Pocket Book Beginner EF3
September 9, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Rmbol Ucifkr Gdrostolc Ictdcn-Fmkloe Giovk Mxkljkl
KLEIOWD AOIK
Bkeollkr Xmgfkt Bmmf
Ercnncr clj ymu 3C vkrb bk (soleuicr)0 O clj Kl oleiïs tm bk > > skr y kstcr kl kspcómi.
Wmy Jcvoj. Wmy Xcuic. Kstmy kl ki cuic 2. Kstmy ¡Cd, krks krks Akiopk! Kstãs kl ki cuic 3. Kstãs ¡_ krks krks Iktogoc! Kstãs kl ki cuic 7. Kstãs Lm smy smy Cibkrtm. Lm kstmy kl ki cuic 2. Kstmy kl ki cuic 3. Xcuic, lm kstãs kstãs kl ki cuic 2. Kstãs kl ki cuic 3.
> O‟n O‟n Jcvoj. Jcvoj. O‟n Xcuic. Xcuic. > O‟n O‟n ol ol rmmn 2. > Cd, ymu‟rk ymu‟rk Akiopk! Akiopk! > _mu‟rk _mu‟rk ol ol rmmn 3. > Clj ymu‟rk ymu‟rk Iktogoc! Iktogoc! > _mu‟rk _mu‟rk ol ol rmmn 7. > O‟n lmt Cibkrtm. > O‟n lmt ol lmt ol rmmn 2. O‟n ol rmmn 3. > Xcuic, ymu crkl‟t ol crkl‟t ol rmmn 2. _mu‟rk ol rmmn 3.
Zkl guojcjm guojc jm gml ki mrjkl mrjkl jk ics pcicbrcs kl ics ic s prkeultcs. prkeultc s. LMZ
Ncurm= ymu Ncurm= Ncurm= LMZ _mu _mucrk crkOscbki= Ncurm= ½Krks Krks Oscbki= > Crk ymu Oscbki= ymu Oscbki= ½Kstmy Kstmy kl ki cuic 2= > Cn O ol O ol rmmn 2= LMZ O cn ol rmmn 2= ½Kstãs Kstãs kl ki cuic := > Crk ymu ymu ol ol rmmn := LMZ _mu crk ol rmmn := XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk ics amrncs gmltrcîjcs jk bk. O‟n /cɠn/ _mu‟rk /`ɚ˘/ _mu crkl‟t /`u˘ ɓ˘lt/ O‟n lmt /cɠn lɒt/ _mu‟rk lmt /`ɚ˘ lɒt/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma bk ml ymur
ERCNNCR 3C.
3B vkrb bk (soleuicr)0 dk, sdk, ot Wk usc os gml gml dk , sdk k k ot kl V+^.
(Ïi) Ks jk ims Kstcjms [lojms. (Ïi) Ks (Kiic) Ks Ks jk Zurquî urquîc. c.
> Dk‟s (Dk os) armn os) armn tdk [lotkj Wtctks. > Wdk‟s (Wdk os) armn os) armn Zurfky. Ks jk Kspcóc. Ks jk > Ot‟s (Ot os) armn os) armn Wpcol.
Wk usc osl‟t (os lmt) gml dk , sdk k k ot kl V‗^.
(Kiic) Lm ks jk ks jk ims Kstcjms [lojms. > Wdk osl‟t armn osl‟t armn tdk [lotkj Wtctks. (Ïi) ksOtcioc jk Z.urquî urquîc. c. Lm ks ksLm jkks Otcioc. 2
> Dk osl‟t osl‟t armn armnOtciy. Zurfky. Ot osl‟t armn osl‟t armn
Rkgukrjc quk dcy jms gmltrcggomlks lkectovcs pcrc os .
Lm ks ks jk Otcioc Otcioc..
> Dk osl‟t armn osl‟t armn Otciy. MR Dk‟s lmt armn lmt armn Otciy. LMZ Dk‟s lm armn Otciy. > Wdk osl‟t armn osl‟t armn Gdolc. MR Wdk‟s lmt armn lmt armn Gdolc. > Ot osl‟t armn osl‟t armn Wpcol. MR Ot‟s lmt armn lmt armn Wpcol.
Lm ks ks jk Gdolc Gdolc.. Lm ks ks jk Kspcóc.
Wk usc os kl kl V=^, k os k k osl‟t kl ics rkspukstcs brkvks V+^ y V‗^. C ½ ½Ks Ks jk jk Nïxogm= C Os dk armn dk armn Nkxogm= B Wî, ks jk Nïxogm. Nïxogm. B _ks, _ks, dk dk os. os. C ½ C Os sdk armn ½Ks Ks jk jk Rusoc= sdk armn Russoc= B Wî, ks jk Rusoc. Rusoc. B _ks, sdk os. os. C ½ ½Ks Ks jk jk Wuozc= B Wî, ks jk Wuozc. Wuozc. C Os ot armn ot armn Wwotzkriclj= B _ks, ot os. os. C ½ ½Ks Ks jk Oleictkrrc= B Lm. C ½ ½Ks Ks jk jk Rusoc= B Lm.
C Os dk armn dk armn Kleiclj= B Lm, dk osl‟t. osl‟t. C Os sdk armn sdk armn Russoc= osl‟t. B Lm, sdk osl‟t.
½Ks Ks jk jk Wuozc= C ½ B Lm. Ks jk Otcioc. ot armn Wwotzkriclj= C Os ot armn B Lm, ot osl‟t. osl‟t. Ot‟s armn Otciy.
ks= C ½Jk j÷ljk ks= Ks jk jk Arclgoc. B Ks ks= C ½Jk j÷ljk ks= B Ks Ks jk jk @cp÷l.
sdk armn= C Udkrk‟s sdk armn= Wdk‟s armn armn Arclgk. B Wdk‟s ot armn= C Udkrk‟s ot armn= B Ot‟s Ot‟s armn armn @cpcl.
Zkl guojcjm guojc jm gml ki mrjkl mrjkl jk ics pcicbrcs kl V=^ V =^ .
½Ks Ks jk Xmimloc= ½Ks Ks jk Arclgoc=
> Os dk armn dk armn Xmiclj= LMZ Dk os armn Xmiclj= > Os ot armn ot armn Arclgk= LMZ Ot os armn Arclgk=
Cguïrjctk jk uscr soknprk ul u l prmlmnbrk su`ktm. su`ktm.
Ks jk Arclgoc. Ks Ks jk Zurquî Ks urquîc. c.
> Dk‟s Dk‟s armn armn Arclgk. LMZ Os armn Arclgk. > Wdk‟s Wdk‟s armn armn Zurfky. LMZ Os armn Zurfky.
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk kstcs kst cs amrncs gmltrcîjcs. dk‟s dk ot‟s /ɠts/ os ot /ɠzɠt/ ‟s /do˘z/ sdk‟s sdk ‟s /ʇo˘z/ ot osl‟t o sl‟t /ɠt ˄ɠzlt/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma bk ml ymur
ERCNNCR 3B.
7
2C vkrb bk0 wk, ymu , tdky Wk usc crk gml gml wk , ymu y tdky kl arcsks ar csks V+^. V+^.
Wmnms oleiksks. Wmnms oleiksks. > Uk‟rk Uk‟rk Kleiosd. Kleiosd.
Kstãos kl Ncjroj Kstãos Ncjroj.. Wml cnkrogclms. Wml
> _mu‟rk _mu‟rk ol ol Ncjroj. > Zdky‟rk Zdky‟rk Cnkrogcl. Cnkrogcl. Wml `cpmlksks. Wml `cpmlksks. > Zdky‟rk Zdky‟rk @cpclksk. @cpclksk.
Wk usc crkl‟t (crk lmt) gml wk , ymu y tdky kl arcsks arc sks V‗^.
Lm smnms smnms kspcómiks kspcómiks..
> Uk crkl‟t Wpclosd. crkl‟t Wpclosd. LMZ Uk‟rk lm Wpclosd.
Lm kstãos kstãos kl Imljrks. Lm sml sml ciknclks.
crkl‟t Imljml. >> _mu Zdkycrkl‟t ol crkl‟t ol Ekrncl. crkl‟t Ekrncl.
Wk usc crk gml gml wk , ymu y tdky kl V=^. Wk uscl crk / / crkl‟t kl ics rkspukstcs rkspukstc s brkvks.
C ½ ½Wmos Wmos arclgksks= arclgksks= B Wî. C ½ ½Iikecnms Iikecnms tcrjk= tcrjk= B Wî. ½Wml Wml brcso brcsoikóms= ikóms= C ½ Lm.. B Lm
C Crk ymu Arklgd= ymu Arklgd= B _ks, wk crk. crk. C Crk wk ictk= wk ictk= B _ks, ymu crk. crk. tdky Brczoiocl= C Crk tdky Brczoiocl= crkl‟t. B Lm, tdky crkl‟t.
Zkl guojcjm gml ki mrjkl jk ics pcicbrcs kl V=^. V =^.
½Wmos Wmos jk Imljrks= ½Wml Wml nkxogclms=
> Crk ymu armn ymu armn Imljml= LMZ _mu crk armn crk armn Imljml= > Crk tdky Nkxogcl= tdky Nkxogcl= LMZ Zdky crk Nkxogcl=
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk bk kl piurci. wk‟rk /˄wɠɟ/ wk crkl‟t /wo ˄ɓ˘lt/ tdky‟rk /˄økɟ/ tdky‟rk lmt /økɟ ˄lɒt/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma bk piurci ml ymur
:
tdky crkl‟t /økɠ ˄ɓ˘lt/
ERCNNCR 2C.
2B Ud- clj clj Dmw qukstomls qukstomls wotd bk Ics prkeultcs pukjkl knpkzcr gml pcrtîguics oltkrrmectovcs Ud Ud--, m Dmw, skeuojcs jk bk .
½Suoïl ks ks Jcvoj= ½Guãi ks ks su cpkiiojm= ½Jk j÷ljk ks= ks= ½Guãljm ks ks ki gmlgokr gmlgokrtm= tm=
> Udm‟s Udm‟s Jcvoj= Jcvoj= > Udct‟s Udct‟s dos dos surlcnk= > Udkrk‟s Udkrk‟s dk dk armn= > Udkl‟s Udkl‟s tdk tdk gmlgkrt=
C ½G÷nm kstãs= B Bokl, ercgocs.
C Dmw crk ymu= crk ymu= B Aolk, tdclfs.
C ½Guãltms cóms toklks= C Dmw mij crk ymu= crk ymu= B Zklem golgm cóms. B O‟n aovk. Rkgukrjc quk ki mrjkl jk ics pcicbrcs pcicbr cs kl ics prkeultcs prkeu ltcs gml Ud Ud-- m Dmw soknprk ks Ud Ud-- / Dmw + bk + + su`ktm.
½Suoïl ks= ks=
> Udm os dk= dk= LMZ Udm os=
½Guãi kskstã tu gmrrkm ½J÷ljk ki cuickikgtr÷logm= 7=
> Udct‟s kncoi Udkrk‟symur rmmnkncoi= 7= = 7=
C nklujm sk gmltrck os jktrãs jktrãs jk ics pcrtîguics pcrtîguic s oltkrrmectovcs.
½G÷nm tk iicnc iicncs= s= ½Jk j÷ljk ks= ½Guãi ks su gmrrkm kikgtr÷logm=
> Udc Udct‟s t‟s ymur ymur lcnk= > Udk Udkrk‟s rk‟s dk dk armn= > Udc Udct‟s t‟s dkr dkr kncoi=
Lm sk gmltrck os kl kl ulc prkeultc gucljm ic ðitonc pcicbrc ks ul prmlmnbrk (dk , sdk , ot).
½Suï kjcj toklk= ½J÷ljk kstã=
> Dmw mij os ot= os ot= LMZ Dmw mij‟s ot= mij‟s ot= > Udkrk os sdk= os sdk= / Udkrk os dk os dk== LMZ Udkrk‟s sdk= / Udkrk‟s dk=
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk ics amrncs gmltrcîjcs kl ics prkeultcs gml pcrtîguics Ud- y y Dmw . wdct‟s wdc t‟s /wɒts/ wdkl‟s wdk l‟s /wklz/ dmw‟s dmw ‟s /dcʀz/ wdkrk‟s wdkrk ‟s /wkɟz/ wdm‟s wdm ‟s /du˘z/ dmw mij‟s mij‟s /dcʀ ˄mijz/ Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jk ics prkeultcs gml pcrtîguics pcrt îguics Ud- y y Dmw . Udct‟s dos Udct‟s dos lcnk lcnk== Udkl‟s tdk Udkl‟s tdk gmlgkrt gmlgkrt== Dmw mij os mij os dk= Udkrk‟s sdk Udkrk‟s sdk armn armn== Dmw mij crk mij crk ymu=
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma Ud- clj clj Dmw qukstomls qukstomls ml ymur
ERCNNCR 2B.
7C soleuicr clj piurci lmuls6 c / cl Ims sustcltovms kl oleiïs lm sml ncsguiolms lo aknklolms, pmr tcltm ic c jkicltk jk ul sustcltovm lulgc gcnboc.
ul iobrm ul ulc iicvk ulc
> c bmmf > c fky
ul pmrtãtoi ul ulc amtm ulc
> c icptmp > c pdmtm ;
Cguïrjctk jk uscr c jkicltk jk ims sustcltovms quk knpokzcl pmr gmlsmlcltk, y cl jkicltk jkicltk jk ims sustcltovms quk knpokzcl pmr ul smlojm vmgãiogm.
ulc bmisc ul tkiïamlm ul pcrceucs ul gcrlï jk ojkltojcj
> c bce bce > c pdmlk pdmlk > cl unbrkiic u nbrkiic > cl OJ O J gcrj
Kl oleiïs ki piurci jk ims sustcltovms lmrncinkltk sk amrnc cócjokljm ulc — s s ‟ ci sustcltovm kl soleuicr. Kl kspcómi ki piurci sk amrnc jk nmjm sonoicr.
ul iobrm ulc rkvostc ul pcscpmrtk ul nmlkjkrm
> c bmmf > c nceczolk > c pcsspmrt > c pursk
iobrms iobrms rkvostcss rkvostc pcscpmrtkss pcscpmrtk nmlkjkrmss nmlkjkrm
> bmmf bmmfss > nceczolk nceczolkss > pcsspmrt pcsspmrtss > pursk purskss
Cguïrjctk jk cócjor -ks c c ims sustcltovms cgcbcjms kl gd , sd , s , ss , x .
ul rkim` ul gkpoiim ulc gicsk ulc gc`c
> c wctgd > c brusd > c gicss > c bmx
jms rkim` rkim`ks ks gkpoiims gkpoii ms gicsks gics ks gc`cs gc` cs
> twm wctgd wctgdks ks > brusd brusdks ks > gicss gicssks ks > bmx bmxks ks
Zkl guojcjm guojc jm gml ims sustcltovms cgcbcjms kl gmlsmlcltk + y. Cguïrjctk jk pmlkr -oks .
ul pcîs trks pcîsks
> c gmultry > tdrkk gmult gmultroks roks LMZ tdrkk gmultrys
Wk pukjk uscr tdk gml gml ims sustcltovms tcltm kl soleuicr gmnm kl piurci. Kl oleiïs tdk kquovcik kquovcik c ki , ic , ims , ic ics s kl kl kspcómi.
ki cbroem ki ic gdcquktc ic ims iãpogks ims ics rkvostcs ics
> tdk tdk gmct gmct > tdk tdk `cgfkt `cgfkt > tdk tdk pklgois pklgois > tdk tdk nceczolks nceczolks
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk ims sustcltovms sust cltovms kl piurci.
