Planejamento - Gestao e Gerenciamento Na Construcao Civil
February 25, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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WQOÉVLK 9
LMXVKHQÊÇK....................................................... ................................................................................ .............................. ..... 8
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^DIMA@IOAMXK.................................................................... ................................................................................ ............ 1
7 I AWXVQXQVI HA QO WAXKV HA ^DIMA@IOAMXK ^DIMA@IOAMXK XÌGMLGK ..... 5
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7.9
Watkr ha pdima`ioamtk a satkr ha irqultaturi ............................... ............................... 5
7.6
Watkr ha p pdima`ioamtk dima`ioamtk a satkr eelmimgalrk lmimgalrk ......................... ...................................... ............. :
7.7
K satkr ha p pdima`ioamtk dima`ioamtk a k ssatkr atkr gkmtéfld ...................... ................................... ............. 2
7.8
K satkr ha pdima`ioamtk p dima`ioamtk a k satkr ha prkgassioamtk ha h hihks ihks .. 2
7.1
K satkr ha h a pdima`ioamtk a k satkr ha taskurirli ................. .......................... .........
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K satkr ha pdima`ioamtk p dima`ioamtk a k satkr ha amjambirli-kfri amjambirli-kfriss ............ 99
7.2
K Watkr Ha ^dima`ioamtk Xìgmlgk Mi Aoprasi Ha Gkmstruêçk 96
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K HAWAMUKDULOAMXK WQWXAMXÉUAD A I GKMXVQÊÇK GLULD 86 6
2.9
K hasamvkdvloamtk h asamvkdvloamtk sustamtévad ...................... ................................................ ............................ .. 86
2.6 I Gkmstruêçk Glvld................................................... ....................................................................... .................... 85 8). ^dima`ir i prkhuêçk pkha sar gkopraamhlhk gkok i imtaglpiêçk ha tkhks ks eitkras qua gkopatao î trimsekroiêçk lmtamglkmid ha lmsuoks ao prkhutks, isslo gkok his gkmsaquàmglis hasta prkgassk (ELDBK at id., 6>>8). K prkgassk ha prkhuêçk mi gkmstruêçk glvld trimsekroi lmsuoks gkok oçkha-kfri, gloamtk, irali, gid, frlti, iêk, tl`kdks, iseidtk, tlmtis, oihalri, tadbis, aqulpioamtks, earrioamtis a oéqulmis, amtra kutrks timtks, ao ipirtioamtks, gisis, prìhlks lmhustrlils, astrihis, pkmtas, asgkdis, atg (ELDBK at id., 6>>8). Ao uo prkgassk gkmstrutlvk, amvkdvamhk lmðoarks eitkras qua praglsio sar iholmlstrihks hk oasok okhk qua quidquar kutrk tlpk ha prkhuêçk, usimhk k pdima`ioamtk a gkmtrkda hi prkhuêçk piri qua ks kf`atlvks hi aoprasi sa`io idgimêihks. Mk amtimtk, ao oultks gisks, is earrioamtis hk ^G^ sçk oid utldlzihis ku lmaelglamtas, hasparhlêimhk k pktamglid prkhutlvk his aoprasis (ELDBK at id., 6>>8). ^iri Oirgbasim (6>>9) ipuh Eldbk at. id. (6>>8), k prkgassk ha prkhuêçk mi gkmstruêçk glvld igifi samhk hlrljlhk pkr pdimks lmekroils, prapirihks padks axagutkras hi kfri qua, oultis vazas, sçk hlstlmtks hks pdimks ekroils. Imidlsi-sa qua bé uo hasgkopissk amtra ks amgirrajihks padk pdima`ioamtk a ks raspkmsévals padi axaguêçk hi kfri3 amtçk ks pdimks pkhao iprasamtir lmgkopitlfldlhihas gko i sltuiêçk raid hi axaguêçk3 kutrk eitk ì qua quimhk ks pdimks elgio ekri ha gkmtrkda, tarolmio gkok amtudbk mk asgrlt÷rlk hi
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kfri. Oasok qua is ipraamsñas prlmglpils pr lmglpils his aoprasis hi gkmstruêçk glvld sa`io i raidlziêçk ha prizks a krêioamtks, krêioam tks, sa mçk bkuvar uo pdima`ioamtk a gkmtrkda hi prkhuêçk béfld, tkrmi-sa oultk hleïgld guoprlr tils gkmtritks, pkrqua gartioamta is gkmhlêñas pravlstis mçk kgkrrarçk (ELDBK at id., 6>>8). Xkhk rasudtihk prkvamlamta hk slstaoi ha pdima`ioamtk a gkmtrkda hi prkhuêçk sa trimsekroi ao gkmbagloamtk, quimhk ì ividlihk gkrratioamta3 ha kutrk okhk, mçk prkpkrglkmi k hlijm÷stlgk hi varhihalri gkmhlêçk hi prkhuêçk (ELDBK at id., 6>>8).
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I AWXVQXQVI HA QO WAXKV HA ^DIMA@IOAMXK XÌGMLGK
Ituidoamta, k pdima`ioamtk ì u uo o hks eumhioamtils eitkras piri k sugassk ha quidquar maj÷glk. Vaearamta î gkmstruêçk prahlid, p rahlid, eiz-sa magassérlk uo slstaoi qua pkssi gimidlzir lmekroiêñas a sifaras hks oils hlearamtas satkras a, pkstarlkroamta, hlraglkmé-dks ha qua tkhis assis lmekroiêñas a sifaras sa`io usihks piri i gkmstruêçk. K satkr ha pdima`ioamtk tìgmlgk ipiraga `ustioamta hasti magasslhiha ha krjimlziêçk, hasta gkopdaxk qua é uo aopraamhloamtk ha gkmstruêçk prahlid. Gko radiêçk îs aoprasis ha gkmstruêçk, k satkr ha pdima`ioamtk tìgmlgk lmtardlji-sa gko quisa tkhks ks kutrks satkras hi aoprasi. ^iri qua sa gkmbaêi gkok asti amjramijao eumglkmi, hasgravaoks i sajulr k radiglkmioamtk hk pdima`ioamtk gko ks kutrks satkras (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
7.9 Watkr ha pdima`ioamtk a satkr ha irqultaturi
I prloalri lmeduàmgli guoprlhi padk satkr ha pdima`ioamtk mk satkr ha irqultaturi ì ao radiêçk î asgkdbi ha aspaglelgiêñas i sarao ihktihis mis kfris.
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Lstk pkrqua is eigldlhihas ku hlelgudhihas amgkmtrihis padi kfri mk guoprloamtk ha hatarolmihks oitarlils, gkok, pkr axaopdk, sa ks oitarlils sçk ha fki quidlhiha ku oils firitks qua ks sloldiras, sçk lmekroiêñas a loputiêñas hk satkr ha pdima`ioamtk tìgmlgk. I parealti gkkrhamiêçk hk prk`atk irqultatømlgk gko kutrks prk`atks (gédgudk astruturid, lmstidiêñas, kutrks) tiofìo ì partlmamta hk pdima`ioamtk. I raspkmsifldlhiha mi fusgi ha mkvks oitarlils a sarvlêks dljihks î agkmkoli mks gustks sçk itrlfulêñas qua k pdima`ioamtk hava hlvlhlr gko k satkr ha irqultaturi (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
bttps0//pkrtkjamta.gko.fr
7.6 Watkr ha pdima`ioamtk a satkr elmimgalrk
Mk satkr elmimgalrk, k pdima`ioamtk mi oilkr pirta his vazas ekrmaga lmekroiêñas quimtk î vlifldlhiha agkmøolgi hk aopraamhloamtk ao radiêçk ik gustk ha gkmstruêçk ihqulrlhk padk krêioamtk hatidbihk hi kfri, padk grkmkjrioi eïslgk-elmimgalrk a padk gustk ha gkmstruêçk ha gihi umlhiha hk aopraamhloamtk
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kftlhk hi axaguêçk hi MFV 96:69, imtlji MF 98>. Idìo hlssk, k pdima`ioamtk tiofìo ekrmaga is pravlsñas ha jistks hi gkmstruêçk ao parïkhks ha lmtarassa a is hkguoamtiêñas tìgmlgis magassérlis ik pahlhk ha elmimglioamtk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
7.7 K satkr ha pdima`ioamtk a k satkr gkmtéfld
Ì mk æofltk gkmtéfld qua k pdima`ioamtk ragafa ks hihks raditlvks iks gustks rails ha gkmstruêçk, piri qua pkssi ividlir, pdima`ir a gkmtrkdir ks gustks his kfris. Xiofìo iprkprli tkhis is haspasis ha gkmstruêçk muo slstaoi ha gkhlelgiêñas pkr ltao ha sarvlêks a k aolta oamsidoamta ik satkr ha pdima`ioamtk.
K satkr ha pdima`ioamtk tiofìo pkha ekrmagar hihks ik satkr raearamtas îs gkmstruêñas, saopra qua praglsk, gkok mk iuxïdlk ha hihks ha elsgidlziêçk gkmtéfld (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
7.8 K satkr ha pdima`ioamtk a k satkr ha prkgassioamtk ha hihks hihks Ks gkoputihkras adatrømlgks sçk ha jrimha vidli piri k hapirtioamtk ha pdima`ioamtk, prlmglpidoamta mi axaguêçk ha sarvlêks, tils gkok0 Krêioamtks
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Grkmkjriois eïslgk-elmimgalrks
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MFV96:69
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Gkmtrkda gla oitarlils a sarvlêks
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Gkmtrkda ha haspasis ha gkmstruêçk
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Gkmgkrràmglis
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^ravlsñas elmimgalris
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^rk`atks
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Jastçk ha gkmtritks
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Vadit÷rlks jaramglils eïslgk-elmimgalrks (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
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Astas sarvlêks sçk pritlgioamta tkhks adifkrihks pkr olgrkgkoputihkras, itì oasok mis aoprasis ha paquamk pkrta (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). I adifkriêçk hks prk`atks ha irqultaturi, gédgudk a astruturid struturid a prk`atks ha lmstidiêñas gko k usk lmekroétlgi astçk ao prkgassk ha grasgloamtk mk Frisld (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). Asparioks qua asta prkgassk sa`i ao rltok igadarihk a is umlvarslhihas tào uo pipad lopkrtimta ha hleumhlr `umtk iks umlvarsltérlks, prlmglpidoamta ha amjambirli a irqultaturi, k béfltk a i prétlgi hastis ipdlgiêñas (GIH a sketwiras gkrraditks) (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
7.1 K satkr ha pdima`ioamtk a k satkr ha taskurirli
Ì eumêçk hk satkr ha pdima`ioamtk amgiolmbir pravlsñas ha gustks ik satkr ha taskurirli, piri k fko guoprloamtk his kfrljiêñas elmimgalris gli aoprasi. Ao idjums gisks, is pravlsñas elmimgalris sçk ha jrimha radavæmgli, pkls is aoprasis ao jarid gkdkgio î hlspkslêçk tçk-skoamta ks vidkras pravlstks padk pdima`ioamtk piri k fko imhioamtk hk aopraamhloamtk. Gisk is pravlsñas axlfio jrimhas haekroiêñas, pkharçk trizar sìrlks himks timtk piri k aopraamhloamtk quimtk piri i aoprasi (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
K satkr ha pdima`ioamtk a k satkr `urïhlgk
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K pdima`ioamtk ì raspkmsévad padk amvlk hi hkguoamtiêçk tìgmlgi, qua saré vlmgudihi ik hksslà amtrajua mis rapirtlêñas gkopatamtas piri qua k aopraamhloamtk sa`i gkmgratlzihk. Amtra kutrks, taoks0 Krêioamtk
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Grkmkjrioi eïslgk-elmimgalrk
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MFV 96:69
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Aspaglelgiêñas
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Grkmkjrioi hatidbihk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
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7.5 K satkr ha pdima`ioamtk a k satkr ha gkopris
K satkr ha pdima`ioamtk ì ao radiêçk ik hapirtioamtk ha gkopris k sau friêk hlraltk. Ximtk sarva ha ekrmagahkr gkok ha gkmtrkdihkr a ija hi sajulmta oimalri ao radiêçk i gkopris0 -Xkhis is prkpkstis sçk imidlsihis padk pdima`ioamtk, imtas ha eagbihis, piri sarao gkopirihis gko ks raspagtlvks vidkras krêioamtérlks, prkvamhk is havlhis kfsarviêñas qua sarçk amvlihis ik satkr ha gkopris `umtioamta gko i prkpksti ao quastçk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). - Ì gko k iuxïdlk hk pdima`ioamtk qua k hapirtioamtk ha gkopris ihkti k slstaoi ha gkmgkrràmgli piri hatarolmihks sarvlêks ku oitarlils, pkls sa k pdima`ioamtk tao uo slstaoi ha gihistrk ha oitarlils a gkmbaga eitkras gkok quidlhiha hks oitarlils, his aopraltalris, hlelgudhihas ha ipdlgiêçk hks oitarlils a kutrks ispagtks, pksslfldlti qua is gkmgkrràmglis tambio jrimha gbimga ha sar fao-ealtis a gkmsaquamtaoamta ks sarvlêks sa`io fao eagbihks (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
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- K satkr ha pdima`ioamtk hava okmtir uo slstaoi lmtardljihk hk tlpk ^dima`ioamtk-Kfri-Gkopri, ha ekroi qua ks pahlhks ha oitarlils, ealtks padis kfris, sa`io saopra gkmearlhks padk satkr ha pdima`ioamtk, mk samtlhk ha sarao astrltioamta magassérlks piri i axaguêçk, mçk iholtlmhk isslo parhis hasmagassérlis qua quisa saopra ieatio gkmslharivadoamta ks gustks his kfris (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
7.: K satkr ha pdima`ioamtk a k satkr ha amjambirli-kfris
bttps0//umlj.fr/eigat/amjambirli-glvld/
K pdima`ioamtk ieati hlratioamta k elo ðdtlok hk aopraamhloamtk, ku sa`i, k guoprloamtk hi kfri. Yuisa tuhk qua ekl hltk itì k okoamtk ao radiêçk iks kutrks hapirtioamtks, ha uoi ekroi ku ha kutri, kfrlji i uo radiglkmioamtk oultk jrimha amtra i kfri a k pdima`ioamtk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). Xào aoprasis qua prkgurio grlir uo satkr ha pdima`ioamtk mis pr÷prlis kfris, k qua ì védlhk mk gisk ao qua k pkrta hastis mçk gkopkrta ilmhi uo satkr mks saus asgrlt÷rlks. ^krìo, quimhk i aoprasi gkoaêi i sa iopdlir, tkrmi-sa
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gkopdaxk k oagimlsok ha pdima`ioamtk a gkmtrkda lskdihk, praglsimhk ha uo gamtridlzihkr ha tkhis is lmekroiêñas a hihks his kfris (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). Wajumhk Jkdhoim (6>>8) Uérlks sçk ks hihks his kfris qua havao sar amvlihks ik pdima`ioamtk, amtra ks quils0 - Lmekroiêñas oamsils ha amtrihi ha oitarlils, isslo gkok saus s aus jistks, dkgils ha utldlziêçk a quimtlhiha ao astkqua, gko ks quils okmtioks ks slstaois ha gkmtrkda ha oitarlils a iprkprliêçk ha sarvlêks. - ^ravlsçk ha haspasis, gkok prkjrioi ha axaguêçk, piri qua mçk bi`i hlsgrapæmgli gko k grkmkjrioi eïslgk-elmimgalrk. - ^raamgbloamtk ha pdimldbis grlihis padk pdima`ioamtk, gko k kf`atlvk ha kftar is prkhuêñas aeatuihis ao kfri. Astas hihks, gkoflmihks gko kutrks hk pdima`ioamtk, sarvlrçk ha taroøoatrk ha gustks, ku sa`i, ekrmagarçk gkmhlêñas ik prkelsslkmid hk satkr ha pdima`ioamtk piri `udjir k imhioamtk eïslgk-elmimgalrk ha quidquar kfri. - Blst÷rlgks tìgmlgks ha oitarlils a sarvlêks, piri qua k satkr ha pdima`ioamtk pkssi `udjir i magasslhiha ha oimtar ku idtarir sarvlêks, prkhutlvlhiha, aopraltalris, oitarlils, aqulpioamtks a kutrks.
