Planchas de Base de Columnas

 

XDFK@EFP MJ CFPJ MJ @ADZGKFP 6.  Njkjrfdimfmjs. Df Xdfk`ef mj Cfsj js jd jdjgjkta mj `akjxiðk jktrj df `adugkf gjtædi`f y jd pjmjstfd a zfpftf mj `ak`rjta frgfma, quj pjrgitj quj sj trfsgitfk das jdjvfmas jsoujrzas quj pujmj sapartfr df `adugkf gjtædi`f sik quj sj prjsjktjk mföas jk uk gftjrifd mj gjkar rjsistjk`if `aga js jd `ak`rjta frgfma. Das `agpakjktjs tçpi`as mj jsf `akjxiðk `ak jxiðk fpfrj`jk jk df Oin. 6.

Jd nrautikn js uk gartjra oduima mj rjddjka ikyj`tfma mjcfla mj df pdfk`ef mj cfsj, kargfdgjktj `ak fmitivas pfrf quj ka tjknf `aktrf``iðk, su ouk`iðk js pjrgitir df fmj`ufmf kivjdf`iðk mj df `adugkf y trfksgitir dfs oujrzfs mj `agprjsiðk jktrj df pdfk`ef mj cfsj y df `igjktf`iðk. Zk jspjsar `agük js mj 08 f :8 gg2 si dfs pdfk`efs mj cfsj sak nrfkmjs a si jgpdjfk pdfk`efs `ak fdjtfs mj `artj (sejfr duns), jd jspjsar mjcj sjr gfyar. Dfs `frnfs quj trfsgitj df `adugkf sak `frnfs fxifdjs y jk gu`eas `fsas gagjktas mj odjxiðk. Jsta ef`j quj sj `aksimjrjk `ak simjrjk trjs `fsas pfrf jd misjöa<   Xdfk`efs mj cfsj sada `ak `frnf fxifd   Xdfk`efs mj cfsj `ak `frnf fxifd y gagjktas pjqujöas   Xdfk`efs mj cfsj `ak `frnf fxifd y gagjktas nrfkmjs •

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6.6  @frf`tjrçsti`fs mj dfs Xdfk`efs mj Cfsj. Jd gftjrifd rj`agjkmfma y gæs jgpdjfma pfrf df ofcri`f`iðk mj dfs pdfk`efs mj cfsj js jd f`jra F0? fukquj jk `fsa kj`jsfria sj pujmj jgpdjfr tfgciék jd F:>3 Nr:8. Jk njkjrfd sj `aksimjrf `akvjkijktj jgpdjfr pdfk`efs gæs nrujsfs quj `ada`fr `frtjdfs quj, fukquj  pjrgitjk jgpdjfr pdfk`efs gæs mjdnfmfs pramu`jk uk fugjkta mj `asta y tijgpa mj ofcri`f`iðk.

 

Das jspjsarjs mj pdfk`ef quj kargfdgjktj sj jk`ujktrfk jk jd gjr`fma sak< 0/6?‗, 6/=‗, :/6?‗, 0/5‗, 6/3‗, :/5‗, 0/=‗, 6‗, 66 -6/=‗, 66-6/3‗ y 3‗. ]fgciék sj jk`ujktrfk jk jspjsarjs gidigétri`as< :, ?, 5, 9, 63, 6?, 69, 3:, 03, 05 y :8 gg. Jd jspjsar gçkiga quj sj f`astugcrf jgpdjfr pfrf pdfk`efs mj cfsj mj `adugkfs `ad ugkfs js mj 0/=‗ a mj 69 gg2 pfrf pastjs a `adugkfs tucudfrjs divifkfs sj jgpdjf 6/3‗ a :/5‗.  :/5‗.  Df ukiðk jktrj df `adugkf y df pdfk`ef mj cfsj mjcj mjc j sjr sadmfmf, `ak sadmfmurf mj oidjtj efstf mj 0/=‗ jk tamfs dfs `frfs, pfrf `frfs,  pfrf jvitfr sijgprj quj sjf pasicdj pa sicdj jd jgpdja mj sadmfmurfs mj  pjkjtrf`iðk tatfd par su gfyar `asta y mioi`udtfm mj jlj`u`iðk. Jk pjroidjs ^O jvitfr jd jgpdja mj sadmfmurf jk tama jd pjrçgjtra mj df `adugkf `ad ugkf parquj, pfrti`udfrgjktj jk jd jspjsar mj dfs fdfs y jk jd jk`ujktra `urva jktrj jd fdf y jd fdgf, fugjktfk guy pa`a df rjsistjk`if y sak `astasfs y `agpdi`fmfs mj jlj`utfr. Jk `adugkfs tucudfrjs rj`tfknudfrjs quj rjsistfk sada `agprjsiðk fxifd js suoi`ijktj sadmfr das `uftra dfmas `ak sadmfmurf mj oidjtj sik sadmfr dfs jsquikfs. Pi jstfs `adugkfs rjsistjk gagjktas jk df cfsj mjcjk sadmfrsj dfs jsquikfs, parquj df dçkjf `rçti`f mj odujk`if jk df  pdfk`ef mj cfsj sj oargf jk dfs jsquikfs mj df `adugkf rj`tfknudfr.

