PM Canvas

 

 

KIRPKPQPJ EA@A_DM @A A@QBDÆÂJ, BKÇIBKD A PABIJMJFKD @J PJBDIPKIR BDH^QR ^DMHDR BQ_RJ @A AIFAILD_KD BKUKM

EA_IDI@D JMKUAK_D @A RJQWD OJ_OD ^A@_J LAI_KTQA @A DMHAK@D BJAMLJ PLDM[PD HKMMD DRAUA DRAUA@J @J BDMDÆJ

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EA_IDI@D JMKUAK_D @A RJQWD OJ_OD ^A@_J LAI_KTQA @A DMHAK@D BJAMLJ PLDM[PD HKMMD DRAUA DRAUA@J @J BDMDÆJ

 DPKUK@D@A  DPKUK@D @A IÂJ ^_ARAIBKDM _AEA_AIPA D D DQMD QMD @A 4?/>?/?>?>  ‒ ^H BDIUDR

Prdodmlj dprasaitd`j î `ksbkpmkid `a Fastâj `d Tudmk`d`a a ^rj`utkvk`d`a `j Bursj Ruparkjr `a Aifaildrkd Bkvkm `j Kistktutj Ea`ardm `j Pjbditkis ‒  Bdhpus  ^dmhds, bjhj raquksktj pdrbkdm pdrd jotaiæâj `d dprjvdæâj. ^rje.7 @r. Ukrmay Mahjs `a Rjuzd

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KIP_J@QÆÂJ ..................................................................................................... 4   

 

4.4 J ^_JGABP HJ@AM BDIUDR ............................................................................ ? ?  AMAHAIPJR @DR HAPJ@JMJFKD .................................................................. 2  D. 

BDIUDR  ............................................................................................................. 2 

O. 

^A_FQIPDR EQI@DHAIPDKR ................................................................................ 2 

B. 

^JRPR  ............................................................................................................... 2 

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^A_FQIPDR EQI@DHAIPDKR ........................... ............ .......................... ........................... .......................... ........................ ............ 2 

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J ^ktbl ................................................................................................... 0 

^J_ TQÇ: ...................................................................................................... 0 

HAPJ@JMJFKD .................................................................................................. 0 

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GQRPKEKBDPKUD ................................................................................................. 0 

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JOGAPKUJ RHD_P ............................................................................................ 0 

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OAIAEÈBKJR .................................................................................................... 1 

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J quç: ................................................................................................... 1 

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^_J@QPJ ....................................................................................................... 1 

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_ATQKRKPJR .................................................................................................... 1 

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Tuah: ................................................................................................... 5 

RPDCALJM@A_R  .............................................................................................. 5 

2.6  ATQK^A ........................................................................................................... 5  2.6.4  Bjhj: ................................................................................................... 5  2.  _ARP_KÆÑAR ................................................................................................... 6  2.4>.4  Tudi`j a quditj: ................................................................................. 6  2.44  _KRBJR........................................................................................................... 6  2.4?  MKILD @J PAH^J ............................................................................................. ?  2.42  BQRPJR .......................................................................................................... ?  0   D @KIÏHKBD @KIÏ HKBD ............ ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... .............. ? 

 

 

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BJHJ KH^MAHAIPD_ KH^MAHAIPD_ D HAPJ@ HAPJ@JMJFKD JMJFKD .......... ..................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...........; 

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^D@_JIKWD_ ^_JBARRJR ................................................................................ ; 

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DMKILD_ EMQ\JR @A P_DODMLJ ........................................................................ ; 

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Rkhpmkekbdæâj `d prkjrkzdæâj a samaæâj `a prjgatjs ................ ........................... ............. .. 4> 

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@asbravar js pdpaks a raspjisdokmk`d`as ................... .............................. ...................... ............. .. 4>  Brkdr uhd bjhuikbdæâ bjhuikbdæâj j aekbkaita ............. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...........44 

BJIBMQRÂJ .................................................................................................... 4? 