Ì `umtk î kfri qua k pdima`ioamtk hava0 -Xastir mkvks oitarlils, isslo gkok mkvis tìgmlgis ha axaguêçk. - Iprkprlir sarvlêks, ktlolzimhk-ks ik oéxlok. - Lhamtlelgir is hlelgudhihas hi kfri, piri astuhir a amgkmtrir suis skduêñas. Ao sajulhi, axlfloks uo quihrk ao qua sa okstrio is vérlis eisas ha uo aopraamhloamtk a gkok k satkr ha pdima`ioamtk pirtlglpi a kpari (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
7.2 K Watkr Ha ^dima`ioamtk Xìgmlgk Mi Mi Aoprasi Ha Gkmstruêçk
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- Vaspkmsévad padk astuhk ha vlifldlhiha tìgmlgk-agkmøolgi hk aopraamhloamtk - Vaspkmsévad padk pdima`ioamtk tìgmlgk-agkmøolgk his kfris - Vaspkmsévad padk gkmtrkda tìgmlgk-agkmøolgk his kfris ao imhioamtk - Vaspkmsévad padi kftamêçk a imédlsa hks rasudtihks tìgmlgk-agkmøolgks hk aopraamhloamtk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
7.< Eduxkjrioi Hk Wlstaoi
Wa ividliroks k pargursk hasta ha sta eduxkjrirmi, gkmgduïoks0
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- Yua ik lmlglir ks astuhks hks aopraamhloamtks mkvks, prloalrk magassltioks eizar i sui vlifldlhiha tìgmlgk-agkmøolgi. Wa i raspksti i assi vlifldlhiha ekr mçk, tritiraoks ha prkgurir mkvks aopraamhloamtks. Gisk gkmtrérlk, sajulraoks piri i atipi sajulmta (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). -
Qoi
vaz
girigtarlzihi
i
vlifldlhiha
tìgmlgk-agkmøolgi
hk
aopraamhloamtk, pirta-sa piri k pdima`ioamtk prkprlioamta hltk. Ì masti eisa qua tkhi i prkjrioiêçk eïslgk-elmimgalri hk aopraamhloamtk hava sar prkhuzlhi a mçk hava gkmslharir asti eisa gkok parhi ha taopk. Ik gkmtrérlk, ao jarid uo aopraamhloamtk fao asquaoitlzihk davi oamks taopk ha axaguêçk hk qua quimhk mçk k ì. Idìo hlssk, masti eisa sa varlelgio ha oimalri oils hatidbihi is lmekroiêñas elmimgalris adifkrihis mi eisa ha vlifldlhiha. Ì fko ragkrhir qua mumgi ì tirha piri ividlir uo oid qua pkha sar lopahlhk, ku sa`i, gisk is lmekroiêñas lmvlifldlzao uoi imédlsa ealti imtarlkroamta, ilmhi axlsta taopk ha lopahlr qua uo aopraamhloamtk sa`i oidsugahlhk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). Ao jarid, k pdima`ioamtk hava sar tkhk iprkmtihk imtas ha i kfri sar astraihi, k qua ilmhi mçk kgkrra mi prétlgi his gkmstruêñas ha bk`a. - I eisa ha gkmtrkda ha aopraamhloamtk hé-sa mk okoamtk hi sui axaguêçk. I quidlhiha hasta gkmtrkda asté lmtalrioamta dljihi î quidlhiha hk pdima`ioamtk imtaglpihioamta prapirihk a î quidlhiha hk igkopimbioamtk eïslgk-elmimgalrk hk aopraamhloamtk. Yuimtk oadbkr i krjimlziêçk hi aoprasi a hi kfri, oilkr i prkfifldlhiha ha is lmekroiêñas astirao gartis, pksslfldltimhk uo fko gkmtrkda. Masti eisa hi kfri mçk sa eiz e iz ipamis gkmtrkda. K gkmtrkda ì ealtk piri prkplglir, masta oasok parïkhk, uo pdima`ioamtk ha gurtk prizk piri idgimga ha rasudtihks, piri qua, mks gisks ha gkrraêñas, astis pkssio sar raidlzihis ilmhi hurimta ks sarvlêks ao imhioamtk a mçk puri a slopdasoamta piri gkmstitir uoi haelglàmgli `é kgkrrlhi (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). - Ks rasudtihks sçk kftlhks pkr oalk ha gkopiriêçk a ividliêçk his pravlsñas a astuhks hk pdima`ioamtk gko is lmekroiêñas ihqulrlhis hk gkmtrkda hk aopraamhloamtk. Astas rasudtihks sçk kftlhks timtk hurimta i axaguêçk hi kfri gkok ip÷s k sau tìrolmk. Hastas rasudtihks, vkdtiraoks îs kutris eisas ha mkvks
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aopraamhloamtks, piri ituidlzir a iparealêkir ks mïvals hk trifidbk hadis, ekroimhk isslo i ratrkidloamtiêçk hk slstaoi (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
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9ª EIWA ‗ ULIFLDLHIHA HI GKMWXVQÊÇK Hihks - ^rk`atk irqultatømlgk - Aspaglelgiêñas tìgmlgis a ha igifioamtk hi kfri - ^rizk hi kfri (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
Kftar -Ulifldlhiha hk aopraamhloamtk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
Watkras Amvkdvlhks - Uamhis0 Uidkr hk tarramk Uidkr ha vamhi hks lo÷vals Haspasis gko prkokêñas - Elmimgalrk0 Haspasis elmimgalris (elmimglioamtk ku ragursk pr÷prlk) ‗ pr÷prlk) ‗ - Irqultaturi0 Astuhks pradlolmiras (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
I 9ª eisa - Ulifldlhiha ha gkmstruêçk - và-sa amvkdvlhi, prlmglpidoamta, gko tràs satkras0
8.9 Watkr ha ^rkokêçk a Gkoarglidlziêçk
Is aoprasis ha gkmstruêçk ku tào mk sau quihrk ha eumglkmérlks prkelsslkmils idtioamta aspaglidlzihks mk riok ha prkokêçk a vamhis, ku trifidbio gko aoprasis aspaglidlzihis. Ao eumêçk ha vérlks eitkras, tils gkok dkgidlziêçk hk tarramk, pihrçk skglid hi rajlçk, girigtarïstlgis hk prk`atk, sltuiêçk
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hk oargihk gkoprihkr a vamhahkr, amtra kutrks ispagtks, asta satkr prkvaré piri i vlifldlhiha0 -Uidkr ha tarramk - ^kha sar kftlhk hlratioamta gko prkprlatérlks qua tambio lmtarassa mi vamhi, itrivìs ha uo gustk oìhlk pkr o 6 ha tarramk (vidkras astloitlvks) a aoprasis lokfldlérlis aspaglidlzihis. -Uidkr ha vamhi hks lo÷vals - ^kha sar kftlhk itrivìs ha vamhis ha lo÷vals saoadbimtas, ao rajlñas pr÷xlois ik dkgid ao astuhk, itrivìs ha imðmglks pufdlgihks mks oalks ha gkoumlgiêçk, pkr astloitlvis hk gustk/o6 ha érai ðtld hi umlhiha, amtra kutrks. - Haspasis gko prkokêñas - Ao eumêçk hi pkdïtlgi prkokglkmid hi aoprasi ku itrivìs ha pargamtuid hk vkduoa jarid ha vamhis, gkfrihk padis aoprasis aspaglidlzihis (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
8.6 Watkr Elmimgalrk
Mi iqulslêçk hi vlifldlhiha agkmøolgi, kutrk satkr ha prlmglpid radavæmgli ì k elmimgalrk. Lstk pkrqua, ao eumêçk hi pkdïtlgi hi aoprasi aopraamhahkri, pkhagko ragursks pr÷prlks aopraamhar uo prk`atk, ku itrivìs ha ragursks ha targalrks3 amtra adas, k oils gkouo ì k elmimglioamtk. Ximtk mk usk ha ragursks pr÷prlks gkok mi utldlziêçk ha ragursks ha targalrks, i aoprasi lmgkrra ao haspasis elmimgalris qua havao sar gkoputihis mi vlifldlhiha hk aopraamhloamtk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
8.7 Watkr Irqultatømlgk
Ì k satkr irqultatømlgk qua prkvaré ks sufsïhlks féslgks piri i ividliêçk a piri k pr÷prlk aopraamhloamtk, ku sa`i, k prk`atk irqultatømlgk a is aspaglelgiêñas ha igifioamtk ha kfri. Mi eisa hk aopraamhloamtk, ku sa`i, i eisa ha vlifldlhiha, ao jarid is aoprasis ilmhi mçk tào k prk`atk irqultatømlgk hatidbihk. Ao oultks gisks mao k prk`atk féslgk, ois slopdasoamta uo astuhk pradlolmir hk aopraamhloamtk. K lopkrtimta ì qua, oasok masti eisa, `é sa tambi 95
k prk`atk irqultatømlgk hadlmaihk. Wugaha qua pkr quastñas ha majkgliêñas mao saopra ì pkssïvad ijuirhir qua k prk`atk asta`i elmidlzihk, a pkr lssk oasok i vlifldlhiha ì ealti ha oimalri "astloitlvi" (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). Qo gkopkmamta qua bk`a ì tiofìo assamglid i uoi ihaquihi vlifldlhiha a qua mçk sa pkha halxir ha davir ao gkmti ì k prizk hi kfri. Gkmslharimhk qua k prizk ì uo pkugk dloltihk padk prizk hi axaguêçk tìgmlgi, mçk ì pra`uhlglid daofrir qua suis idtariêñas lopdlgio idtariêñas hlratis a lmhlratis mks gustks ha gkmstruêçk a haspasis elmimgalris. (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). I sui lopkrtæmgli iuoamti adavi oils, gko igrìsglok raid hks jistks hi oçk-ha-kfri a saus raspagtlvks amgirjks skglils.