/ɠz/ tcbikts /˄tbiɠts/ tcbikts wciiktss /˄wɒiɠts/ wciikt icptmpss /˄iptɒps/ icptmp bmmfss /bʀfs/ bmmf
fkys /fo˘z/ fkys gcrjss /fɓ˘jz/ gcrj pklss /pklz/ pkl pklgoiss /˄pklsiz/ pklgoi
bcess /bɣz/ bce
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma piurci lmuls ml ymur
1
wctgdks /˄wɒtʇɠz/ wctgdks pursks purs ks /˄pə˘sɠz/ eicssks eicss ks /˄ɣiɓ˘sɠz/ brusdks brusd ks /˄brʉʇɠz/
XRML[LGOCZOML 7C .
7B tdos / / tdct / / tdksk / tdmsk Kl oleiïs tdos / / tdksk soeloa soeloa ogcl im nosnm quk kstk / / kstc / kstm / kstms / / kstcs kl kl kspcómi. [scs tdos / / tdksk pcrc pcrc dcbicr jk gmscs quk kstãl gkrgc jk to.
½Guãltm gukstc kstc kstc gcno gcnosktc= sktc= ½Guãltm gukstc kstm kstm== ½Guãltm gukstcl kstcs kstcs pmstciks= ½Guãltm gukstcl kstcs kstcs==
> Dmw nugd os tdos tdos Z-sdort= Z-sdort= > Dmw nugd os tdos tdos== > Dmw nugd crk tdksk tdksk pmstgcrjs= pmstgcrjs= > Dmw nugd crk tdksk tdksk==
Kl oleiïs tdct t dct / tdmsk sml gmnm ksm / ksc / ksm / ksms / / kscs / / cquki / / cqukiic / cqukiim / cqukiims / / cqukiics kl kl kspcómi. [scs tdct / tdmsk pcrc pcrc rkakrortk c gmscs quk lm kstãl gkrgc jk to.
ksm== C ½Suï ks ksm gc rlï jk ojkltojcj. B Ks ul gcrlï kscs== C ½Suï sml kscs B Wml nos iicvks.
tdct== C Udct‟s tdct B Ot‟s cl OJ gcrj. tdmsk== C Udct crk tdmsk B Zdky‟rk ny fkys.
Xukjks uscr tdos / / tdksk / / tdct / tdmsk pcrc pcrc dcbicr jk pkrsmlcs.
C ½Suoïl ks ksk ksk== B Ks no pcjrk. ksms loóms= loóms= C ½_ quoïlks sml ksms B Wml nos dkrnclms. C ½ ½_ _ kstcs kstcs loócs= loócs= B Wml nos cnoecs.
C Udm‟s tdct = actdkr. B Ot‟s ny tdct= tdmsk bmys= bmys= C Clj wdm crk tdmsk B Zdky‟rk ny brmtdkrs. C Clj tdksk tdksk eoris= eoris= B Zdky‟rk ny arokljs.
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk tdos / / tdct / / tdksk / tdmsk. tdct td ct /øt/ tdoos /øɠs/ td tdk td ksk /øo˘z/ Zkl guojcjm gml ics prkeultcs gml tdos / / tdct / / tdksk / tdmsk. Udct‟s Udc t‟s tdos= tdos= /wɒts ˄øɠs/ Udctt crk tdksk= Udc crk tdksk= /wɒt ɟ ˄øo˘ ˄øo˘z/ z/ Udct‟s Udc t‟s tdct= tdct= /wɒts ˄øt/
tdm td msk /øɟʀz/
Udctt crk tdmsk= Udc crk tdmsk= /wɒt ɟ ˄øɟʀz/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma tdos / / tdct / / tdksk / tdmsk ml ymur
ERCNNCR 7B.
5
:C pmsskssovk cj`kgt cj`kgtovks6 ovks6 pmsskssovk ‟s Dcy cj`ktovms pmsksovms tcltm kl oleiïs gmnm kl kspcómi.
Wmy jk Kspcóc. No Wmy jk No lmnbrk ks Oscbki Oscbki.. Krks rusc Krks rusc y tu tu lmnbrk ks Wtkpclojc. Ïi ks jk ks jk Rmnc. Wu Wu lmnbrk ks Cjroc Cjroclm. lm. Kiic ks jk ks jk Qklkgoc. Wu Wu lmnbrk ks Ncredkrotc.
> O‟n O‟n armn armn Wpcol. Ny Ny lcnk lcnk os Oscbki. > _mu‟rk _mu‟rk Russocl Russocl clj ymur ymur lcnk lcnk os Wtkpclojc. > Dk‟s Dk‟s armn armn Rmnk. Do Doss lcnk os Cjroclm. > Wdk‟s Wdk‟s armn armn Qklogk. Dkr Dkr lcnk lcnk os Ncredkrotc.
Ks Ks ul rkstcurcltk gdolm. Wu Wu lmnbrk ks ul Ic Kstrkiic. Wmnms jk Wmnms jk Ksgmgoc. Lukstrms Lukstrms lmnbrks sml Julgc Julgcll y Ncry. Wmos jk Wmos jk Arclgoc y vukstrms vukstrms lmnbrks sml Xokrrk y Nogdkiik. Wml jk Wml jk @cp÷l. Wus Wus lmnbrks sml Cforc Cfo rc y Lctsu.
> Ot‟s Ot‟s c Gdolksk rkstcurclt. Ots Ots lcnk lcnk os Zdk cWtcr. > Uk‟rk Uk‟rk armn armn Wgmticlj. Mur Mur lcnks lcnks crk Julgcl clj Ncry. > _mu‟rk _mu‟rk armn armn Arclgk clj ymur ymur lcnks lcnks crk Xokrrk clj Nogdkiik. > Zdky‟rk Zdky‟rk armn armn @cpcl. Zdkor Zdkor lcnks lcnks crk Cforc clj Lctsu.
Ims cj`ktovms pmsksovms kl oleiïs lm gcnbocl gml ims sustcltovms kl soleuicr y kl piurci.
Rmbkrtm ks no do`m. do`m. Rmbkrtm y Gicujoc sml nos do`ms. do`ms. Kstk ks tu iobrm. iobrm. Kstms sml tus iobrms. iobrms. Kstc ks lukstrc iicvk. iicvk. Kstcs sml lukstrcs iicvks. iicvks. Wml kspcómics, pkrm sus sus ncrojms sml oleiksks.
> Rmbkrtm os ny sml. sml. > Rmbkrtm clj Gicujoc crk ny gdoijrkl. gdoijrkl. nys LMZ Rmbkrtm clj Gicujoc crk nys gdoijrkl. > Zdo Zdoss os ymur bmmf. bmmf. > Zdksk crk ymur bmmfs. bmmfs. LMZ Zdksk crk ymurs bmmfs. ymurs bmmfs. > Zdo Zdoss os mur fky. fky. > Zdksk crk mur fkys. fkys. murs fkys. LMZ Zdksk crk murs fkys. > Zdky‟rk Wpclosd, but tdkor tdkor dusbcljs dusbcljs crk Kleiosd. LMZ Zdky‟rk Wpclosd, but tdkors dusbcljs crk Kleiosd.
Kl oleiïs dcy trks cj`ktovms pmsksovms pcrc ic tkrgkrc pkrsmlc jki soleuicr. soleu icr. Gcnbocl skeðl ske ðl ki pmskkjmr, lm skeðl ki mb`ktm quk quk iks soeuk.
Jokem ks jk Eo`÷l. Wu Wu nu`kr ks jk @cïl.
> Jokem‟s Jokem‟s armn armn Eo`÷l. Dos Dos woak woak os armn @cïl. LMZ
Cllc ks otcioclc, pkrm su su ncrojm ks arclgïs.
Dkr woak os armn @cïl. > Cllc‟s Cllc‟s Otciocl, Otciocl, but dkr dkr dusbclj dusbclj os Arklgd. Cllc‟ lc‟ss Otciocl, Otcioc l, but dos dusbclj os LMZ Cl Arklgd.
Csturocs kstã kl Kspcóc. Wu Wu bcljkrc ks czui y cncro cncroiic. iic.
> Csturocs Csturocs os os ol Wpcol. Ots Ots aice aice os biuk clj ykiimw.. LMZ Dkr aice ykiimw a ice os biuk clj ykiimw ykiimw..
Wk usc ots pcrc pcrc gmscs m clonciks.
Ks ul bukl rkstcurcltk. Wu Wu lðnkrm jk tkiïa tkiïamlm mlm ks ki ?;:27:;?4. ½Ks kstk tu pkrrm= ½Guãi ks su su lmnbrk lmnbrk==
> Ot‟s c emmj rkstcurclt rkstcurclt.. Ots Ots tkikpdmlk tkikpdmlk lunbkr os ?;:27:;?4. > Os tdos ymur jme jme== Udct‟s Udct ‟s ots ots lcnk= lcnk=
Zkl guojcjm guojc jm jk lm gmlaujor ot‟s k k ots .
Ks Ks ul rkstcurc ltk `cpmlïs. Wu rkstcurcltk Wu lmnbrk ks ul Ki Mrokltk.
4
> Ot‟s Ot‟s c @cpclksk rkstcurclt. Ots Ots lcnk lcnk os Zdk cMroklt.
Zkl guojcjm gu ojcjm gml ki pmsksovm ‟s . [sc ‟s jktrãs jktrãs jk ulc pkrsmlc pcrc pc rc dcbicr jk su acnoioc y jk ics gmscs quk ik pkrtklkgkl c cieuokl.
Kstk ks ki gmgdk jk Bkl. Bkl. Kstk ks ki pmrtãtoi jk Noiiok. Noiiok. Ksk ks ki n÷voi jk Gcrims. Gcrims. Ksc ks ic gcsc jk no dkrnclc. dkrnclc . Kstcs sml ics iicvks i icvks jk no lmvom. lmvom.
> Zdo Zdoss os Bkl‟s Bkl‟s gcr. gcr. > Zdo Zdoss os Noiiok‟s Noiiok‟s icptmp. icptmp. > Zdct Zdct‟‟s Gcrims‟s Gcrims‟s nmboik. nmboik. > Zd Zdct‟s ct‟s ny sostkr‟s sostkr‟s dmusk. dmusk. > Zdksk crk ny bmyaroklj‟s bmyaroklj‟s fkys. fkys.
[sc smim ‟ jktrãs jktrãs jk ic s jk jk pkrsmlcs kl piurci.
Kstms sml ims gmrrkms kikgtr÷logms jk nos dkrnclms. dkrnclms. > Zdks Zdkskk crk ny brmtdk brmtdkrs‟ rs‟ kncois. kncois. Kstc ks ic gãncrc jk nos pcjrks. pcjrks. > Zdos Zdo s os ny pcrkl pcrklts‟ ts‟ gcnkrc. gcnkrc. XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk ims pmsksovms. dos /dɠz/ ny /ncɠ/ murr /˄cʀɟ/ mu dkr /də˘/ ymu murr /`ɚ˘/ tdko td korr /økɟ/ ots /ɠts/ Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk ‟s . @cgf‟s @cg f‟s /jʒfs/ Joclc‟s Joc lc‟s /jcɠ˄`lɟz/ Wc Wcn‟s n‟s /snz/ Gcrims‟s Gcrim s‟s /˄fɓ˘imsɠz/ pcrklts‟ pcrkl ts‟ /˄pkɟrɟlts/ sostkr‟s sos tkr‟s /˄sɠstɟrz/ Fcrkl‟s Fcrk l‟s /˄frɟlz/ Zks kss‟s s‟s /tksɠz/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma pmsskssovks ml ymurr
ERCNNCR :C.
:B cj`kgtovks Wk uscl cj`ktovms jktrãs jktrã s jki vkrbm bk .
[l Rmikx ks gcrm gcrm.. [l oXcj lm ks bcrctm bcrctm.. Kstk ks no gmgdk. Ks pkqukóm pkqukóm.. Kstms sml nos pcjrks. Wml oleiksks oleiksks..
> C Rmikx os kxpklsovk kxpklsovk.. > Cl oXcj osl‟t gdkcp gdkcp.. > Zdo Zdoss os ny gcr. Ot‟s sncii sncii.. > Zdksk crk ny pcrklts. Zdky‟rk Kleiosd Kleiosd..
Kl oleiïs, ims cj`ktovms toklkl ic nosnc amrnc pcrc ncsguiolm y aknklolm y pcrc soleuicr y piurci.
No pcjrk ks citm citm.. No ncjrk ks citc citc.. Nos pcjrks sml citms citms..
> Ny actdkr os tcii tcii.. > Ny nmtdkr os tcii tcii.. > Ny pcrklts crk tcii tcii..
Gucljm usks cj`ktovms y sustcltovms, sustclto vms, cguïrjctk jk gmimgcr ki cj`ktovm cltks jki sustcltovm.
[l Rmikx ks ul rkim` gcrm. gcrm. Ks no pcscpmrtk vok`m. vok`m. Kstc ks ulc tcbiktc bcrctc. bcrctc. Ksc ks ulc gcsc ercljk. ercljk . Ks ul dmnbrk citm. citm. Ksc ks ulc prkeultc joaîgoi. joaîgoi.
> C Rmikx os cl kxpklsovk wctgd. wctgd. > Ot‟s ny mij pcsspmrt. pcsspmrt. > Zdo Zdoss os c gdkcp tcbikt. tcbikt. > Zdct Zdct‟s ‟s c boe dmusk. dmusk. > Dk‟s c tcii ncl. ncl. > Zdct Zdct‟s ‟s c joaaoguit qukstoml. qukstoml .
?
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jk ims gmimrks y ims cj`ktovms. Udct gmimur gmimur os ot= C Akrrcro Akrrcro os os kxpklsovk kxpklsovk.. Dmw mij mij os sdk= C tcbikt tcbikt os os sncii sncii.. Zdk dmusk os mij dmusk os mij.. Dkr wctgd os bkcutoaui wctgd os bkcutoaui..
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma cj`kgtovks cj`kgt ovks ml ymur
Zdksk crk mij dmusks. dmusks. Zdky crk gdkcp pdmlks. pdmlks. Dk‟s ny Kleiosd bmyaroklj. bmyaroklj. Wdk‟s ny Wpclosd Wpclosd eoriaroklj eoriaroklj..
ERCNNCR :B.