_AEA_ÇIBKDR ......................................................................................................... 42 

 

 

4

KIP_J@QÆÂJ

J vjmuha `a prjgatjs iâj pdrd `a brasbar ids jrfdikzdæñas. Rdoahjs qua j rkthj `ds hu`diæds astä bd`d vaz hdks kitaisj, j qua tjrid j dhokaita `a iafòbkjs dki`d hdks bjhpmaxj. ^rjgatjs hdkjras aivjmvah uh i÷harj hdks dhpmj `a kitarassd`js, khpdbtdh hdks ärads `a iafòbkjs a brkdh hdkjr vkskokmk`d`a id sjbka`d`a ‒ tu`j kssj astä tjridi`j d vk`d `j faraita `a prjgatjs hdks `keèbkm. @kdita `a tj`js js `asdekjs qua pj`ahjs mkstdr, sa tkvëssahjs `a prkjrkzdr a amafar j `a hdkjr `kekbum`d`a, sah sjhord `a `÷vk`d, d bjhuikbdæâj a j faraibkdhaitj `ds pdrtas kitarassd`ds astdrkdh ij tjpj. Bjhj sjmuæâj pdrd js `jks prjomahds dpjitd`js  ‒  duhaitj `d bjhpmaxk`d`a a faraibkdhaitj `ds pdrtas kitarassd`ds  ‒  axksta j ^rjgabt Hj`am Bdivds. Asbrktj pamj prje. Gjsë Ekijbblkj, j ^rjgabt Hj`am Bdivds ë uhd hatj`jmjfkd rjoustd `a faraibkdhaitj `a prjgatjs. Dpasdr `a rjoustd, amd ë odstdita skhpmas, sah d iabassk`d`a `j praaiblkhaitj `a ki÷harjs `jbuhaitjs iah ourjbrdbkd. J ^rjgabt Hj`am Bdivds ë sah `÷vk`d d hdkjr ravjmuæâj ij hui`j `d fastâj `a prjgatjs `js ÷mtkhjs tahpjs. Ama ë k`adm pdrd dhokaitas qua quarah dprkhjrdr sud bdpdbk`d`a `a pmdiagdhaitj, hds qua sa bdrdbtarkzdh pjr kijvdæâj, dmtd `kiïhkbd `js iafòbkjs a skhumtdiak`d`a `a prjgatjs (tjbd`js ah pdrdmamj), djs qudks sjmuæñas rèfk`ds a aifassd`ds iâj sa dpmkbdh. D ^rjgabt Oukm`ar, ah pdrbarkd bjh j Gjsë Ekijbblkj, `asaivjmvau j dpmkbdtkvj ^H Bdivds D^^. Bjh ama j usuärkj pj`arä jrfdikzdr sau Bdivds bjhj sa ejssa uh VldtsDpp (dpmkbdtkvj `a trjbd `a haisdfais aitra shdrtpljias), `a hj`j pdrtkbkpdtkvj. Js usuärkjs pj`arâj bjhpdrtkmldr saus drfuhaitjs a, guitjs, asbjmlar qudks aitrdh ju iâj ij Bdivds. J ^rjgabt Hj`am Bdivds sa bjibaitrd ij assaibkdm, id dmhd `j prjgatj, a parhkta qua js stdcaljm`ars pdrtkbkpah `d bjibapæâj `j pmdij. Iassa trdodmlj, parbjrrarahjs ds 42 atdpds `d bjistruæâj `j ^H Bdivds, hjstrdi`j bjhj bjibaoar uh prjgatj, utkmkzdi`j j Bdivds, a `a qua ejrhd sa pj`a kitafrdr bjh tj`js js prjbassjs `a pmdiagdhaitj a axabuæâj `j prjgatj, utkmkzdi`j j ^rjgabt Oukm`ar, a dki`d bjhj rauik-mj bjh uhd fastâj `a pjrteòmkj.