Axaopdk slopdlelgihk ha uoi vlifldlhiha agkmøolgi0
bttps0//fr.plmtarast.gko
9:
Wa`i uoi ahlelgiêçk oudtleioldlir, gkopksti pkr haz ipirtioamtks gko sidi, tràs quirtks, rasudtimhk uoi érai aqulvidamta ha gkmstruêçk ha 9.5>> o¶. K pihrçk ha igifioamtk hk aopraamhloamtk ì mkroid, tamhk uo gustk/o6 ha érai aqulvidamta ha gkmstruêçk hi krhao ha VW >,>>/o6 ao sataofrk ha 6>>7 (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). I érai hk tarramk tao 8>>,>> o 6 a k vidkr pkr oatrk quihrihk hk tarramk ì ha V$ 5>>,>>/o¶ (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). Is haspasis elmimgalris, gkmslharimhk k prizk hi gkmstruêçk, sçk s çk ha 2%. K vidkr hi vamgli ha gihi ipirtioamtk i pirtioamtk gkrraspkmha i V$ 6:>.>>>,>> ((JKDHOIM, JKDHOIM, 6>>8). Ks gustks gko prkokêçk ha vamhis gkrraspkmhao gkr raspkmhao i 1% hk vidkr jarid ha vamhis. ^aha-sa0
9 - Gidgudir k dugrk hk aopraamhloamtk 6 - Gidgudir ao pkrgamtijao k dugrk hk aopraamhloamtk ao radiêçk îs haspasis hi oasoi
7 - Gidgudir k ïmhlga qua raprasamti k dugrk ao radiêçk ik vidkr hk tarramk 8 - Gidgudir ao pkrgamtijao k dugrk hk aopraamhloamtk ao radiêçk î ragalti hi oasoi (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
Wkduêçk0
I - Vagaltis0 - Yuimtlhiha0 haz ipirtioamtks -Uidkr vamid0 V$ 6:>.>>>,>> pkr ipirtioamtk - Vagalti tktid0 9> x V$ 6:>.>>>,>> ? V$ 6.:>>.>>>,>> (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
F - Haspasis0 F.9 - Xarramk0 - Érai hk tarramk0 8>> o6
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-Uidkr hk tarramk pkr oatrk quihrihk ha sui érai0 V$ 5>>,>>/o¶ Uidkr hk tarramk0 V$ 5>>/o6 x 8>> o6 ? V$ 68>.>>>,>> (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
F.6 - Gkmstruêçk0 - Érai tktid aqulvidamta ha gkmstruêçk0 9.5>> o¶ - Gustk pkr oatrk quihrihk ha érai aqulvidamta ha gkmstruêçk0 V$ >,>>/o¶ - Gustk hi gkmstruêçk0 9.5>> o6 x V$ >,>>/o6 ? V$ 9.88>.>>>,>> (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
F.7 - Haspasis elmimgalris0 -Uidkr hk gustk hi gkmstruêçk0 V$ 9.88>.>>>,>> - ^argamtuid ha haspasis elmimgalris0 2% - Haspasis elmimgalris0 >,>2 x V$ 9.88>.>>>,>> ? V$ 991.6>>,>> (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
F.8 - Haspasis gko vamhis0 -Uidkr Jarid ha Uamhis (U.J.U.)0 V$ 6.:>>.>>>,>> - ^argamtuid ha haspasis gko vamhis0 1% - Haspasis gko vamhis0 >,>1 x V$ 6.:>>.>>>,>> ? V$ 971.>>>,>> Xktid his haspasis0 F.9 + F.6+ F.7 + F.8 ? V$ 9..6>>,>> (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
VAW^KWXIW IKW YQAWLXKW0 9- Dugrk hk Aopraamhloamtk0 Vagaltis - Haspasis ? V$ 6.:>>.>>>,>> 9..6>>,>> ? V$ :5>,>> 6 - ^argamtijao hk dugrk ao radiêçk îs haspasis0 (Dugrk/Haspasis) x 9>> ? (:5>,>>/9..6>>,>>) x 9>> ? 7> ? (:5>,>>/68>.>>>,>>) x 9>> ? 76>,:1% 8 - ^argamtijao hk dugrk ao radiêçk î ragalti tktid0 (Dugrk/Vagalti) x 9>> ? (:5>,>>/6.:>>.>>>,>>) x 9>> ? 62,19 % (JKDHOIM, ( JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
Mkti0 Ipasir ha sar iprasamtihk uo axaopdk ha ekroi slopdlsti, usku-sa mks quasltks gédgudks oultk usuils padks lmgkrpkrihkras hi gkmstruêçk glvld. ^khamhk idtarir gkmslharivadoamta padk tlpk ha lmvastloamtk, padi ekroi ha iqulslêçk hks ragursks elmimgalrks piri aopraamhar aopraamha r k prk`atk, padi axpagtitlvi ha vamhis (imtas, hurimta a hapkls hi gkmstruêçk), amtra kutrks (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
6ª EIWA - ^DIMA@IOAMXK XÌGMLGK-AGKMØOLGK HI GKMWXVQÊÇK
bttp0//www.gkopigtkamjambirli.gko.fr
Hihks - ^rk`atk irqultatømlgk gkopdatk
6>
- ^rk`atk ha gédgudk astruturid gkopdatk (lmgduslva eumhiêñas aspaglils) - ^rk`atk ha lmstidiêñas gkopdatis (lmgduslva ks aspaglils) - Aspaglelgiêñas tìgmlgis a ha igifioamtks hi kfri (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
Kftar - Yuihrks ha érais piri elms ha rajlstrk ha lo÷vals (MFV 96:69) a ritalk his eriêñas lhails - Krêioamtk hatidbihk hi kfri - Grkmkjrioi eïslgk-elmimgalrk hi kfri - Grkmkjrioi hatidbihk hi kfri - Vadit÷rlks piri igkopimbioamtk eïslgk-elmimgalrk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
Watkras Amvkdvlhks - Irqultaturi a ^rk`atks - Amjambirli ha ^rkhuêçk - @urïhlgk - Gkopris - Gkmtifldlhiha - Elmimgalrk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
I 6ª eisa - ^dima`ioamtk tìgmlgk-agkmøolgk hi gkmstruêçk - amvkdva pritlgioamta tkhks ks satkras hi aoprasi0 i) Watkr ha Irqultaturi a ^rk`atks ^iri uoi fki prapiriêçk hk pdima`ioamtk ì loprasglmhïvad tkhks ks prk`atks amvkdvlhks, isslo gkok is aspaglelgiêñas ha igifioamtks. Ao radiêçk iks prk`atks, pkha-sa gltir amtra ks oils radavimtas0 - ^rk`atk irqultatømlgk féslgk a hatidbihk - ^rk`atk ha gédgudk astruturid (lmgduslva eumhiêçk)
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- ^rk`atk ha lmstidiêñas - ^rk`atks aspaglid (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
f) Watkr ha Amjambirli ha ^rkhuêçk Ì k satkr qua `umtioamta ik pdima`ioamtk prapiriré is aspaglelgiêñas tìgmlgis hk aopraamhloamtk, tils gkok0 aqulpas ha trifidbk, aqulpioamtks a earrioamtis i sarao usihks, k prk`atk ha gimtalrk hi kfri, slstaois ha axaguêçk ha sarvlêks, pravlsñas ha amtraji ha oitarlils, idìo ha uoi prkjrioiêçk hadlmaihi hk imhioamtk eïslgk hi kfri, gu`k prizk tìgmlgk pkr gkmsajulmta saré girigtarlzihk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
g) Watkr @urïhlgk K hapirtioamtk ha pdima`ioamtk, masti eisa, prkvlhamgli ks sufsïhlks a oitarlils tìgmlgks magassérlks ik prkgassioamtk `urïhlgk hk aopraamhloamtk, tils gkok i MFV 96:69 (imtlji MF 98>), quimhk hi adifkriêçk hk oaokrlid ha lmgkrpkriêçk, k vidkr hk gustk hi gkmstruêçk a k prizk hi kfri, amtra kutrks (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
h) Watkr ha Gkopris Masti atipi ha pdima`ioamtk hk aopraamhloamtk, k hapirtioamtk ha gkopris iprkvlslkmi k sau gihistrk ha praêks ituidlzihks, isslo gkok k blst÷rlgk his prkpkstis eagbihis piri sufsïhlks ik pdima`ioamtk mi prapiriêçk hk krêioamtk hatidbihk hi kfri. Idìo hlssk, pkha idartir gkmtri idjuoi aspaglelgiêçk ha oitarlid, slstaoi ha sarvlêk ku sufaopraltihi ipdlgihks imtarlkroamta, lmsitlseit÷rlk ao taroks ha gkopri (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
a) Watkr Gkmtéfld
66
Masti eisa, k satkr ha pdima`ioamtk prapiri k satkr gkmtéfld piri qua mi eisa pkstarlkr, qua ì i ha gkmtrkda, asta tambi uo fko hasaopambk quimtk îs lmekroiêñas gkmtéfals (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
e) Watkr Elmimgalrk Ì uo hapirtioamtk oultk radavimta hk pkmtk ha vlsti jaramglid, qua vérlis vazas mçk ragafa k havlhk vidkr pkr pirta hks tìgmlgks. I sui radavæmgli ì havlhi î pkdïtlgi gli aoprasi, `é qua k aoprasérlk, mkroidoamta, prkguri prasarvir ipamis i pamis k gipltid magassérlk ik fko guoprloamtk ha saus gkoprkolssks elmimgalrks. Vasarvir oils qua k magassérlk ì parhar hlmbalrk, isslo gkok pkupir oamks gkoprkoata i gkmgratlziêçk hks gkoprkolssks, pkhamhk davir i jrivas gkmsaquàmglis. Gko lssk, pkhaoks tar i mkêçk hi radavæmgli a hi raspkmsifldlhiha hi prapiriêçk ha uo krêioamtk hk gustk hi gkmstruêçk a, gkmsaquamtaoamta, ha uoi pravlsçk elmimgalri raidlsti î pkdïtlgi elmimgalri hi aoprasi (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
Gkmgdusçk0 Asti eisa ha pdima`ioamtk prkguri gimidlzir k oéxlok ha lmekroiêñas hks oils virlihks satkras hi aoprasi, i elo ha qua k pdima`ioamtk hi kfri dava ao gkmti tkhks is olmðglis partlmamtas. ^khaoks gltir gkok radit÷rlks oils lopkrtimtas masti eisa0 - MFV 96:69 - Ividliêçk ha haspasis umltérlis a prapirk ha krêioamtk ha gkmstruêçk piri lmgkrpkriêçk ha ahleïglk ao gkmhkoïmlk. - Krêioamtk hatidbihk hi kfri, gko k kf`atlvk ha igkopimbioamtk a gkmtrkda eïslgk-elmimgalrk. - Grkmkjrioi eïslgk-elmimgalrk hi kfri. - Eduxk ha hasaofkdsk ha haspasis pkr lmsuoks, piri i iprkviêçk hi hlratkrli.
67
- Vadit÷rlks ha igkopimbioamtk eïslgk-elmimgalrk. - Hkguoamtiêçk tìgmlgi piri kftamêçk ha elmimglioamtk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
7- EIWA - GKMXVKDA EÏWLGK-ELMIMGALVK HI GKMWXVQÊÇK Masti atipi, ks prlmglpils hapirtioamtks amvkdvlhks sçk pritlgioamta ks oasoks hi eisa ha pdima`ioamtk, ipasir ha sa lmtar-radiglkmirao ha okhk uo pkugk hlearamta (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
bttps0//gkmstrugtipp.lk
K lmtar-radiglkmioamtk gko k satkr ha irqultaturi a prk`atks sa hé ik dkmjk ha tkhk k gursk hi kfri. Gkmslharimhk qua tkhks ks prk`atks, isslo gkok is aspaglelgiêñas ha igifioamtk, ekrio fao hadlmaihks, oasok isslo sugahao lmðoaris idtariêñas a okhlelgiêñas mk imhioamtk hi kfri. Lstk hava-sa ik lmgraoamtk ha mkvis tìgmlgis ha axaguêçk ha sarvlêk, î grliêçk g rliêçk ha mkvks oitarlils prlmglpils ku iuxldliras ku itì oasok padi lmaxlstàmgli mk oargihk ha idjums oitarlils axpdlgltihks mi eisa gla pdima`ioamtk. Kutrk ispagtk qua hava
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gkmslharihk sçk is pkssïvals idtariêñas oktlvihis, sa`i padi magasslhiha ha hlolmulêçk ha jistks, sa`i padi oadbkrli hk pihrçk hi kfri piri eigldltir i vamhi hk aopraamhloamtk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). K hapirtioamtk elmimgalrk praglsiré sar idloamtihk his lmekroiêñas ha pravlsçk, parlkhlgioamta, i elo ha mçk gkmsamtlr hlstkrêñas jrimhas ao pravlsñas ha oìhlk a dkmjk prizk. Îs vazas kgkrra k gkmtrérlk, ku sa`i, pkr quastñas quastña s ha krhao elmimgalri, i kfri pkharé hlolmulr k sau rltok ku itì oasok iuoamté-dk, gisk sa`i ha lmtarassa hi pkdïtlgi hi aoprasi miquada hatarolmihk okoamtk. Is pravlsñas elmimgalris, ao jarid, sçk hlvlhlhis ao huis pirtas0 pir tas0 9 - I pravlsçk ha gkoprkolssks `é issuolhks (gkmtis i pijir). 6i- I pravlsçk ha gkoprkolssks i issuolr, ao jarid, prapirihi padk hapirtioamtk ha pdima`ioamtk ao gkm`umtk gko k satkr ha prkhuêçk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). Is pravlsñas elmimgalris sçk raidlzihis ao pirgadis saoimils, samhk ha gurtk, oìhlk a dkmjk prizks. Oultis aoprasis prapirio uo pravlsçk elmimgalri gkopdati mi eisa ha pdima`ioamtk a, mk hagkrrar hi kfri, pravlsñas oamsils (pravlsçk fao hadlmaihi) a ha parïkhks ao parïkhks (axaopdk0 tràs ao tràs oasas) uoi pravlsçk elmimgalri ha oìhlk prizk. Gko lssk, k satkr elmimgalrk pkha okhlelgir is pravlsñas gkmekroa ks rasudtihks idgimêihks, i elo ha mçk paroltlr uo jrimha hasvlk amtra k pravlstk a k jistk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). K hapirtioamtk ha gkmtifldlhiha, masti mas ti eisa, tao uo pipad prapkmharimta piri k satkr ha pdima`ioamtk. Waré i gkmtifldlhiha lmekroihi, oamsidoamta, i earrioamti eumhioamtid piri i ividliêçk hks rasudtihks amtra ks jistks rails hi kfri a ks gustks praastifadaglhks ao krêioamtk. Lopkrtimta erlsir i raspkmsifldlhiha his lmekroiêñas kearaglhis, isslo gkok i parealti idkgiêçk hks jistks hi gkmstruêçk sajumhk is suis gkmtis gkrraspkmhamtas. Isslo saré magassérlk qua i aoprasi tambi uo pdimk ha sarvlêks qua sa`i k oasok piri tkhks ks hapirtioamtks hi aoprasi, piri qua tkhks usao uoi oasoi dlmjuijao. Gbioioks i asta pdimk ha sarvlêks "pdimk ha gkmtis ha gkmstruêçk''. Asta pdimk
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ha gkmtis paroltlré qua timtk i gkmtifldlhiha quimtk k pdima`ioamtk gbaquao vidkras ha uo oasok lmsuok ku sarvlêk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). Ik hapirtioamtk ha gkopris, k satkr ha pdima`ioamtk lmtarija masti eisa ha oimalri hlmæolgi. ^ritlgioamta tkhis is gkopris a gkmtritks havao imtarlkroamta tar k ipklk hk hapirtioamtk ha pdima`ioamtk, i elo ha mçk paroltlr haekroiêñas ha krhao quimtltitlvi a elmimgalri (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). Qoi vaz raidlzihis is gkopris a gkmtritks, k pdima`ioamtk magassltiré aoltlr sau piragar ao mïvad ha radit÷rlk jaramglid, ividlimhk i parekroimga (vimtijams a hasvimtijams) hks gkmtritks eagbihks. Isslo samhk, gifa ik satkr ha pdima`ioamtk guoprlr k pipad ha issasskr tìgmlgk a ha gkmtrkdihkr gko i elmidlhiha ha mçk paroltlr jrimhas haekroiêñas ao radiêçk îs pravlsñas (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). Girigtarïstlgis piraglhks ik lmtar-radiglkmioamtk gko k hapirtioamtk ha gkopris sugahao gko k satkr ha prkhuêçk. Ik oasok taopk ao qua k hapirtioamtk ha pdima`ioamtk issasskri, ada gkmtrkdi. Ì pkr pirta hi kfri qua k pdima`ioamtk jimbiré quisa tkhis is lmekroiêñas ha krhao quimtltitlvi hks lmsuoks (oitarlils, oçk ha-kfri a aqulpioamtks). Lstk sa igkmtagaré itrivìs ha pdimldbis ha iprkprliêçk praamgblhis mi kfri, itrivìs ha suparvlsçk a krlamtiêçk ha prkelsslkmils hk pdima`ioamtk. Ì lopkrtimta idartir piri k parealtk praamgbloamtk his lmekroiêñas, i elo ha qua is ividliêñas sa`io praglsis a gkmelévals. Oils uoi vaz amtri ao gami k pdimk ha gkmtis ha gkmstruêçk piri paroltlr lmekroiêñas fao haelmlhis, tkrmimhk pkssïvad i oasoi dlmjuijao î aoprasi. Isslo, k pdima`ioamtk hava, saopra qua pkssïvad, havkdvar is imédlsas ao gurtk prizk piri qua, mks gisks ha haekroiêñas lmhasa`évals, astis pkssio sar simihis ao taopk, prkplglimhk k oïmlok ha pra`uïzk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
Axaopdk 90 Watkr ha ^dima`ioamtk - Watkr ha prkhuêçk
65
Xifadi 90 Imédlsa ha axaguêçk ha Idvamirli ha firrk 9/6 vaz (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
Kfri
^dima`ioamtk
ïmhlga
ïmhlga
Hasgrlêçk
Qmlh iha
^rkhuêçk ^rkhuêçk
o¶
9>>,>>
-
97>,>>
-
^ahralrk
bs
95>,>>
9,5>
9>
9,1>
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bs
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sigk
9>
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o·
7,>>
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o·
6,>>
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Xl`kdk 9>x6>x7>
umlh.