;C prksklt sonpik V+^ V+^ clj V‗^ V‗^ 0 O , ymu , wk, tdky Ki prkskltk sonpik sk usc pcrc dcbicr jk dãbotms kl ki prkskltk.
Gmnm sãljwogdks ci nkjomjîc Gmnm nkjomjîc.. Bkbm tï pmr ic tcrjk. Bkbm Zmnm czðgcr gml ki gcaï. Zmnm
> O kct scljwogdks kct scljwogdks amr iulgd. > O jrolf tkc jrolf tkc ol tdk catkrlmml. > O dcvk suecr dcvk suecr ol ny gmaakk.
Kl oleiïs, ole iïs, ki prkskltk sonpik V+^ y V‗^ V‗^ ks ki nosnm pcrc pcr c O , ymu , wk y y tdky. Gmnm ics tkrnolcgomlks vkrbciks sml ics nosncs, soknprk jkbks uscr ul sustcltovm m ul prmlmnbrk su`ktm.
Bkbm zunm jk lcrcl`c. Bkbm Bkbks nugdc ikgdk. Bkbks Bkbknms gcaï pcrc jkscyulcr. Bkbknms Bkbïos gcaï jkspuïs jk gmnkr. Bkbïos Bkbkl tï pmr ic tcrjk. Bkbkl
> O jrolf mrclek jrolf mrclek `uogk. > _mu jrolf jro lf c c imt ma noif. > Uk jrolf gmaakk jrolf gmaakk amr brkcfacst. > _mu jrolf jro lf gmaakk gmaakk catkr iulgd. > Zdky jrolf tkc jrolf tkc ol tdk catkrlmml.
Ics arcsks V‗^ sk amrncl gml jml‟t + ki olaolotovm jki vkrbm.
Lm jkscyulm jkscyulm dukvms rkvukitms rkvukitms.. Lm bkbïos bkbïos cigmdmi kl tu pcîs. Lm lms eustc eustc ic gmnojc rãpojc. Wml vkektcroclms. Lm gmnkl gmnkl gcrlk.
> O jml‟t dcvk sgrcnbikj dcvk sgrcnbikj kee amr brkcfac brkcfacst. st. LMZ O lm dcvk… > _mu jml‟t jrolf cigmdmi jrolf cigmdmi ol ymur gmultry gmultr y. LMZ _mu lm jrolf… lm jrolf… > Uk jml‟t iofk acst iofk acst ammj. LMZ Uk lm iofk… > Zdky‟rk vkektcrocls. Zdky jml‟t kct jml‟t kct nkct. lm kct… LMZ Zdky lm kct…
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jki prkskltk sonpik. O iofk gmaakk. O jml‟t iofk noif. gmaakk. noif. _mu iofk tkc. _mu jml‟t iofk `uogk. tkc. `uogk. Uk iofk aosd Uk jml‟t kct pmtctmks. aosd pmtctmks. Zdky iofk gdkksk. Zdky jml‟t kct pcstc. gdkksk. pcstc.
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma tdk prksklt sonpik ml ymur
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ERCNNCR ;C.
;B prksklt sonpik V=^ 0 O , ymu , wk, tdky ¡Zkl guojcjm! Wk usc jm pcrc amrncr prkeultcs kl ki prkskltk sonpik gml O , ymu , wk y y tdky.
½Lkgksotm Lkgksotm no no pcscpmrtk= > Jm O lkkj ny lkkj ny pcsspmrt= LMZ
O lkkj ny pcsspmrt=
½Qovks Qovks kl Wkvoiic= ½Lkgksotcnms Lkgksotcnms ul gmgdk= ½Zrcbc`cl Zrcbc`cl kl ul bclgm=
> Jm ymu iovk ol iovk ol Wkvoiik= LMZ _mu iovk ol Wkvoi Wkvoiik= ik= > Jm wk lkkj c lkkj c gcr= LMZ Uk lkkj c gcr= > Jm tdky wmrf ol wmrf ol c bclf= LMZ Zdky wmrf ol c bclf=
C nklujm sk uscl jm m jml‟t kl ics rkspukstcs brkvks c prkeultcs prkeult cs kl ki prkskltk sonpik. C ½Qovks kl ul posm= C Jm ymu iovk ol c aict= _ks, O O jm. jm. B Wî. B _ks, C ½Lkgksotcnms lukstrms pcscpmrtks= C Jm wk lkkj mur pcsspmrts= B C Wî. ½Zk eustc kstk iobrm= B Wî. C ½Zk eustcl ims pkrrms= B Lm. C ½Iks eustc ki pksgcjm= B Wî. C ½Iks eustcl eustc l ics vkrjurcs= B Lm.
B wk jm wk jm. C _ks, Jm ymu iofk. tdos bmmf= B _ks, O jm. jm. C Jm ymu iofk jmes= B Lm, O jml‟t. jml‟t. C Jm tdky iofk aosd= B _ks, tdky jm. jm. C Jm tdky iofk i ofk vkektcbiks= B Lm, tdky jml‟t. jml‟t.
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk jm y jml‟t . jm /ju˘/ jml‟t /jɟʀlt/ Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jki prkskltk sonpik V‗^. O jml‟t iofk gcts. gcts. Zdky jml‟t spkcf Arklgd. Arklgd. Uk jml‟t jrolf bkkr. Zdky jml‟t iostkl tm bkkr. iostkl tm nusog nusog.. Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jki prkskltk sonpik oltkrrmectovm. Jm O lkkj ny Jm ymu spkcf Arklgd= lkkj ny pcsspmrt pcsspmrt== Arklgd= Jm ymu iofk gcts= Jm tdky jrolf bkkr= gcts= bkkr=
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma prksklt sonpik V‗^ clj V=^ ml ymur
ERCNNCR ;B.
33
1C prksklt sonpik0 dk, sdk, ot Ol oleiïs, gml dk , sdk k k ot sk cócjk — s s ‟ ci vkrbm.
Zrcbc`c kl ul bclgm. > Dk wmrfs wmrfs ol c bclf.
Qovk kl Imljrks. Dcbic oleiïs k otcioc otcioclm. lm.
> Dk iovk iovkss ol Imljml. > Dk spkcf spkcfss Kleiosd clj Otciocl. Zrcbc`c kl ulc rkvostc. Zrcbc`c rkvostc . > Wdk wmrfs wmrfs amr c nceczolk.
Qovk kl Xcrîs. Dcbic gdolm y arclgïs.
> Wdk iovk iovkss ol Xcros. > Wdk spkcf spkcfss Gdolksk clj Arklgd.
Wk usc jmksl‟t pcrc V‗^ gml dk , sdk k k ot kl ki prkskltk sonpik.
Lm trcbc`c kl ulc maogo maogolc. lc. > Dk jmksl‟t jmksl‟t wmrf wmrf ol cl maaogk. Lm vovk kl Boibcm Boibcm.. > Wdk jmksl‟t jmksl‟t iovk iovk ol Boibcm. Lm aulgomlc aulgomlc.. > Ot jmksl‟t jmksl‟t wmrf. wmrf.
Wk usc jmks kl V=^ gml dk , sdk k k ot kl ki prkskltk sonpik.
½Dcbic oleiïs= ½Zrcbc`c kl ulc maog maogolc olc== ½Aulgomlc=
> Jmks sdk spkcf Kleiosd= spkcf Kleiosd= LMZ Wdk spkcfs Kleiosd= spkcfs Kleiosd= > Jmks dk wmrf ol wmrf ol cl maaogk= LMZ Dk wmrfs wmrfs ol cl maaogk= maa ogk= > Jmks ot wmrf= wmrf= LMZ Ot wmrfs=
Wk uscl jmks y y jmksl‟t kl ics rkspukstcs brkvks kl ki prkskltk sonpik. C ½Zrcbc`c kl ul bclgm= C Jmks sdk wmrf ol c bclf= B Wî. B _ks, sdk jmks. jmks. C ½Qov ½Qovkk kl Noiãl= No iãl= C Jmks sdk iovk ol Noicl= B Lm. Qovk kl Xcrîs. B Lm, sdk jmksl‟t. jmksl‟t. Wdk iovks ol Xcros. Zkl guojcjm gu ojcjm gml dcvk , em y jm . Wml orrkeuicrks gml dk , sdk k k ot .
Xcbim toklk toklk ul ectm. Kiklc dcgk dcgk ymec. Lcgdm vc vc ci trcbc`m kl cutmbðs.
> Xcbim dcs dcs c c gct. > Kiklc jmks jmks ymec. ymec. > Lcgdm emks emks tm tm wmrf by bus.
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jki prkskltk sonpik oltkrrmectovm ol tkrrmectovm gml dk, sdk k ot . Jmks dk Jmks dk iovk iovk ol ol Imljml Imljml== Jmks sdk Jmks sdk iovk iovk ol ol Imljml Imljml== Jmks ot Jmks ot wmrf wmrf== _ks,, dk jmks _ks jmks.. Lm,, sdk jmksl‟t Lm jmksl‟t.. Lm,, ot jmksl‟t Lm jmksl‟t.. Jmks dk Jmks dk wmrf wmrf ol ol c bclf bclf== Jmks sdk Jmks sdk wmrf wmrf ol ol c bclf bclf== _ks,, dk jmks _ks jmks.. Lm,, sdk jmksl‟t Lm jmksl‟t..
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma prksklt sonpik dk, sdk, ot ml ml ymur
32
ERCNNCR 1C.
1B cjvkrbs ma arkquklgy Zkl guojcjm guojc jm gml ic pmsogo÷l jk ims cjvkrboms cjvkrboms jk arkguklgoc. arkguklgoc . Kl oleiïs vcl vc l jkicltk jki jki vkrbm.
Nk ikvcltm lmrncinkltk lmrncinkltk c ics mgdm. Nk jugdm soknprk soknprk.. C vkgks tmnm vkgks jkscyulm gkrkciks. Lulgc Lulgc gcaï pmr ic tcrjk tcrjk..
> O usuciiy usuciiy ekt ekt up ct koedt m‟gimgf. LMZ O ekt up usuciiy ct koedt m‟gimgf. > O ciwcys ciwcys dcvk dcvk c sdmwkr. LMZ O dcvk ciwcys c sdmwkr. > O smnktonks smnktonks dcvk gkrkci amrcatkrlmml. brkcfacst. lkvkr jrolf lkvkr jrolf dcvk gmaakk ol tdk LMZ Lkvkr O jrolf gmaakk ol tdk catkrlmml.
Cguïrjctk jk uscr ul vkrbm V+^ gml lkvkr.
Lm tmnc Lm tmnc gcaï lulgc lulgc pmr ic tcrjk.
> Wdk lkvkr dcs gmaakk dcs gmaakk ol tdk catkrlmml. LMZ Wdk jmksl‟t lkvkr dcvk gmaakk ol tdk catkrlmml.
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk ims cjvkrboms jk arkguklgoc. lkv lk vkr /˄lkvɟ/ usuciiy /˄`u˘ʒɟio/ ciwcys /˄ɚ˘iwkɠz/ Zkl guojcjm gml ki cgkltm jk kstms cjvkrboms. ciwcys
smnktonks
usuciiy
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma cjvkrbs ma arkquklgy ml ymurr
ERCNNCR 1B.
5C wmrj mrjkr ol qukstomls Ki mrjkl jk ics pcicbrcs kl ics prkeultc prke ultcss kl oleiïs ks soknprk 30 vkrbm, 20 su`ktm.
½Wml oleiksks= ½Ks kstk tu gmgdk= ½Guãltmss cóms toklk= ½Guãltm ½Suï dmrc ks= ½Xmr quï iikecs tcrjk=
> Crk tdky Kleiosd= tdky Kleiosd= > Os tdos ymur tdos ymur gcr= > Dmw mij os sdk= sdk= > Udct tonk os ot= ot= > Udy crk ymu ictk= ymu ictk=
Zkl guojcjm guojc jm gml ics prkeultcs prkeultc s gml bk + + armn .
½Jk j÷ljk krks= ½Jk j÷ljk sml=
> Udkrk crk ymu armn armn== LMZ Armn wdkrk crk ymu= > Udkrk crk tdky armn armn== LMZ Armn wdkrk crk tdky=
Kl oleiïs, oleiïs , ki mrjkl jk ics pcicbrcs pcicbr cs kl ics prkeultcs prkeu ltcs gml mtrms vkrbms ks soknprk cuxoiocr + su`ktm + olaolotovm, ola olotovm, m pcrtîguic oltkrrmectovc + cuxoiocr + su`ktm + olaolotovm.
½Dcbics otcioclm= ½Kltrklcc nugdm= ½Kltrkl ½Qovkl kl Imljrk Imljrks= s= ½J÷ljk trcbc`cl= ½Suï dcgk ki aol jk sknclc= ½Guãljm knpokzc ki gmlgokr gmlgokrtm= tm= ½G÷nm sk jkiktrkc=
> Jm ymu spkcf Otciocl= spkcf Otciocl= > Jmks sdk trcol c trcol c imt= > Jm tdky iovk ol iovk ol Imljml= > Udkrk jm tdky wmrf= wmrf= > Udct jmks dk jm ct jm ct tdk wkkfklj= > Udkl jmks tdk gmlgkrt stcrt= stcrt= > Dmw jm ymu spkii ot= spkii ot=
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XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jk ics prkeultcs. Crk ymu Arklgd Arklgd== Jm ymu em tm tdk eyn c eyn c imt imt== Os dk dkrk dkrk== Jmks sdk iovk iovk ol ol Xcros Xcros== Os sdk ictk Jmks dk wmrf ol c bclf ictk== wmrf ol bclf== Crk tdky kxpklsovk kxpklsovk==
Udkrk jm tdky iovk Udkrk jm iovk== Udct jmks Udct jmks sdk jm jm== jm tdky iofk Udct jm Udct iofk==
Udct tonk os tonk os ot= Dmw mij os mij os sdk= Dmw nugd crk nugd crk tdky=
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma qukstomls ml ymur
XRML[LGOCZOML 1C.
onpkrctovks66 mb`kgt prmlmuls0 nk, don, ktg. 5B onpkrctovks Ims onpkrctovms V+^ kl oleiïs sk amrncl gml ki olaolotovm. Zoklkl ic nosnc amrnc pcrc ki soleuicr y ki piurci.
¡Ksgugdc / Ksgugdk / Ksgugdcj / Ksgugdkl! ¡Qkl ¡Q kl / Qklec / Qkloj / Qklec klecll cquî! ¡Woïltctk / Woïltksk / Wkltcms / Woïltklsk! ¡Cbrk / Cbrc / Cbroj / Cbrcl ims iobrms!
> Iostkl Iostkl!! > Gmnk Gmnk dkrk! dkrk! > Wot jmwl! jmwl! > Mpkl Mpkl ymur ymur bmmfs!
Ims onpkrctovms onpkrct ovms V‗^ V‗^ kl oleiïs sk amrncl gml g ml jml‟t + olaolotovm.
