Plan de Negocio Artesanias

 

  YCBG @N GNAKDMK? NLYXNTB @N NCBHKXBDMKG ] DKLNXDMBCM_BDMKG @N YXK@^DPKT BXPNTBGBCNT PÌYMDKT @NC @NYBXPBLNGPK @N GBXMÒK, NCBHKXB@KT NG YBOB PKR^MCCB  PKR^MCCB 

Prbhbok prnsngtb`k pkr? B@XMBGB XMUB@NGNMXB

MGTPMP^PK PNDGMDK DKLEBLMCMBX TBG O^BG @N YBTPK 8982

 

EKXLBPK YBXB YXNTNGPBX NC YCBG @N GNAKDMK   Gklhrn `n cb M`nb `n Gnakdmk? NLYXNTB @N NCBHKXBDMKG ] DKLNXDMBCM_BDMKG @N YXK@^DPKT BXPNTBGBCNT PÌYMDKT @NC @NYBXPBLNGPK @N GBXMÒK, NCBHKXB@KT Xbzôg Tkdmbc? NG YBOB PKR^MCCB Tn dkgekrlbrâ hbok nc blpbrk `n snr ugb Tkdmn`b` Ykr Bddmkgns Tmlpcmemdb`b T.B.T. Tn  prnemnrn nstn tmpk `n nlprnsb pkrqun cbs c bs skdmn`b`ns pkr bddmkgns smlpcmemdb`bs (T.B.T) ( T.B.T) skg lâs ecnxmhcns y `mgâlmdbs qun cbs skdmn`b`ns bgôgmlbs trb`mdmkgbcns, Cb (T.B.T) tmngn ugb nstrudturb âamc, dkg lngks dkstks, dkg cb rnspkgsbhmcm`b` dcbrb, y `kg`n ug skck nlprng`n`kr pun`n snr nc tmtucbr `n cb prkpmn`b`   Gklhrn Dklnrdmbc? BXPN MGANGMK GBXMÒK 

2.- YCBGNBLMNG PK NTPXBPNA MDK  UMTMKG  @NC  GNAKDMK Ybrb nc bòk 8982 BXPN MGANGMK GBXMÒK sn prkyndtb dklk ugb nlprnsb pksmdmkgb`b ng nc lnrdb`k b gmvnc gbdmkgbc n mgtnrgbdmkgbc, dklpntmtmvk ng cb ncbhkrbdmôg y dklnrdmbcmzbdmôg `n prk`udtks brtnsbgbcns, bddnskrmks y brtìducks `nc fkabr, smng`k rndkgkdm`b pkr su dbcm`b`, `msnòks, prndmks y dulpcmlmngtk. B`nlâs, lnokrbr cbs gndnsm`b`ns hâsmdbs `n cbs eblmcmbs mgvkcudrb`bs `mrndtblngtn dkg cb nlprnsb Brt. Mgangmk y snr rndkgkdm`ks pkr pbrtn `n ngtm`b`ns `n Dkkpnrbdmôg mgtnrgbdmkgbcns, auhnrgblngtbcns y prmvb`bs b gmvnc gbdmkgbc dklk ugb ngtm`b` qun trbhbob pkr nc hmngnstbr skdmbc.

LMTMKG   @NC  GNAKDMK Dkgtrmhumr b cb angnrbdmôg `n mgarnsks y nlpcnk pbrb cbs eblmcmbs e blmcmbs dblpnsmgbs `n`mdb`bs b cb ncbhkrbdmôg `n brtnsbgìbs tìpmdbs tìpmdbs `nc `npbrtblngtk `n Gbrmòk, ln`mbgtn cb ekrlbdmôg `n nlprnsb, `n`mdb`b b cb ncbhkrbdmôg y dklnrdmbcmzbdmôg `n prk`udtks pr k`udtks brtnsbgbcns dkg `msnòks qun nstíg b cb vbgaubr`mb, nxdcusmvm`b` y dbcm`b` `n nxpkrtbdmôg.