6.3  @frf`tjrçsti`fs mj das Xjrkas mj Fk`dflj. Xfrf das pjrkas mj fk`dflj sj rj`agijkmf jgpdjfr cfrrfs rjmakmfs disfs mj f`jra Nrfma F0? quj `ugpdfk df Kargf FP]G O6::=, Ptfkmfrm Ppj`ioi`ftiak oar Fk`ear Cadts, Ptjjd, 0?, ::, fkm 68:-bsi Yijdm Ptrjknte. @ufkma sj tijkjk gagjktas nrfkmjs pujmjk efcjr oujrzfs jdjvfmfs mj trf``iðk quj efnfk kj`jsfria jd jgpdja mj f`jras mj nrfma :8. Fktjriargjktj sj jgpdjfcfk das pjrkas mj fk`dflj `ak nfk`ea f 98 a a f 658¼, f`tufdgjktj, par tjkjr gfyar rjsistjk`if f df jxtrf``iðk, sj jgpdjfk das pjrkas ras`fmas jk jd jxtrjga fk`dfma jk jd `ak`rjta, `ak ukf tujr`f pfrf gjlarfr jd fk`dflj, `aga sj vj jk df oinurf 6. Mjcj jgpdjfrsj tujr`fs ejxfnakfdjs pjsfmfs quj `ugpdfk df Kargf FP]G F:?0 Nrfma F, Ptfkmfrm Ppj`ioi`ftiak oar @frcak fkm Fdday Ptjjd Kuts.  Ka js rj`agjkmfcdj `ada`fr ukf frfkmjdf a ukf uk f pdfk`ef sacrj df tujr`f parquj ka fugjktf df rjsistjk`if f df jxtrf``iðk y pujmj mioi`udtfr df `ada`f`iðk mjd `ak`rjta mjcfla mj jddf.`ak Jd miægjtra gçkiga rj`agjkmfma mj das pjrkas mj fk`dflj js 0/=‗, sfdva pfrf `adugkfs guy pa`f `frnf fxifd jk dfs quj sj pujmj jgpdjfr pjrkas mj :/5‗.  :/5‗.   Jd `fsa mj Xdfk`efs mj Cfsj quj sada rj`icjk `frnf fxifd `arrjspakmj fd misjöa mj ukf cfsj mj `adugkf frti`udfmf, mj gfkjrf quj ka sj prjsjktjk gagjktas mj odjxiðk. Xfrf jstf `akmi`iðk ef sima usufd jgpdjfr mas pjrkas mj fk`dflj `ada`fmas f df fdturf mjd `jktra mjd fdgf mj df `adugkf. F pfrtir mjd föa 3886 jd Pfojty Ptfkmfrm oar Ptjjd Jrj`tiak mj df Z.P. A``upftiakfd Pfojty fkm Ejfdte Fmgikistrftiak (APEF) jxinj quj sj `adaqujk `uftra pjrkas jk dfs pdfk`efs mj cfsj pfrf mfrdj jstfcidimfm f df `adugkf murfktj jd gaktflj. Pðda pjrgitj `ada`fr mas pjrkas jk pjqujöfs jstru`turfs tipa pastj quj pjsjk gjkas mj 6,= bK (6=8 bno). Jd rjquisita mj df APEF, mj jgpdjfr `aga gçkiga `uftra pjrkas mj fk`dflj, jxinj quj df rjsistjk`if gçkigf mj jstas pjrgitf quj f`tüj ukf `frnf mj 6,= bK (6=8 bno) uci`fmf jk `fmf mirj``iðk f =:8gg mj df `frf jxtjrkf mj df `adugkf.

 