¡Lm dcbiks / Lm dcbik / Lm dcbiïos / Lm dcbikl! > Jml‟t tcif! tcif! ¡Lm tk prkmgupks / Lm sk prkmgupk / > Jml‟t wmrry! wmrry! Lm ms prkmgupïos / Lm sk prkmgupkl!
Ims prmlmnbrks mb`ktm sml joakrkltks kl oleiïs y kl kspcómi. k spcómi.
nk tk, ik ik, im ic, ik im, ic, ik lms ms, iks iks, ims, ics
> nk > ymu > don > dkr > ot > us > ymu > tdkn
Kl oleiïs, oleiïs , ims prmlmnbrks mb`ktm mb`ktm soknprk vcl vcl jktrãs jktr ãs jki vkrbm m jk ic prkpmsogo÷l.
Zk quokrm. Ksgðgdcnk. Ik vkm tmjms ims jîcs. Kiic lms gck bokl. Dczim. Lm im quokrm. Lm lms dcbicl.
> O imvk ymu. ymu. > Iostkl tm nk. nk. > O skk don kvkry don kvkry jcy. > Uk iofk dkr. dkr. > Jm ot. ot. > O jml‟t wclt ot. ot. > Zdky jml‟t spkcf tm us. us.
½Ims quokrks= Lm sml gcrms. > Jm ymu wclt tdkn tdkn== Zdky‟rk lmt kxpklsovk.
3:
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk ims prmlmnbrks mb`ktm. don /dɠn/ tdkn td kn /øɟn/ us /ʉz/ dkr /də˘/ nk /no˘/ Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jk ims onpkrctovms y jk ims prmlmnbrks mb`ktm. tm nk. O wclt tdkn. Wot jmwl. jmwl. Iostkl tm Iostkl Jml‟t jm jm tdct. wclt tdkn. ymur bmmfs O wclt Zdky jml‟t spkcf tm Mpkl ymur Mpkl bmmfs.. Jml‟t tcif tcif tm dkr. wclt ot. spkcf tm us.
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma onpkrctovks onpkrcto vks clj mb`kgt prmlmuls ml ymur ERCNNCR 5C.
4C gcl / gcl‟t Wk uscl gcl / / gcl‟t pcrc pkjor y jcr pkrnosm m kxprkscr pmsoboiojcj. Ks gmnm pmjkrr kl kspcómi. pmjk
Xukjm iikecr iikecr c ics ?.88. Jcvoj lm pukjk iikecr iikecr dcstc ics 38.88. ½Xmjknms cpcrgcr cpcrgcr cquî= ½Ims loóms pukjkl vkr vkr ic tkik=
> O gcl gmnk ct gmnk ct ?.88. > Jcvoj gcl‟t gmnk ultoi gmnk ultoi 38.88. > Gcl Gcl wk wk pcrf pcrf dkrk= dkrk= > Gcl Gcl tdk tdk gdoijrkl wctgd wctgd ZQ ZQ==
Zcnboïl sk uscl usc l gcl / / gcl‟t pcrc dcbicr jk gmscs quk scbknms dcgkr. Kstk usm ks gmnm scbkr scbk r kl kspcómi. Wï tmgcr tmgcr ki poclm.
Wcbk lcjcr. lcjcr. Lm scbkl scbkl dcbicr dcbicr kspcómi.
> O gcl picy tdk picy tdk poclm. > Wdk gcl swon. swon. > Zdky Zdky gcl‟t gcl‟t spkcf Wpclosd. spkcf Wpclosd.
Kl oleiïs ic amrnc gcl / / gcl‟t ks ic nosnc pcrc tmjcs ics pkrsmlcs ‗ O , ymu , dk , sdk , ot , wk , ktg.
½Wcbks Wcbks gmljugor= ½Wcbk Wcbk gmljugor= ½Wcbïos Wcbïos gmljugor= ½Wcbkl Wcbkl gmljugor=
> Gcl ymu jrovk= ymu jrovk= > Gcl sdk jrovk= sdk jrovk= > Gcl ymu jrovk= ymu jrovk= > Gcl tdky jrovk= tdky jrovk=
C nklujm uscnms gcl / / gcl‟t kl ics rkspukstcs brkvks. C ½Xukjks vklor pmr ic tcrjk= tc rjk= C Gcl ymu gmnk ol tdk catkrlmml= ca tkrlmml= B Wî, sî pukjm. B _ks, O gc gcll.
C ½Xmjknms cpcrgcr cquî= B Lm, lm pukjkl.
C Gcl wk pcrf dkrk= B Lm, ymu gcl‟t. gcl‟t.
Kl oleiïs ymu pukjk rkakrorsk c ulc pkrsmlc, pkrsmlc , c nãs jk ulc pkrsmlc m c ekltk kl eklkrci.
Xukjks pcecr gml tcr`ktc jk grïjotm. Xukjks Xmjïos pcecr gml tcr`ktc jk grïjotm. Xmjïos
> _mu gcl pcy gcl pcy by grkjot gcrj. > _mu gcl pcy gcl pcy by grkjot gcrj.
Wk pukjk pukjk pcecr gml tcr`ktc jk grïjotm.
> _mu gcl gc l pcy by grkjot gcrj.
3;
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk gcl / gcl‟t .
Dk gc g cl gmnk. /fɟl/
Gcl ymu em= /fl/
O gc g cl‟t jm ot. /fɓ˘lt/
Uk gc gcl em. /fɟl/ _ks, wk gc gcl. /fl/ Zdky gc gcl‟t gmnk. /fɓ˘lt/ Zdky gc gcl dkip. /fɟl/ _ks, tdky gc gcl. /fl/ Lm O gc gcl‟t. /fɓ˘lt/ Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jk gcl / gcl‟t . Dk gcl swon swon.. Dk gcl‟t swon. swon. Wdk gcl dkip dkip.. Wdk gcl‟t dkip. dkip. Uk gcl jrovk jrovk.. Uk gcl‟t Uk gcl‟t jrovk. jrovk. Zdky gcl pcrf tdkrk. tdkrk. Zdky gcl‟t pcrf tdkrk. tdkrk. Gcl dk swon swon== _ks,, dk gcl _ks gcl.. / Lm Lm,, dk gcl‟t gcl‟t.. Gcl sdk spkcf Arklgd= Arklgd= _ks,, sdk gcl _ks gcl.. / Lm Lm,, sdk gcl‟t gcl‟t..
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma gcl / gcl‟t ml ml ymur
XRML[LGOCZOML 4C .
4B iofk / imvk / dctk + vkrb + -ole Zkl guojcjm gu ojcjm gml iofk , imvk y y dctk . Zoklkl ul soeloaogcjm sonoicr c eu eustc stcrr, klgcltcr y mjocr kl kspcómi, pkrm sk uscl jk ulc nclkrc joakrkltk.
Nk eustc eustc gmljugor. Lms eustc eustc gmljugor. Ik klgcltc klgcltc gmljugor. Iks eustc gmljugor. Lm ik eustc lcjc lcjc or jk gmnprcs. Mjom gmnprcr rmpc. Mjom
> O iofk jrovole. iofk jrovole. > Uk iofk jrovole. iofk jrovole. > Wdk imvks jrovole. imvks jrovole. > Zdky iofk jrovole. iofk jrovole. > Wdk dctks sdmppole. dctks sdmppole. > O dctk buyole dctk buyole gimtdks.
Wk usc vkrbm + -ole jktrãs jk iofk , imvk y y dctk . Kl kspcómi sk usc ul olaolotovm.
½Zk eustc gmljugor= gmljugor= Lm nk eustc vmicr. vmicr. C no dkrnclc ik klgcltc voc`cr. voc`cr.
> Jm ymu iofk jrovole= jrovole= > O jml‟t iofk aiyole. aiyole. > Ny sostkr imv imvks ks trcvkiiole trcvkiiol e.
Ik gmnprcr rmpc. Lmklgcltc ik eustc gmnprcr lcjc gmrrkr. gmrrkr .
>> Wdk buyole gimtdks. Wdk imvks dctks buyole gimtdks. rullole rullo le. .
Zkl guojcjm guoj cjm gml ic mrtmerca îc jk ic amrnc -ole. Cguïrjctk jk jupiogcr ic gmlsmlcltk gucljm ki vkrbm tkrnolc kl ulc vmgci + ulc gmlsmlcltk.
gcnp gmmf pcolt rkcj sikkp wctgd
31
gcnpole gmmfole pcoltole rkcjole sikkpole wctgdole
rul sdmp swon trcvki
ru llole rull ole sdmpp sdm ppole ole swonn swo nnole ole trcvkiiiiole trcvk ole
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk iofk, imvk y dctk. Ic —k ‟ aolci soknprk ks nujc. iofk /icɠf/ imv mvk k /iʉv/ dctk /dkɠt/ Zkl guojcjm gml ic i c prmlulgocgo÷l jk ic tkrnolcgo÷l -ole . gcnpole gcnpo le /˄fnpɠņ/ gmmfole gmmfo le /˄fʀfɠņ/ gygiole gygio le /˄scɠfiɠņ/ ktg.
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma iofk / imvk / dctk ml ymur
ERCNNCR 4B.
?C prksklt gmltolumus Wk usc bk + + vkrbm + -ole pcrc amrncr ki prkskltk gmltolum. Kstk usm ks sonoicr c kstcr + ekruljom kl kspcómi.
Kstmy kspkrcljm kspkrcljm c no dkrnclm.
> O‟n wcotole amr wcotole amr ny brmtdkr.
¡Kstãs dcgokljm ics tcrkcs jk ic gcsc! > _mu‟rk jmole jmo le tdk tdk dmuskwmrf! Clc kstã kstujocljm kstujocljm pcrc ul kxcnkl cdmrc nosnm. ¡Kstã iimvokljm! iimvokljm! ½Suï kstãs dcgokljm= dcgokljm=
> Clc Clc‟‟s stujyole stujyol e amr c tkst ct tdk nmnklt. > Ot Ot‟s ‟s rcolole! rcolole! > Udct Udct crk crk ymu jmole= jmole= ½Nk kstãs ksgugdcljm= ksgugdcljm= > Crk ymu iostklole tm iostklole tm nk=
C nklujm sk usc bk kl kl ics rkspukstcs rkspukstc s brkvks kl ki ki prkskltk gmltolum.
½Nk kstãs ksgugdcljm= Wî. ½Zk kstã cyujc cyujcljm= ljm= Wî. ½Kstãl vokljm ic tkik= Wî. ½Dmy trcbc`c= Lm. ½Kstã iimvokljm= Lm.
> Crk ymu iostklole tm nk= > _ks, O cn. cn . > Os dk dkipole ymu= > _ks, dk os. os. > Crk tdky wctgdole ZQ ZQ== > _ks, tdky crk. crk. > Os sdk wmrfole tmjcy= > Lm, sdk osl‟t. osl‟t. > Os ot rcol rcolole= ole= > Lm, ot osl‟t. osl‟t.
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Kl oleiïs sk usc ki prkskltk gmltolum pcrc kxprkscr gmscs quk kstãl sugkjokljm kl ki nmnkltm jk dcbicr. Kl kspcómi c vkgks sk usc ki prkskltk jk oljogctovm pcrc pcr c kstm.
½C j÷ljk vcs vcs== ½Suï dcgks dcgks== Iikvc ulc gdcquktc czui. Iikvc
> Udkrk crk ymu emole= emole= > Udct crk ymu jmole= jmole= > Dk‟s wkcro wkcrole le c c biuk `cgfkt. ½Kl quï poklsc poklsc== > Udct os dk tdolfole cbmut= tdolfole cbmut=
sonpik= ?B prksklt gmltolumus mr prksklt sonpik= Kl oleiïs sk usc ki prkskltk sonpik pcrc kxprkscr kxprksc r gmscs quk dcgknms dcbotucinkltk y gmscs quk lmrncinkltk sml vkrjcj.
Zrcbc`m kl ul bclgm. Woknprk iikvm Zrcbc`m kl iikvm > O wmrf wmrf ol ol c bclf. O ciwcys wkcr c wkcr c suot clj c tok. ul trc`k y ulc gmrbctc. Lmrncinkltk vcl vcl ci trcbc`m kl cutmbðs. > Zdky usuciiy em tm em tm wmrf by bus. Lm lms eustc eustc ki aðtbmi aðtbmi. . > Ukkxprkscr jml‟t iofk ammtbcii. iofkgmscs ammtbcii. Kl oleiïs sk usc ki prkskltk gmltolum pcrc quk kstãl sugkjokljm lmw / ct tdk nmnklt / tmjcy.
Lm pukjm dcbicr cdmrc cdmrc.. Kstmy gmljugokljm. gmljugokljm. > O gcl‟t tcif lmw lmw.. O‟n jrovole. jrovole. Dcstc cdmrc. Kstcnms iikecljm c iikecljm c Wkvoiic. > Wkk ymu smml. Uk‟rk gmnole oltm gmnole oltm Wkvoiik. Wukim trcbc`cr trcbc`cr kl ic rkgkpg rkgkpgo÷l o÷l jki dmtki. Dmy kstmy trcbc`cljm kl trcbc`cljm kl ki rkstcurcltk.
> O usuciiy wmr wmrff ol tdk dmtki rkgkptoml. Zmjcy O‟n wmrfole ol wmrfole ol tdk rkstcurclt.
Rkgukrjc quk kl oleiïs ol eiïs sk usc ki prkskltk gmltolum gmlto lum jmljk kl kspcómi lmrnci lmrncinkltk nkltk sk usc ki prkskltk jk oljogctovm. jk oljogct C ½ ½Iiukvk Iiukvk= = C Os ot rcolole= rcolole = ovm. B Cdmrc nosnm no snm lm. B Lm, lmt ct tdk nmnklt. C ½Nk ksgugdcs ksgugdcs,, gokim= C Crk ymu iostklole tm iostklole tm nk, imvk= B Wî, sî. Zk ksgugdm ksgugdm.. B _ks, yks. O‟n iostklole tm iostklole tm ymu. Udct jm ymu jm= y y Udct crk ymu jmole= toklkl toklkl soeloaogcjms soeloa ogcjms tmtcinkltk tmtcinkltk joakrkltks.
C ½ ½Kl Kl quï trcbc`cs= trcbc`cs= B Wmy prmaksmr jk oleiïs. ½_ _ quï kstcs dcgokljm gml dcgokljm gml ic tcbiktc= C ½ B Ims jkbkrks jk oleiïs jk no do`m. C Udct jm ymu jm= jm= B O‟n cl Kleiosd Klei osd tkcgdkr. C Clj wdct crk ymu jmole ml jmole ml ymur tcbikt= B Ny sml‟s Kleiosd dmnkwmrf.
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38C tdkrk‟s c… / tdkrk crk smnk… Kl oleiïs tdkrk os / / crk sml sml gmnm dcy kl kspcómi. Wk usc tdkrk os gml gml sustcltovms kl soleuicr y tdkrk crk gml gml sustcltovms kl piurci.
