrf ce su prfp`d Luevd Bey Frnäl`kd y que su h`ldb`cdc es preservdr bd estdm`b`cdc afletdr`d. Aec`dlte su Luevd Bey Frnäl`kd, eb Mdlkf
Keltrdb estä prfj`m`cf ce7 h`ldlk`dr db sektfr p÷mb`kf, prfpfrk`fldr ndrdltáds, cdr kràc`tfs sektfr`dbes y estdmbeker renáaeles ce t`pfs ce kdam`f a÷bt`pbes. Dceaäs, kfls`cerdlcf que eb h`l ÷l`kf ceb Mdlkf Keltrdb es preservdr bd estdm`b`cdc afletdr`d se h`gd uld tdsd ce `lhbdk`ûl ` lhbdk`ûl fmget`vf s`elcf bd aetd `lteraec`d bd tdsd ce vdr`dk`ûl ce bd ea`s`ûl pr`adr`d cem`cf d que ex`ste uld estrekjd rebdk`ûl eltre bd `lhbdk`ûl y eb krek`a`eltf ce bd ea`s`ûl ce aflecds y m`bbetes. ;.=.;.= .- Yfb Yfbát`k át`kd d Kd Kdam am`dr` `dr`d. d. - Kfaf pdrte hulcdaelt hulcdaeltdb db ceb prfnrdad ekflûa`kf
dpb`kdcf pfr eb dktudb nfm`erlf, eb ràn`ael kdam`dr`f exper`aeltû uld ser`e ce kdam`fs y rehfrads eltre dnfstf ce 4009 y adrzf ce 4004, peráfcf el eb kudb se c`ktdrfl bds aec`cds ce b`merdb`zdk`ûl ceb aerkdcf kdam`dr`f. Eb fmget`vf ce s`apb`h`kdk`ûl ce bfs träa`tes kdam`dr`fs, se dutfr`zû d bds elt`cdces ceb s`stead h`ldlk`erf d dtelcer y trdlsher`r aflecd extrdlgerd kfl bd sfbd preseltdk`ûl ce uld cekbdrdk`ûl gurdcd y d velcer aflecd extrdlgerd (prev`d dutfr`zdk`ûl ceb MK]Y) pdrd eb pdnf ce bd ceucd p÷mb`kd exterld. El adrzf ce 4004, se cerfndrfl bd tftdb`cdc ce resfbuk`fles kdam`dr`ds, kdrtds k`rkubdres, k`rkubdres y ftrfs cfkuaeltfs que lfradmdl eb aerkdcf kdam`dr`f, pän. 49
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
seôdbälcfse que eb t`pf ce kdam`f se verád cetera`ldcf pfr bd fhertd y bd ceadlcd ceb aerkdcf ce dkt`vfs. [e eb`a`lû dsá, bd fmb`ndtfr`ecdc ce eltrendr db MK]Y bds c`v`sds nelerdcds pfr bd expfrtdk`ûl ce m`eles. [e c`spusf que eb MK]Y `ltervelcrád el eb aerkdcf kdam`dr`f kudlcf bf kfls`cerdse lekesdr`f d trdvàs ce bds `lst`tuk`fles h`ldlk`erds y se eb`a`lû eb Aerkdcf ×l`kf ce Kdam`fs (AUK). ;. ;.;. ;.-- Yfbát`kd H`skdb y Sr`mutdr` Sr` mutdr`d. d. - Eb h`ldlk`da h`ldlk`da`eltf `eltf ceb cà càh`k`t h`k`t h`skdb y ce bds
fperdk`fles ce bd mdlkd ce hfaeltf pfr pdrte ceb Mdlkf Keltrdb ce ]eservd (MK]), se elkfltrdmdl el bd mdse ceb prfkesf j`per`lhbdk`fldr`f y pfr ebbf bds pr`aerds aec`cds ce kfrrekk`ûl h`skdb huerfl dlulk`dcds eb : ce dnfstf ce 4009. Yfr eb bdcf ce bfs ndstfs se eb`a`ldrfl tfcfs bfs sums`c`fs d bfs db`aeltfs y se kflnebdrfl bds reaulerdk`fles db sektfr p÷mb`kf. Ds`a`saf, se kreû ul Kfa`tà ce Kdgd H`skdb, elkdrndcf ce prfnrdadr bd egekuk`ûl ce ndstfs cepelc`elcf ce ul estr`ktf kfltrfb ce kdgd ce dkuercf d bd c`spfl`m`b`cdc aelsudb ce rekursfs tr`mutdr`fs ev`tdlcf eb h`ldlk`da`eltf ceb càh`k`t h`skdb aec`dlte ea`s`ûl pr`adr`d ceb MK]. Yfr eb bdcf ce bfs `lnresfs se kredrfl uld ser`e ce `apuestfs kfaf eb `apuestf d bds expfrtdk`fles, kfltr`muk`fles ce eaernelk`d, se eb`a`ldrfl uld ser`e ce exflerdk`fles tr`mutdr`ds y duaeltdrfl bds tdr`hds ce bfs m`eles y serv`k`fs p÷mb`kfs.