KHONPMUKT  @NC  GNAKDMK   Xnsdbtbr, prnsnrvbr y eklngtbr cb vngtb `n brtnsbgìbs ncbhkrb`bs ng pbob tkqumccb, nstmlucbg`k nc `nsbrrkcck `n cb dbpbdmtbdmôg brtnsbgbc, b trbvís `n dursks ekrlbtmvks ng

 

ârnbs qun ebvkrnzdbg nc prkarnsk prkarns k `n su bdtmvm`b` y nc bprkvndfblmngtk sustngtbhcn `n cks rndursks gbturbcns b su bcdbgdn.   Byu`br

b cb lk`nrgmzbdmôg y nstrudturbdmôg `n cbs bdtmvm`b`ns brtnsbgbcns, lnokrbg`k

sus dkg`mdmkgns `n rngtbhmcm`b`, anstmôg y dklpntmtmvm`b` ng nc lnrdb`k, vncbg`k pkr cb dbcm`b` `n su prk`uddmôg.   Husdbr

dbgbcns `n dklnrdmbcmzbdmôg gndnsbrmks pbrb ckarbr qun cb bdtmvm`b` brtnsbgbc snb ndkgôlmdblngtn rngtbhcn, rndupnrbg`k cbs lbgmenstbdmkgns brtnsbgbcns prkpmbs `nc `npbrtblngtk `n Gbrmòk, prkdurbg`k cb prnsnrvbdmôg `n cbs yb nxmstngtns, bsì dklk cb `meusmôg `n su vbckr mgtrìgsndk.

  @nsbrrkccbr

nstrbtnambs luctmsndtkrmbcns qun pnrlmtbg `mvnrsmemdbr n mgdrnlngtbr cb kenrtb

nxpkrtbhcn dkg smagmemdbtmvk vbckr barnab`k,   Nstbhcndnr

n mlpcnlngtbr lndbgmslks `n prklkdmôg y `meusmôg dkg cb pbrtmdmpbdmôg `n

cks bangtns vmgducb`ks bc sndtkr.

HXNUN  @NTDXMYDMKG  @NC  GNAKDMK BXPN MGANGMK GBXMÒK, Tnrâ ugb nlprnsb Gbrmòngsn qun tng`râ dklk prkpôsmtk cb ncbhkrbdmôg y dklnrdmbcmzbdmôg `n brtnsbgìbs dkg hbsn ng pbob tkqumccb n mggkvbrb dkg cb lnzdcb `n lbtnrmbcns dklk dunrk, emqun, lb`nrb ngtrn ktrbs, dklpntmrâ dkg `msnòks vbgaubr`mstbs y bddnskrmks eugdmkgbcns `n usk `mbrmk y pbrb nc fkabr b hbok dkstk. Nstks  prk`udtks pnrlmtmrâg sbtmsebdn sbtmsebdnrr cks `nsnks `n bqunccbs bqu nccbs pnrsk pnrskgbs gbs qun qu n sn qumnrbg `menrngdmbr `me nrngdmbr  pkrtbg`k prk`udtks brtnsbgbcns fndfks b lbgk. Nc prk`udtk pnrlmtmrâ ug rndkgkdmlmngtk gbdmkgbc n mgtnrgbdmkgbc pkr su arbg bdkam`b qun pnrlmtn snr prnsngtb`b ng enrmb y nxpksmdmkgns brtnsbgbcns rnbcmzb`bs ng tk`k nc pbìs, b`nlâs `n snr rndkgkdm`b pkr nc arbg mlpbdtk ducturbc, skdmbc y ndkgôlmdk angnrb`k ng cb rnamôg `n krmang. Cks dcmngtns pktngdmbcns skg pnrskgbs `n nstrbtks 0,> y 5 dkg dbpbdm`b` `n b`qumsmdmôg, turmstbs, bclbdngns nspndmbcmzb`ks ng nstn tmpk `n brtìducks y pnrskgbs kdbsmkgbcns qun erndungtbg cbs enrmbs, sn pun`n mgdursmkgbr ng ug lnrdb`k qun lunvn bprkxmlb`blngtn 8.128.4>9.999 lmcckgns `n pnsks b gmvnc gbdmkgbc y lâs `n 24 lmcckgns `n `ôcbrns b gmvnc mgtnrgbdmkgbc. Cb dklpntngdmb `mrndtb ns dkg cks prk`udtks sustmtutks dklk okynrìb, y brtìducks ng ktrks lbtnrmbcns. Fbstb nc lklngtk cb nxpkrtbdmôg `n brtìducks ng pbob tkqumccb ns nsdbsb pkr gk dulpcmr dkg cks nstâg`brns `n dbcm`b`.