4

 

 

4.4 J ^rjg ^rjgabt abt Hj`am Bdivds

Qtkmkzdi`j bjilabkhaitjs `d iaurjbkçibkd, dmkd`js î axparkçibkd `j dutjr, d hatj`jmjfkd prjpña uhd hdiakrd hdks dhkfävam `a bjibaoar uh pmdij `a prjgatjs, qua trdz rdpk`dhaita î tjid j hj`amj haitdm qua tahjs `ama. Raus bjhpjiaitas astâj dfrupd`js ah parfuitds eui`dhaitdks (^jr quç, J quç, Tuah, Bjhj, Tudi`j a Tuditj), astdoamabai`j uh prjtjbjmj `a kitafrdæâj qua mavd ah bjitd d tajrkd `a faraibkdhaitj `a prjgatjs. D hatj`jmjfkd `a pmdiagdhaitj `a prjgatj ë kispkrd`d ah bjibaktjs `a iaurjbkçibkd, @askif Plkickif a id axparkçibkd `j prjeassjr Gjsa Ekijbblkj ah bjisumtjrkd a vkvçibkds dj hkikstrdr dumds `a faraibkdhaitj `a prjgatjs. Amd dgu`d d `asaildr j hj`amj haitdm qua tahjs `j pmdij a parhkta vksudmkzdr suds mkfdæñas a `apai`çibkds ah uhd ÷ikbd päfkid. ^drd bjmjbdr d hatj`jmjfkd ah prätkbd ë pjssèvam brkdr sau Bdivds utkmkzdi`j dpaids uhd ejmld ah ejrhdtj frdi`a (D4) a dmfuis omjqukiljs `a pjst-kt. D k`akd `d `kiïhkbd ë qua j faraita `a prjgatjs bjjr`aia uh ordkistjrhkif bjh js hahorjs `a sud aqukpa a bjh j bmkaita pdrd qua tj`js bjistrudh j pmdij  guitjs, tai`j, dj hashj tahpj, uhd vksâj bjiguitd sjora saus jogatkvjs, edsas, bustjs a oaiaeèbkjs. Id hatj`jmjfkd, js pdrtkbkpditas praaiblah uh BDIUDR bjmjbdi`j pjst ijs 42 qud`rjs qua `aekiah, rasuhk`dhaita7 ^jr qua, J quç, Tuah, Bjhj, Tudi`j a Tuditj. Astds sâj ds parfuitds bartds pdrd astruturdr j sau pmdiagdhaitj.

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? d.

AMAHAIPJ AMAHAIPJR R @DR HAPJ HAPJ@JMJFKD @JMJFKD Bdivds

Ë d raprasaitdæâj vksudm `j pmdij `a prjgatj. Iassa aspdæj, j faraita `a prjgatj a sud aqukpa edzah j prjtòtkpj `j hj`amj haitdm `j prjgatj. Ë huktj khpjrtdita qua j Bdivds sagd praaiblk`j bjh pjst-kt pdrd qua pjssd sar hj`kekbd`j quditds vazas ejr iabassärkj. o.

^a ^arfui rfui tds eui` eui`dhaitdks dhaitdks

Râj parfuitds qua dgu`dh id bjistruæâj `j Bdivds . Assds kiejrhdæñas astâj `kvk`k`ds ah 1 parfuitds7 ^jr quç: J quç: Tuah: Bjhj: Tudi`j a Tuditj: b.

^jsts

Râj `asbrkæñas burtds asbrktds ah pjst a qua krâj praaiblar bd`d bjhpjiaita bjh ds kiejrhdæñas `j prjgatj. ?. ?.4 4 ^arfui ^arfui tds eui` eui`dhaitdks dhaitdks

Ds parfuitds eui`dhaitdks sâj ds qua `aekiah sau prjgatj. Amds edbkmktdh d bjhpraaisâj pjr safukr uhd jr`ah qua duxkmkd id jrfdikzdæâj `a sud bjibapæâj. Ah tj`j prjgatj tahjs sahpra assa hashj `kmahd. Ds `uds prkhakrds parfuitds `j bmkaita ju `j pdtrjbkid`jr sâj7 ”Tudi`j:‘ a ”Tuditj:‘. Iassa pjitj utkmkzdr d

hatj`jmjfkd `j ^H Bdivds pj`a dgu`dr huktj d iâj raspji`ar assd parfuitd, pamj haijs iâj `a kha`kdtj. Ij Bdivds amds sâj prjpjsktd`dhaita `akxd`ds pjr ÷mtkhj, pjks sò pj`ah sar raspji`k`ds bjrratdhaita dpòs tar blafd`j d jutrds `aekikæñas. Î ha`k`d qua vjbç raspji`a bd`d uhd `ds parfuitd ekbd hdks eäbkm raspji`ar î safukita. ^jr axahpmj7 pdrd sdoar qudks dtkvk`d`as edzah pdrta `j sau prjgatj, ë khpjrtdita aitai`ar qudm (ju qudks) prj`utj (s) vjbç astä `asaivjmvai`j. ^jr sud vaz, pdrd sdoar d khpjrtïibkd `js prj`utjs, ë eui`dhaitdm tar d bjisbkçibkd `js oaiaeèbkjs qua j sau prjgatj fard. 2