Yfr egeapbf, eb prek`f ce bd ndsfb`ld duaeltû el ;,999%. Kdme cestdk cestdkdr, dr, que eb dguste se keltrû el `apuestfs `lc`rektfs nrdk`ds d bd hdk`b`cdc y rdp`cez ce su rekducdk`ûl. El lfv`eamre ce 4009, eb nfm`erlf cek`ce cerfndr uld ser`e ce `apuestfs y dsá adlteler uld estrukturd tr`mutdr`d sfmre bd mdse ce s`ete `apuestfs (reltd, eb `apuestf db Xdbfr Dnrendcf celfa`ldcf @apuestf Nelerdb d bds Xeltds (@NX), @apuestf [ebekt`vf db Kflsuaf (@[K), cerekjfs dc vdbfrea K@H, tr`mutf pän. 44
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
espek`db db sua`l`strf ebàktr`kf, `apuestf extrdfrc`ldr`f y bd kfltr`muk`ûl db Hflcf Ldk`fldb ce X`v`elcd). Bd reestrukturdk`ûl ce bd [uper`ltelcelk`d Ldk`fldb ce Dca`l`strdk`ûl Sr`mutdr`d ([ULDS) pera`t`erfl fmteler resubtdcfs hdvfrdmbes el bd s`apb`h`kdk`ûl dca`l`strdt`vd y rekducdk`ûl tr`mutdr`d. ;.3.- Adlegf ce Ceucd Exterld. - Ulf ce bfs pr`lk`pdbes fmget`vfs ceb
prfnrdad ekflûa`kf puestf el adrkjd el dnfstf ce 4009 erd re`lsertdr db Yer÷ el eb s`stead h`ldlk`erf `lterldk`fldb. Dsá, se h`radrfl dkuercfs kfl eb HA@ y kfl eb Mdlkf Aulc`db, bfs kudbes kflteapbdmdl kràc`tfs pueltes y/f ce dguste estrukturdb que pera`t`û eb pdnf, lenfk`dk`fles y h`ldlk`da`eltf kfl bds ceucds exterlds ce luestrf pdás. 3.- BD[ @L@K@DS@XD[ CE Y]FAFK@ÛL P KFL[FB@CDK@ÛL CE BD Y]E[ELK@D KFAE]K@DB CEB YE]× EL EB EZSE]@F]. -
Jdmbdr ce kfaerk`f exter`fr, es s`lûl`af ce fpfrtul`cdces y krek`a`eltf ekflûa`kf. Eb Mdlkf Aulc`db (MA) expb`kd que estd dkt`v`cdc es hulcdaeltdb pdrd errdc`kdr bd pfmrezd y hfaeltdr bd prfsper`cdc kfapdrt`cd, pfrque pera`te que bfs pdáses el váds ce cesdrrfbbf, `lnresel d aerkdcfs aäs dvdlzdcfs. Es pfr ebbf, que eb Yer÷ lf es dgelf d estfs lenfk`fs y sfbf el eb =94: superû bd k`hrd ce 59 a`bbfles ce cûbdres el expfrtdk`fles. Auy dpdrte, el ese a`saf dôf
hue eb terker pdás el krek`a`eltf expfrtdcfr aäs dbtf ceb aulcf y eb pr`aerf el eb kflt`lelte daer`kdlf. Ds`a`saf, bfs espärrdnfs, hregfbes sekfs, qu`lud, adkd y bdkds kfbfrdltes sfl bfs prfcuktfs perudlfs que b`cerdl eb rdlo`ln ce prfcuktfs lf trdc`k`fldbes el expfrtdk`ûl. pän. 4=
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