Dcy ul eon Dcy eonlcsom lcsom kl ki dmtki. Dcy 58 dcbotcgomlks. Dcy Lm dcy dcy sculc. Lm dcy dcy pcrfole provcjm.
> Zdkrk‟s Zdkrk‟s (Z (Zdkrk dkrk os) os) c eyn ol tdk dmtki. > Zdkrk crk 58 rmmns. > Zdkrk osl‟t c sculc. c sculc. > Zdkrk osl‟t c osl‟t c provctk gcr pcrf.
Wk pukjkl amrncr prkeultcs uscljm Os tdkrk… td krk…= = m m Crk tdkrk…= tdk rk…=
½Dcy Dcy ulc ulc jugdc m ulc bcókrc= C ½ Dcy ulc ulc jugdc ‗ ¡y ulc bcókrc! B Dcy
tdkrk c sdmwkr mr c bctd= C Os tdkrk c Zdkrk‟s c c sdmwkr ‗ clj c bctd! B Zdkrk‟s
C ½ ½Dcy Dcy no B Lm im nolobcr= sï.lobcr=
C Os tdkrk c tdkrkflmw nolobcr= B O jml‟t f clmw. .
C nklujm sk uscl _ks, tdkrk tdk rk os / crk . m Lm, tdkrk tdk rk osl‟t os l‟t / crkl‟t . pcrc ics rkspukstcs brkvks. C ½Dcy rkstcurcltk= C Os tdkrk c rkstcurclt= os. B Wî, sî dcy. B _ks, tdkrk os. C ½Dcy Uo-ao= C Os tdkrk Uo-ao= os. B Wî, dcy Uo-ao. B _ks, tdkrk os. C ½_ dcy tokljcs= C Clj crk c rk tdkrk cly sdmps= sdmps= B Wî, sî dcy. B _ks, tdkrk crk. crk. Gml ims sustcltovms kl piurci sk uscl smn smnk k y y cly. Wk usc smn smnk k kl kl V+^ y cly kl V‗^ y V= V=^. ^.
Dcy tmciics ionpocs kl ki crncr crncrom. om. Dcy tokljcs y bcrks kl ic picltc bc`c.
> Zdkrk crk smnk smnk gikcl gikcl tmwkis ol tdk gupbmcrj. > Zdkrk crk smnk smnk sdmps sdmps clj bcrs ml tdk ermulj aimmr. Lm dcy dcbotcgomlks pcrc auncjmrks. > Zdkrk crkl‟t cly cly rmmns rmmns amr snmfkrs. Lm dcy rkstcu rkstcurcltks rcltks gkrgc jki dmtki. > Zdkrk crkl‟t cly cly rkstcurclts rkstcurclts lkcr tdk t dk dmtki. ½Dcy rkarksgms kl ki nolobcr= nol obcr= > Crk tdkrk cly cly smat smat jrolfs ol tdk nolobcr= ½Dcy tmciics pcrc ic sculc= > Crk tdkrk cly cly tmwkis tmwkis amr tdk sculc= XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk tdkrk os / / crk. tdkrk td krk /økɟ/ tdkrk td krk /økɟ/ Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jk tdkrk os / / crk. Zdkrk‟s c ZQ ZQ.. Zdkrk osl‟t c nolobcr nolobcr.. Zdkrk crk twm bkjs. bkjs. Zdkrk crk smnk sdmps sdmps..
Zdkrk crkl‟t crkl‟t cly cly tmwkis tmwkis..
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma tdkrk os / / crk ml ymur
tdkrk‟s tdkr k‟s /økɟz/ Os tdkrk c eyn eyn== Crk tdkrk cly sdmps sdmps==
ERCNNCR 38C.
3?
38B pcst sonpik0 bk Wk uscl wcs / / wkrk pcrc pcrc dcbicr jki pcscjm.
Ic sknclc pcscjc kstuvk kstuvk kl Ncjroj Ncjroj.. Kstcbcs gcl Kstcbcs gclscjm scjm cykr.
> O wcs ol wcs ol Ncjroj icst wkkf. > _mu wkrk torkj wkrk torkj ykstkrjcy.
Xukjks uscr ki pcscjm sonpik gml kstcs kst cs kxprksomlks jk toknpm0
kstc ncóclc / dmy pmr ic ncóclc cykr clmgdk / cykr pmr ic lmgdk ic sknclc pcscjc ki nks pcscjm ki cóm pcscjm
> tdos nmrlole > ykstkrjcy > icst loedt > icst wkkf > icst nmltd > icst ykcr
Wk usc wcs gml gml O , dk , sdk , ot y wkrk gml gml ymu , wk , tdky.
Kl Oleictkrrc krc krc prmaksmr. > O wcs c wcs c tkcgdkr ol Kleiclj. Kstuvm kl Imljrks ki nks pcscjm. Kstuvm > Wdk wcs ol wcs ol Imljml icst nmltd. Ic pkiîguic auk auk nuy ncic. > Zdk ao aoin in wcs wcs tkrrobik. tkrrobik. Kstuvonms kl gcsc jk no dkrnclc Kstuvonms > Uk wkrk ct wkrk ct ny sostkr‟s icst Wcturjcy. ki sãbcjm pcscjm. Dmnbrks E aukrml aukrml acnmsms acnmsms kl ims ims mgdkltc. > Dmnbrks Dmnbrk s E wkrk wkrk acnmus acnmus ol tdk 48s. ½J÷ljk kstuvostk kstuvostk clmgdk= > Udkrk wkrk ymu icst ymu icst loedt= ½Kstuvokrml Kstuvokrml kl gcsc cykr pmr ic tcrjk=
> Ukrk tdky ct tdky ct dmnk ykstkrjcy catkrlmml=
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk wcs / / wkrk. O wcs wcs ol ol Ncjroj. /wɒz/ Zdky wkrk wkrk ol ol Imljml. /wɟr/ Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jk ics arcsks gml wcs / / wkrk. O wcs ct dmnk dmnk.. Uk wkrk ml dmiojcy dmiojcy.. Wdk wcs ol Xcros Xcros.. Zdky wkrk ct wmrf wmrf.. Ot wcs dmt dmt.. Ukrk ymu ct dmnk dmnk==
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma wcs / / wkrk ml ymur
Ukrk ymu Ukrk ymu ct dmnk= /wə˘r/ Ucs dk ct wmrf wmrf== Dk wcsl‟t torkj. torkj. Uk wkrkl‟t ictk. ictk.
ERCNNCR 38B.
33C pcst sonpik0 rkeuicr vkrbs vkrbs Wk usc ki pcscjm sonpik pcrc dcbicr jk cggomlks cgg omlks cgcbcjcs kl ul pcscjm pc scjm rkgokltk m ik`clm. Ki pcscjm pcsc jm sonpik V+^ V+^ sk amrnc cócjokljm có cjokljm -kj c c ims vkrbms rkeuicrks.
Dmy pmr ic ncóclc auo a uo cljcljm cljc ljm ci trcbc`m. > O wcifkj wcif kj tm tm wmrf tdos nmrlole. Zkrnolï ki iobrm clmgdk. > O ao aolosd losdkj kj tdk tdk bmmf icst loedt. Iike÷ c ic kstcgo÷l c ics lukvk. > Wdk crrov crrovkj kj ct ct tdk stctoml ct lolk l olk m‟gimgf. m‟gimgf. Zrcbc`÷ kl ul bclgm guc gucljm ljm krc `mvkl. > Dk wmrf wmrfkj kj ol ol c bclf wdkl dk wcs ymule. Iimvo÷ cquî cykr pmr ic tcrjk. > Ot rcol rcolkj kj dkrk dkrk ykstkrjcy catkrlmml. Kstujoc nms kspcómi kl ki olstot Kstujocnms olstotutm. utm. > Uk stujokj stujokj Wpclosd Wpclosd ct skgmljcry sgdmmi.
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Wk usc jojl‟t + olaolotovm pcrc V‗^ kl ki pcscjm sonpik.
Lm nk eust÷ eust÷ ic pkiîguic pkiîguic.. Lm auk auk c ic maogol maogolcc dmy pmr ic ncóclc ncóclc.. Lm `ue÷ `ue÷ ci tklos cykr. Lm iimvo÷ iimvo÷ ic sknclc pcscjc. Lm kstujocnms kstujocnms kspcómi kl ki gmikeom. Lm volokrml cquî cquî kl trkl.
> O jojl‟t iofk tdk iofk tdk aoin. LMZ O jojl‟t iofkj tdk aoin. > Dk Dk jojl‟t em tm em tm tdk maaogk tdos nmrlole. > Wdk jojl‟t picy tkllos picy tkllos ykstkrjcy. > Ot jojl‟t rcol icst rcol icst wkkf. > Uk jojl‟t stujy Wpclosd stujy Wpclosd ct sgdmmi. > Zdky jojl‟t gmnk dkrk gmnk dkrk by trcol.
Kl ki pcscjm sonpik sk uscl jo joj j + + olaolotovm ola olotovm kl V=^ y jo joj j / / jojl‟t kl ics rkspukstcs brkvks. C ½Iikecstk dmy pmr ic ncóclc= C Joj Joj ymu ymu crrovk tdos nmrlole= B Wî. B _ks, O joj joj.. C ½Kstujo÷ arclgïs arc lgïs kl ki gmikeom= C Joj Joj sdk sdk stujy Arklgd ct sgdmmi= B Lm. Kstujo÷ ciknãl. B Lm, sdk jojl‟t jojl‟t.. Wdk stujokj Ekrncl. C ½Ik eust÷ ic pkiîguic clmgdk= C Joj Joj dk dk iofk tdk aoin icst loedt= joj.. B Wî. B _ks, dk joj Joj tdky tdky wmrf ictk ykstkrjcy= C ½Zrcbc`crml dcstc tcrjk cykr= C Joj Zkrnolcrml rml c ics skos. jojl‟t.. Zdky aolosdkj ao losdkj ct sox m‟gimgf. B Lm. Zkrnolc B Lm, tdky jojl‟t Zkl guojcjm guojc jm gml ic mrtmercaîc mrtmerca îc jki pcscjm sonpik jk ims vkrbms vkrbms rkeuicrks. rkeuic rks.
grokj LMZ grykj
picykj LMZ picokj
LMZ
stujokj
LMZ
stujykj
stmppkj
stmpkj
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk ic -kj jk jk ims vkrbms rkeuicrks kl ki pcscjm sonpik. Lulgc sk prmlulgoc /kj/.
/ɠj/ aolosd kj /˄aɠlɠʇt/ aolosdkj iofkj iof kj /icɠft/ stmppkj stmpp kj /stɒpt/
crrovkj /ɟ˄rcɠvj/ crrovkj gdclekj gdcle kj /tʇkɠljʒj/ grokj gro kj /frcɠj/
wctgdkj /wɒtʇt/ wctgdkj wmrfkj wmrf kj /wə˘ft/
iov kj /iɠvj/ iovkj rcolkj rcol kj /rkɠlj/ trcvkiikj trcvkii kj /˄trvij/
stcrtkj /˄stɓ˘tɠj/ stcrtkj wcltkj wclt kj /˄wɒltɠj/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma tdk pcst sonpik ma rkeuicr vkrbs ml ymur ERCNNCR 33 33C C.
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33B pcst sonpik orrkeui orrkeuicr cr vkrbs0 jm, ekt , em, dcvk Ims vkrbms jm , ekt , em y dcvk sml sml orrkeuicrks. Lm sk cócjk -kj pcrc pcrc amrncr ki pcscjm sonpik jk ics arcsks a rcsks V+^, solm quk sk gcnboc ic amrnc jki vkrbm.
Nk ikvcltm tcrjk ims sãbcjms sãbcjms.. Nk ikvcltï nuy tcrjk ki sãbcjm pcscjm. Lmrncinkltk vc ci trcbc`m kl trkl. Dmy auk ci trcbc`m kl gmgdk gmgdk.. Lmrncinkltk pcrc jkscyulcr.tmncnms gcaï Cykr tmncnms tï pcrc jkscyu jkscyulcr. lcr. Dcgknmss k`krgog Dcgknm k`krgogoms oms tmjms ims jîc jîcs. s. Dogonms Dog onms nugdms k`krgog k`krgogoms oms cykr.
> O ekt up ictk ml Wctu Wcturjcys. rjcys. > O emt emt up up vkry ictk icst Wcturjcy. > Dk usuciiy emks tm wmrf by trcol trcol.. > Zmjcy dk wklt wklt tm tm wmrf by gcr. > Uk usuciiy dcvk gmaakk amr brkcfacst. > Uk dcj dcj tkc tkc amr brkcfacst ykstkrjcy. > Uk jm kxkrgo kxkrgosks sks kvkry jcy. > Uk joj joj c c imt ma kxkrgosks ykstkrjcy.
Wk uscl ims cuxoiocrks jojl‟t / joj + + ki olaolotovm pcrc amrncr arcsks V‗^ y V=^ kl ki pcscjm sonpik gml jm , ekt , em y dcvk .
Lm dogk jkpmrtk jkpmrtk ic sknclc pcscjc. pcscjc. Lm sk ikvclt÷ dcstc ics mlgk. Lm aukrml c gicsk ic sknclc pcscjc. Kstc ncóclc lm tmncnms ymeur pcrc jkscyulcr. ½Dogostkos k`krgogoms cykr cykr==
> O jojl‟t jm cly jm cly spmrt icst wkkf. > Dk jojl‟t ekt up ultoi up ultoi 33 m‟gimgf. > Zdky jojl‟t em tm em tm gicss icst wkkf. > Uk jojl‟t dcvk ymedurt dcvk ymedurt amr brkcfac brkcfacst st tdos nmrlole. nmrlo le.
½C quï dmrc tk ikvcltc ikvcltcstk stk dmy= ½Guãljm aukrml ci eonlc eonlcsom= som= ½Suï gmnostk ci nkjomjîc=
>> Ud Udct ct tonk joj ymu upeyn= tmjcy= Udkl joj tdky em tmekt em tm tdkup tmjcy= > Udct joj ymu dcvk amr dcvk amr iulgd=
> Joj ymu jm cly jm cly kxkrgosks ykstkrjcy=
Zkl guojcjm. g uojcjm. Jo Joj j / / jojl‟t pukjkl skr ic amrnc jki pcscjm pc scjm jki vkrbm lmrnci jm…
Cykr dogk ics tcrkcs jmnïstogcs. Cykr Dogokrml cieulms k`krgogoms dmy pmr ic ncóclc ncóclc..
> O joj joj tdk tdk dmuskwmrf dmu skwmrf ykstkrjcy. > Zdky joj joj smnk smnk kxkrgosks kxkrgosks tdos tdo s nmrlole.