 

 

?.4.4 ?.4 .4 J ^ktb ^ktbl l

D hdiakrd hdks skhpmas `a `asbravar j sau prjgatj ë usdr j hèikhj `a pdmdvrds pjssèvam. J ^ktbl ë d prkhakrd pdrta d sar praaiblk`d `j sau ^H Bdivds. Iama, vjbç `avarä rasuhkr sau prjgatj ah dpaids uhd erdsa, pjr axahpmj7 ax ahpmj7 asbrktòrkj `a prjgatjs rj`di`j! ?.? ^jr quç:

Iassa pjitj vjbç `avarä raspji`ar j pjrquç `d radmkzdæâj `assa prjgatj. Ra iâj bjisafukr aibjitrdr d raspjstd, tj`j j sau pmdiagdhaitj par`arä j saitk`j. ^drd eui`dhaitdr d `aeasd `j sau prjgatj ë khpjrtdita didmksdr d sktudæâj dtudm `d ahprasd, k`aitkekbdi`j qudks sâj ds prkibkpdks `jras, qua prjomahds astâj aieraitdi`j bjh assds `jras a qudks iabassk`d`as ë prabksj dtai`ar. Bjh j `avar `a bdsd raspji`k`j, vdhjs djs pjst-kts. 2

HAPJ@JMJFKD

2.4 Gustkekbdtkvd

Bjmjqua j prjomahds qua d jrfdikzdæâj dtudmhaita aieraitd a qudks iabassk`d`as iâj sâj dtai`k`ds ij hjhaitj. Axahpmj7 prjgatjs ejrd `j pd`râj, kisdtksedæâj `j pdtrjbkid`jr, faraitas `a prjgatjs fdstdh d hdkjr pdrta `j tahpj dpdfdi`j kibçi`kj, par`d `a edturdhaitj, par`d `a bmkaita. 2. 2.? ? Jogatkvj Rhdrt

Bjmjqua iassa pjst-kt j jogatkvj `j prjgatj `a hdiakrd qua ekqua ”shdrt‘. Kssj skfikekbd7 d.

Rpabkekb (aspabèekbjs)3

o.

Hadsurdoma (haisurävaks)3 0

 

 

b.

Dttdkidoma (dtkifèvaks)3

`.

_admkstkb (radmkstds)3 a

a.

Pkha Ojui` (tahpjrkzävaks). Axahpmj7 khpmditdr j asbrktòrkj bjrpjrdtkvj `a prjgatjs id ahprasd Dbha,

raspjisävam pjr pd`rjikzdr d fastâj `a prjgatjs, bdpdbktdr js faraitas `a prjgatjs id sud hatj`jmjfkd, `dr supjrta djs prjgatjs astrdtëfkbjs `d ahprasd dtë ?1 `a gdiakrj `a ?>40, fdstdi`j dtë _$ hkm. 2.2 Oaiaeèbkjs

@ava `asbravar j qua d ahprasd bjiqukstdrä dpòs d khpmditdæâj `j prjgatj. Axahpmj7 duhaitj `a edturdhaitj, dhpmkdæâj `d sdtksedæâj `j bmkaita, ra`uæâj `a bustjs, hamljr qudmk`d`a `a vk`d pdrd j faraita fara ita `a prjgatj. 2.2.4 J qu quç: ç:

Tudks iabassk`d`as sarâj dtai`k`ds: Iassd atdpd sarâj mkstd`js qua prj`utjs, sarvkæjs ju rasumtd`js sarâj aitrafuas dj ekidm `j prjgatj. 2.0 ^rj`utj

J prj`utj ë j rasumtd`j ekidm `j prjgatj. Qh prjgatj pj`a tdhoëh fardr uh sarvkæj ju uh rasumtd`j ÷ikbj. Axahpmj7 asbrktòrkj khpmditd`j a jpardi`j id ahprasd Dbha. 2.1 _aquksktjs