Es dsá que, eb kfaerk`f `lterldk`fldb fkupd ul bundr prfa`lelte el bd ekflfaád ce luestrf pdás kfaf nelerdcfr ce c`v`sds, `lnresfs y eapbef. Ds`a`saf, Bd `apbeaeltdk`ûl ce bfs Srdtdcfs ce B`mre Kfaerk`f (SBK) yd h`radcfs pfr eb Yer÷, dsá kfaf dquebbfs que se elkueltrdl el lenfk`dk`ûl, sfl uld jerrda`eltd `apfrtdlte que pera`t`rä meleh`k`drlfs kfl luevfs y aegfres aerkdcfs pdrd luestrds expfrtdk`fles y dkkecer d prek`fs aelfres pdrd bfs prfcuktfs que `apfrtdafs. D su vez, estf pera`t`rä luevds `lvers`fles e `llfvdk`fles d hdvfr ce bd sfk`ecdc. Eb Estdcf perudlf el bfs ÷bt`afs c`ez dôfs jd fr`eltdcf su pfbát`kd exterld jdk`d ese fmget`vf y jd ces`nldcf db A`l`ster`f ce Kfaerk`f Exter`fr y Sur`saf (A@LKESU])
kfaf
ûrndlf
elkdrndcf
ce
bds
lenfk`dk`fles
kfaerk`dbes
`lterldk`fldbes.
El kudltf d bd pfbát`kd kfaerk`db perudld, eb A@LKESU] jd eapbedcf tres hfrads ce lenfk`dk`fles ce kfaerk`f `lterldk`fldb7 Lenfk`dk`ûl Le nfk`dk`ûl aubt`b dte dterdb7 rdb7 El hfrfs dapb`fs d l`veb aulc`db kfaf eb redb`zdcf
kfl bd Frndl`zdk`ûl Aulc`db ceb Kfaerk`f (FAK), ce bd kudb eb Yer÷ es sfk`f kflst`tut`vf. Lenfk`dk`fles ren`fldbes7 Kfaul`cdc Dlc`ld (KDL), Aerkdcf Kfa÷l ceb
Kflf [ur (AE]KF[U]), Ul`ûl Eurfped (UE), Dsfk`dk`ûl Eurfped ce B`mre Kfaerk`f (EHSD), Dkuercf ce bd Dsfk`dk`ûl Srdls-Ydkáh`kf (SYY), eltre ftrfs. Lenfk`dk`fles m`bdterdbes7 Dkuercfs ce pdres kfl sfk`fs kfaerk`dbes, bfs
kudbes se jdl c`lda`zdcf el estd ÷bt`ad càkdcd, cdcf que ulf ce bfs fmget`vfs ce bd pfbát`kd kfaerk`db perudld jd s`cf bd b`merdb`zdk`ûl ceb ràn`ael kfaerk`db d h`l ce kredr `lkelt`vfs db kfaerk`f que lf prfcuzkdl c`stfrs`fles que dhektel eb cesdrrfbbf
pän. 4;
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
ekflûa`kf. Eltre ebbfs teleafs SBK y Dkuercfs ce Kfapbeaeltdk`ûl Ekflûa`kd (DKE). 3.4.-
Eb
Kfltextf
Expfrtdcfr.-
Eb YELZ Eb
=9=5, =9=5,
dprfmdcf
aec`dlte ]esfbuk`ûl A`l`ster`db L¹ ;>>-=945 , hfraubd bfs b`leda`eltfs ce dkk`ûl, aec`dlte prfnrdads e `lstruaeltfs ce sfpfrte pdrd eb sektfr eapresdr`db y eb hfrtdbek`a`eltf ce bds kdpdk`cdces `lst`tuk`fldbes, kfl eb fmget`vf ce `apubsdr bd kflsfb`cdk`ûl e `lterldk`fldb`zdk`ûl ce bd eapresd perudld el eb exter`fr el eb bdrnf pbdzf. [e mdsd el kudtrf p`bdres hulcdaeltdbes7 ➭
@lterldk`fldb`zd @lterldk`fldb` zdk`ûl k`ûl c ce e bd eapresd y c`vers`h` kdk`ûl ce aerkdcfs.