  Pi df `adugkf sj fpayf sacrj uk pjmjstfd mj `ak`rjta, mjcj vjrioi`frsj quj df fdturf mjd  pjmjstfd pjrgitf quj das pjrkas mj fk`dflj qujmjk par jk`igf mjd kivjd supjriar mj df zfpftf,  pfrf jvitfr quj tjknfk quj `ada`frsj fktjs mjd vf`ifma mj df zfpftf. Pi mj sjr kj`jsfria ka sj  pujmj fugjktfr df fdturf mjd pjmjstfd, js gjlar fdfrnfr df `adugkf pfrf quj sj fpayj mirj`tfgjktj jk df zfpftf, qujmfkma jd pjmjstfd sada `aga uk jdjgjkta mj pratj``iðk mj df `adugkf. Mj f`ujrma `ak da ikmi`fma jk df K]J J.898 jk jd kugjrfd 68.0, pfrf pijzfs ras`fmfs mj f`jra F0? quj tijkjk O u 7 =88 GXf, df rjsistjk`if kagikfd jk trf``iðk js O kt 7 8,>:Ou 7 088 GXf, df rjsistjk`if kagikfd jk `artj `ufkma df ras`f jstæ jx`duimf mjd pdfka mj `artj js O kv  7 8,:?0Ou 7 33: GXf y `ufkma df ras`f ka jstæ jx`duimf mjd pdfka mj `artj `a rtj js Okv 7 8,=:Ou 7 658 GXf. @aga sj ikmi`f jk df K]J J.898 jk jd kugjrfd 68.0.? pfrf `fd`udfr df rjsistjk`if mj misjöa jk trf``iðk a `artj mj jstas pjrkas mj fk`dflj jd vfdar mj Ϛ js 8,>:. Jk uk prayj`ta mj pra`jsa ræpima (ofst trf`b) jd vf`ifma mj df `igjktf`iðk pujmj ef`jrsj fktjs quj sj tjknfk das mjtfddjs mjoikitivas mj df cfsj mj dfs `adugkfs gjtædi`fs. Jk jstas `fsas sj pjrgitj jd jgpdja mj pjrkas `ada`fmas jk fnuljras pjroarfmas jk jd `ak`rjta y fk`dfmas `ak fmejsivas jpðxi`as. Ka sj mjcj pjrgitir jd jgpdja mj pjrkas mj jxpfksiðk.

6.0  Migjksiðk gçkigf mj df Xdfk`ef mj Cfsj. Mjcj `aksimjrfrsj quj par dfs mioi`udtfmjs prapifs pfrf df `ada`f`iðk `ada` f`iðk jxf`tf mj das pjrkas p jrkas mj fk`dflj jk dfs `igjktf`iakjs, dfs tadjrfk`ifs jk jd tfgföa mj das fnuljras jk dfs pdfk`efs mj  cfsj tijkjk quj sjr gfyarjs quj jk `ufdquijr atrf `akjxiðk. Df K]J J.898 jk df ]fcdf 68.9 mf jd tfgföa rj`agjkmfma pfrf jstas fnuljras, das quj fpfrj`jk jk df Oin. 0. Xfrf jd `fsa mj pjrkas mj fk`dflj mj :/5‗ mj miægjtra (7 6?gg) jd j d FIP@ 0?8 jk das @agjktfrias fd kugjrfd L9 ikmi`f quj jd miægjtra mj fnuljra sjræ mj 6-0/6?‗ 6- 0/6?‗ (7 08gg), jd miægjtra gçkiga mj df frfkmjdf sjræ mj 6-6/3‗ 6-6/3‗ (7 05gg) y jd jspjsar gçkiga mj df frfkmjdf sjræ mj 0/6?‗ (7 :gg). Dfs :gg). Dfs frfkmjdfs f jgpdjfrsj pfrf jstas pjrkas mj fk`dflj tijkjk quj sjr `artfmfs mj pdfk`efs parquj dfs migjksiakjs ikmi`fmfs jx`jmjk dfs mj dfs frfkmjdfs jstækmfr. Jstfs frfkmjdfs ka kj`jsitfk sjr jkmurj`imfs. Jstj `fgcia mj miægjtra mjd fnuljra rjspj`ta fd fnuljra jstækmfr ef`j quj dfs mistfk`ifs mjd  carmj mj df pdfk`ef fd `jktra mjd fnuljra y f df `frf mj ddff `adugkf, dfs mistfk`ifs s6 y s3 mj df Oin. 3, y dfs mistfk`ifs `jktra f `jktra jktrj das pjrkas mj ukf uk f gisgf oidf (`. f `.) `fgcijk mj vfdar rjspj`ta f da ikmi`fma pfrf fnuljras jstækmfr.

 

 

Oin. 0 FNZLJSAP XFSF XJSKAP MJ FK@DFLJ

Df mistfk`if s6 y df mistfk`if `. f `. mj df Oin. 3 sj `fd`udfk `aga `a ga jd vfdar ikmi`fma jk df ]fcdf 68.0.= mj df K]J J.898 pfrf s6 y 3-3/0m  c pfrf df mistfk`if `. f `. gæs jd ik`rjgjkta mjd rfmia jktrj jd fnuljra jstækmfr y jd fnuljra pfrf pdfk`efs p dfk`efs mj cfsj, jstas vfdarjs sj efk rjmakmjfma f das : gg sinuijktjs.