@aekiah d qudmk`d`a qua j prj`utj (sarvkæj/rasumtd`j) prabksd dprasaitdr pdrd tar vdmjr pdrd j bmkaita. Axahpmj7 `ava tar emuxjfrdhd `d fastâj `a prjgatjs, `ava tar d hatj`jmjfkd pd`râj `a fastâj `a prjgatjs, `ava sar dpmkbd`j j trakidhaitj pd`râj 1

 

 

`d hatj`jmjfkd `a fastâj `a prjgatjs, `ava sar khpmditd`j j sjetwdra ^rjgabt Oukm`ar, `ava tar uhd eastd `a aibarrdhaitj ij ekidm `j prjgatj. 2.1.4 Tuah:

@aekia quah pdrtkbkpd `j prjgatj. Kibmuk js stdcaljm`ars, js hahorjs `d aqukpa a j faraita `assa prjgatj. 2.5 Rtdcaljm`ars

^j`ah sar stdcaljm`ars axtarijs ju edtjras axtarijs. Rtdcaljm`ars axtarijs ‒ sâj js aivjmvk`js qua iâj astâj suojr`kid`js dj faraita `a prjgatj. d. Edtjras axtarijs  ‒ qua pj`ah deatdr j prjgatj a `avah sar mkstd`js. Axahpmj7 bjisumtjrkd ah fastâj `a prjgatjs, ejriaba`jr `j ^rjgabt Oukm`ar, `kratjrkds `d Dbha, faraitas euibkjidks `d Dbha. 2.6 Aqukpa

Pj`js js pdrtkbkpditas qua sâj raspjisävaks pjr prj`uzkr ds aitrafds `j prjgatj. Axahpmj7 faraita `j prjgatj, didmkstd `j ^HJ, bjisumtjr `a prjgatj, didmkstd `a prjbassjs, kistrutjr. 2.6.4 Bjhj:

Iassd atdpd raspji`ahjs bjhj j trdodmlj sarä aitrafua ij prjgatj. ^drd qua j prjgatj jbjrrd idturdmhaita, ë khpjrtdita `aekikr qudks sâj ds aitrafds a quah sâj js raspjisävaks, suds prahkssds a rastrkæñas. 2.< ^rahkssds

Râj supjskæñas `d`ds bjhj bartds sjora j dhokaita a js edtjras axtarijs dj prjgatj, qua iâj astâj sjo bjitrjma `j faraita `a prjgatj. 5

 

 

Axahpmj7 ;>% `js faraitas `a prjgatjs vâj d`arkr dj prjgatj, j ^rjgabt Oukm`ar sarä khpmditd`j dtë ?0 `a `azahorj `a ?>42. 2. 2.; ; Frupjs `a aitrafds

Râj js bjhpjiaitas bjibratjs, haisurävaks a tdifèvaks qua sarâj fard`js pamj prjgatj. Axahpmj7 o. Astrdtëfkd `a khpmditdæâj

a. Dpmkbdæâj `j Prakidhaitj

b. Dprasaitdæâj `j ^rjbassj

e.

`. ^rjbassj `a F^

f. Eastd `a Aibarrdhait Aibarrdhaitjj

Khpmditdæâj `j ^O

2.4> _astrkæñas

Iassa qud`rj, sarâj `asbrktds ds mkhktdæñas `j prjgatj, `a qudmquar idturazd a jrkfah, qua khpdbtdh ij `asaivjmvkhaitj `j trdodmlj `d aqukpa. Axahpmj7 js faraitas euibkjidks iâj pj`ah sa dusaitdr pjr hdks `a < ljrds `a suds euiæñas, iâj pj`arä sar fdstj hdks `a ?>% `j jrædhaitj bjh sarvkæjs axtarijs, d aqukpa `a PK kitarid iâj `drä supjrta î ijvd dpmkbdæâj. 2.4>.4 2.4 >.4 Tudi`j a qudit quditj: j:

Ah safuk`d, `aekikhjs qudi`j j prjgatj sarä bjibmuè`j a quditj bustdrä pdrd d jrfdikzdæâj. Hashj sdoai`j `a tj`d kibartazd `j pmdiagdhaitj, j faraita `a prjgatjs `avarä `dr uhd astkhdtkvd `a bustj a `a prdzj pdrd aitrafdr js trdodmljs `j prjgatj. 2.44 _ksbjs

_ksbjs sâj avaitjs euturjs a kibartjs qua tçh ramavïibkd pdrd j prjgatj. Iassd atdpd k`aitkekbdhjs a didmksdhjs js rksbjs `j prjgatj a, pdrd js hdks ramavditas, `avahjs ousbdr a khpmditdr ds raspjstds. 6

 

 

Axahpmj7 farçibkd euibkjidm iâj d`ara dj hëtj`j `a F^, odkxd qudmk`d`a `j trakidhaitj radmkzd`j kitaridhaita, dtrdsj id khpmditdæâj `j sjetwdra. 2. 2.4? 4? M kild `j tahpj

Iassa hjhaitj, `aekikhjs qudi`j vâj jbjrrar ds aitrafds `j frupj `a aitrafds. D hatj`jmjfkd ^H Bdivds sufara qua j prdzj `j prjgatj sagd `kvk`k`j ah 0 parèj`js `aekik`js pamd aqukpa `j prjgatj. 2.42 Bustjs

Tuditj sarä fdstj pdrd bjibmukr assa prjgatj: Ë khpjrtdita `kstrkoukr js bustjs pamjs frupjs `a aitrafds prë-`aekik`js. Axahpmj7

0

d. _$ >

`. _$ 4,? hkm

o. _$ ? hkm

a. _$41 hkm

b. _$ 1 hkm

e. _$ 0 hkm

D @KIÏHKBD

D `kiïhkbd `a bjistruæâj `j BDIUDR iâj tah pdpëks prë-`aekik`js, dpaids `uds rafrds oäskbds7 d. @ava ssar ar eaktj ah aq aqukpas3 ukpas3 a o. Qhd `ds pass passjds jds `ava ttar ar bjilabkhait bjilabkhaitjs js oäskbjs ``aa fastâj `a prjgatjs. D aqukpa k`adm pdrd bjistrukr uh BDIUDR7 d. Qh faraita `a prjgatjs bjh bbjilabkhaitjs jilabkhaitjs id ärad `j prjg prjgatj3 atj3 o. Qh as aspabkdmkstd pabkdmkstd `a iafòbkj3 a b. Qh aspabkdmkstd ij prjbassj `a fastâj `a prjgatjs `d jrfdikzdæâj qua trdodmldrä brktkbdi`j j Bdivds bjistruè`j `a hdiakrd pjsktkvd.

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1

BJHJ KH^MAHAIPD_ KH^MAHAIPD_ D HAPJ@ HAPJ@JMJFKD JMJFKD

D frdi`a hdkjrkd `ds ahprasds sa bjibaitrdh ij pmdiagdhaitj `j subassj `d kikbkdtkvd, `di`j uhd dtaiæâj hdkjr dj bjitrjma `a saus jrædhaitjs, aitrafds, axpabtdtkvds `d dmtd fastâj a ah blafdr dj ”fj -mkva‘ ij prdzj. Ij aitditj,

dpasdr `a `a`kbdrah saus hamljras asejræjs dj faraibkdhaitj `a prjgatjs, ds tdxds `a erdbdssj parhdiabah amavd`ds. Khpmditdæñas `a hatj`jmjfkd `a fastâj `a prjgatjs, ki`apai`aita `a qudm sagdh, edmldh pjr `kvarsds rdzñas. Kssj kibmuk d edmtd `a bjhprjhkssj `js axabutkvjs, axpabtdtkvds iâj radmkstds, `aekikæâj `a raquksktjs pjoras, samaæâj `a prjbassjs kidprjprkd`js, mdbuids aitra d rjtkid khpmditd`d a js raquksktjs `a iafòbkjs iabassärkjs, rabursjs kid`aqud`js ij sjetwdra `a fastâj `a prjgatjs d`jtd`j, jrædhaitjs qua iâj bjrraspji`ah î radmk`d`a, d hä fastâj `j prjgatj (suoastkhdi`j j khpdbtj `d hu`diæd), d edmtd `a ejrhdæâj a a`ubdæâj, a pjr ÷mtkhj, hds iâj haijs khpjrtdita ‒ d hä bjhuikbdæâj. ^drd d khpmditdæâj sar oah-suba`k`d a aitrafua ij prdzj, ij jrædhaitj a bjh d dbaktdæâj `j bmkaita, ë eui`dhaitdm brkdr uh Bdivds `a fdrditkd `a subassj. @a hdiakrd bjmdojrdtkvd bjhj pdrta `a uhd khpmahaitdæâj `a uhd hatj`jmjfkd ah frdi`a asbdmd. 1. 1.4 4 ^d`rji ^d`rji kzdr prjb assjs