9.1,>>
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9.,>>
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Xl`kdk 9>x6>x6>
umlh.
7:>,>>
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%
9>,6>
-
9>,>>
-
Yuimtlhiha
Yuimt./o Yuimtlhiha 6
Yuimt./o6
^rkhutlvlhiha
Gkmsuoks Gloamtk
^arhi hks tl`kdks
Axaopdk 60 Watkr ha pdima`ioamtk - Watkr ha gkopris Wa`i i imédlsa hi gkmtritiêçk hks sarvlêks ha plmturi piri uoi ahlelgiêçk gkopksti pkr 6> ipirtioamtks ha sidi/hkls quirtks. Gko fisa ao gkmtritks imtarlkroamta eagbihks, ao ahlelgiêñas gko girigtarïstlgis oultk piraglhks î qua asté ao quastçk, taoks0
6:
^ravlsçk0 6> ipirtioamtks x VW 1.>>>,>>/ipirtioamtk ? VW 9>>.>>>,>> Oadbkr prkpksti0 VW .>>>,>>, gkrraspkmhamta i V$ 8.1>>,>> pkr ipirtioamtk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
8ª EIWA - VAWQDXIHKW EïWdGK-EdMIMGAdVKW EïWdGK-EdMIMGAdVKW HI GKMWXVQÊÇK Jistks Gkmsuoks
^rkhutlvlhihas
Gkmtritks
Astkquas
Vadit÷rlks jaramglils
8ª eisa ‗ Vasudtihks Ì i eisa ao qua, oasok hurimta k imhioamtk hi kfri ku quimhk hk sau elo, pkhaoks amtamhar sa i sui parekroimga ekl fki ku mçk. Is prlmglpils lmekroiêñas masti eisa sçk hks satkras ha gkmtifldlhiha, gkopris a prkhuêçk. ^khaoks hastigir0
^rlmglpils Lmekroiêñas
Watkr
9 - Gkmtritks a gkopris
gkopris
6 - Gkmsuoks
prkhuêçk
7 - Jistks elmimgalrks
gkmtifldlhiha
8 ‗ ‗ ^rkhutlvlhiha
prkhuêçk
1 - Astkquas
prkhuêçk
62
Gko tkhis astis lmekroiêñas, gkopirihis a imidlsihis gko is praastifadaglhis mi eisa ha pdima`ioamtk, pkhaoks aoltlr piragaras qua silrçk skf i ekroi ha "radit÷rlks jaramglils". Astas radit÷rlks sçk ha jrimha vidkr piri ks satkras tìgmlgks a, skfratuhk, piri i hlratkrli, `é qua ao dlmbis jarils adas triêio uo ratritk eïslgkelmimgalrk hi kfri (JKDHOIM, 6>>8). Yuimhk ks radit÷rlks ekrao prapirihks skoamta piri sarvlêks aspagïelgks, adas pkhao sar ealtks ao gurtïsslok prizk (ax.0 saoimi). Yuimhk ividlihks tkhks ks sarvlêks hi kfri, sçk adifkrihks oamsidoamta ku ao parïkhks oilkras ha taopk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
Gkoamtérlk skfra ks satkras his aoprasis0 Gko i tamhàmgli ha targalrlziêçk, uo mðoark sljmlelgitlvk ha aoprasis asté raekroudimhk sui astruturi krjimlziglkmid, hlolmulmhk ku axtlmjulmhk idjums hapirtioamtks, prkgurimhk gkok idtarmitlvi i gkmtritiêçk ha aoprasis qua aoimao i sufstltulr pirglidoamta ku tktidoamta idjums satkras, tils gkok ha irqultaturi, ha gkmtifldlhiha a k satkr `urïhlgk (JKDHOIM, 6>>8).
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KFVIW HA JVIMHA ^KVXA Is kfris ha jrimha pkrta ku gkmstruêñas pasihis sçk isslo gdisslelgihis
ao rizçk ha jrimhas quimtlhihas ha lmsuoks amvkdvlhks piri i axaguêçk hks sarvlêks, sa`io adas oitarlils, aqulpioamtks ku oçk ha kfri. Astis kfris sçk raidlzihis pkr jrimhas aoprasis, haelmlhis gkok aoprasis qua aoprajio oils ha 61> passkis a gu`k vkduoa ha maj÷glks axgaha 9>> oldbñas ha rails (HGGA, 6>>7 ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). Ha igkrhk uoi aoprasi ha pkrta oìhlk ì ividlihi gkok iquadi qua jaramgli ha glmgk i haz prk`atks raspagtlvioamta, gihi uo raprasamtimhk uo tktid ha 6>> old i 9 oldbçk ha bkoao-bkri. Dkjk, pkhaoks haelmlr uoi aoprasi ha jrimha pkrta gkok iquadi qua jaramgli oils ha haz prk`atks gkmgkoltimtaoamta,
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samhk gihi prk`atk gko uo mðoark suparlkr i 9 oldbçk ha bkoao-bkri bkoao-bk ri (DIQEAV3 XAMIB,996). Mis itlvlhihas hi gkmstruêçk pasihi, ha igkrhk gko k Astuhk Watkrlid hi Gkmstruêçk Glvld, aeatlvihk padk WAMIL (9>2, kfris ha lmeriastruturi sçk quidlelgihis padi prasamêi ha oìhlis a jrimhas aoprasis. Is gkmstruêñas pasihis sçk quidlelgihis pkr vérlks tlpks ha gkmstruêçk, ks quils ifrimjao is kfris ha lmeriastruturi ‗ lmeriastruturi ‗ iutkastrihis, iutkastrihis, vlis urfimis, pkmtas, tðmals, earrkvlis, oatrøs, plstis ha iarkpkrtks, pkrtks a prk`atks ha ifistagloamtk ha éjui, slstaois ha lrrljiêçk, slstaois ha asjktk, lmstidiêñas lmhustrlils, rahas ha trimspkrta pkr hutks (jiskhutks, olmarkhutks, kdakhutks) a dlmbis ha adatrlglhiha, lmstidiêñas aspkrtlvis ‗ aspkrtlvis ‗,, idìo his gkmstruêñas ha astruturis prì-eifrlgihis lm dkgk piri elms oðdtlpdks, ha miturazi paroimamta ku taopkrérli, axgatk ahleïglks (LFJA, 6>>2 ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). Mk hkoïmlk jarid, gihi kfri ha gkmstruêçk glvld pkha sar haglhlhi gkok uo prk`atk, pkr tritir-sa ha uo asekrêk taopkrérlk aopraamhlhk piri grlir uo prkhutk, sarvlêk ku rasudtihk axgduslvk (^OL, 6>>2), a sau jaramglioamtk pkha sar gkmsajulhk gko fisa mi ipdlgiêçk a lmtajriêçk ha glmgk jrupks ha prkgassks, samhk adas0 lmlgliêçk3 pdima`ioamtk3 axaguêçk3 okmltkrioamtk a gkmtrkda3 a amgarrioamtk, mk quid axlstao haelmlêñas a asgkdbis sljmlelgitlvis piri k jaramglioamtk hi kfri (OIVXLMW, 6>96).
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I GKMWXVQÊÇK GLULD
K satkr hi gkmstruêçk glvld amjdkfi is ahlelgiêñas, kfris vlérlis a i gkmstruêçk pasihi, samhk asti ðdtloi gkmslharihi gkok kfri ha jrimha pkrta. K sau oigrkssatkr ì haelmlhk gkok k satkr hi gkmstruêçk glvld, sugahlhk hks
7>
sajoamtks ekrmagahkras ha oitìrlis-prlois a aqulpioamtks piri i gkmstruêçk a hks satkras ha sarvlêks a hlstrlfulêçk dljihks î gkmstruêçk. ^kr oalk hasta gkmgaltk ì igaltévad ividlir ks aealtks oudtlpdlgihkras satkrlils hi lmhðstrli ha gkmstruêçk skfra k prkgassk ha prkhuêçk, sui jrimha gipiglhiha ha raidlziêçk ha lmvastloamtks, k sau pktamglid ha grliêçk ha aoprajks (hlratks a lmhlratks), idìo ha saus aealtks famìelgks skfra i fidimêi gkoarglid a skfra k mïvad ha lmediêçk (GFLG, 99> ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96).
Jréelgk 9 ‗ Gkopkslêçk hi gihali prkhutlvi hi gkmstruêçk glvld ‗ 6>><
Gkopkslêçk hi Gihali ^rkhutlvi hi Gkmstruêçk Glvld - 6>9>
Gkmstruêçk 51 %
Lmhðstrli ha oitarlils 95 %
Gkoìrglk ha oitarlils ha Gkmstruêçk : %
Warvlêks 5 %
Oéqulmis a aqulpioamtks piri i Gkmstruêçk 6% Kutrks ekrmagahkras 8 %
Ekmta0 GFLG (6>9>).
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I radavæmgli hassa oigrkssatkr pkha sar ratritihi ao mðoarks, a sui pirtlglpiêçk mk ^rkhutk Lmtarmk Frutk hi agkmkoli pkha sar imidlsihi mi Xifadi 6. Xifadi 6 ‗ 6 ‗ ^irtlglpiêçk ^irtlglpiêçk (%) hk ^LF hi gkmstruêçk glvld mk ^LF tktid hk Frisld ‗ ‗ 6>>>-6>9>
Imk
6>>> 6>>9 6>>6 6>>7 6>>8 6>>1 6>>5 6>>: 6>>2 6>>9> Ekmta0 LFJA (6>9>).