 

Cb mgvnrsmôg rnqunrm`b mgmdmbclngtn ns `n 18 lmcckgns `n pnsks, b trbvís `n prnstblks  hbgdbrmks y rndursks prkpmks prkp mks Cbs kpkrtugm`b`ns sn prnsngtbg pkr cb drndmngtn bdnptbdmôg `n cbs brtnsbgìbs Dkcklhmbgbs, yb qun skg db`b vnz lâs rndkgkdm`b b gmvnc lug`mbc, ck qun cn fb pnrlmtm`k ugb hungb bdnptbdmôg ng nc lnrdb`k lnrdb`k mgtnrgbdmkgbc, b`nlâs cb dklpntngdmb `mrndtb gk fb `nsbrrkccb`k smstnlbs b`ndub`ks `n prklkdmôg y dklnrdmbcmzbdmôg ck qun pnrlmtn rnbcmzbr ugb nxpbgsmôg `n cb nlprnsb dklpmtmng`k dkg dbcm`b` y prndmks ndkgôlmdks pbrb cks dkgsulm`krns. Cks rmnsaks qun pk`nlks ngdkgtrbr skg cb dklpntngdmb dkg prk`udtks sustmtutks y cb drmsms ndkgôlmdb b gmvnc lug`mbc.

 

8.  BGÂCMTMT @NC LNXDB@K  LNXDB@K  8.2 

BGÂCMTMT @NC NGPKXGK NLYXNTBXMBC ,

nvbcubr qun mgstmtudmkgns k nlprnsbs trbhbobg ng nc lmslk sndtkr, bgbcmzbr dkg dubcns `n nstâs mgstmtudmkgns sn pun`nrnbcmzbr bcmbgzbs nstrbtíamdbs, dkgvngmks u ktrbs bddmkgns qun cn(s) ebvkrnzdbg 

Cb dklnrdmbcmzbdmôg `n cks sklhrnrks tnrlmgb`ks y bdbhb`ks skg vng`m`ks b gmvnc ckdbc, rnamkgbc y gbdmkgbc, `kg`n sn dkgdngtrbg cks pugtks `n vngtb pbrb nc dkgsulm`kr gbdmkgbc y `kg`n tblhmíg sn ngdungtrbg cks bangtns `n nxpkrtbdmôg. Nstks bangtns sn ngdungtrbg ng cbs dmu`b`ns `n Ybstk, Dbcm, Hkaktâ, Ln`nccìg, Hbrrbgqumccb y Dbrtbangb, Tbg Bg`rís y Yrkvm`ngdmb. Nc =9% `n cb  prk`uddmôg `n brtnsbgìbs tnom`bs ng pbob pbob tkqumccb ccnab b cbs lbgks `n cks cks prkpmntbrmks `n cks tbccnrns `n bdbhb`k y vngtb `n prk`udtks. B`nlâs cks tbccnrns vng`ng `mrndtblngtn bc dkgsulm`kr, b cks mgtnrln`mbrmks `n Ybstk y ktrbs dmu`b`ns y b nxpkrtb`krns qumngns sn ngdbrabg `n ccnvbr cks  prk`udtks b cks dkgsulm`krns nxtrbgonrks. Nxmstng ng nc nxtrbgonrk tmng`bs qun mlpkrtbg y fbdng ktrk gmvnc `n mgtnrln`mbdmôg. Cb dklnrdmbcmzbdmôg `n cks sklhrnrks tnrlmgb`ks y bdbhb`ks skg vng`m`ks b gmvnc ckdbc, rnamkgbc y gbdmkgbc, `kg`n sn dkgdngtrbg cks pugtks `n vngtb pbrb nc dkgsulm`kr gbdmkgbc y `kg`n tblhmíg sn ngdungtrbg cks bangtns `n nxpkrtbdmôg. Nstks bangtns sn ngdungtrbg ng cbs dmu`b`ns `n Ybstk, Dbcm, Hkaktâ, Ln`nccìg, Hbrrbgqumccb y Dbrtbangb, Tbg Bg`rís y Yrkvm`ngdmb. Nc =9% `n cb prk`uddmôg `n brtnsbgìbs tnom`bs ng pbob tkqumccb ccnab b cbs lbgks `n cks prkpmntbrmks `n cks tbccnrns `n bdbhb`k y vngtb `n prk`udtks. B`nlâs cks tbccnrns vng`ng `mrndtblngtn bc dkgsulm`kr, b cks mgtnrln`mbrmks `n Ybstk y ktrbs dmu`b`ns y b nxpkrtb`krns nxpkrtb`kr ns qumngns sn ngdbrabg `n ccnvbr cks prk`udtks b cks dkgsulm`krns nxtrbgonrks. Nxmstng ng nc nxtrbgonrk tmng`bs qun mlpkrtbg y fbdng ktrk gmvnc `n mgtnrln`mbdmôg.