^drta `d khpmditdæâj `a uhd hatj`jmjfkd `a fastâj `a prjgatjs astä id pd`rjikzdæâj `js prjbassjs, ousbdi`j skhpmkekbdr a jtkhkzdr d rjtkid. D prkhakrd bjksd qua prabksdhjs pd`rjikzdr ij dhokaita `a prjgatjs sâj ds ijhaibmdturds utkmkzd`ds id fastâj. 1. 1.? ? Dmkildr emuxjs `a trdodmlj trdodmlj

@ava-sa k`aitkekbdr, dmkildr a hjiktjrdr bjitkiudhaita emuxjs `a trdodmlj pdrd dssafurdr uhd pd`rjikzdæâj id hdiakrd bjhj js prjgatjs sarâj bji`uzk`js ah tj`d d jrfdikzdæâj. Aitai`ar `apai`çibkds aitra emuxjs `a trdodmlj `urdita j ;

 

 

`asaivjmvkhaitj `ds dtkvk`d`as `j prjgatj pdrd fdrditkr d dmjbdæâj `a rabursjs pròprkjs a buhprkhaitj `js prdzjs `js prjgatjs. @aekid dtkvk`d`as jorkfdtòrkds bjhj ckbc-jee, brkdæâj `j Bdivds `j prjgatj, hdrbjs `a dprjvdæâj `a aitrafds a rauikâj `a aibarrdhaitj. Qhd hdiakrd `a edbkmktdr j dmkildhaitj `a emuxj `a trdodmlj ë utkmkzdr hj`amjs `a prjgatj, ji`a pj`a-sa pd`rjikzdr js pdbjtas `a faraibkdhaitj, ju dtë hashj tj`j j prjgatj. Guitdhaita bjh j `asaivjmvkhaitj `j pmdij `a faraibkdhaitj `j prjgatj, j Faraita `a ^rjgatjs, j ^rj`ubt Jwiar a j Rbruh Hdstar pj`ah radmkzdr tdhoëh ds dtkvk`d`as bjitk`ds ijs safukitas prjbassjs7 1. 1.?. ?.4 4 Rkhpmkekb Rkhpmk ekbdæâj dæâj `d prk prkjrkzdæâj jrkzdæâj a samaæâj `a prjgatjs prj gatjs

Axkstah dmfuhds tëbikbds pdrd dvdmkdæâj ki`kvk`udm `a prjpjstds `a prjgatjs utkmkzd`ds ah `kearaitas hatj`jmjfkds, id mktardturd a dpmkbd`ds dj `kd d `kd `ds ahprasds, hds ds jrfdikzdæñas dki`d tçh `kekbum`d`as qudi`j ë iabassärkj dvdmkdr uh frdi`a bjiguitj `a prjgatjs ah bdrtakrd a `aekikr rdpk`dhaita d prkjrk`d`a `a bd`d uh `amas. Aspabkdmhaita id ärad `a Pabijmjfkd `d Kiejrhdæâj, ji`a d `ksputd pjr rabursjs ë hdkjr, huktjs prjgatjs sâj kikbkd`js sah uhd dvdmkdæâj prëvkd `a sud radm bjitrkoukæâj djs jogatkvjs astrdtëfkbjs `j iafòbkj. Qhd ejrhd ë d`jtdr uh hëtj`j skhpmas a aeatkvj id `aekikæâj `a uhd mkstd prkjrkzd`d `a prjgatjs d axabutdr a id utkmkzdæâj `a brktërkjs `a dvdmkdæâj a ki`kbd`jras qua dfrupdh pasjs a bjhpdrdtkvjs. 1. 1.?. ?.? ? @asbr @asbravar avar js pd pdpaks paks a raspjisdokmk` raspjis dokmk`d`as d`as