 

fkm ]inetjkikn Df mistfk`ifik. s3 sj `fd`udf `agaFP]G jd vfdarF03: @ 6 ikmi`fma jk dfCadts ]fcdj >-6: @djfrfk`j, @akvjktiakfd fkm F=98   mj df  Jktjrikn 6=te Jmitiak, 3866, mjd Gfkufd ao Ptjjd @akstru`tiak mjd FIP@, gæs jd ik`rjgjkta ik`rjgjk ta mjd rfmia jktrj jd fnuljra jstækmfr y jd fnuljra pfrf pdfk`efs mj cfsj, actjkiékmasj das vfdarjs gçkigas sinuijktjs, rjmakmjfmas f das : gg sinuijktjs<

m  c  :/5‗   :/5‗ 0/=‗   0/=‗ >/5‗   >/5‗ 6‗  6‗  6-6/=‗ 6-6/=‗   6-6/3‗ 6-6/3‗  

`. f `. ?8 gg >8 gg 5: gg 9: gg 68: gg 63: gg

s6  08 gg 0: gg =8 gg =: gg :: gg ?8 gg

s3  58 gg 98 gg 688 gg 668 gg 63: gg 60: gg

 

@ak dfs migjksiakjs mj df `adugkf y dfs mistfk`ifs gçkigfs quj sj ef ikmi`fma, sj pujmj jstfcdj`jr dfs migjksiakjs gçkigfs, C y K, mj df pdfk`ef mj cfsj, pfrf iki`ifr df vjrioi`f`iðk mj quj ka sj jx`jmfk das jsoujrzas mj fpdfstfgijkta jk jd `ak`rjta. Pi sj jx`jmfk das jsoujrzas mj fpdfstfgijkta jk jd `ak`rjta, js kj`jsfria fugjktfr dfs migjksiakjs mj df pdfk`ef mj cfsj a fugjktfr df rjsistjk`if o’` mjd `ak`rjta. `ak`rjta.  

3.  Xdfk`efs mj Cfsj `ak @frnf Fxifd. @arrjspakmj fd `fsa mj `adugkfs frti`udfmfs jk su cfsj `ak G u 7 8. Jk df pfrtj quj trftf mjd misjöa mj jdjgjktas mj `ak`rjta frgfma, sj ef sjnuima sjn uima da ikmi`fma jk df K]J J.8 J.8?8 ?8 @ak`rjta Frgfma.

3.6 Migjksiakjs mj df Xdfk`ef mj Cfsj. Pijkma Xu df `frnf fxifd üdtigf quj trfsgitj df `adugkf y o’` df rjsistjk`if mjd `ak`rjta mjd  pjmjstfd a zfpftf jk quj jstf sj fpayf, df `akmi`iðk mj misjöa quj sj mjcj `ugpdir jk jd jstfma dçgitj mj fpdfstfgijkta mjd `ak`rjta js<   makmj<

 ≭ ∊

Xu 7 rjsistjk`if rjqujrimf, `frnf fxifd udtigf quj mjcj m jcj rjsistir df `adugkf O` 7 of`tar mj rjsistjk`if 7 8,>8 (68.5 mj K]J J.898) X p 7 rjsistjk`if kagikfd jk fpdfstfgijkta

Df rjsistjk`if kagikfd fd fpdfstfgijkta, X p, sj mjtjrgikf `aga<

makmj<

 78,5:″     ≭6,>″ 

 

F6 7 ærjf mj df pdfk`ef mj cfsj 7 C x K F3 7 ærjf mj df cfsj ikojriar mjd gfyar trak`a mj pirægimj a `aka rj`ta, `aktjkima tatfdgjktj jk jd fpaya, quj tjknf `aga cfsj supjriar jd ærjf F 6 y jk jd quj df  pjkmijktj dftjrfd jstj jk rfzðk mj 6 vjrti`fd y 3 earizaktfd Jd pra`jmigijkta pfrf mjtjrgikfr jd ærjf F 3 js jd sinuijktj<   Pj `fd`udf df gjkar mistfk`if jktrj `fmf dfma mj df pdfk`ef mj cfsj y jd dfma `arrjspakmijktj mjd fpaya mj `ak`rjta   Jsf gjkar mistfk`if sj ddjvf f das `uftra dfmas mj df pdfk`ef mj cfsj y mj m j jsf gfkjrf qujmf mjoikimf jd ærjf F3    Pi df pfrtj supjriar mjd fpaya mj `ak`rjta oujrf js`fdakfmf a ik`dikfmf, sj pra`jmj `aga ikmi`f df oinurf 0 sinuijktj< •

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  Xfrf jvitfr iktjrojrjk`ifs jktrj das pjrkas mj fk`dflj y df frgfmurf mj rjoujrza mjd jdjgjkta mj fpaya mj `ak`rjta, sj rj`agijkmf quj jk `fmf mirj``iðk pjrpjkmi`udfr éstj sjf par da gjkas 6:8 gg gæs nrfkmj quj df `adugkf.