8.8 

BGÂCMTMT @NC LNXDB@K YKPNGDMBC   Cb pkhcbdmôg khontk `n nstu`mk cb dkgstmtuyô nc ârnb urhbgb tklbg`k dklk hbsn 41.496

fkabrns (prkln`mk `n dubtrk b dmgdk mgtnarbgtns) `mstrmhum`ks ng cks nstrbtks, trns, dubtrk, dmgdk y snms `n cb dmu`b` `n Tbg Oubg `n Ybstk (Unr tbhcb 8). qun skg khontks `n nstu`mk y b cks dubcns sn bpcmdbrb cb ngdunstb dklk cks dcmngtns pktngdmbcns qun `nlbg`ng `nlbg` ng cks prk`udtks ncbhkrb`ks ng pbob Pkqumccb cks dubcns skg ngdunstb`ks dkg cb emgbcm`b` `n b`qumrmr mgekrlbdmôg dkg rnspndtk b

 

 pnremcns, dklpkrtblmngtks, mgdcmgbdmkgns, austks y prnenrngdmbs, ngtrn ktrbs vbrmbhcns susdnptmhcns `n snr bgbcmzb`bs. Tn bpcmdô cb Ekrlucb `n Brjmgy Dkctng, (2=62): pbrb pkhcbdmôg emgmtb dkg ug gmvnc `n dkgembgzb `nc =>% y nrrkr `nc >%.    

< (( ∘

2)  )

+

 

(   ))

@kg`n? G < Pblbòk `n cb pkhcbdmôg (41.496 arupks eblmcmbrns nstrbtks, 4, 0,> y 5). _ < 2,=5 pbrb nc =>% `n dkgembgzb, snaÿg ârnb hbok cb durvb `n cb `mstrmhudmôg gkrlbc. 5>

n < Nrrkr `n nstmlbdmôg, tklb vbckrns ngtrn nc 8% fbstb nc 29%. Ybrb nstn dbsk sn tklb nc >% (9,9>)

p < 9,> (>9%) prkhbhmcm`b` `n íxmtk. q < 9,> (>9%) prkhbhmcm`b` `n erbdbsk. Ngtkgdns? 2.=5  9.> 9.> 41496 <   ((41496 ∘ 2)9.9> ) + (2.=5 9.8>) <

4>649.5948 (=4.851>) + (9.=590)

<

 

4>649.5948 (=0.881=)

 

 < 469.8> 

Tn rnbcmzbrâg 469 khsnrvbdmkgns, cbs dubcns sn `mstrmhuynrkg `n lbgnrb  prkpkrdmkgbc ng db`b ugk `n cks nstrbtks. n strbtks.

 

Pbhcb 2 Gÿlnrk @n Fkabrns Yrkpkrdmkgbc Ykr Nstrbtk

NTPXBPK

# FKABXNT

%

#

YBXPMDMYBDMKG NGD^NTPBT YKX TNDPKX

BYCMDBX

4 0

8>.40= =.428

56% 8>%

8>6 =>

>

8.586

1%

81

5

2=

9

9

41.496

299%

469

PKPBC

B

Eungtn? cb prnsngtn mgvnstmabdmôg (8982).

Purmstbs vmsmtbg`k nc `npbrtblngtk `n Gbrmòk Emaurb 2. Purmslk ng nc `npbrtblngtk `n Gbrmòk.

Eungtn?

fttp?//www.lmgdmt.akv.dk/DLTYbans/AntEmcn.bspx;aum`h2=2n6b Ybrb nc dâcduck `n dcmngtns nspnrb`ks prkvngmngtns `nc sndtkr turìstmdk sn tklô dklk rnenrngdmb nc `btk `n –Umsmtbgtns nxtrbgonrks gk rnsm`ngtns“ pnrtngndmngtn bc bòk 892=, smaumng`k

Emaurb 2, y sn luctmpcmdb pkr ug ìg`mdn `nc 29% maubc qun ng nc pugtk bgtnrmkr. (2>.=22 x 29%) < 2.>=2 pnrskgbs

  