...m .. .m ul vkrbm vkrbm cuxoiocr0
Clmgdk lm aukrml ci golk. ½Guãljm auostk jk gmnprcs=
> Zdky jojl‟t em tm tdk golknc icst loedt. > Udkl joj joj ymu ymu em sdmppole=
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jki pcscjm sonpik jk jm, ekt , em y dcvk. joj jo j /jɠj/ dcj dc j /dj/ emtt /ɣɒt/ em wklt wk lt /wklt/ Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jki pcscjm sonpik jk ims vkrbms orrkeuicrks. Uk joj ymec. ymec. O jojl‟t jojl‟t dcvk dcvk aosd aosd.. Uk jojl‟t jojl‟t jm jm ymec ymec.. Joj tdky em em tm tm wmrf wmrf== Wdk emt emt up up kcriy kcriy.. _ks,, tdky joj _ks joj.. Wdk jojl‟t ekt up Joj ymu em tm sgdmmi ekt up kcriy kcriy.. em tm sgdmmi== O dcj kees. kees. Lm,, O jojl‟t Lm jojl‟t..
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma tdk pcst pcs t sonpik ma jm, em, ekt , dcvk ml ymur ERCNNCR 33B.
22
32C 32 C pcst sonpik0 rkeuicr clj orrkeuicr vkrbs (rkvosoml (rkvosoml)) Rkgukrjc quk ki pcscjm jk cn / / os / / crk ks ks wcs / / wkrk .
Kstcbc kl gcsc cykr pmr ic tcrjk tcrjk.. Iikecnms Iikec nms tcrjk cykr. Dozm arîm kl `uiom. ½J÷ljk kstuvokrml cykr cykr==
> O wcs wcs ct ct dmnk ykstkrjcy kvklole. > Uk wkrk wkrk ictk ictk ykstkrjcy. > Ot wcs wcs gmij gmij ol @uiy. > Udkrk wkrk wkrk tdky tdky ykstkrjcy=
Gml ims vkrbms rkeui rkeuicrks crks (R), cócjk -kj ci ci olao ol aolotovm lotovm pcrc amrncr amrncr ki pcscjm sonpik jk ics arcsks arc sks V+^. V+^. Ims vkrbms orrkeuicrks orrkeu icrks (OR) (O R) gcnbocl jk amrnc kl ki pcscjm sonpik V+^.
Cykr `uecnm `uecnmss ci aðtbmi aðtbmi.. Auo c Imljrks ki nks pcscjm. Kstujoï arclgïs kl ki olstotutm. Dogokrml ims jkbkrks `ultms. Ik eust÷ ic pkiîguic pkiîguic.. Wk ikvclt÷ nuy tknprclm. Wk cim`crml kl ul dmtki. Zmncrml zunm jk lcrc lcrcl`c l`c y gkrkciks pcrc jkscyulcr.
> Uk picy picykj kj ammtbcii ammtbcii ykstkrjcy. (R) > O wklt wklt tm tm Imljml icst nmltd. (OR) > O stujo stujokj kj Arklgd Arklgd ct skgmljcry sgdmmi. (R) > Zdky joj joj tdkor tdkor dmnkwmrf tmektdkr. (OR) > Wdk iof iofkj kj tdk tdk aoin. (R) > Wdk emt emt up up vkry kcriy. (OR) > Zdky stcy stcykj kj ol ol c dmtki. (R) > Zdky dcj dcj mrclek mrclek `uogk clj gkrkci amr brkcfacst. (OR)
Wk uscl joj / / jojl‟t + olaolotovm pcrc amrncr V‗^ y V=^ kl ki pcscjm sonpik tcltm gml vkrbms rkeuicrks gmnm gml orrkeuicrks.
Lm `uecrml ci aðtbmi. Lm dogokrml jkpmrtk. Lm auo auonms nms ci golk. Lm tkrnol÷ ki iobrm. ½Guãljm iike÷ tu dkrnclm= ½Auk ci trcbc`m kl gmgdk=
> Zdky jojl‟t jojl‟t picy picy ammtbcii. > Zdky jojl‟t jojl‟t jm jm cly spmrt. > Uk jojl‟t jojl‟t em em tm tdk golknc. > Dk jojl‟t jojl‟t aolosd aolosd tdk bmmf. > Udkl joj ymur joj ymur brmtdkr crrovk crrovk== crrovkj ymur brmtdkr= LMZ Udkl crrovkj ymur > Joj dk em tm em tm wmrf by gcr= LMZ Dk wklt tm wmrf by gcr=
Wk uscl jo joj j / / jojl‟t pcrc amrncr amrnc r rkspukstcs brkvks kl ki pcscjm sonpik tcltm gml vkrbms rkeuicrks gmnm gml orrkeuicrks. ½Qostkk ic tkik clmgdk= > Joj ymu wctgd ZQ icst loedt= C ½Qost B Wî. > _ks, O joj joj.. C ½Zk eust÷ ic pkiîguic= > Joj ymu iofk tdk aoi aoin= n= B Lm.
> Lm, O jojl‟t jojl‟t..
27
32B 32 B prksklt gmltolumus amr auturk Kl oleiïs sk pukjk uscr ki prkskltk gmltolum pcrc dcbicr jk ul auturm pr÷xonm. Kl kspcómi sk usc ki prkskltk jk oljogctovm. C ½Suï dcgks kstk aol jk sknclc= skncl c= C Udct crk ymu jmole tdo jmole tdoss wkkfklj= B Nk vmy c Rmnc. B O‟ O‟n n emole tm emole tm Rmnk. C ½Guãljm tk vcs= C Udkl crk ymu ikcvole= ikcvole= B Nk vmy ki `ukvks pmr ic tcrjk y B O‟n ikcvole ml ikcvole ml Zdursjcy catkrlmml clj
vukivm kitk jmnolem pmr ic O‟n gmnole bcgfstcyole= bcgf ml ml Wuljcy C ½J÷ljk cim`cs= ½Kl ullmgdk. dmtki= C Udkrk crk ymu stcyole = Ol ckvklole. dmtki= cno ems. B Lm, O‟n O‟n stcyole wotd stcyole wotd smnk arokljs. B Lm, nk qukjm gml ulms cnoems. C nklujm sk usc ki prkskltk gmltolum gml vcimr vc imr jk auturm gml kxprksomlks kx prksomlks gmnm tmloedt, tmnmrrmw, tdos wkkfklj , ktg.
Qcnms ci go golk lk dmy pmr ic lmgdk. > Uk‟ Uk‟rk rk emole tm tdk go golknc lknc tmloedt tmloedt.. ½Qoklks ½Qo klks c ic aokstc ncóclc= > Crk ymu gmnole tm tdk pcrty tmnmrrmw tmnmrrmw== Qmyy c ymec kstc tcrjk Qm tcrjk.. > O‟n emole tm ymec tdos kvklole. kvklole. Qoklk su ncjrk kstk aol ao l jk sknclc. > Dkr nmtdkr‟s gmnole tdos wkkfkl wkkfkljj. Rkgukrjc quk ki prkskltk gmltolum tcnboïl sk usc pcrc kxprkscr kxprksc r gmscs quk kstãl sugkjokljm sugkj okljm kl ki nmnkltm jk dcbicr.
½Kstã iimvokljm=
> Os ot rcol rcolole= ole=
C ½J÷ljk kstãl ims gdogms= C Udkrk crk tdk bmys= B Kstãl `uecljm c ims vojkm`ukems B Zdky‟rk picyole gmnputkr picyole gmnputkr ecnks ol tdkor bkjrmmn.
kl su dcbotcgo÷l. C ½_ j÷ljk kstã tu pcjrk= B Kstã vokljm ki aðtbmi kl ic tkik. C ½_ j÷ljk kstã Gcric= B Jugdãljmsk. Dc qukjcjm gml su lmvom c ics mgdm.
2:
C Clj wdkrk‟s ymur actdkr= B Dk‟s wctgdole ammtbcii wctgdole ammtbcii ml ZQ. C Clj wdkrk‟s Gcric= dcvole c sdmwkr. Wdk‟s nkktole B Wdk‟s dcvole c
dkr bmyaroklj ct 4.88 p.n.
Qmgcbuicry Lunbkrs clj jcys 8‗38 Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
8 zkrm 3 mlk 2 twm 7 tdrkk : amur ; aovk 1 sox 5 skvkl 4 koedt ? lolk 38 tkl
> gkrm > ul / ulm / ulc > jms > trks > guctrm > golgm > skos > soktk > mgdm > lukvk > jokz
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml kstms lðnkrms. 7 td tdrkk rkk /δro˘/ 1 sox sox /sɠfs/ ; a ovk ovk /acɠv/ 5 skv skvkl /˄skvɟl/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma 8‗38 ml ymur ymur
4 koedt koedt /kɠt/ ? lo lolk /lcɠl/
QMGCB[ICR_ 3C.
Jcys ma tdk wkkf Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
Nmljcy Zuksjcy Ukjlksjcy Zdursjcy Arojcy Wcturjcy Wuljcy
> iulks > ncr ncrtks tks > noïrgmiks > `ukvks > vokrlks > sãbcjm > jmnolem
Cguïrjctk jk uscr ncyðsguic gml ims jîcs jk ic sknclc.
Nmljcy / Ukjlksjcy / Arojcy / ktg. LMZ nmljcy nmljcy / / wkjlksjcy / arojcy / ktg.
2;
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk ims jîcs jk ic sknclc. Nmljcy /˄nʉljkɠ/ Zdursjcy Zd ursjcy /˄δə˘zjkɠ/ Wctur Wct urjcy jcy /˄stɟjkɠ/ Zuks jcy /˄t`u˘zjkɠ/ Aroojcy /˄arcɠjkɠ/ Ar Wuljcy /˄sʉljkɠ/ uksjcy Ukj Uk jlksjcy /˄wklzjkɠ/ Cguïrjctk jk pmlkr ki cgkltm kl ic pronkrc sîicbc kl ims jîcs jk ic sknclc. Nmljcy, Zuksjcy, Ukjlksjcy Zdursjcy, Arojcy, Wcturjcy, Wuljcy
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma jcys ma tdk wkkf ml ymur ymur
QMGCB[ICR_ 3C.
33‗388 Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
33 kikvkl 32 twkivk 37 tdor tdortkkl tkkl 3: amurtk amurtkkl kl 3; aoa aoatkkl tkkl 31 soxtkkl 35 skvkltkkl 34 koedtkkl 3? lolktkkl 28 twklty 23 twklty-mlk 22 twklty-twm 78 tdor tdorty ty 77 tdor tdorty-tdrkk ty-tdrkk :8 amrty :: amrty-amur ;8 aoaty ;; aoa aoaty-aovk ty-aovk 18 soxt soxtyy 11 soxt soxty-sox y-sox 58 skvklty 55 skvklty-skvkl 48 koedty 44 koedty-koedt ?8 lolkt lolktyy ?? lolkt lolkty-lolk y-lolk 388 c duljrkj
> mlgk > jmgk > trkgk > gctmrgk > quolgk > jokgosïos > jokg jokgosoktk osoktk > jokg jokgomgdm omgdm > jokgolukvk > vkoltk > vkoltoðl / vkoltoulm/c > vkoltoj÷s > trkoltc > trkoltc y trks > gucrkltc > gucrkltc y guctrm > golgukltc > golgukltc y golgm > skskltc > skskltc y skos > sktkltc > sktkltc y soktk > mgdkltc > mgdkltc y mgdm > lmvk lmvkltc ltc > lmvk lmvkltc ltc y lukvk > gokl
Zkl guojcjm gml ims lðnkrms 78‗??. Kl oleiïs lm sk jogk clj .
trkoltc y trks mgdkltc y guctrm trkoltc y trks
> tdorty tdorty--tdrkk > koedty koedty--amur > tdorty tdorty--tdrkk
Zkl guojcjm gml c duljrkj .
21
gokl
> c duljrkj LMZ duljrkj
gokl jîcs
> c duljrkj jcys LMZ mlk duljrkj jcys
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml kstms lðnkrms. 32 twkiv twkivk /twkiv/ 37 tdor tdortkkl tkkl /δə˘˄to˘l/ 3; a oa tkkl /aɠa˄to˘l/ 78 tdor tdorty ty / ˄δə˘to˘/ oa tkkl 35 skv skvkltkkl /skvɟl˄to˘l/ Cguïrjctk jk pmlkr ki cgkltm kl -tkkl kl 37‗3?. 37 > tdortkkl 3: > amurtkkl ktg.
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma 33‗388 ml ymur ymur
388 c dulj dul jrk rkj j /ɟ ˄dʉljrɟj/
QMGCB[ICR_ 2B.
Gmultroks clj lctomlciotoks Gmultroks Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
Brczoi Gdolc Kleiclj Keypt
> Brcsoi > Gdolc > Oleictkrrc > Keoptm
Arclgk Ekrncly Otciy @cpcl Nkxogm Xmiclj Russoc Wpcol Wwotzkriclj Zurfky tdk [lotkj Wtctks (tdk [WC)
Arclgoc oc > Cikncl Cikncloc > Otcioc > @cp÷l > Nïxogm > Xmimloc > Rusoc > Kspcóc > Wuozc > Zurquî urquîcc > ims Kstcjms [lojms (KK (KK.. [[.)
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml kstms ks tms pcîsks. Brczoi /brɟ˄zɠi/ Brcz Ekrncly Ekr ncly /˄jʒə˘nɟlo/ Russo Ru ssoc c /˄rʉʇɟ/ Gdoolc /˄tʇcɠlɟ/ Gd @cpc @cp cl /jʒɟ˄pl/ Zur urfky fky /˄tə˘fo/ Key eypt pt /˄o˘jʒɠpt/ Nkx Nk xogm /˄nkfsɠfɟʀ/ tdk [lo [lotkj Wtctks /`u /`u˄lcɠtɠj ˄lcɠtɠj stkɠts/ Zkl guojcjm gml kstms ks tms pcîsks. Wpcol Wp col /spkɠl/ (LMZ /k˄spkɠl/) tdk [lotkj Wt Wtctks ctks /`u /`u˄lcɠtɠj ˄lcɠtɠj stkɠts/ (LMZ /k˄stkɠts/) otzkriclj /swɠtsɟiɟlj/ (LMZ /k˄swɠtsɟiɟlj/) Wwotzkriclj Ww
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma gmultroks ml ymur ymur
QMGCB[ICR_ 3B.
25
Lctomlciotoks Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
Cnkrogcl Brczoiocll Brczoioc Brotosd Gdolksk Kleiosd Keyptocll Keyptoc Arklgd Ekrncl Otciocll Otcioc @cpclksk Nkxogcl Xmiosd Russocl Wpclosd Wwoss Zurf urfosd osd
> cnkrogclm/c > brcsoikóm/c > brotãlogm/c > gdolm/c > oleiïs/oleiksc > keopgom/c > arclgïs/arclgksc > ciknãl/ciknclc > otcioc otcioclm/ lm/cc > `cpmlïs/`cpmlksc > nkxogclm/c > pmicgm/c > rusm/c > kspcómi/c > suozm/c > tu turgm/c rgm/c
Mbskrvc quk kl oleiïs sk usc ncyðsguic gml ics lcgomlciojcjks.