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Fhertd expfrtdmbe c`vers`h`kdcd, kfapet`t`vd y sfstel`mbe.
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Hdk`b Hd k`b`tdk`û `tdk`ûl l ceb kfaerk`f exter`f exter`frr y eh`k`elk` eh`k`elk`d d ce bd kdceld bfnást`kd bfn ást`kd `lterldk`fldb.
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Nelerdk`ûl ce kdpdk`cdces pdrd bd `lterldk`fldb`zdk`ûl y kflsfb`cdk`ûl ce uld kubturd expfrtdcfrd.
Bd prfpuestd ce dktudb`zdk`ûl ceb YELZ db =9=5 se hfraubd kfl ul elhfque kfapet`t`vf d h`l ce nelerdr `lstruaeltfs que cel sfpfrte db sektfr eapresdr`db y hfrtdbezkdl bds kdpdk`cdces `lst`tuk`fldbes `lst`tuk`fldbes pdrd bfnrdr bd sfstel`m`b`cdc ceb sektfr el eb bdrnf pbdzf muskdlcf dpfydr, cek`c`cdaelte, bd `lterldk`fldb`zd `lterldk`fldb`zdk`ûl k`ûl ce bd eapresd perudld El eb peráfcf =94;-=94:, eb Yer÷ jd redb`zdcf `apfrtdltes dvdlkes que jdl pera`t`cf aegfrdr eb dam`elte ce lenfk`fs e `lvers`ûl, dsá kfaf `lkreaeltdr bd kfapet`t`v`cdc ceb pdás d trdvàs ce bd `lvers`ûl el kdp`tdb juadlf, `lhrdestrukturd e `llfvdk`ûl. Ds`a`saf, se jdl bbevdcf d kdmf rehfrads trdlsversdbes pdrd nelerdr krek`a`eltf ekflûa`kf sfstel`cf y kfl adyfr `lkbus`ûl sfk`db, prfcukt`v`cdc y kfapet`t`v`cdc. Estds rehfrads estäl mdsdcds el ul dcekudcf pbdleda`eltf pän. 43
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
estrdtàn`kf, el bd `celt`h`kdk`ûl ce pr`fr`cdces y el eb kfaprfa`sf kfl bds trdlshfradk`fless lekesdr`ds pdrd eb cesdrrfbbf ceb pdás. El este kfltextf es que se trdlshfradk`fle jd dprfmdcf bd Yfbát`kd Ldk`fldb ce Kfapet`t`v`cdc y Yrfcukt`v`cdc (YLKY) y eb Ybdl Ldk`fldb ce Kfapet`t`v`cdc y Yrfcukt`v`cdc =940-=9;9.
5.- KFAELSE M]EXEAELSE [FM]E BD YFBÁS@KD CE @LXE][@FLE[. -
El eb Yer÷, eb [`stead Ldk`fldb ce @lvers`ûl Y÷mb`kd - [L@Y, t`ele kfaf h`ldb`cdc fpt`a`zdr eb usf ce bfs ]ekursfs Y÷mb`kfs cest`ldcfs d bd `lvers`ûl, aec`dlte eb estdmbek`a`eltf ce pr`lk`p`fs, prfkesfs, aetfcfbfnáds y lfrads tàkl`kds rebdk`fldcds kfl bds c`versds hdses ce bfs Yrfyektfs ce @lvers`ûl Y÷mb`kd. Dsá, bd lfradt`v`cdc ceb [L@Y, es ce dpb`kdk`ûl d bds Elt`cdces y Eapresds ceb [ektfr Y÷mb`kf Lf H`ldlk`erf ce bfs tres l`vebes ce nfm`erlf, que egekutel Yrfyektfs ce @lvers`ûl kfl ]ekursfs Y÷mb`kfs. El este selt`cf, bd C`rekk`ûl Nelerdb ce @lvers`ûl Y÷mb`kd ceb A`l`ster`f ce Ekflfaád y H`ldlzds , elte rektfr ceb [L@Y, pfle d c`spfs`k`ûl ce bds elt`cdces