3.3  Jspjsar mj df Xdfk`ef mj Cfsj. (*) Jd pra`jmigijkta mj misjöa sj cfsf jk `aksimjrfr `aga sadi`itf`iðk `riti`f df mj vadfmizas rjspj`ta f df `adugkf, da quj js `ijrta pfrf pdfk`efs nrfkmjs pjra ka pfrf pdfk`efs mj  pjqujöfs migjksiakjs. Jd föa 6998 ^. F. ]earktak prapakj uk gétama c cfsfma fsfma jk df tjarçf mj dçkjfs mj odujk`if, quj pfrf pdfk`efs mj pjqujöfs migjksiakjs dfs fsugj jgpatrfmfs jk jd fdgf mj df `adugkf y frti`udfmfs jk dfs fdfs2 jsta pjrgitj `agcikfr jk uk sada  pra`jmigijkta tfkta jd misjöa mj pdfk`efs nrfkmjs `aga mj dfs pjqujöfs. Xfrf pjroidjs ^ sj `fd`udfk das vfdarjs mj g, g, k y βk’. Das vfdarjs mj g y k fpfrj`jk f `aktikuf`iðk y vfk f sjr `rçti`as jk jd `fsa mj odjxiðk jk pdfk`efs nrfkmjs<

 2

 ∓,    ∓,     7 ″ 7    7

Jd vfdar mj βk’ `arrjspakmj fd `fsa mj odjxiðk jk pdfk`efs pjqujöfs:gg  K 7 030 + 3 x (0:+=8) 7 =>0gg =>0gg ≅ =>:gg

 

F6 7 008 x =>: 7 6:? >:8 gg 3  @ak jstfs migjksiakjs sj iki`if df vjrioi`f`iðk mj df `fpf`imfm rjsistjktj jk fpdfstfgijkta, sijkma kj`jsfria ik`rjgjktfr df migjksiðk mj C efstf =68gg< C 7 =68gg2 K 7 =>:gg F6 7 =68 x =>: 7 69= >:8 gg 3  @fd`udfgas df gjkar mistfk`if jktrj das dfmas mjd pjmjstfd pjm jstfd y df pdfk`ef mj cfsj<

.    7 ?88=>: 3 79: 3 7 ?3,: 2 .    7 ?88=68

 

Df gjkar mistfk`if js ?3,: gg y dfs migjksiakjs mj F3 rjsudtfk sjr< =68 + 3x?3,: 7 :0: gg y =>: + 3x?3,: 7 ?88 gg. Jd ærjf F3 vfdj< F3 7 :0: x ?88 7 036 888 gg 3  @fd`udfgas df `fpf`imfm rjsistjktj jk fpdfstfgijkta<

 036069=36 888>:8 76,35=43,8  ∊ 7 8,>88,5:3669= 6 888>:8  >:8 69=036036 >:8888 7 ℐ063= 063= ;  ; 0638 0638    =683=> 75=, 6 2 7  7 =>:08> 3  7 R =030089 W 0638 78,39953756,=  063= 3∜ 030+089  8,688,,99539953 76, 9 6> ⇓ 76  7 6 + ∜ 68, ″ 7 ∜ 030089 030089 = ″ 7>9,82 ″ 76>9,ℐ87>9,8 638 888 706,>703 ≪5=, 6 8,9303:8=68=>:  

Xar sjr uk pjroid ^, pfrf jstfcdj`jr jd vfdar mj m j  `fd`udfgas< 8,9:m 7 8,9: x 030gg 7 08> gg2

8,5co  7  7 8,5x089 gg 7 3=> gg  

 

 

Jd gfyar vfdar jktrj g, k y df pdfk`ef mj cfsj js<

   js 5=,6 gg, dujna jd vfdar mj  js 5=,6 gg. Jd jspjsar t mj

 

Df pdfk`ef mj cfsj tijkj dfs migjksiakjs ikmi`fmfs jk df oinurf = sinuijktj<

 

 

0.  Xdfk`efs mj Cfsj `ak Gagjktas Xjqujöas. Jk jstj `fsa, `aga sj acsjrvf jk df oinurf :, df oujrzf fxifd jx`éktri`f js jquidicrfmf sada  par das jsoujrzas mj fpdfstfgijkta jk jd fpaya mj `ak`rjta. Das pjrkas mj fk`dflj ka  pfrti`ipfk jk jd jquidicria mj oujrzfs.

 7 

 

Jd jsoujrza üdtiga rjsistjktj mjd `ak`rjta js<

  7 ∊ 8,5:″    ≭ ∊6,>″  7  

Jd jsoujrza f`tufktj mj fpdfstfgijkta js<

 

Df `akmi`iðk mj jquidicria jxinj quj<

 

 

 ≭ 

 

Pi jstf `akmi`iðk mj jquidicria ka sj `ugpdj, jstj tipa mj sadu`iðk ka js fpdi`fcdj y mjcj jgpdjfrsj jd `fsa mj Xdfk`ef mj Cfsj `ak Gagjktas Nrfkmjs. Atrf gfkjrf mj jxprjsfr jd dçgitj mj fpdi`f`iðk mj jstj `fsa, js quj sj fd`fkzf jsf `akmi`iðk `ufkma . Xfrf jstf `akmi`iðk mjkagikfgas f j `aga j`rit. Mjd vfdar mj f mj df oinurf