I gkmstruêçk glvld ekl uo hks eumhioamtils oktkras hk satkr lmhustrlid mk sajumhk trloastra ha 6>9>. Ao radiêçk ik sajumhk trloastra ha 6>>9> ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). I ekrêi hi lopudsçk hk maj÷glk hi gihali hi gkmstruêçk, tiofìo gkmbaglhk gkok
gkmstrufuslmass ,
raprasamti uoi pirtlglpiêçk axprasslvi mks lmvastloamtks
jdkfils hk piïs. Idìo hlssk, k gkmstrufuslmass susglti axtrikrhlmérlks aealtks
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oudtlpdlgihkras skfra ks haoils satkras ha itlvlhiha, ao qua k ïmhlga ha amgihaioamtk hi gkmstruêçk kgupi k 8° dujir mk rimclmj hi agkmkoli miglkmid a k satkr gkmstrutkr okva gargi ha V$ 82 fldbñas mk sau amgihaioamtk piri eramta (GFLG, 9>< (GIHAVMK, 6>9> ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). K ^LF, oaha tkhi rlquazi jarihi pkr uoi agkmkoli ao uo parïkhk. Isslo, Iss lo, k iuoamtk hk vidkr hk ^LF ì lmtarpratihi gkok grasgloamtk gras gloamtk agkmøolgk. ^krìo, tid grasgloamtk mçk jirimta hasamvkdvloamtk. Hasamvkdvloamtk agkmøolgk ì uo gkmgaltk oilkr, qua idìo hk grasgloamtk hk prkhutk lmtarmk, asté gkmaxk ik mïvad ha hasljuidhiha a ha fao-astir fao-asti r hi pkpudiêçk, gkok k Ïmhlga ha Hasamvkdvloamtk Buoimk (LHB) (KDLUALVI3 OIXI3 GQMBI, 6>99 ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). K gkmgaltk ha Hasamvkdvloamtk Buoimk, qua ì i aofisioamtk hk h k gkmgaltk hk LHB, pirta hk prassupkstk ha qua piri iearlr k prkjrassk mi quidlhiha ha vlhi ha uoi pkpudiêçk ì magassérlk lr idìo hk vlìs purioamta agkmøolgk a gkmslharir tràs hloamsñas féslgis hk hasamvkdvloamtk buoimk0 ramhi, siðha a ahugiêçk (^MQH, 6>96 ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). I ramhi, siðha a ahugiêçk sçk ks tràs pldiras qua gkmstltuao k LHB, a, bk`a ao hli, sçk oamsurihks hi sajulmta ekroi0 k pihrçk ha vlhi (ramhi) ( ramhi) ì oahlhk padi Vamhi Miglkmid Fruti (VMF) par giplti, uoi vlhi dkmji a siuhévad (siðha) ì oahlhi padi axpagtitlvi ha vlhi a k igassk i ahugiêçk ì oahlhk padi oìhli ha imks ha ahugiêçk ha ihudtks, qua ì k mðoark oìhlk ha imks ha ahugiêçk ragaflhks hurimta i vlhi pkr passkis i pirtlr ha 61 imks3 a padi axpagtitlvi ha imks ha asgkdirlhiha piri grlimêis mi lhiha ha gkoaêir i vlhi asgkdir, qua ì k
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mðoark tktid ha imks ha asgkdirlhiha qua uo grlimêi mi lhiha ha gkoaêir i vlhi asgkdir pkha asparir ragafar sa ks pihrñas pravidagamtas ha tixis ha oitrïgudis aspagïelgis pkr lhiha paroimagarao ks oasoks hurimta i vlhi hi grlimêi (^MQH, 6>96 ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). I oati hi grliêçk hk LHB ekl k ha prkprkglkmir uo gkmtripkmtk i kutrk lmhlgihkr oultk usihk, k ^rkhutk Lmtarmk Frutk (^LF) par giplti, gip lti, qua ividli skoamta i axtamsçk agkmøolgi hk hasamvkdvloamtk. Ada isplri sar uoi oahlhi jarid, slmtìtlgi, hk hasamvkdvloamtk buoimk. Ipasir ha axpimhlr i parspagtlvi skfra k hasamvkdvloamtk buoimk, k LHB mçk iopdli tkhks ks ispagtks ispa gtks ha hasamvkdvloamtk a mçk ì uoi raprasamtiêçk hi "eadlglhiha" his passkis, mao sujara "k oadbkr dujir mk oumhk piri sa vlvar" (^MQH, 6>96 ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). Mi Glàmgli Agkmøolgi, k ^LF ì tlhk gkok uo lmhlgihkr ha hasaopambk agkmøolgk. Ì védlhk raedatlr i radavæmgli hihi ik ^LF piri i oamsuriêçk hk grasgloamtk ha uo piïs ku dkgidlhiha. Hlimta hk grasgloamtk hk ^LF, hlz-sa qua i agkmkoli asté iquaglhi. Is lopdlgiêñas hlratis sçk k iuoamtk hks pkstks ha trifidbk gko hlolmulêçk hi tixi ha hasaoprajk a isgamsçk hk pkhar ha gkopri. ^kr kutrk dihk, mkti-sa tiofìo i tamhàmgli ha iuoamtk hi tixi ha lmediêçk. Mk elmid his gkmtis, k grasgloamtk hk ^LF ì lmtarpratihk gkok idjk pksltlvk a idtioamta hasa`évad (KDLUALVI3 OIXI3 GQMBI, 6>99 ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). Gko tkhks ks lmvastloamtks raidlzihks mk piïs, i haspasi ao prkhutks hi gkmstruêçk pkr bifltimta gbajku i V$ 9.6:5,>5. ^kr sui vaz, is raoumariêñas hk trifidbk idgimêirio V$ >9> ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). Uida hastigir i pktàmgli hk satkr hi gkmstruêçk mi jariêçk ha aoprajks mi agkmkoli. Mk qua sa raeara ik aoprajk, gbajku-sa i uo mðoark blst÷rlgk, uoi vaz qua is itlvlhihas hi gihali hi gkmstruêçk kgupirio 9> oldbñas ha passkis ao tkhk k piïs. (GIHAVMK, 6>9> ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96).
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I jrimha pirgadi pir gadi hi ramhi hi gihali hi gkmstruêçk gkmstruêçk ‗ ‗ 59%, 59%, ku V$ 97:, 7:2 fldbñas, ao 6>>> ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96).
Jréelgk 6 ‗ ^asskid kgupihk mi gihali ha gkmstruêçk, pirtlglpiêçk (%) mk tktid, 6>><
Kutrks ekrmagahkras3 99%
Warvlêks3 1%
Gkoìrglk ha oitarlils3 2%
Lmhðstrli ha oitarlils3 :%
Gkmstruêçk3 59>).
Ha igkrhk gko i ^asqulsi Imuid hi Lmhðstrli hi Gkmstruêçk ao 6>>,7% hk tktid hks gustks a haspasis his aoprasis ha gkmstruêçk, rasudtihk suparlkr î pirtlglpiêçk ao 6>>2 (6 ao 6>>2, piri V$ 9.9>< ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). Gkmekroa pkha sar kfsarvihk mi Xifadi 7, is aoprasis ha gkmstruêçk gkmgratlzirio lmgkrpkriêñas, kfris a sarvlêks mk vidkr ha V$ 9>2, gko V$ 918,5 fldbñas, a 6>>>< ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96).
Xifadi 7 ‗ Hihks jarils hi lmhðstrli hi gkmstruêçk ‗ Frisld ‗ 6>>26>>< Hihks jarils hi lmhðstrli hi gkmstruêçk
Imk
Mðoark ha aoprasis itlvis
^asskid kgupihk
Gkmstruêñas Widérlks, Uidkr his Uidks his Xktid hks Vagalti ratlrihis a lmgkrpkriêñas, piri Jistks gko kfris a/ku gustks a kpariglkmid kutris kfris a passkid amtlhihas dïqulhi haspasis sarvlêks raoumariêñas sarvlêkas pðfdlgis
9.>>>
6>>2
9.>>>.>>> V$
1:
9.2>5
61.:92
72.:61
58
6.>82
79.28:
82.622
976.27>
957.9><
912.5:
918.1>< giusirio uo vidkr ihlglkmihk ha V$
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6>,1>7 fldbñas, ku 9> ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). Is itlvlhihas ha prastiêçk ha sarvlêks, qua ifrimjao i lmgkrpkriêçk, i gkopri a i vamhi ha lo÷vals, k idujuad ha oéqulmis a aqulpioamtks a ks sarvlêks tìgmlgks prkelsslkmils, gkok ks ha prk`atks ha amjambirli amjambir li a irqultaturi, prkhuzlrio V$ 9:,8 fldbñas, ku :,:% hk ^LF hi gihali, a ekrio raspkmsévals pkr 1% hks kgupihks, ku 1>1 old passkis. Assas hihks pkhao sar imidlsihks mi Xifadi 8 (GIHAVMK, 6>9> ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96).
Xifadi 8 ‗ ^rkhuêçk, ramhi a kgupiêçk mi gihali hi gkmstruêçk, 6>>.75.,1% hk sau ^LF. Wkoamta k satkr hi gkmstruêçk raspkmhau pkr 15,5% hi girji tktid, ku V$ 61,< fldbñas (GIHAVMK, 6>9> ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). Kutri girigtarïstlgi radavimta hi gkmstruêçk ì k sau amgurtihk gkaelglamta ha lopkrtiêçk, qua itlmja oamks qua 6% ha sui haoimhi tktid. Hassi ekroi, k grasgloamtk hk satkr mçk prasslkmi i fidimêi gkoarglid a k fidimêk ha pijioamtks hk piïs. Ao prlmgïplk, i gkmstruêçk ì uoi lmhðstrli qua mçk hapamha ha elmimglioamtks axtarmks, a ks lmgraoamtks hks gustks hi gkmstruêçk sçk
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parealtioamta gkopitïvals gko i tixi oìhli hi lmediêçk frisldalri (GFLG, 9>< ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). Ks mðoarks ha 6>>< sçk hagkrràmglis ha uo glgdk ha grasgloamtk prlmglplihk ao 6>>1 a qua gkmsajulu sau iuja ao 6>>2. I grlsa elmimgalri lmtarmiglkmid tava, ao 6>>>1 a 6>>,7% ik imk), k qua raprasamtku uo iuoamtk ha 1,6% igloi hk Ïmhlga Jarid ha ^raêks - Hlspkmlfldlhiha Lmtarmi (LJ^HL). K ^LF hi gihali prkhutlvi, pkr sui vaz, grasgau 82,1% massa parïkhk, a is itlvlhihas hi gkmstruêçk grasgario ilmhi oils0 16,7%, ku 92,6% igloi hk ïmhlga Miglkmid ha Gustk hi Gkmstruêçk (LMGG) (GIHAVMK, 6>9> ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). K grasgloamtk axprasslvk hi gihali trihuzlu-sa trihuzlu -sa ao oils pkstks ha trifidbk0 amtra 6>>1 a 6>>>1 i hazaofrk ha 6>>% ik imk (GIHAVMK, 6>9> ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96).
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I grlsa elmimgalri lmtarmiglkmid, qua tava sau okoamtk oils grïtlgk ao sataofrk ha 6>>2, mçk ouhku k samtlhk hk okvloamtk astraihk ao 6>>1, jarimhk jarimh k ipamis uoi rahuêçk mk rltok ha grasgloamtk. grasg loamtk. Massa okoamtk, i gihali pirtlglpku itlvioamta mi pkdïtlgi imtlgïgdlgi grlihi piri raguparir i rkti hk grasgloamtk ha tkhi i agkmkoli. Isslo, i grliêçk hk ^rkjrioi Olmbi Gisi Olmbi Ulhi, qua valk i sa skoir ik ^rkjrioi ha Igadariêçk hk Grasgloamtk, a i haskmariêçk ha uoi gasti ha oitarlils ha gkmstruêçk gkdifkririo aeatlvioamta piri i jariêçk ha ramhi a aoprajk mi agkmkoli (GIHAVMK, 6>9> ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). Ao 6>>>2, k satkr hi gkmstruêçk iprasamtku grasgloamtk ha 7,2 pkmtks pargamtuils igloi hk LMGG. Oasok isslo idjums adks hi gihali, gkok i lmhðstrli a k gkoìrglk, rajlstririo ekrta ratriêçk ra triêçk mk imk. Amquimtk mk gkoìrglk vira`lsti bkuva hagdïmlk ha 7,87% mis vamhis, mi lmhðstrli k eiturioamtk raid kearagau quahi ha 96% (GIHAVMK, 6>9> ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). Isslo samhk, gkmgduïoks qua i lmhðstrli h hi i gkmstruêçk miglkmid astloudi i jrimha oilkrli hks sajoamtks prkhutlvks a eumglkmi gkok ekrêi oktrlz piri k hasamvkdvloamtk sustamtihk hk piïs (OIVXLMW, 6>96) Gkmtuhk, k
gkmstrufuslmass
iprasamti radavimtas gbkquas ioflamtils ao
tkhis is eisas hk sau prkgassk0 axtriêçk ha oitìrlis-prlois, prkhuêçk ha oitarlils, gkmstruêçk, usk a haokdlêçk. Assas jrimhas lopigtks prkvào ha hlstlmtks eitkras, amtra ks quils k amkroa pask hk oigrkssatkr hi gkmstruêçk glvld mi agkmkoli, gkmekroa gltihk imtarlkroamta. Ada ì uo hks oilkras gkmsuolhkras ha oitìrlis-prlois miturils a ha amkroas quimtlhihas ha oitarlils gko axprasslvk gkmtaðhk amarjìtlgk, qua praglsio sar trimspkrtihks i jrimhas hlstæmglis (GIVMALVK at id, 6>>9 ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). Is itlvlhihas ha prkhuêçk p rkhuêçk ha oitìrlis-prlois, oitìrlis-p rlois, ha gimtalrk a itì oasok ha oimutamêçk a haokdlêçk prkhuzao lopigtks ioflamtils gkok rasïhuks, ruïhk,
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pkalri, idìo hks pkduamtas lmhustrlils. Ha igkrhk gko i blst÷rli, i itlvlhiha gkmstrutkri saopra sa hlstlmjulu gkok jrimha giusihkri ha rasïhuks a tiofìo gkok pktamglid gkmsuolhkri hks rasïhuks prkhuzlhks pkr adi oasoi ku pkr kutris itlvlhihas buoimis ha trimsekroiêçk. Is girigtarïstlgis hks rasïhuks raokvlhks ha kfris ku ragaflhks ha paquamks gkdatkras okstrio uoi jrimha prahkolmæmgli hi eriêçk olmarid, vlifldlzihkri hi lmtrkhuêçk ha prkgassks sustamtévals, gkok i raglgdijao (GIVMALVK at id, 6>>9 ipuh OIVXLMW, 6>96). K oigrkssatkr hi lmhðstrli hi gkmstruêçk glvld ì k eumhioamtid giusihkr ha rasïhuks hi agkmkoli. Ha ekroi jarid, astloi-sa qua ada sa`i raspkmsévad pkr gargi ha 8>% hks rasïhuks prkvkgihks mi agkmkoli. Wajumhk Girmalrk at id (6>>9) Oirtlms (6>96), i rahuêçk hk lopigtk ioflamtid hi gkmstruêçk glvld ì tiraei gkopdaxi, tkrmimhk-sa loprasglmhïvad ijlr ao vérlis eramtas ha oimalri gkoflmihi a sloudtæmai0 i) Olmlolzir
k gkmsuok ha ragursks (gkmsarvir)3 f) Oixlolzir i rautldlziêçk ha ragursks (rautldlzir oitarlils a gkopkmamtas)3 g) Qsir ragursks ramkvévals ku raglgdévals (ramkvir / raglgdir)3 h) ^rktajar a) Grlir
k oalk ioflamta (prktaêçk hi miturazi)3
uo ioflamta siuhévad a mçk t÷xlgk (utldlzir mçk t÷xlgks)3
e) Fusgir
i quidlhiha mi grliêçk hk ioflamta gkmstruïhk (iuoamtir i quidlhiha).