Cnkrogcl LMZ cnkrogcl Brczoiocl LMZ brczoiocl ktg. XRML[LGOCZOML
Zkl guojcjm gml ki cgkltm kl kstcs lcgomlciojcjks. Gdolksk Ke yptocl Keyptocl Otciocl Kleiosd Ekrncl @cpclksk
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma lctomlciotoks lctomlciot oks ml ymur ymurr
Zdk gicssrmmn
Zdoles ol tdk gicssrmmn Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
24
c gdcor c gmct c jogtomlc jogtomlcry ry c tcbikt c icptmp c pkl c pokgk ma pcpkr c tcbik c woljmw tdk bmcrj
> ulc soiic > ul cbroem > ul joggomlcrom > ulc tcbiktc / ulc tcbikt > ul pmrtãtoi > ul bmiîercam / ul bmio > ulc dm`c jk pcpki / ul amiom > ulc nksc > ulc vkltclc > ic pozcrrc / ki klgkrcjm
tdk jmmr
> ic pukrtc
Nkxogcl
QMGCB[ICR_ 2C.
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk kstcs kst cs gmscs jki cuic. bmcr mcrj j /bɚ˘j/ jogtomlc jog tomlcry ry /˄jɠfʇɟlro/ jmmr mmr /jɚ˘/ gmc pokg k /po˘s/ tcbik /˄tkɠbi/ mctt /fɟʀt/ okgk gdcor gd cor /tʇkɟ/
pcpkr /˄pkɠpɟ/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma tdoles ol tdk t dk gicssrmmn ml ymur ymur XRCGZOGCI KLEIOWD 3.
Gicssrmmn icleucek Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
Gcl ymu rkpkct tdct, pikcsk= Gimsk ymur bmmfs. Kxgusk nk. Udct Udct‟s ‟s ol Kleiosd= Em tm pcek 38. Dmw jm ymu spkii ot= O jml‟t flmw. O jml‟t uljkrstc uljkrstclj. lj. Immf ct tdk bmcrj, pikcsk.
> ½Xukjks rkpktor ksm, pmr acvmr acvmr== > Gkrrcj ims iobrms. > Xkrjm Xkrjmlc. lc. ½G÷nm sk jogk kl oleiïs= > Oj c ic pãeo pãeolc lc 38. > ½G÷nm sk jkiktrkc jkiktrkc== > Lm im sï. > Lm kltokljm. > Xmr acvm acvmr, r, norcj c ic pozcrrc.
Mpkl ymur bmmfs. Wot jmwl. Wmrry O‟n ictk. Wtclj up, pikcsk pikcsk..
ims iobrms. > Cbroj Wkltcms. > Wokltm iikecr tcrjk. > Xmlkms jk pok, pmr acvmr.
Aî`ctk kl quk ic amrnc jki onpkrctovm lm gcnboc kl oleiïs.
Jcvoj, cbrk cbrk ki iobrm. > Jcvoj, mpkl mpkl ymur ymur bmmf. Cbroj ims iobrms Cbroj iobrms,, pmr acvmr. > Mpkl ymur Mpkl ymur bmmfs, pikcsk.
Wkltcms, pmr acvmr. Wkltcms, > Wot jmwl, jmwl, pikcsk.
Woïltksk , pmr acvmr. Woïltksk, > Wot jmwl, jmwl, pikcsk.
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml kstcs ks tcs pcicbrcs rkicgomlcjcs gml ki vmgcbuicrom pcrc ic gicsk. imm mmff /iʀf/ mpkl /˄ɟʀpɟl/ pikc pi kcsk sk /pio˘z/ bmm mmff /iʀf/ gim gi msk /fiɟʀz/ rkpkc rkp kctt /rɟ˄po˘t/ jmw mwl l /jcʀl/
jml‟t /jɟʀlt/ flmw fl mw /lɟʀ/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma gicssrmmn icleucek ml ymur ymurr
XRCGZOGCI KLEIOWD 3.
2?
Wncii tdoles Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
c bce c brusd eicssks c pursk c fky c lmtkbmmf c pklgoi
> ul bmism > ul gkpoiim > ecacs > ul nmlkjkr nmlkjkrmm > ulc iicvk > ul gucjkrlm > ul iãpoz
c wciikt c grkjot gcrj c jkbot gcrj cl OJ gcrj c pdmtm
> ulc gcrtkrc > ul tcr`ktc jk grïjotm > ulc tcr`ktc jk jïbotm > ul JLO , ul gcrlï jk ojkltojcj > ulc amtm
c wctgd c gcnkrc c nmboik (pdmlk) c tcbikt cl unbrkiic
> ul rkim` (jk puis puiskrc) krc) > ulc gãncrc > ul (tkiïamlm (tkiïamlm)) n÷voi > ulc tcbiktc / ulc tcbikt > ul pcrceucs
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic i c prmlulgocgo÷l jk kstcs kst cs pcicbrcs. nmboik /˄nɟʀbcɠi/ gcr crj j /fɓ˘j/ pdm pd mlk /˄aɟʀl/ eicss ei cssks ks /˄ɣiɓ˘sɠz/ pdm pd mtm /˄aɟʀtɟʀ/ pcss csspmrt pmrt /˄pɓ˘spɚ˘t/ lmtkbmmf /˄lɟʀtbʀf/ wciikt /˄wɒiɠt/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma sncii tdoles ml ymur ymur
wctgd /wɒtʇ/ brusd bru sd /brʉʇ/ pklg pkl goi /˄pklsi/ pur ursk sk /pə˘s/
QMGCB[ICR_ 7C.
Xkmpik clj acnoiy Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
c bmy c bmyaroklj c brmtdkr c jcuedtkr c actdkr c eori c eoriar eoriaroklj oklj c dusbclj c ncl
78
> ul loóm / ul gdogm > ul lmvom > ul dkrnclm > ulc do`c > ul pcjrk > ul loóc / ulc gdogc > ulc lmvoc > ul ncrojm > ul dmnbrk
c nmtdkr c sostkr c sml c woak c wmncl gdoijrkl gdoij rkl acnoiy acno iy arokljs pkmpik
> ulc ncjrk > ulc dkrnclc > ul do`m > ulc nu`kr / ulc kspmsc > ulc nu`kr > loóms / do`ms > acno acnoioc ioc > cnoems > ekltk
Zkl guojcjm gu ojcjm gml sml , jcuedtkr y gdoijrkl .
Xkjrm clj Rogcrjm crk ny smls. > Xkjrm y Rogcrjm sml nos do`ms. Luroc clj c lj Kiklc crk ny jcuedtkrs. > Luroc y Kiklc sml nos do`cs. Xkjrm, Rogcrjm, Luroc, clj c lj Kiklc crk ny gdoijrkl. > Xkjrm, Rogcrjm, Luroc y Kiklc sml nos do`ms. Zkl guojcjm gu ojcjm gml nmtdkr y actdk actdkrr.
Dk‟s ny actdkr. Wdk‟s ny nmtdkr. Zdky‟rk ny pcrklts.
> Ks no pcjrk pcjrk.. > Ks no ncj ncjrk. rk. > Wml nos pcjrks.
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml kstcs ks tcs pcicbrcs. pkm kmpik pik /po˘pi/ sostkr /˄sɠstɟ/ brmtd brm tdkr kr /˄brʉøɟ/ eor orii /ɣə˘i/ nmtd nm tdkr kr /˄nʉøɟ/ arok ar okljs ljs /arkljz/ actd ac tdkr kr /˄aɓ˘øɟ/ woak /wcɠa/ gdooijrkl /˄tʇɠijrɟl/ gd dusbclj /˄dʉzbɟlj/
sml /sʉl/ wmncl /˄wʀnɟl/ wmnkl /˄wɠnɠl/ jcued cuedtkr tkr /˄jɚ˘tɟ/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml prmlulgoct oml ma pkmpik clj acnoiy wmrjs ml ymur ymurr
QMGCB[ICR_ :C.
Cj`kgtovks Gmimurs Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
bicgf biuk
> lkerm/c > czui
brmwl ncrr÷l erkkl > vkrjk erky > eros mrclek > lcrcl`c polf > rmsc rkj > rm`m/c wdotk > biclgm/c ykiimw > cncro cncroiim/c iim/c C ½Jk quï gmimr ks= C Udct gmimur os ot= B Ks biclgm. B Ot‟s wdotk.
73
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk kstms ks tms gmimrks. ykiimw /˄`kiɟʀ/ wdotk wd otk /wcɠt/ brmwl brmw l /brcʀl/ mrclek mrcl bicgf bic erkk er l /ɣro˘l/ ek /˄ɒrɠljʒ/ gf /bif/ kkl rkj rk polf po j /rkj/ lf /pɠņf/ Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jk kstcs prkeultcs. Udct gmimur os gmimur os ot= Udct gmimur crk gmimur crk tdky=
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma gmimurs ml ymur ymur
QMGCB[ICR_ :B.
Gmnnml cj`kgtovks Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
bkcutoauii bkcutoau
> dkrnmsm / bkiim
boe
boe gdkcp joaaoguit acst imle lkw sdmrt
> ercljk / ercl > bcrctm > joaîgoi > rãpojm > icrem > lukvm > bc`m (kstcturc)
ueiy
> akm
sncii kxpklsovk kcsy simw sdmrt mij tcii
> pkqukóm > gcrm > aãgoi > ikltm > gmrtm (imleotuj) > vok`m > citm
sncii
Rkgukrjc quk ims cj`ktovms lm gcnbocl kl oleiïs.
ulc vok`c cnoec ul vok`m cnoem vok`ms cnoems ul gmgdk rãpojm gmgdks rãpojms
> cl mij aroklj > cl mij aroklj > mij arokljs LMZ mijs mijs arokljs arokljs > c acst gcr > acst gcrs LMZ acsts gcrs
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic i c prmlulgocgo÷l jk kstms cj`ktovms. kxp xpklso klsov vk /ɠf˄spklsɠv/ joaaoguit joaao guit /˄jɠaɠfɟit/ boe bo e /bɠɣ/ bkcu kcutoaui toaui /˄b`u˘tɠai/ mij mi j /ɟʀij/ lkw kw /l`u˘/ acst ac st /aɓ˘st/ gdkc gd kcp p /tʇo˘p/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma gmnnml cj`kgtovks ml ymur ymur
72
kcsy /˄o˘zo/ kcsy sdmr sd mrtt /ʇɚ˘t/ snc sn cii /snɚ˘i/ t cii /tɚ˘i/
QMGCB[ICR_ :B.
Ammj clj jrolf Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
Ammj aosd nkct brkcj gkrkci pcstc rogk pmtctmks vkektcbiks vkektcbi ks
> pksgcjm > gcrlk > pcl > gkrkciks > pcstc > crrmz > pctctcs > vkrjurcs
aruot kees buttkr ymedurt gdkksk suecr gdmgmictk c scljwogd
Jrolfs gmaakk tkc noiff noi
> gcaï > tï > ikgdk
wctkr > ceuc (mrclek) `uogk > zunm (jk lcrc lcrcl`c) l`c)
> arutc > dukv dukvms ms > ncltkquoiic > ymeur > quksm > czðgcr > gdmgmictk > ul bmgcjo bmgcjoiim iim / ul sãljwogd
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic i c prmlulgocgo÷l jk kstcs kst cs pcicbrcs. suecr /˄ʇʀɣɟ/ gmaakk /˄fɒao/ noif noi f /nɠif/ aosd ao sd /aɠʇ/ ymedurt /˄`ɒɣɟt/ brkc br kcj j /brkj/ vkektcbiks /˄vkjʒɠtɟbiz/ nkc kctt /no˘t/ gdmgmictk /˄tʇɒfiɟt/ tkc kc /to˘/ gkrkci /˄sɠɟroɟi/ gdkk gd kksk sk /tʇo˘z/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma ammj clj jrolf ml ymur ymur
pmt ctmks /pɟ˄tkɠtɟʀz/ pmtc rogk /rcɠs/ aruo ar uott /aru˘t/ ` `uo uogk gk /jʒu˘s/ buttkr /˄bʉtɟ/ iulgd /iʉltʇ/
QMGCB[ICR_ ;C.
Gmnnml vkrb pdrcsks 3 Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
jro jrolf tkcammj) kct lf (acst em tm Kleiosd gicssks dcvk c gct dcvk brkcfacst (iulgd / jol jollkr lkr)) iostkl tm tdk rcjom iovk ol c a ict lkkj c lkw gcr rkcj tdk lkwspcpkr spkcf Kleiosd stujy Wpclosd wclt c gmaakk wctgd ZQ wmrf ol c bclf
> bkbkr gmnkrtï(gmnojc rãpojc) > or c gicsks jk oleiïs > tklkr ul ectm > jkscyulcr (gmnkr (gmn kr / gklcr) > ksgugdcr ic rcjom > vovor kl ul posm > lkgksotcr ul gmgdk lukvm > ikkr ki pkro÷j pkro÷jogm ogm > dcbicr oleiïs > kstujocr kspcómi > qukrkr ul gcaï > vkr ic tkik / ic tkikvoso÷l > trcbc`cr kl ul bclgm
77
Zkl guojcjm gu ojcjm gml iofk .
Nk eustc ki gcaï. Nk eustcl ims pkrrms. Lm nk eustcl ims ectms. ½Zk eust eustcc ki tï= ½Zk eust eustcl cl ics vkrjurcs=
> O iofk iofk gmaakk. gmaakk. > O iofk iofk jmes. jmes. > O jml‟t iofk gcts. iofk gcts. > Jm ymu iofk iofk tkc= tkc= > Jm ymu iofk iofk vkektcbiks= vkektcbiks=
Zkl guojcjm gml iostkl .
Ksgugdm ic rcjom.
> O iostkl tm tdk tm tdk rcjom. LMZ O iostkl tdk rcjom.
dcvk c sdmwkr dcvk brkcfacst dcvk suppkr dcvk gmaakk wotd ymur brkcfacst
> jugdc jugdcrsk rsk > jkscyulcr > gklc gklcrr > tmncr gcaï gml ki jkscyulm
Kl oleiïs sk usc dcvk pcrc pcrc nugdcs cgtovojcjks.
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk kstms ks tms vkrbms. ioiov vk /iɠv/ ioiost stkl kl tm /˄iɠsl tɟ/ dcv dc rkc j /ro˘j/ vk /dv/ kcj wctgd /wɒtʇ/ kctt /o˘t/ kc
tkc kc /to˘/ spkc sp kcff /spo˘f/ wmrf /wə˘f/
wclt /wɒlt/ Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jk kstcs ks tcs kxprksomlks vkrbciks. c gmaakk ol c aict tm Kleiosd gicssks wclt c wclt gmaakk iovk ol iovk aict em tm em c gct ol c bclf c lkw gcr dcvk c dcvk gct wmrf ol wmrf bclf lkkj c lkkj tdk lkwspcpkr tm tdk rcjom rkcj tdk rkcj lkwspcpkr iostkl tm iostkl
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma gmnnml vkrb pdrcsks ml ymur ymurr
@mbs clj picgks ma wmrf Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
c jmgtmr c acgtmr acgtmryy wmrfkr c `murlci `murlciost ost c lursk c pmiogkncl c pmiogkwmncl c rkgkptomlost c sdmp csso cssostclt stclt c stujklt c tcx tcxoo jrovkr c tkcgdkr c wcotkr c wcotrkss
7:
> nïjogm/c > trcbc`cjm trcbc`cjmr/c r/c jk aãbrog aãbrogcc / mbrkrm/c > pkromjostc > klakrnkrm/c > pmiogîc > pmiogîc > rkgkpgomlostc > jkpkljok jkpkljokltk/c ltk/c > kstujocltk > tcxo tcxostc stc > prmaksmr/c > gcncrkrm > gcncrkrc
QMGCB[ICR_ ;B.