 7 

: fktjriar mjspjlfgas jd vfdar mj j, actjkijkma<

≭

 7 3  3

 

Jstj `fsa sj fpdi`f `ufkma j j`rit, jk `fsa `aktrfria jstj tipa mj sadu`iðk ka js fpdi`fcdj y mjcj jgpdjfrsj jd `fsa mj Xdfk`ef mj Cfsj `ak Gagjktas Nrfkmjs. Xfrf `fd`udfr jd jspjsar kj`jsfria mj df pdfk`ef mj cfsj, sj mjtjrgikf g y k `aga jk jd `fsa fktjriar, mj f`ujrma fd tipa mj sj``iðk mj df `adugkf, y si df `adugkf js uk pjroid ^O `ak f da suoi`ijktjgjktj nrfkmj `aga pfrf jstfr `jr`f mj fd`fkzfr dfs mas fdfs, `aga sj vj jk df oinurf fktjriar, tfgciék mjcj `fd`udfrsj jd vfdar mj βk’. @ak jd vfdar mj  inufd f k y f βk’, sj `fd`udfk mas vfdarjs mj t y pfrf jd `fsa mj  inufd f g sj `aksimjrfk mas `fsas<

ℐ

f) 

 c) 

    ,   <  ≪  ↓  ≪ ℐ   ℐ   ∓      <  4  ↓  ≪ 3 ,  

 

Mj das mas a trjs vfdarjs mj t quj sj efk `fd`udfma, sj js`anj jd gfyar y js jd quj sj vf f jgpdjfr jk jd misjöa.

0.6 Jljgpda mj misjöa. Zkf `adugkf ^63x9? sj fpayf jk uk pjmjstfd mj `ak`rjta mj ?88x?88. Df rjsistjk`if mjd `ak`rjta js o’` 736 GXf y df pdfk`ef mj cfsj js mj f`jra F0? `ak jsoujrza mj odujk`if O y 7 3:8 GXf. Df `frnf fxifd üdtigf quj trfsgitj df `adugkf js Xu76 ?>?,: bK y jd gagjkta mj odjxiðk f da dfrna mj su jlj gfyar js 68?,=> bK-g. @aksimjrfkma jstj `fsa `aga mj gagjktas mj odjxiðk rjmu`imas, das pjrkas mj fk`dflj ka  pfrti`ipfk jk jd jquidicria jqu idicria mj oujrzfs par oujrzfs  par da quj vfk v fk f sjr gçkigas y `ada`fgas = mj 0/=‗. @ak dfs migjksiakjs mj df `adugkf, quj fpfrj`jk jk df oinurf ?, dfs migjksiakjs gçkigfs mj df pdfk`ef mj cfsj sada kj`jsitfk `ugpdirsj jk df migjksiðk K, pfrfdjdf fd fdgf mj df `adugkf, y jk df migjksiðk C, pfrfdjdf fd fdf mj df `adugkf, js suoi`ijktj `ak fnrjnfr 3x68gg pfrf pasicdjs oidjtjs mj sadmfmurf< C 7 089 + 3x68 7 039gg ≅ 008gg  K 7 030 + 3 x (0:+=8) 7 =>0gg ≅ =>:gg  =>:gg  F6 7 008 x =>: 7 6:? >:8 gg 3 

 

  @fd`udfgas df gjkar mistfk`if jktrj das dfmas mjd pjmjstfd pjm jstfd y df pdfk`ef mj cfsj<

?88008 7 ? 3 , :   2    .      7 .    7 ?88=>: 3 760: 3

 

Df gjkar mistfk`if js ?3,: gg y dfs migjksiakjs mj F 3 rjsudtfk sjr< 008 + 3x?3,: 7 =:: gg y =>: + 3x?3,: 7 ?88 gg. Jd ærjf F3 vfdj< F3 7 =:: x ?88 7 3>0 888 gg 3  @fd`udfgas jd jsoujrza üdtiga rjsistjktj mjd `ak`rjta<

 3>036:?>0 888>:8 76,03843,8     78,>88,5:36 3>036:?>0 888>:8 7 6?,6?,=9   7  7 68?,=>6888 7?0,: :6888=9750,  7 3  3 7 =>:3  6?>?, 30086?, 96?>?,750,:=;?0,:  :6888 76=,?4 76?,=9   7  7 6?>?,0080=5 ℐ  

Pj vjrioi`f si `arrjspakmj fd `fsa mj gagjktas pjqujöas. Df jx`jktri`imfm mj df `frnf js<  

 

]fgciék sj pujmj vjrioi`fr quj jd migjksiakfgijkta js `arrj`ta `fd`udfkma< f 7 K ‐  K ‐  3j  3j 7 =>: ‐  =>: ‐  3x?0,:  3x?0,: 7 0=5 gg