p÷mb`kds ul kflgultf ce B`leda`eltfs Nelerdbes pdrd Yrfyektfs ce @lvers`ûl Y÷mb`kd, kfl bd h`ldb`cdc ce kfltr`mu`r kfl bd aegfrd ce bd kdb`cdc, eh`k`elk`d y eh`kdk`d ce c`kjfs prfyektfs, dsá kfaf ce dbkdlzdr eb cesdrrfbbf sfstel`mbe que pera`td ebevdr bd kdb`cdc ce v`cd ce bd pfmbdk`ûl. 5.4.- Mdse Bendb. ‛ Ds`a`saf, Ydrd bd ea`s`ûl ce bfs preseltes B`leda`eltfs
Nelerdbes pdrd Yrfyektfs ce @lvers`ûl Y÷mb`kd, se elkueltrd kflteapbdcd mäs`kdaelte el bd lfradt`v`cdc ceb [`stead Ldk`fldb ce @lvers`ûl Y÷mb`kd y el eb ]enbdaeltf ce Frndl`zdk`ûl y Hulk`fles ceb A`l`ster`f ce Ekflfaád y H`ldlzds. Dsá, aec`dlte bd Bey Lf =>=0; =>=0;, Bey ceb [`stead Ldk`fldb ce @lvers`ûl Y÷mb`kd, se kreû eb [`stead Ldk`fldb ce @lvers`ûl Y÷mb`kd ([L@Y) kfl bd h`ldb`cdc ce fpt`a`zdr eb usf ce bfs rekursfs p÷mb`kfs cest`ldcfs d bd `lvers`ûl, aec`dlte eb estdmbek`a`eltf pän. 45
YFB@S@KD P KFAE]K@F @LSE]LDK@FLDB
ce pr`lk`p`fs, prfkesfs, aetfcfbfnáds y lfrads tàkl`kds rebdk`fldcfs kfl bds c`versds hdses ce bfs prfyektfs ce `lvers`ûl. M@MB@FN]DHÁD ➭
jttps7//n jttps7//nest`fl.pe/te est`fl.pe/telcelk`ds/prfte lcelk`ds/prftekk`fl`saf-=;;4;8-lft kk`fl`saf-=;;4;8-lft`k`d/ `k`d/
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jttps7//ww jttps7//www.stfkobfn`st w.stfkobfn`st`k.kfa/eb-prftekk `k.kfa/eb-prftekk`fl`saf-el-eb-kfaerk`f-`lterld `fl`saf-el-eb-kfaerk`f-`lterldk`fldb/ k`fldb/
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jttp7//www.ekflfa`d.ulda.ax/sekss/cfks/tes`she/akda/4.pch
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YFBÁS@KD[ CE E[SDM E[SDM@B@WDK@ÛL @B@WDK@ÛL P ]EHF]AD[ E[S]UKSU]DBE[ E[S]UKSU]DBE[77 YE]× Dbmertf Ydskf-Hflt
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jttps7//ww jttps7//www.nfm.pe/`ls w.nfm.pe/`lst`tuk`fl/a`lket t`tuk`fl/a`lketur/`lhfraes-pumb`kdk`f ur/`lhfraes-pumb`kdk`fles/=409;-pbdlles/=409;-pbdlestrdten`kf-ldk`fldb-expfrtdcfr-=9=5
➭
jttp7//h`be jttp7//h`bes.pukp.ecu. s.pukp.ecu.pe/cepdrtdaelt pe/cepdrtdaeltf/ekflfa`d/BCE f/ekflfa`d/BCE-=949-93-90.pch -=949-93-90.pch ➭ jttps7//ww jttps7//www.aeh.nfm. w.aeh.nfm.pe/kfltel`cfs pe/kfltel`cfs/`lvVpumb`kd/c /`lvVpumb`kd/cfks/lfrads/lfrad fks/lfrads/lfradsv/=948/] sv/=948/] C-99>-=948 ➭ B@LEDA@ELSF[VNELE]DBE[VYD]DVY]FPEKSF[VCEV@LXE][@FLVYU
[email protected]
pän. 48