Nstmlbtmvk `n vngtbs tktbcns pbrb 2 bòk  prk`udtk

vbckr

Dbgtm`b`

vngtbs

Brtnsbgìbs

$ =9,999

024>

$ 418,2>9,999

DKGDNYPK  Gÿlnrk `n pnrskgbs ng cb zkgb `kg`n pmngsbg vng`nr su prk`udtk ksnrvmdmk

G¿   41.496 pnrskgbs 

 Gÿlnrk `n pnrskgbs qun dklprbg nc prk`udtk k snrvmdmk ng cb zkgb (`nlbg`bgtns pktngdmbcns) Nstbhcndnr cb dbgtm`b` qun dklprbg pkr pnrìk`k Nstbhcndnr cb Dbgtm`b` `n prk`udtks k snrvmdmks b kerndnr

2.>=2 pnrskgbs $ 418,2>9,999 024> ugm`b`ns

LNG PK NC LNXD B@K? YßHCMDK KH KHOONPMUK 

8.4  TNA

Yÿhcmdk khontmvk Ynrskgbs `n 8> b 5> bòks `n n`b` dkg pk`nr b`qumsmtmvk y dkg ugb prkpngsmôg bctb bc abstk. Tnalngtk khontmvk Ynrskgbs turmstbs y prkpmks `n cb rnamôg dkg ug austk pbrtmducbr pkr brtìducks tìpmdks `n ugb rnamôg, prkpngsks b dkgsulmr prk`udtks `n nstn tmpk.

GPBOB DKLYNPMPMUB 

8.0  UN

Cb dbcm`b` y nc vbckr barnab`k `n cks prk`udtks skg ebdtkrns `ndmsmvks bc lklngtk `n dklprbr,  puns cks dcmngtns skg db`b vnz lâs nxmangtns, husdbg`k smnlprn sbtmsebdnr ugb gndnsm`b`, b`nlâs sn husdb qun lbrqun cb `menrngdmb, lbgmemnstb su bdnptbdmôg y bprndmbg ug hung `msnòk. Cb `menrngdmbdmôg, sn dkgstmtuyn ng nc ebdtkr lâs mgecuyngtn ng nc mlpucsk `n dklprb `n cks brtìducks brtnsbgbcns y ns ln`m`k ng eugdmôg `n su pkdb `mspkgmhmcm`b` k cb ddkgdnpdmôg kgdnpdmôg `n qun skg ÿgmdks, Cb lbykr pbrtn `n cks khontks prkvngmngtns `nc lnrdb`k brtnsbgbc utmcmzbg cb drnbtmvm`b` dklk ln`mk `n `nsbrrkcck y fbdng pbrtn `n cb nxprnsmôg gbturbc `n cb gndnsm`b` y nc `nsnk `nc fklhrn `n lkstrbrsn dklk snr mg`mvm`ubc. Ng nc lklngtk `n dklprbr, tblhmíg sn tmngn ng dungtb cb dkgvngmngdmb, ns `ndmr, cb lbgnrb ng qun sn bdkpcb b cks austks `nc dcmngtn y nc arb`k `n sbtmsebddmôg qun hrmg`b b sus gndnsm`b`ns. Emgbclngtn, ns gndnsbrmk bgbcmzbr nc usk emgbc qun nc dkgsulm`kr `nsnb `brcn bc prk`udtk, punstk qun ng bcaugks dbsks ns vmtbc cb prnsngtbdmôg, Ykr cb dubc sn lbgnobrb prk`udtks skhrn pn`m`k.

 

  8.>.  B G ÂCMTMT @ N CB DKLYNPNGDMB  (LMGMLK DMGDK NLYXNTBT)  Gmvnc `n Bdnptbdmôg Nlprnsbs Dklpntm`krbs

 Hklhkgâ??.  Hklhkgâ

Pmpk `n dcmngtn

»Ykr quí rbzôg cbncmong;

»@ôg »B qun prndmk ckvng`ng; `n sn dklnr qun  dmbcmzb Bctb Xnaucbr Ykdb  btmng`n nc prk`u dtk; Ng tk`k Ns ug tmpk `n $=>.999 Pk`k dngtrk dklnrdmbc nc V  puhcmdk brtnsbgbc ng `kg`n `npbrtb sn pun`n ngdkgtrbr lngtk `n eâdmclngtn bcaugks prk`udtks Gbrmòk dbrbdtnrìstmdks rnamkgbcns ng `mvnrsbs tmng`bs b ug hbok prndmk. V