 

Pj mjtjrgikf jd jspjsar mj jstf pdfk`ef. Xar sjr uk pjroid ^, pfrf jstfcdj`jr jd vfdar mj `fd`udfgas< 8,9:m 7 8,9: x 030gg 7 08> gg2

8,5co  7  7 8,5x089 gg 7 3=> gg

70083=> 7 0083=> 3 7=6,:″

 

 7 =>:08> 3=030089 75=,62 6?>?,:   7 R030+089W 6?,=90080=5 78,55=5? 8,688,,55=5?55=5? 76, ? 3:? ⇓ 76  7 6 +3∜ ∜ 68, 030089 ″ 7>9, 8 2  76>9,87>9,″ 8 ″ 7 ∜ 030089 = ℐ

@aga jd vfdar mj f js cfstfktj nrfkmj, js 8,>=K, `fd`udfgas tfgciék

.

 

 

 

@aga f js gfyar quj g, sj tagf jd gfyar vfdar jktrj g, k y  , quj rjsudtf 5=,6 gg, dujna jd vfdar mj  js 5=,6 gg. Jd jspjsar t mj df pdfk`ef mj cfsj js<

 

 

38,6=,93:8?8 708,0703 ≪5=, 6 36=,

 

Df pdfk`ef mj cfsj tijkj dfs migjksiakjs ikmi`fmfs jk df oinurf ? sinuijktj<

=.  Xdfk`efs mj Cfsj `ak Gagjktas Nrfkmjs. Jk jstj `fsa, `aga sj acsjrvf ac sjrvf jk df oinurf >, df oujrzf fxifd jx`éktri`f js jquidicrfmf par das jsoujrzas mj fpdfstfgijkta jk jd fpaya mj `ak`rjta y par df oujrzf mj trf``iðk quj f`tüf jk das pjrkas mj fk`dflj.

 7 

 

Jstj `fsa sj fpdi`f `ufkma j js gfyar quj jd   j`rit `fd`udfma jk jd f`æpitj fktjriar. Df `akmi`iðk mj jquidicria js<  

      7       3   +  7 8       3   +  7 8   3  +   +   7 8   3 + 3 +  7 8    7  ¶    3 + 

]agfkma gagjktas rjspj`ta fd pukta mj pfsa mj ]u<

 

Mjsfrraddfkma jstf j`uf`iðk<

 

 

 

 

 

  Df `akmi`iðk pfrf quj jxistf sadu`iðk js quj df jxprjsiðk mjktra mj df rfçz ka sjf kjnftivf, a sjf<

 ≪ 3 + 

 

Pi ka sj `ugpdj jstf `akmi`iðk js kj`jsfria jgpdjfr ukf pdfk`ef mj cfsj gæs nrfkmj a fugjktfr jd vfdar mj o’`.  o’`.   Df oujrzf ]u jk das pjrkas mj fk`dflj sj `fd`udf mj df prigjrf j`uf`iðk mj jquidicria y `ak jstj vfdar sj mjtjrgikf jd ærjf mj f`jra kj`jsfrif. Mj f`ujrma `ak jd kugjrfd 68.0.? mj df  K]J J.898, df rjsistjk`if mj misjöa jk trf``iðk mj uk jdjgjkta ras`fma, OSk, js<

∊ 78,>: 2  78,>:

 

Xfrf jd dfma mj df pdfk`ef jk `agprjsiðk, sj mjtjrgikf das miojrjktjs vfdarjs mjd jspjsar mj df pdfk`ef mj df gfkjrf ikmi`fmf jk jd f`æpitj fktjriar. Xfrf jd dfma mj df pdf pdfk`ef k`ef jk trf``iðk df `akmi`iðk mj misjöa js jd mjsfrradda mjd gagjkta pdæsti`a<

      7  ≭8,9 =  ≪ 3 8,9 

 

 

Mj das vfdarjs mj t `fd`udfmas pfrf jd dfma jk `agprjsiðk gæs jstj vfdar efddfma pfrf jd dfma jk trf``iðk, sj js`anj jd gfyar y js jd quj sj vf f jgpdjfr jk jd misjöa.

=.6 Jljgpda mj misjöa. Zkf `adugkf ^63x9? sj fpayf jk uk pjmjstfd mj `ak`rjta mj ?88x?88. Df rjsistjk`if mjd `ak`rjta js o’` 736 GXf y df pdfk`ef mj cfsj js mj f`jra F0? `ak  jsoujrza mj odujk`if Oy 7 3:8 GXf. Df `frnf fxifd üdtigf quj trfsgitj df `adugkf js Xu76 ?>?,: bK y jd gagjkta mj odjxiðk f da dfrna mj su jlj gfyar js 39:,8 bK-g.