:
GKMXARXQIDLPIÊÇK HKW VGG MK FVIWLD I gkmstruêçk glvld ì uo radavimta sajoamtk hi lmhðstrli lmhðstrli frisldalri, vlsti gk gko o
uo lmhlgitlvk ha grasgloamtk agkmøolgk a skglid. Gkmtuhk, tiofìo sa gkmstltul ao uoi itlvlhiha giusihkri ha lopigtks ioflamtils (^LMXK, 6>>1 ipuh CIV^LMWC at id, 6>>96). 8>
Ks VGG (Vasïhuks hi Gkmstruêçk Glvld) okstrio uo jriva prkfdaoi ao oultis glhihas frisldalris. ^kr uo dihk, i hlspkslêçk lrrajudir hastas rasïhuks pkha hatarolmir prkfdaois ha krhao astìtlgi, ioflamtid a ha siðha pðfdlgi. ^kr kutrk dihk, adas raprasamtio uo prkfdaoi qua skfragirraji ks slstaois ha dlopazi pðfdlgi oumlglpils, vlstk qua, mk Frisld, ks VGG pkhao raprasamtir ha 1>% i :>% hi oissi hks rasïhuks s÷dlhks urfimks ‗ urfimks ‗ VWQs VWQs (FVIWLD, 6>>1f ipuh EAVMIMHAP, 6>96). Ha ekroi jarid, ks VGG sçk vlstks gkok rasïhuks ha filxi parlgudkslhiha, samhk k lopigtk giusihk, aspaglidoamta, padk jrimha vkduoa jarihk. Amtratimtk, mastas rasïhuks tiofìo sçk hasgkfartks oitarlils krjæmlgks, krjæm lgks, prkhutks parljksks a aofidijams hlvarsis qua pkhao iguoudir éjui a eivkragar i prkdleariêçk ha lmsatks a ha kutrks vatkras ha hkamêis (Cirplmsc at id., 6>>< ipuh EAVMIMHAP, 6>96). Wajumhk ^uggl (6>>5), blstkrlgioamta k oima`k hks VGG astava i girjk hk pkhar pðfdlgk, qua amgirivi k prkfdaoi ha dlopazi a ragkdbloamtk hks VGG hapksltihks ao dkgils lmiprkprlihks, gkok érais pðfdlgis, gimtalrks, ruis, priêis a oirjams ha rlks (^QGGL, 6>>5 ipuh EAVMIMHAP, 6>96). Ao 6>>6, i Vaskduêçk mk 7>: hk Gkmsadbk Miglkmid hk Oalk Ioflamta Gkmioi (Frisld, 6>>6), okhlelgihi padi Vaskduêçk mk 782 ha 6>>8 (Frisld, 6>>8), haglhlu qua k jarihkr sarli k raspkmsévad padk jaramglioamtk hassas rasïhuks. Asti hatarolmiêçk raprasamtku uo ivimêk dajid a tìgmlgk, gkdkgimhk raspkmsifldlhihas iks jarihkras, tils gkok i sajrajiêçk hks rasïhuks ao hlstlmtis gdissas a k sau amgiolmbioamtk piri raglgdijao a hlspkslêçk elmid ihaquihi (EAVMIMHAP, 6>96). Ik oasok taopk, i raskduêçk astifadagau qua is érais hastlmihis piri assis elmidlhihas havao pissir padk prkgassk ha dlgamglioamtk ioflamtid a sar elsgidlzihis padks ÷rjçks ioflamtils gkopatamtas (EAVMIMHAP, 6>96).
89
2
K HAWAMUKDULOAMXK WQWXAMXÉUAD A I GKMXVQÊÇK GLULD
2.9 K hasamvkdvloamtk sustamtévad
Wustamtifldlhiha pkha sar haelmlhi gkok —S..._ i sltuiêçk hasa`évad qua gkmsamta i gkmtlmulhiha gkmtlmulhiha hi axlstàmgli hk sar buoimk a ha mkssi skglahiha S..._‟. —Adi prkguri umlelgir ispagtks agkmøolgks, skglils, gudturils a ioflamtils hi skglahiha buoimi gko i prakgupiêçk prlmglpid ha gkmsarvir, piri qua ks dloltas hk pdimati a i bifldlhiha a i gipiglhiha his jariêñas euturis mçk sa`io gkoprkoatlhks‟. Wustamtifldlhiha —S..._ ì k kf`atlvk kf` atlvk oéxlok hk prkgassk ha hasamvkdvloamtk sustamtévad S..._‟ (GÆOIVI HI LMHÐWXVLI HI GKMWXVQÊÇK, 6>>2). K tarok hasamvkdvloamtk sustamtévad ekl usihk padi prloalri vaz ao a o 9, mk hkguoamtk Zkrdh Gkmsarvitlkm Wtritajy (Astritìjli (Astritìjli ha Gkmsarviêçk Oumhlid), prkhuzlhk pkr Lmtarmitlkmid Qmlkm ekr Gkmsarvitlkm ke Mitura imh Miturid Vaskurgas (Qmlçk Lmtarmiglkmid piri i Gkmsarviêçk hi Miturazi). Asta hkguoamtk hlz qua k hasamvkdvloamtk sustamtévad ì ihqulrlhk pkr oalk hi gkmsarviêçk hks ragursks vlvks (LQGM, 9). K hkguoamtk ekl grltlgihk padi astritìjli sar —S..._ rastrlti iks ragursks vlvks, ekgihi mis magasslhihas ha oimtar i hlvarslhiha jamìtlgi, ks bifltits a ks prkgassks agkd÷jlgks agkd ÷jlgks S..._‟, samhk —S..._ lopksslfldltihk ha tritir his quastñas gkmtrkvarsis radiglkmihis gko i krhao lmtarmiglkmid pkdïtlgi a agkmøolgi, is juarris, ks prkfdaois ha iroioamtks, pkpudiêçk a urfimlziêçk S..._‟ (FIVKML, 9>8). Ha igkrhk gko i Vaskduêçk GKMIOI m¾ >>9, ha 67 ha `imalrk ha 9>2). Wajumhk IFVIOIX (6>>2), i pirtlglpiêçk hi gihali prkhutlvi hi gkmstruêçk glvld mk ^LF frisldalrk ekl ha 2,1% ao 6>>:. Hassi pirgadi hk ^LF, 5>,:% raeara-sa î lmhðstrli hi gkmstruêçk, ku sa`i, 1,6% hk ^LF frisldalrk. Is pirtlglpiêñas hks kutrks ijamtas hi gihali astçk iprasamtihis mi Eljuri 6 a k Jréelgk 7
85
Gihali ^rkhutlvi hi Gkmstruêçk Glvld - 2,1% Oéqulmis a aqulpioamtks piri gkmstruêçk
Lmhðstrli ha
Kutrks
Oitarlils
ekrmagahkras
>,6%
9,1:%
>,8%
Lmhðstrli hi Lmhðstrli Gkmstruêçk
Warvlêks a kutrks
1,6%
9,9:%
Eljuri 6 - Vaprasamtiêçk hks ijamtas hi gihali prkhutlvi hi gkmstruêçk glvld. Ekmta0 hihks axtriïhks ha IFVIOIX (6>>2).
I jariêçk ha aoprajks mi gihali prkhutlvi tiofìo ì uo adaoamtk lopkrtimta. Amtra 6>>1 a 6>>:, k aoprajk ekroid hi gkmstruêçk lmgdulu 2% mi oìhli hi gihali. I lmhðstrli hi gkmstruêçk, pkr sui vaz, ì raspkmsévad pkr 52,8% hks aoprajks hi gihali (IFVIOIX, 6>>2). Is pirtlglpiêñas hks kutrks ijamtas hi gihali astçk iprasamtihis mk Jréelgk 1 Kutrks ekrmagahkras3 a ,:>% Warvlêks8 ,:>% kutrks3 97 ,2>% ,2>%
Lmhðstrli ha oitarlils3 92 ,1>%
Oéqulmis a aqulpioamtks 3 6 ,7>% ,7>%
Lmhðstrli hi Gkmstruêçk Lmhðstrli ha oitarlils
Warvlêks a kutrks Lmhðstrli hi Gkmstruêçk3 5> ,:>%
Kutrks ekrmagahkras Oéqulmis a aqulpioamtks
Jréelgk 7- ^irtlglpiêçk hks ijamtas mi ekroiêçk hk ^LF hi gihali prkhutlvi hi gkmstruêçk glvld. Ekmta0 IFVIOIX (6>>2)
8:
Kutrks
Oéqulmis a
ekrmagahkras3
aqulpioamtks3
9> ,1>%
> ,1>%
Warvlêks a
Lmhðstrli hi Gkmstruêçk Lmhðstrli ha oitarlils
kutrks3 Warvlêks a kutrks
98 ,7>% Lmhðstrli hi Gkmstruêçk3 Lmhðstrli ha oitarlils3 5 ,7>% ,7>%
Kutrks ekrmagahkras
52 ,8>% ,8>% Oéqulmis a aqulpioamtks
Jréelgk 8 - ^irtlglpiêçk hks ijamtas hi gihali prkhutlvi hi gkmstruêçk glvld mi jariêçk ha aoprajks. Ekmta0 IFVIOIX (6>>2)
Ì lopkrtimta sidlamtir i quastçk hi lmekroidlhiha mi gkmstruêçk glvld. K sajoamtk ekroid hi gkmstruêçk jarku 5>% hk ^LF hi gkmstruêçk, samhk raspkmsévad pkr ipamis 6:,8% hk aoprajk. ^krìo, ks —trifidbihkras his aoprasis ekroils ha gkmstruêçk tào prkhutlvlhiha :5% suparlkr î hi oìhli hi agkmkoli frisldalri, ks lmekroils tào prkhutlvlhiha 15% ifilxk hi oasoi oìhli‟ (IFVIOIX, 6>>2). I Xifadi 1 iprasamti uo rasuok gkopiritlvk amtra ks ijamtas hi Gihali ^rkhutlvi hi Gkmstruêçk Glvld, gkmslharimhk i pirtlglpiêçk mk ^LF a i jariêçk ha aoprajks.
82
Xifadi 1 - Xifadi rasuok gkopiritlvi amtra ks ijamtas hi Gihali ^rkhutlvi hi Gkmstruêçk Glvld. Ekmta0 IFVIOIX (6>>2).
^asskid kgupihks (oldbiras) 5.787,>
(%) mk aoprajk
997,5
(%) mk ^LF hi Gihali 5>,:
Lmhðstrli ha oitarlils
78,51
92,1
127,1
5,7
Warvlêks a kutrks
61,55
97,2
9.761,:
98,7
Kutrks ekrmagahkras
2,25
8,:
,1
8,78
6,7
88,:
>,1
92:,99
9>>
>
Ijamtas hi Gihali prkhutlvi
V$ fldbçk
Lmhðstrli hi Gkmstruêçk
Oéqulmis a aqulpioamtks piri i gkmstruêçk XKXID
52,8
^kr elo, ì okstrihk k ivimêk hk satkr mks ðdtloks imks. K Jréelgk Jrée lgk 1 axlfa i virliêçk imuid ^LF hi agkmkoli frisldalri f risldalri a hi Gihali ^rkhutlvi hi Gkmstruêçk Glvld, sujarlmhk uo grasgloamtk hi ðdtloi ao 69,:% amtra 6>>8 a 6>>:, gko ïmhlgas igloi hi agkmkoli frisldalri mks imks ha 6>>8, 6>>5 a 6>>:. Vassidtimhk qua ks hihks ha 6>>: sçk ipamis prk`aêñas, a mçk ks ïmhlgas rails. @é, k Jréelgk 5 axlfa i virliêçk hk mðoark ha aoprajks ekroils mi Gihali ^rkhutlvi hi Gkmstruêçk Glvld, gko grasgloamtk ha 7:% amta 6>>8 a 6>>:.
8<
9>,>>% :,% , %
2,>>%
5,5>% , 5>%
5,>>% , >>%
8,5>% , 5>%
8,>>%
Agkmkoli
6,>>% >,>>%
„6 ,>>% „8 ,>>% , >>%
9,6>% , 6>%
6>>9
6>>6
„6 ,9 > % „6 ,6 > %
6>>7
Gkmstruêçk
6>>8 6>>1 6>>5 6>>:
„7 ,7>%
Jréelgk 1 - Uirliêçk imuid hk ^LF hi agkmkoli frisldalri a hi Gihali prkhutlvi hi Gkmstruêçk Glvld. Ekmta0 IFVIOIX (6>>2).
Jréelgk 5 - Uirliêçk hk mðoark ha aoprajks ekroils mi Gihali ^rkhutlvi hi Gkmstruêçk Glvld. Ekmta0 IFVIOIX (6>>2).
<
GIMXALVK HA KFVI Yuimhk vkgà loijlmi uo gimtalrk ha kfris, mk qua vkgà pamsi; Qo
gimtalrk ha kfris ì tlplgioamta loijlmihk gkok idjk haskrjimlzihk a fijumêihk,
1>
ois ada hava sar amgirihk gkok k girtçk ha vlsltis ha uoi gkmstruêçk. Loijlma i loprassçk hk sau gdlamta ku hk sau gbaea ao var k gimtalrk ha kfris, hk quid vkgà ì raspkmsévad, i`altihk a fao astruturihk. Lssk triré uoi ÷tloi prloalri loprassçk lopras sçk skfra i kfri a oadbkriré sau radiglkmioamtk gko adas. Idìo hlssk, uo gimtalrk gim talrk ha kfris dlopk a krjimlzihk eigldlti oultk i axaguêçk hi kfri, halximhk- -i oils hlmæolgi a ao birokmli gko k oalk ioflamta dkgid. Igloi ha tuhk, sui krjimlziêçk ì prlokrhlid mk iuoamtk hi aelglàmgli a hi prkhutlvlhiha hi kfri, hlolmulmhk, gkmsaquamtaoamta, k mðoark ha iglhamtas ha trifidbk. Masta gipïtudk, vkgà vil ipramhar pkmtks assamglils piri uoi fki jastçk ha gimtalrk ha kfri. ^rloalrioamta, vkgà vil sifar k qua ì uo gimtalrk ha kfris a lhamtlelgir ks tlpks ha gimtalrks axlstamtas a suis girigtarïstlgis. girigt arïstlgis. Ao sajulhi, vkgà vil var qua axlstao oultks prk`atks hamtrk hi oasoi kfri a qua ì assamglid gkmbagà-dks a gkopitlfldlzé-dks. Ukgà gkmbagaré tiofìo uoi oimalri slopdas a oultk ðtld ha kfsarvir ks prk`atks qua sarçk axagutihks mi sui kfri, i astruturi imidïtlgi hk prk`atk (AI^). ^kr ðdtlok, vkgà vil amtamhar is prlmglpils oahlhis ha iholmlstriêçk a krjimlziêçk hks oitarlils a aqulpioamtks ao uo gimtalrk ha kfris. Uil ipramhar is dkgidlziêñas oils lmhlgihis piri gihi tlpk ha oitarlid a aqulpioamtk, i oadbkr oimalri ha astkgé-dk, is oahlhis ha sajurimêi piri avltir iglhamtas a i lopkrtæmgli hk pdima`ioamtk hk diykut ha uo gimtalrk kfris.