MXBDB DKCKLHMB fttps?//mrbjbdkcklhmb. dkl/

Dcmngtn vmrtubc

Ns ugb tmng`b vmrtubc rnamkgbc `n Pk`k nc $2>9.999 cb dmu`b` `n Ybstk  pbms qun lbgnob ugb arbg vbrmn`b` `n  prk`udtks `n cb dmu`b` dkg ug ngkrln vbckr pkr su trbhbok b lbgk  pkr lb`rns dbhnzb `n eblmcmb, b`nlâs `n ugb nxdncngtn dbcm`b`. Tu vngtbob dklpntmtmvb sn  hbsb ng nc bpkyk bc tbcngtk ckdbc.

TMP^X.DKL

Pk`k  puhcmdk

Pmng`b rnamkgbc `n Pk`k nc $289.999  Gbrmòk dkg ug blpcmk pkrtbekcmk  pbms ng Brtnsbgìbs, Abstrkgklìb, Fktncnrìb y

  

Purmslk. Tu ekrlb `n dkgtbdtk ns ln`mbgtn su  pâamgb wnh. Bskdmbdmkg Lugmdmpbc @n Brtnsbgks Ng Ybob

V

Pkqumccb @n Cmgbrns

DKKYNXBPMUB ENLNGMGB BXPNTBGBC

8.5 

x

Cb bdtmvm`b`  prmgdmpbc `n Bskdmbdmkg @npbrtb Lugmdmpbc @n lngtk $>9.999 Brtnsbgks Ng Ybob `n Pkqumccb @n  Gbrmòk Cmgbrns Ns ugb Dkkpnrbtmvb `n @npbrtb luonrns brtnsbgbs lngtk $0>.999 qun ncbhkrblks b `n  Gbrmòk lbgk y dklnrdmbcmzblks  prk`udtks brtnsbgbcns ng  pbclb `n Mrbdb k  pbob tkqumccb."

NTPXBPNAMBT @N LNXDB@NK  LNXDB@NK  BPNAMB @N  @N YXK@^DPK K TNXUMDMK 

8.5.2  NTPX

Ngulnrbr `n ugb lbgnrb dk Ngulnrbr dkgd gdrn rntb tb,, tk`k ck qun nc dc dcmngtn mngtn khtng`râ khtng`râ bc dklprbr dklprbr cks prk`udtks k snrvmdmks (vngtbobs, hngnemdmks, snrvmdmks pkst-vngtb, abrbgtìbs, ntd.). Xnsbctbr cbs vngtbobs y  hngnemdmks `menrngdmbcns dkg rnenrngdmb b cks prk`udtks `n cbs nlprnsbs k gnakdmks `n cb dklpntngdmb.

2 Yrk`udtk Brt. Mgangmk, lbgnobrb `ks cìgnbs `n prk`uddmôg, cb cìgnb `n brtìducks pbrb p brb nc fkabr y cb cìgnb `n bddnskrmks, nstks prk`udtks brtnsbgbcns tìpmdks `nc `npbrtblngtk `n Gbrmòk, ncbhkrb`ks ng pbob tkqumccb dkg lnzdcbs ng dunrk, lb`nrb tbccb`b, tblk, hbrgmz `n pbstk, emqun, ngtrn ktrbs, dkg `msnòks nxdcusmvks, `ndkrbtmvks y eugdmkgbcns qun gk skck pnrlmtng lkstrbr nc rnsdbtn skdmk ducturbc `n tk`k ug `npbrtblngtk sm gk qun b`nlâs tmngng su vbckr barnab`k. 8. Ncnddmôg `nc prk`udtk Cb krabgmzbdmôg `ndm`mô nsdkanr nstks prk`udtks pkr cb rmqunzb ducturbc prnsngtn ng nc `npbrtblngtk `n Gbrmòk, cb nxpnrmngdmb `n cks brtnsbgks ng nc lbgnok `n nstks lbtnrmbcns y cb `mspkgmhmcm`b` `n cks lmslks yb qun ludfks `n nstks skg suhprk`udtks `n ktrbs bdtmvm`b`ns `mslmguyng`k bsì nc mlpbdtk blhmngtbc `n angnrb`k nxpcktbdmôg `ntng`ngdmbs lbtnrmbs prmlbs. Cbs brtnsbgìbs skg brtìducks duyb lktmvbdmôg dklprb pkr sn vncblbrdb`b pkr cbs `n cb lk`b, smtubdmôg ducturbc y dbpbdm`b` b`qumsmtmvb `nc dkgsulm`kr, ngtrn ktrks. Tn pun`ng bprkvndfbr kpkrtugm`b`ns kpkrtugm`b `ns pbrb lnokrbr nc dcmlb `n hmngnstbr y pbz `n cbs pkhcbdmkgns angnrbr skstngmhmcm`b` ng nc nlpcnk y nstbhmcm`b`, ns ugb bctnrgbtmvb `n vm`b, gk skck ndkgôlmdb, smgk `n ekrtbcndmlmngtk ducturbc. Tn rnsdbtbg sìlhkcks y vbckrns qun pkr ln`mk `n ktrb bdtmvm`b` bdtmvm` b`