Jk jstj `fsa mj gagjktas mj odjxiðk nrfkmjs, das pjrkas mj fk`dflj fk`d flj pfrti`ipfk jk jd jquidicria mj oujrzfs par da quj sj `aksimjrf quj pujmjk pu jmjk sjr mj 0/= 0/=‗. ‗. @ak dfs migjksiakjs mj df `adugkf,

 

quj fpfrj`jk jk df oinurf 5, dfs migjksiakjs gçkigfs mj df pdfk`ef mj cfsj sada kj`jsitfk `ugpdirsj jk df migjksiðk K, pfrfdjdf fd fdgf mj df `adugkf, y jk df migjksiðk C, pfrfdjdf fd fdf mj df `adugkf, js suoi`ijktj `ak fnrjnfr 3x68gg pfrf pasicdjs oidjtjs mj sadmfmurf< C 7 089 + 3x68 7 039gg ≅ 008gg  K 7 030 + 3 x (0:+=8) 7 =>0gg =>0gg ≅ =>:gg @ak jstfs migjksiakjs sj iki`if df vjrioi`f`iðk mj df `fpf`imfm rjsistjktj jk fpdfstfgijkta, sijkma kj`jsfria ik`rjgjktfr dfs migjksiakjs efstf< C 7 :88gg2 K 7 :0:gg F6 7 :88 x :0: 7 3?> :88 gg 3  @fd`udfgas df gjkar mistfk`if jktrj das dfmas mjd pjmjstfd pjm jstfd y df pdfk`ef mj cfsj<

?88:88 7 0 3 , :   2    .      7 .    7 ?88:0: 3 7:8 3

 

Df gjkar mistfk`if js 03,: gg y dfs migjksiakjs mj F 3 rjsudtfk sjr< :88 + 3x03,: 7 :?: gg y :0: + 3x03,: 7 ?88 gg. Jd ærjf F3 vfdj< 3

F3 7

:?: x ?88 7 009 888 gg   @fd`udfgas df `fpf`imfm rjsistjktj jk fpdfstfgijkta<

 00903?>09 888:88 76,63?43,8     78,>88,5:36 00903?>09 888:88 7 6=,6=,8>   39:6888 7 :6888  7 3  3 7 :0:3 6?>?, 7 86?>?, 46>:, 9?9?  3:886=, > 76=5,: 076>:,  ≪ 3 +   36?>?,:68886>:,9?+303,: :88 ; 6=,8>:88 3:8888;69=?>9   

Pj vjrioi`f si `arrjspakmj fd `fsa mj gagjktas nrfkmjs. Df jx`jktri`imfm mj df `frnf js<  

Pj vjrioi`f si efy sadu`iðk `ak jstfs migjksiakjs mj pdfk`ef, vjrioi`fkma quj<  

Mj df oinurf 5 sj actijkj<

 7 :0: ‐  :0: ‐  0: 7 :88gg2

o 7 :0:/3 ‐  :0:/3 ‐  0:  0: 7 303,:gg  

 

 

 

Pj `fd`udf jd vfdar mj f<

 7  ¶    3 +  7:88∜ ∜ 3:888869=?>973?=, 7:88 3:888869=?>973?=,5  7  7 6=,8>:883?=, 6888 9 6?>?,:765>,6  7506   0/=" 0/="   7 8,65>,>:8,66888 >:=88 7 0  ℐ  

 

Pj `fd`udf df oujrzf mj trf``iðk jk das pjrkas mj fk`dflj<

 

Jd ærjf mj f`jra kj`jsfrif pfrf das pjrkas js<

 

F `aktikuf`iðk sj mjtjrgikf jd jspjsar mj df pdfk`ef mj cfsj. Xar sjr df `adugkf uk pjroid ^, pfrf jstfcdj`jr jd vfdar mj  `fd`udfgas< 8,9:m 7 8,9: x 030gg 7 08> gg2

8,5co  7  7 8,5x089 gg 7 3=> gg  

3 766=2 7:883=> 7 :883=> 3 763?,: ℐ  7 :0:08> 38,6=,93:88> 7==,> ≪63?,: 36=,  7   3  3 2 ≪3 8,9  7:88:0: 7:88 :0: 3  030 3 7>6 68,5>,9:883:8 66888>6 736,>  ≪ 3 65>, 7==,>7:8

@aga f js gfyar quj g, sj tagf jd gfyar vfdar jktrj g y k, quj rjsudtf 63?,: gg, dujna jd vfdar mj  js 63?,: gg. Jd jspjsar t mj df pdfk`ef mj cfsj mjcj sjr<

 

Xfrf jd dfma jk trf``iðk mj df pdfk`ef, jd jspjsar kj`jsfria js<

 

 

 

Mj jstas mas vfdarjs mj t sj tagf jd gfyar<

 

Df pdfk`ef mj cfsj tijkj par migjksiakjs :88x:0:x:8, `aga sj ikmi`f jk df oinurf 5 sinuijktj<

 

 

:.

Daknitum mj Xjrkas mj Fk`dflj.