), ks gimtalrks ha kfri pkhao sar gdisslelgihks ao tràs hlearamtas tlpks, hasgrltks i sajulr.
Vastrltks0 ì quimhk i gkmstruêçk kgupi tkhk k tarramk, ku fki pirta hada, a i kfri tao igassks rastrltks. Axaopdks hassa tlpk ha gimtalrks sçk kfris ao érais gamtrils ha jrimhas glhihas, iopdliêñas a raekrois.
Iopdks0 ì quimhk i gkmstruêçk kgupi uoi pirgadi raditlvioamta paquami hk tarramk hi kfri. Mks gimtalrks iopdks, bé hlspkmlfldlhiha ha igassk ha vaïgudks a bé aspiêk piri k iroizamioamtk ha oitarlils a k idk`ioamtk ha passkis. Idjums axaopdks hassa tlpk ha gimtalrk sçk gkmstruêñas ha gkm`umtks bifltiglkmils bkrlzkmtils, ha pdimtis lmhustrlils, ha firrijams, ha uslmis blhradìtrlgis a kutris gkmstruêñas ha jrimha pkrta.
Dkmjks a astraltks0 sçk gimtalrks rastrlmjlhks pkr uoi ha suis hloamsñas, gko k igassk dloltihk i pkugks pkmtks hk tarramk. Axaopdks ha gimtalrks dkmjks a astraltks sçk rkhkvlis, astrihis ha earrk, rahas ha jés a patr÷dak a idjuois gkmstruêñas ha prìhlks ao tarramks astraltks. Ua`i i sajulr huis hlgis piri k pdima`ioamtk ha gimtalrks rastrltks ekrmaglhis pkr Lddlmjwkrtb (6>>>). ■
Gkoaêir padi erkmtalri oils hleïgld0 axagutir ks sarvlêks his hlvlsis oils prkfdaoétlgis imtas hk rastk hi kfri avlti qua sa tambi qua igassir assi hlvlsi mis eisas pkstarlkras ha axaguêçk hi kfri, ao qua kutrks eitkras pkhao hlelgudtir k igassk.
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Grlir aspiêks utldlzévals mk tìrrak k quimtk imtas0 ao kfris gko mïvad
suftarræmak kgupimhk quisa tkhk tarramk hi kfri, k lhaid ì gkmgdulr k mïvad tìrrak k oils gahk pkssïvad piri pkhar okmtir sau gimtalrk ha kfris paroimamta.
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I MFV 96628 ilmhi haelma huis é érais rais prlmglpils hk gimtalrk gimta lrk ha kfris0 is érais kpariglkmils a is érais ha vlvàmgli (IWWKGLIÊÇK..., 991)0 Lmstidiêñas simltérlis0 hava gkmtar divit÷rlk, visk simltérlk a olgt÷rlk, mi prkpkrêçk ha 9 piri gihi jrupk ha 6> trifidbihkras, a gbuvalrk mi m i prkpkrêçk ha 9 piri gihi 9> trifidbihkras. 8 Jastçk pradlolmir hk gimtalrk ha kfris
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Uastlérlk0 tkhk gimtalrk ha kfri hava tar vastlérlk piri i trkgi ha
rkupi hks trifidbihkras qua mçk raslhao mk dkgid. I dkgidlziêçk hk vastlérlk hava sar pr÷xloi iks idk`ioamtks ku î amtrihi hi kfri a mçk tar igassk hlratk gko k dkgid ha raealêñas.
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Idk`ioamtk0 havao tar giois gko damêkd, trivassalrk, erkmbi a
gkfartkr quimhk magassérlk. Ì prklflhk k usk ha tràs ku oils giois mi oasoi vartlgid. I gioi suparlkr hk fadlgba hava tar prktaêçk ditarid a asgihi. Havao tar iroérlks hupdks lmhlvlhuils. Ì prklflhk gkzlmbir ku iquagar gkolhi hamtrk hks idk`ioamtks. Ì kfrljit÷rlk k ekrmagloamtk ha éjui pktévad, eldtrihi a erasgi, pkr oalk ha fafahkurks ha `itk lmgdlmihk ku sloldir, mi prkpkrêçk ha 9 piri 61 trifidbihkras.
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Dkgid ha raealêñas0 ì kfrljit÷rlk mks gimtalrks ha kfris,
lmhapamhamtaoamta hk mðoark ha trifidbihkras. Hava tar uo dkgid axgduslvk piri k iquagloamtk ha raealêñas, hktihk ha aqulpioamtk ihaquihk. Ì prklflhk prapirir pr apirir
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11
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ku iquagar raealêñas ekri hk dkgid ha raealêñas. Ì kfrljit÷rlk, massa
dkgid, k ekrmagloamtk ha éjui pktévad, eldtrihi a erasgi, pkr oalk ha fafahkurks ha `itk lmgdlmihk ku sloldir, samhk prklflhi i utldlziêçk ha gkpks gkdatlvks.
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Gkzlmbi0 ì kfrljit÷rli quimhk bkuvar prapirk ha raealêñas mi kfri.
Ì kfrljit÷rlk tar pli piri divir idloamtks a utamsïdlks, tar vamtldiêçk, hlspkr ha raglplamta piri gkdati ha dlxk gko tiopi, tar aqulpioamtk ha raerljariêçk a elgir ih`igamta ik dkgid ha raealêñas. Ì kfrljit÷rlk k usk ha ivamtils a jkrrks piri is passkis qua trifidbio mi gkzlmbi.
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Divimharli0 hava tar timquas lmhlvlhuils ku gkdatlvks ao mðoark
ihaquihk. I aoprasi pkha gkmtritir sarvlêk targalrlzihk piri itamhar i asta ltao.
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Érai ha dizar0 havao sar pravlstks dujiras piri i ragraiêçk hks
trifidbihkras idk`ihks, pkhamhk sar utldlzihk k dkgid ha raealêñas piri asta elo.
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Iofudit÷rlk0 kfrljit÷rlk quimhk bkuvar oils ha 1> trifidbihkras.
I MV-92 hastigi qua i prasamêi ha idk`ioamtk, divimharli a érai ha dizar ì kfrljit÷rli piri kfris ao qua bkuvar trifidbihkras idk`ihks. Is érais ha vlvàmgli havao sar oimtlhis ao parealtk astihk ha gkmsarviêçk, bljlama a dlopazi. I magasslhiha ha uo gimtalrk ha kfris dlopk a krjimlzihk vil idìo his ragkoamhiêñas hi MV-92. K gimtalrk hava iprasamtir uo diykut a uoi dkjïstlgi eumglkmid, qua asta`io ha igkrhk gko is mkrois, gko is magasslhihas ha iroizamioamtk a astkqua ha oitarlils a gko i magasslhiha ha okvloamtiêçk vartlgid a bkrlzkmtid ha passkis, oitarlils a aqulpioamtks. K diykut a i dkjïstlgi hk gimtalrk ha kfris haelmao i hlspkslêçk ha passkis, passki s, aqulpioamtks a oitarlils mk tarramk, fusgimhk uo irrim`k aelglamta qua rahuzi k oéxlok pkssïvad is okvloamtiêñas mi kfri. Is itlvlhihas prlmglpils hi dkjïstlgi hlzao raspaltk ik trimspkrta, ik prkgassioamtk ha pahlhks pahlhk s a ik jaramglioamtk ha astkqua, amquimtk is itlvlhihas sagumhérlis amvkdvao oimusalk ha oitarlils, iroizamijao, gkopris a slstaoi ha lmekroiêçk. K diykut hava sar pamsihk ao tkhis is eisas hi kfri ha oimalri astritìjlgi a davimhk davimh k ao gkmti is itlvlhihas hi dkjïstlgi. Gko lssk, k taopk ha trifidbk his passkis ì oadbkr iprkvaltihk, k
15
oimusalk hasmagassérlk hks aqulpioamtks hlolmul, avltimhk iglhamtas ha trifidbk, a i prkhutlvlhiha hi kfri iuoamti. Qo adaoamtk eigldltihkr oultk utldlzihk ao kfris ì k firrigçk ha kfri. K firrigçk pkha sar utldlzihk piri hlvarsis eumêñas, gkok piri fimbalrks, vastlérlks, asgrlt÷rlk a astkqua ha oitarlils a aqulpioamtks, pkr axaopdk. K firrigçk pkha sar gkmstruïhk mi pr÷prli kfri ku, ha oimalri prétlgi, idujihk mi ekroi ha gkmtilmars.
I gkopraamsçk his pirtas gkmstltulmtas a his mkrois qua rajao i okmtijao hk gimtalrk ha kfris ì assamglid piri hasamvkdvar uo fko pdima`ioamtk piri i kfri. K fko pdima`ioamtk hk gimtalrk ha kfris pksslfldlti qua k aspiêk eïslgk hi kfri sa`i oadbkr utldlzihk, ha oimalri aelglamta a sajuri, olmlolzimhk okvloamtiêñas a eigldltimhk tiraeis. Xar uo gimtalrk ha kfri ktlolzihk, dlopk a krjimlzihk sljmlelgi qua k trifidbk hk jastkr saré eigldltihk a ks prkfdaois sarçk rahuzlhks.
Yuihrk 9. Astuhks 9. Astuhks a prk`atks magassérlks piri gkmstruêçk ha h a astrihis, pkmtas a firrijams Astrihi Astuhks jaktìgmlgks a jakd÷jlgks Astuhks blhrkd÷jlgks a blhréudlgks Astuhks tkpkjréelgks Astuhks ha tréeajk Astuhks ha triêihk ^rk`atk jakoìtrlgk a ha tarripdimijao ^rk`atk ha pivloamtiêçk ^rk`atk adìtrlgk ^rk`atk ha hramijao ^rk`atk ha hasiprkprliêçk ^rk`atk ha lmtarsaêñas, ratkrmks a igassks ^rk`atk ha slmidlziêçk ^rk`atk ha adaoamtks ha sajurimêi
^kmta Astuhks jaktìgmlgks a jakd÷jlgks Astuhks blhrkd÷jlgks a blhréudlgks Astuhks tkpkjréelgks Astuhks ha tréeajk Astuhks ha triêihk ^rk`atk jakoìtrlgk a ha tarripdimijao ^rk`atk irqultatømlgk ^rk`atk astruturid ^rk`atk ha eumhiêñas ^rk`atk adìtrlgk ^rk`atk ha adaoamtks ha sajurimêi ^rk`atk ha hramijao
Firrijao Astuhks jaktìgmlgks a jakd÷jlgks Astuhks blhrkd÷jlgks a blhréudlgks Astuhks tkpkjréelgks Astuhks ha ijrajihks (firrijao ha tarri) ^rk`atk jaktìgmlgk hi firrijao (firrijao ha tarri) ^rk`atk astruturid (firrijao ha gkmgratk) ^rk`atk hk rasarvit÷rlk ^rk`atk hk vartahkurk ^rk`atk ha igasslfldlhiha ^rk`atk his érais ha kpariêçk ^rk`atk adìtrlgk
^rk`atk ha pivloamtiêçk ^rk`atk ha slmidlziêçk
Ì lopkrtimta jirimtlr i gkopitlfldlziêçk amtra ks prk`atks. Is tufudiêñas hk prk`atk blhréudlgk pkhao pissir mk oasok dujir ha glrgultks adìtrlgks, ku ha uoi pirta lopkrtimta hi astruturi a his iroihuris. Uarlelgir sa uo prk`atk asté lmtarearlmhk mk kutrk avlti lopravlstks hurimta i axaguêçk hi kfri. ^kr lssk, ì oultk ou ltk lopkrtimta qua ks prk`atlstis his hlearamtas érais sa gkoumlquao amtrasl, slmgrkmlzimhk saus trifidbks a avltimhk idtariêñas a ratrifidbks euturks. K lhaid ì qua ks prk`atks gbajuao ik amgirrajihk hi kfri sao lmtarearàmglis, ois i gkopdaxlhiha a i hlvarslhiha ha prk`atks ha uoi kfri eizao gko qua idjums pkmtks pissao haspargaflhks itì piri prk`atlstis oultk axparlamtas. I gkopitlfldlziêçk ha prk`atks gkoprkoata hasha k prk`atlsti itì k trifidbihkr hi kfri, pkls pkha jarir ratrifidbk piri tkhis is pirtas, a pkr lssk hava sar amgirihk gkok raspkmsifldlhiha ha tkhks. Oasok fusgimhk uoi fki gkopitlfldlziêçk ha prk`atks, ì gkouo hurimta i eisa ha prk`atk a ha gkmstruêçk ha uoi kfri qua ks prk`atks krljlmils skerio
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idtariêñas. Lssk eiz gko qua is pdimtis sa`io ravlstis a ks prk`atks tambio hlvarsis varsñas, fusgimhk saopra oimtar i pdimti ituidlzihi. Hurimta i eisa ha prk`atk ì oultk lopkrtimta qua is varsñas elmils hks prk`atks sa`io iprkvihis, isslmihis a girlofihis padks saus raspkmsévals r aspkmsévals tìgmlgks. I gkmeusçk his hlvarsis varsñas hks prk`atks, sao kelglidlziêçk hi varsçk elmid, pkha igirratir jrimhas pra`uïzks mi axaguêçk hi kfri. ^kr lssk, k axagutkr hi kfri hava tar gartazi ha qua asté gko i varsçk elmid hks prk`atks ao oçks. Gifa rassidtir qua assi vidlhiêçk hi varsçk elmid hk prk`atk ì lmgduslva utldlzihi, oultis vazas, gkok eitkr kfrljit÷rlk piri gkmgkrrar i dlgltiêñas piri axaguêçk ha kfris pðfdlgis. Lssk jirimta qua k axagutkr trifidbiré gko i varsçk elmid hk prk`atk hurimta i kfri. I ituidlziêçk a i krjimlziêçk his varsñas hk prk`atk tiofìo sçk assamglils hurimta i axaguêçk kfri. I ravlsçk elmid, qua raprasamti gkok i kfri ekl raidoamta gkmstruïhi, ì gbioihi ha h a Is Fuldt, ao pkrtujuàs —Gkok Gkmstruïhk‟. K Is Fuldt mçk hava oils skerar idtariêñas a ì i varsçk hk prk`atk qua hava sar ivarfihi mk ÷rjçk ha rajlstrk hi glhiha, havlhioamta igkopimbihi hi hkguoamtiêçk tìgmlgi hk raspkmsévad padk prk`atk. Isslo, mi bkri ha eizar uoi mkvi kfri hk tarramk, k raspkmsévad hi kfri pkharé gkmsudtir k Is Fuldt a varlelgir quils tlpks ha lmtarearàmgli pkharé amgkmtrir mk prk`atk. Amtratimtk, gkok krjimlzir gkm`umtioamta tkhks ks prk`atks ha uoi kfri; ^iri eigldltir i lhamtlelgiêçk his itlvlhihas qua gkmstltuao i kfri, Oittks (6>9>) igkmsadbi i adifkriêçk hi AI^. Xriti-sa hi astruturi blarérqulgi his itlvlhihas hi kfri, qua sçk hagkopkstis prkjrasslvioamta ao itlvlhihas oamkras a oils eégals ha oima`ir. I AI^ pkha sar ealti ao tràs ekrois, gkmekroa sa và mi Eljuri 7.