Qhd `ds hdks khpjrtditas `aekikæñ `aekikæñas as ij faraibkdhaitj `a uh prjgatj sâj ds dtrkoukæñas `a pdpëks a raspjisdokmk`d`as. ^drd qua d bjmdojrdæâj euibkjia pareaktdhaita

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raspjisdokmk`d`a, d ekh `a avktdr `÷vk`ds a bjiemktjs aitra js hahorjs `d aqukpa.

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1. 1.?. ?.2 2 Brkdr uhd bjhu bjhuikb ikbdæâ dæâj j aekbkaita

Par uhd bjhuikbdæâj aekbkaita skfikekbd prjhjvar d kitafrdæâj `js aivjmvk`js (stdcaljm`ars) `j prjgatj ah `kearaitas ièvaks, avktdi`j d prjpdfdæâj `a k`akds a bjibaktjs aqukvjbd`js d raspaktj `ds dtkvk`d`as a `js rasumtd`js `j prjgatj, oah bjhj ekrhdr d parkj`kbk`d`a ah qua uh `jbuhaitj sarä aivkd`j a rabaok`j. Ra j pmdij astkhumdr j aivjmvkhaitj a d pdrtkbkpdæâj `js kitarassd`js, sud aekbkçibkd sarä bd`d vaz hamljr. Iasta dspabtj uh sjetwdra `a fastâj `a prjgatjs pj`a edbkmktdr d `kstrkoukæâj a drqukvdhaitj `assds kiejrhdæñas. Qhd euiæâj kitarassdita qua j ^rjgabt Oukm`ar pjssuk ë d parhktkr d bjiekfurdæâj pdrd bd`d usuärkj a prjgatj, dsskh bjhj brkdr ijtkekbdæñas prjfrdhd`ds a dssjbkd`ds d prjgatjs a î dtkvk`d`a.

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Rkhpmkekbdr d bjibapæâj a tjridr j pmdiagdhaitj `a prjgatjs hdks emuk`j a bjmdojrdtkvj ë eui`dhaitdm pdrd dmbdiædr j subassj id fastâj `a prjgatjs. @aitra tj`ds ds jrfdikzdæñas qua sa `astdbdh id fastâj `a prjgatjs a qua dprasaitdh dmtd parejrhdiba pdssdrdh pamj prjbassj `a dhpmkdr assas dtrkoutjs ah sud fastâj `a prjgatjs. Kitafrdr j prjbassj `a ^H Bdivds dj faraibkdhaitj `a pjrteòmkj ë uh pdssj khpjrtdita pdrd tj`ds ds bjhpdilkds qua ousbdh sa `astdbdr a sa `kearaibkdr ah sau harbd`j. D hatj`jmjfkd iâj pjssuk iailuh prë-raquksktj pdrd sud khpmditdæâj a pj`a sar utkmkzd`d pjr qudmquar ahprasd. Qh pròxkhj pdssj khpjrtdita pdrd jrfdikzdæñas qua sa k`aitkekbdh bjh j Bdivds ë trdodmldr d sud d`jæâj tditj ij ièvam tätkbj quditj ij astrdtëfkbj `d ahprasd.

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_AEA_ÇIBKDR

EKKIJBBLKJ, Gjsë. Guikjr. ^rjgabt hj`am bdivds7 Faraibkdhaitj `a prjgatjs sah ourj brdbkd. brdbkd. 4. a`. _kj `a Gdiakrj7 Amsavkar, ?>42.

FDIDP_D, D. Dhd`urabai`j j faraibkdhaitj `a prjgatjs bjh d utkmkzdæâj `a uhd hatj`jmjfk hatj`jmjfkd d7 Okomkjtabd Ukrtudm ^HK, ?>>4.

UKDID, _. U. Faraibkdhaitj `a prjgatjs7 Astdoamabai`j `kearaibkdks bjhpatktkvjs. 6. a`. _kj `a Gdiakrj7 Ordspjrt, ?>>;.

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