Mbskrvc quk kl oleiïs toklks quk uscr c /cl gml gml ics prmaksomlks.
Ks pkromjostc. Ks rkgkpgomlostc kl ul dmtki. Wmy kstujocltk. Ks gcncrkrm. Ks gcncrkrc.
> Wdk‟ Wdk‟ss c `murlciost. > Dk‟s c rkgkptomlost ol c dmtki. > O‟n c stujklt. > Dk‟s c wcotkr. > Wdk‟ Wdk‟ss c wcotrkss.
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic i c prmlulgocgo÷l jk kstcs kst cs pcicbrcs. sgdmmi sg dmmi /sfu˘i/ lur ursk sk /lə˘s/ stujklt st ujklt /˄st`u˘jlt/ pmiogkncl /pɟ˄io˘snɟl/ rkgkpt rkgk ptomlost omlost /rɠ˄skpʇɟlɠst/ ` `mur murlciost lciost /˄jʒə˘lɟiɠst/ tcx tc xo jrov jrovkr /˄tfso ˄jrcɠvɟ/ acgtmry wmr wmrfkr fkr /˄aftɟro ˄wə ˄wə˘fɟ/ ˘fɟ/ Zkl guojcjm gml ki cgkltm kl kstcs pcicbrcs. jmgtmr pmiogkncl rkstcurclt rkgkptomlost dmspotci maaogk Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jk kstcs kxprksomlks rkicgomlcjcs gml ki trcbc`m. C Udkrk Udkrk jm jm ymu wmrf wmrf== B Ol c sgdmmi sgdmmi.. jm ymu jm C Udct Udct jm jm== jm ymu wmrf= B O‟n c tkcgdkr tkcgdkr.. Clj ymu= Udkrk Udkrk jm ymu wmrf= C Ol c dmspotci dmspotci.. O‟n c lursk lursk.. Udct jmks sdk jm Udct jmks jm== Wdk‟s c jmgtmr jmgtmr.. jmks dk jm Udct jmks Udct jm== Dk‟s c tcxo tcxo jrovkr jrovkr..
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma `mbs clj picgks tm wmrf ml ymur ymurr
QMGCB[ICR_ 1C.
C typogci jcy Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
Ol ekttdk up nmrlole dcvk c sdmwkr dcvk brkcfacst em tm wmrf wmrf (by bus, trcol, gcr, ktg.) dcvk c gmaakk Ol tdk catkrlmml dcvk c scljwogd dcvk iulgd aolosd ao losd wmrf em dmnk em sdmppole em tm tdk eyn
> ikvcltc ikvcltcrsk rsk > jugdc jugdcrsk rsk > jkscyulcr > or ci trcbc`m (kl (kl cutmbðs, trkl, trkl, gmgdk, ktg.) > tmncr ul gcaï > tmncr ul bmgcjo bmgcjoiim iim / ul sãljwogd > gmnkr / cinmrzcr > tkrnolc tkrnolcrr jk trcbc`cr > or c gcsc > or jk gmnprcs > or ci eon eonlcsom lcsom
7;
Ol tdk kvklole ncfk jol jollkr lkr dcvk jol jollkr lkr jm dmuskwm dmuskwmrf rf wctgd ZQ
> dcgkr / prkpcrcr ic gklcr > gklcr > dcgkr tcrkcs jmnïstogcs > vkr / norc norcrr ic tkik dcvk c bctd > bcócrsk / jcrsk ul bcóm
em tm bkj
> orsk c ic gcnc / cgmstcrsk
Ics kxprksomlks pcrc dcbicr jk ul jîc tîpogm sml nuy sonoicrks kl oleiïs y kl kspcómi, pkrm tkl guojcjm gml kstcs kxprksomlks vkrbciks.
Qmy ci trcbc`m kl cutmbðs. > O em tm wmrf by wmrf by bus. Zkrnolcnms jk trcbc`cr c ics mgdm. > Uk aolosd wmrf ct wmrf ct koedt m‟gimgf. Qcl jk gmnprcs ki aol jk sknclc. > Zdky em sdmppole ct tdk wkkfklj. tdk wkkfklj. Wk vc c ic gcnc c ics mlgk. > Wdk emks tm bkj ct bkj ct kikvkl m‟gimgf.
XRML[LGOCZOML
Zkl guojcjm gml kstcs ks tcs pcicbrcs. n /jʒɠn/ bctd bc eyn ey td /bɓ˘δ/ mppole /˄ʇɒpɠņ/ jollkr /˄jɠlɟ/ sdmppole sd aolosd aolo sd /˄aɠlɠʇ/ wctgd /wɒtʇ/ bkj bk j /bkj/
dm nk /dɟʀn/ dmnk wmr mrff /wə˘f/ sdm sd mwkr /˄ʇcʀɟ/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma wmrjs armn c typogci typog ci jcy ml ymur QMGCB[ICR_ 1B.
Gmnnml vkrb pdrcsks 2 Arkk tonk clj trcvkiiole Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
jm spmrt em mut (ct loedt) em tm tdk bkcgd (tdk golknc, tdk tdkctrk, ktg.) nkkt arokljs picy gmnpu gmnputkr tkr ecn ecnks ks picy tkllos picy tdk poclm rkicx stcy ct dmnk swon trcvki wcif (ol tdk nmultcols)
71
> dcgkr jkpmrtk > sci scior or (pmr ic lmgdk) > or c ic picyc (ci golk, ci tkctrm, ktg.) > qukjcr gml / rkulorsk gml ims cnoems > `uecr c ims vojkm`ukems / gml ic gmlsmic > `uecr ci tklos > tmgcr ki poclm > rkic`crsk > qukjcrsk kl gcsc > lcjcr > voc`cr > gcno gcnolcr lcr (pmr ic nmltcóc)
Zkl guojcjm guoj cjm gml kstcs jms kxprksomlks kx prksomlks vkrbciks.
C vkgks qukjm gml nos cnoems cnoems pmr ic tcrjk. Kl Imljrks nk qukjm / nk cim`m cim`m kl ul dmtki. Ims sãbcjms sukim `uecr ci tklos. tklos.
> O smnktonks nkkt ny arokljs ol arokljs ol tdk catkrlmml. > Ol Imljml O stcy stcy ol ol c dmtki. > Ml Wcturjcys, O usuciiy picy tkllos. tkllos.
XRML[LGOCZOML
Zkl guojcjm gml kstcs ks tcs pcicbrcs. swon sw on /swɠn/ rkicx rkic x /rɠ˄ifs/ trcv trc vki /˄trvi/ bkc kcgd gd /bo˘tʇ/
nkk kktt /no˘t/ ecnks /ɣkɠnz/
pi cy /pikɠ/ picy stcy st cy /stkɠ/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma vkrb pdrcsks amr arkk tonk to nk ml ymur QMGCB[ICR_ 5C.
Zrcvkiiole Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
bmmf togfkts pcgf c suotgcsk ikcvk tdk dmusk gcrryy c suotgcsk gcrr ekt c tcxo (c trcol trcol,, c bus) wcot amr c a ioedt crrovk (ct (ct c dmtki, dmtki, ol c goty) stcy ol c dmtki pdmlk dmnk buy prksklts rklt c gcr wkcr c gmct
> rkskrvcr boiiktks (jk voc`k) / kltrcjcs (jk golk m tkctrm) > dcgkr ic nciktc > ncrgdcrsk / scio sciorr jk gcsc > iikvcr ulc nciktc > gmekr ul tcxo (ul trkl, ul cutmbðs cutmbðs)) > kspkrcr ul vukim > iikecr (ci (ci dmtki, dmtki, c ulc goujcj) > qukjcrsk / cim`crsk kl ul dmtki > iicnc iicncrr c gcsc > gmnprcr rkecims > ciquoic ciquoicrr ul gmgdk > iikvcr ul cbroem
Zkl guojcjm gu ojcjm gml wkcr y gcrry. Kstcs jms pcicbrcs soeloaogcl iikvcr kl kspcómi.
½Ik iikvm ic nciktc= > Gcl O gcrry gcrry ymur ymur suotgcsk=
Wukik iikvcr ul cbroem eros. > Wdk usuciiy wkcrs wkcrs c c erky gmct. XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ki rotnm jk kstcs ks tcs kxprksomlks vkrbciks. bmmf togfkts togfkts gcrry c gcrry c bce bce buy prksklts prksklts ekt c ekt c trcol trcol pdmlk dmnk pcgf c pcgf c suotgcsk suotgcsk wkcr c wkcr c gmct
wcot amr c aioedt wcot amr crrovk ct crrovk ct c dmtki stcy ol stcy ol c dmtki
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma vkrb pdrcsks amr trcvkiiole tr cvkiiole ml ymur QMGCB[ICR_ 5C.
75
Nmltds clj mrjolci lunbkrs Nmltds Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
@clucry Akbrucry Ncrgd Cproi Ncy @ulk @uiy Cueust Wkptknbkr Mgtmbkr Lmvknbkr Jkgknbkr
> klkrm > akbrk akbrkrm rm > ncrzm > cbroi > ncym > `ulom > `uiom > cemstm > skptoknbrk > mgtubrk > lmvoknbrk > jogoknbrk
Cguïrjctk jk uscr ncyðsguic gml ims nksks.
@clucry Akbrucry ktg. XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml kstms nksks. @clucry /˄jʒl`uɟro/ Lmv Lm vknbkr /lɟʀ˄vknbɟ/ @ulk /jʒu˘l/ Jkg Jk gknbkr /jɠ˄sknbɟ/ @uiy /jʒu˄icɠ/ Akbr Ak brucry ucry /˄akbruɟro/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma nmltds ml ymur ymur
Mrjolci lunbkrs Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
74
ao rst aorst skgmlj tdorj tdo rj amurtd aoatd soxtd skvkltd koedtd loltd tkltd kikvkltd kikvkl td twkiatd
> pronkr / pronkrm > skeuljm > tkrgkr / tkrgkrm > gucrtm > quoltm > skxtm > sïptonm > mgtcvm > lmv lmvklm klm > jïgonm > uljïgonm > jumjïgonm
tdortkkltd tdor tkkltd
> jkgonmtkrgkr / jkgonmtkrgkrm
Ncr crgd gd /nɓ˘tʇ/ Cproi Cp roi /˄kɠprɟi/ Ncy cy /nkɠ/ Cueust Cu eust /˄ɚ˘ɣɟst/
XRCGZOGCI KLEIOWD :.
amurtkkltd aoatkkltd aoa tkkltd soxtkkltd skvkltkkltd skvkltkk ltd koedtkkltd lolktkkltd twkltoktd twklty-aorst twklty-skgmlj twklty-tdorj tdortoktd tdor toktd tdorty-aorst tdor ty-aorst
> jkgonmguc jkgonmgucrtm rtm > jkgonmquo jkgonmquoltm ltm > jkgonmskxtm > jkgonmsïptonm > jkgonmgtcvm > jkgonmlmvklm > voeïsonm > voeïsonm pronkr / voeïsonm pronkrm > voeïsonm skeuljm > voeïsonm > troeïsonm > troeïsonm pronkr / troeïsonm pronkrm
Cguïrjctk jk uscr ims mrjolciks pcrc ics akgdcs kl oleiïs.
ki mgdm jk ncym > tdk koedtd koedtd ma ma Ncy.
ki gctmrgk jk cemstm
> tdk amurtkkltd amurtkkltd ma ma Cueust
ki trkolt trkoltcc jk lmvoknbrk
> tdk tdortoktd tdortoktd ma ma Lmvknbkr
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic i c prmlulgocgo÷l jk kstms lðnkrms mrjolciks. aorst aor st /aə˘st/ aoatd ao atd /aɠaδ/ koedtd koed td /kɠtδ/ skgmlj skgm lj /˄skfɟlj/ soxtd so xtd /sɠfsδ/ kikv kik vkltd /ɠ˄ikvɟlδ/ tdorj tdor j /δə˘j/ skvkltd skvk ltd /˄skvlδ/ twkiatd twki atd /twkiaδ/ amurtd amur td /aɚ˘δ/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma mrjolci lunbkrs ml ymur ymurr
XRCGZOGCI KLEIOWD :.
Dmtkis Kleiosd‗Wpclosd trclsictoml.
Ol c dmtki rmmn c bkj c poiimw c tcbik c bkjsojk tcbik c icnp c ioedt
icnp
> ulc gcnc > ulc cinmdcjc > ulc nksc > ulc nksotc jk lmgdk > ulc iãnpcrc > ulc iuz
ioedt
7?
c rknmtk gmltrmi tdk a immr gupbmcrj tdk bctdrmmn c bctd c sdmwkr c tmwk tmwkii
> ul ncljm c jostclg jostclgoc oc / ul gmltrmi rknmt rknmtmm > ki sukim > crncr crncrom om > ki bcóm > ulc bcókrc > ulc jugdc > ulc tmciic
Ol c dmtki c swon swonnole nole pmmi c spc tmoikts c rkstcurclt c bcr eyn c ioat c eoat sdmp rkgkptoml c ecrjkl c gcr pcrf
> ulc posgolc > ul spc > skrvogoms > ul rkstcurcltk > ul bcr > eonlcsom > ul csgklsmr > ulc tokljc jk rkecims > rkgkpgo÷l > ul `crjîl > ul pcrfole
XRML[LGOCZOML Zkl guojcjm gml ic prmlulgocgo÷l jk kstcs kst cs pcicbrcs rkicgomlcjcs gml ul dmtki. eyn ey n /jʒɠn/ spc sp c /spɓ˘/ bcr cr /bɓ˘/ bctd bc td /bɓ˘δ/ swonnole sw onnole pmmi /˄swɠnɠņ pu˘i/ gcr cr p pcr crff /˄fɓ˘ pɓ˘f/ bkj bk j /bkj/ ecr crjkl jkl /˄ɣɓ˘jl/ gupb gu mcrj pbmcr j /˄fʉbɟj/ rknmtk /rɠˉnɟʀt/ rknm gmltrm gmltr mi /fɟl˄trɟʀi/ poiim poii mw /˄pɠiɟʀ/
sdmwkr /˄ʇcʀɟ/ sdm tmwki /˄tcʀɟi/
Gdkgf tdk prmlulgoctoml ma dmtki wmrjs ml ymur ymur
:8
QMGCB[ICR_ 38C.
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