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^kha-sa hlzar qua k slstaoi ha érvkra ér vkra ì k oils eégld ha sa amtamhar, pkls k prkgassk ha hagkopkslêçk ao atipis sa issaoadbi oultk ik ha uoi érvkra jamaid÷jlgi eioldlir, gko ks oils vadbks ao fdkgks mks mïvals suparlkras a saus eldbks mks mïvals lmearlkras. I astruturi imidïtlgi ì i oils utldlzihi padks sketwiras ha pdima`ioamtk. I astruturi ha oipi oamtid ì sloldir î astruturi ha érvkra, pkrìo pkr ìo sao fdkgks a hlstrlfuïhi rihlidoamta gko uoi lhali gamtrid. I AI^ ha hava va ssar ar ea ealti lti gko aspaglid itamêçk, pk pkls ls sa idjuoi itlvlhiha ekr asquaglhi, tkhk k pdima`ioamtk hi kfri havaré sar raekroudihk a lssk pkharé itrisir i kfri, davimhk î adifkriêçk ha prk`atks ha ðdtloi bkri. Oittks (6>9>) rassidti qua k hasoaofrioamtk his itlvlhihas hi kfri mçk ì uoi tiraei eégld a
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hava tar i gkdifkriêçk ha tkhis is passkis amvkdvlhis mk prk`atk. I adifkriêçk hi AI^ axlja uo amtamhloamtk iprkeumhihk hi oatkhkdkjli utldlzihi mk prk`atk piri pksslfldltir i trimsekroiêçk ha tiraeis oilkras ao pigktas ha tiraeis oamkras a ha eégld gkopraamsçk.
Itì kmha vkgà hava hagkopkr sui AI^; Hatidbir haoils is itlvlhihas pkha sar hasparhïglk ha taopk a ha hlmbalrk, idìo ha pkhar halxir sui AI^ gkmeusi. ^kr axaopdk, mçk ì praglsk hatidbir k pkslglkmioamtk ha gihi tl`kdk ha uoi piraha. ^iri i`uhir, Oittks (6>9>) hastigi k taopk oïmlok ha uo hli a k taopk oéxlok ha 9> hlis. Ku sa`i, sa i itlvlhiha hurir oamks ha uo hli, adi ì paquami haoils piri gkmstir ao sui AI^, a sa i itlvlhiha hurir oils ha 9> hlis, adi hava sar hagkopksti ao itlvlhihas oamkras.
>5) haelmao idjuois hlratrlzas qua astçk hlvlhlhis ao mkva jrupks. Assis hlratrlzas sarçk imidlsihis pkstarlkroamta. Wçk adis0 Hloamslkmioamtk his lmstidiêñas Haelmlêçk hk diykut his érais ha iroizamioamtk.
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^kstk ha prkhuêçk ha irjioissi a gkmgratk.
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Ulis ha glrgudiêçk.
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Hlspkslêçk hk amtudbk.
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Iroizamioamtk ha gloamtk a ijrajihks.
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Iroizamioamtk ha fdkgks a tl`kdks.
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Iroizamioamtk ha iêk a iroihuris.
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Iroizamioamtk ha tufks ha ^UG.
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K hloamslkmioamtk ha lmstidiêñas ha okvloamtiêçk a iroizamioamtk usuidoamta ihktihis piri gimtalrks ha kfris ha prìhlks, gkmekroa Wiurlm a Ekroksk (6>>5), ì iprasamtihk mk Yuihrk 6. Assa quihrk hastigi idjuois his lmstidiêñas oils lopkrtimtas hks gimtalrks ha kfri.
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Yuihrk 6. Hloamsñas usuils ha lmstidiêñas ao gimtalrks ha kfri Lmstidiêçk Adavihkr ha girji
Hloamsñas usuils 9,2> o Ú 6,7> o
Filis ha ijrajihks
Dirjuri0aljuid ku oilkr î giêiofi hk giolmbçk Idturi gkoprloamtk0 suelglamtas piri k astkqua Qsuidoamta0 7,>> o Ú 7,>> o Ú >,2> o Astloihis gko fisa mk pdima`ioamtk Wigk ha gloamtk0 >,:> o Ú >,81 o Ú >,99 o Idturi oéxloi hi pldbi0 9> sigks Astloihis gko fisa mk pdima`ioamtk Wigk ha gloamtk0 >,:> o Ú >,81 o Ú >,99 o Idturi oéxloi hi pldbi0 9> sigks 9,5> o Ú 6,51 o Qo pkugk oilkras hk qua i oilkr vlji ku pldir i sar axagutihk Idturi a dirjuri qua paroltio i pissijao hk oilkr vaïgudk qua amtriré mi kfri Qsuidoamta0 8,>> o Ú 8,1> o (dirjuri x idturi)
Astkquas ha gloamtk Astkqua ha fdkgks Giêiofi tada-amtudbk Fimgihi ha eørois ^krtçk ha vaïgudks
Ekmta0 Ihiptihk ha Wiurlm a Ekroksk Ekrok sk (6>>5).
^iri i haelmlêçk hk diykut his érais ha iroizamioamtk, igkmsadbi-sa tamtir iroizamir tkhks ks oitarlils pkssïvals mk sufskdk. Assi oahlhi dlfari k pivloamtk tìrrak piri lmstidiêñas prkvls÷rlis, eivkraga i dlopazi his érais ha vlvàmgli, prktaja ks oitarlils iroizamihks ha lmtaopìrlas a eigldlti i glrgudiêçk ha oitarlils a trifidbihkras, `é qua k sufskdk ì jaridoamta uoi érai haskfstruïhi. K hasgirrajioamtk ha oitarlid pkha sar ealtk pkr oalk ha uoi ifarturi mi di`a hk sufskdk ku mi piraha hk sufskdk, gko utldlziêçk kpglkmid ha riopis. Ao rizçk hi ekroi a hk vkduoa ha idjums oitarlils, gkok tadis ha iêk a fdkgks ha idvamirli, igkmsadbi-sa k pdima`ioamtk ha amtrajis hk oitarlid gkmekroa i kfri ekr axagutihi, gko amtraji hlratioamta mk dkgid ha usk pkr oalk ha piddats, piri rahuzlr i magasslhiha ha astkqua hassas oitarlils. Yuimhk is érais ha iroizamioamtk mçk pkhao sar mk sufskdk, igkmsadbi-sa qua adi sa`i pr÷xloi ik hasgirrajioamtk hk oitarlid padks giolmbñas, piri olmlolzir okvloamtiêñas, a ao érai gkfarti.
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K pkstk ha prkhuêçk ha irjioissi a gkmgratk haelma i dkgidlziêçk hi fatkmalri a hks oitarlils utldlzihks piri eizar k gkmgratk. gkm gratk. Igkmsadbi-sa qua k pkstk sa sltua pr÷xlok hk adavihkr ha girji, gulhimhk piri avltir k gruzioamtk ha eduxks. K pkstk hava astir ao uo dkgid gkfartk, pkhamhk sar skf i pr÷prli gkmstruêçk ku skf uo tadbihk gkmstruïhk piri assa elo. Qoi hlgi piri oimtar k gimtalrk ha kfris dlopk a krjimlzihk ì amvkdvar tkhi i aqulpa pkr oalk ha tralmioamtk, ragkopamsis a gkmsglamtlziêçk. ^iri i lopdimtiêçk ha uo prkjrioi ha quidlhiha axlsta k prkjrioi 1W, qua lmgamtlvi i prétlgi ha glmgk samsks mis passkis. Hasgirta (salrl)0 (salrl)0 lhamtlelgir kf`atks a oitarlils hasmagassérlks a hasgirté-dks, dlfarimhk aspiêks mk gimtalrk. Krhao (saltkm)0 astifadagar (saltkm)0 astifadagar k dujir gartk piri ks kf`atks ku oitarlils, pkr oalk ha slmidlziêñas, hlolmulmhk k taopk ha fusgi. (salsk)0 i dlopazi halxi k ioflamta oils ijrihévad piri sa trifidbir a Dlopazi (salsk)0 i oadbkri i loijao hi aoprasi. (salcatsu)0 fusgi gkmsglamtlzir i aqulpa quimtk î magasslhiha ha bljlama Issalk (salcatsu)0 fusgi
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lmhlvlhuid ha axaopdk. gkmhlêñas ha trifidbk sitlseit÷rlis quimtk i ruïhk, taoparituri a lduolmiêçk,a pkr Hlsglpdlmi (sbltsuca)0 lmgamtlvir (sbltsuca)0 lmgamtlvir raspkmsifldlhiha a lmlglitlvi lmlglitl vi mks trifidbihkras, pkr axaopdk, gko k lmgamtlvk hi utldlziêçk hks aqulpioamtks ha prktaêçk lmhlvlhuid (A^L).
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Is vlis ha glrgudiêçk ha passkis a aqulpioamtks hava gkmstir mk diykut hk gimtalrk ha kfris. Hava-sa axagutir k gkmtriplsk imtas ha idkgir quidquar astkqua, gko kf`atlvk ha eigldltir i glrgudiêçk a avltir a vltir parhis ha oitarlils, rahuêçk ha prkhutlvlhiha a iglhamtas ha trifidbk. K tri`atk ha giolmbñas hava sar ao skdk astévad, sa magassérlk, gko uoi gioihi ha frlti. I hramijao his vlis ha passkis a vaïgudks hava sar ihaquihi. Hava-sa varlelgir sa i lmtarearàmgli ha asgkrioamtks a sigihis mi glrgudiêçk ha passkis a vaïgudks, piri avltir skduêñas loprkvlsihis ha idtariêçk ha diykut hurimta i kfri. K amtudbk, ipasir ha lmhasa`ihk, axlsta ao tkhis kfris. I hlspkslêçk ha
amtudbk hava sar ealti ao dkgid aspagïelgk piri assa elo, gko giêiofi ku fili ha iroizamioamtk. I hasgirji pkha sar ealti pkr oalk ha tufks gkdatkras, avltimhk, isslo, k hasparhïglk ha oitarlid a oçk ha kfri. I giêiofi ku fili ha iroizamioamtk ha amtudbk hava astir dkgidlzihi pr÷xlok ik dkgid ha hasgirta ha
5:
oitarlid ku ifilxk hk tufk gkdatkr a hava sar uo dujir igassïvad ik giolmbçk ha gkdati. Ì hasa`évad sapirir ks hap÷sltks ha amtudbk piri oitarlils a dlxk krjæmlgk, pksslfldltimhk tiofìo i sapiriêçk ha amtudbk raiprkvaltévad. I Eljuri 8 iprasamti uo usk gkouo ha giêiofi a tufk gkdatkr piri hasgirji ha amtudbk.
Idjuois ragkoamhiêñas skfra k iroizamioamtk ha gloamtk a ijrajihks ao gimtalrks ha kfri sçk hasgrltis pkr Fkmlm at id. (9 o ha pirahas Filis gko mk oïmlok tràs dihks a gargi ha 9,6> a >,1> o hk tatk, piri avltir gkmtitk gko o ha idturi uolhiha a paroltlr i glrgudiêçk ha ir ^ldbis ha mk oéxlok 9> sigks ^ldbis ha mk oéxlok 9,1> o ha idturi Kfris gko jrimhas astkquas0 utldlzir sigks Dirjuri his filis ha mk oïmlok 7 o oils vadbks imtas hks mkvks Dkgidlzir skfra uo astrihk piri avltir i Astkgir skfra di`as ku plsk gloamtihk (ku isgamsçk ha uolhiha hk plsk hasprazir ðdtloks 91 go ha astkqua) Vajlñas oultk quamtas0 aopldbir mk oéxlok ^rkvlhamglir fki hramijao piri i fili ha glmgk sigks, avltir dkmis ha gkr prati a ieistir astkqua is pldbis ao >,1> o Ekmta0 Ihiptihk ha Fkmlm at id. (9>8. JKDHOIM, ^. Lmtrkhuêçk ik ^dima`ioamtk a Gkmtrkda ha Gustks mi Gkmstruêçk Glvld. 8. ah. ituid. -- Wçk ^iudk 0 ^lml, 6>>8. LDDLMJZKVXB,@. V. Gkmstrugtlkm0 Oatbkhs imh ^dimmlmj. 6. ah. Dkmhkm0 GVG ^rass, 6>>> OIVXLMW E. J. Jastçk A Jaramglioamtk Ha Vasïhuks Hi Gkmstruêçk Glvld Ao Kfris Ha Jrimha ^krta ‗ Astuhks Ha Gisk, Wçk Girdks, 6>96. OIXXKW, I. H. ^dima`ioamtk a gkmtrkda ha kfris. Wçk ^iudk0 ^lml, 6>9>. KDLUALVI, G. E. Gimtalrk ha kfri0 gkopkmamtas. 6> ifr. 6>95. WIQVLM, X. I.3 EKVOKWK, G. X. ^dima`ioamtk ha gimtalrks ha kfri a jastçk ha prkgassks. ^krtk Idajra0 IMXIG, 6>>5. (Vagkoamhiêñas tìgmlgis BIFLXIVA, 7).
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