ndkgôlmdb gk snrìb pksmhcn.  

  Yrkynddmôg Tn husdb pksmdmkgbr nc prk`udtk y cb lbrdb ng cks `npbrtblngtks `n cb rnamôg bg`mgb y cks `npbrtblngtks `n cb Dkstb Btcâgtmdb dkcklhmbgb Tbgtb Lbrtb, Hbrrbgqumccb, Dbrtbangb ntd. ]b qun sn dkgsm`nrb dklk ug pugtk nstrbtíamdk pbrb cb dklnrdmbcmzbdmôg `mrndtb pkr nc arbg becungtn `n turmstbs ng nstb zkgb, ugb vnz pksmdmkgb`k y rndkgkdm`k nc prk`udtk, sn prnví ugb  prkynddmôg fbdmb cks lnrdb`ks mgtnrgbdmkgbcns. Tnaÿg cbs ngdunstbs rnbcmzb`bs tbgtk b cks brtnsbgks dklk b cks dkgsulm`krns mgtnrgbdmkgbclngtn, cbs endfbs `n lbykr dklnrdmbcmzbdmôg snrâg cks lnsns `n ougmk, snptmnlhrn, `mdmnlhrn, lbrzk, dbhn lngdmkgbr qun nc lns `n lbykr vngtb snrâ nc lns `n `mdmnlhrn yb qun ng nstn lns sn suhng cbs vngtbs `n brtnsbgìbs pkr lktmvk qun cbs utmcmzbg pbrb rnabcks b eblmcmbrns k b dklpbònrks `n trbhbok

AMB @N YXNDMK 

8.5.8  NTPXBPN

Yrndmk B dkgtmgubdmôg sn prnsngtbg bcaugks prndmks nstâg`br `n cks prk`udtks lbs dklnrdmbcmzb`ks nstks  pun`ng vbrmbr snaÿg cbs lk`memdbdmkgns dklpcnom`b` y nxdcusmvm`b` qun sn lbgnob `n db`b  prk`udtk, yb qun ng bcaugks dbsks sn lbgnobrb skhrn pn`m`k y dkg ncnlngtks skhrn bòb`m`ks b cbs  hbsns brtnsbgbcns

Yrk`udtk

Yrndmk $

Yrk`udtk lk`memdb`k

Yrndmk $

Tklhrnrk gkrlbc

8>999

Lbs dunrk

>9999

Tklhrnrk sÿpnr emgk Ycbynrbs

19999 49999

Lbs dunrk Lbs emqun

289999 59999

Bddnskrmks

89999

Lbs pcbtb

>9999

Bddnskrmks fkabr

09999

Lbs lb`nrb

299999

Hkcsks

09999

Lbs dunrk

=9999

Dkgsm`nrbg`k cb dklpntngdmb cks prndmks kerndm`ks pkr BXP? PKR^MCCB, skg prndmks dklpntmtmvks sn pun`n khsnrvbr qun ng prkln`mk cks prndmks skg lbs ebvkrbhcns qun nc prkln`mk `n cks prndmks `n cb dklpntngdmb, arbg pbrtn `n cks prk`udtks skg vng`m`ks `mrndtblngtn pkr ck dubc nc pbak snrâ `n dkgtb`k b gk snr qun sn fbab ugb dklprb smagmemdbtmvb dkg d kg dcmngtns nspndìemdks cks drí`mtks sn rnbcmzbrbg b ug lns. Cks `nsdungtks pkr vngtb `n png`nrâg `n cb dbgtm`b` `n  prk`udtks pkr pn`m`k,

 

 Gulnrk `n Yrk`udtk

% `n `nsdungtk

Ekrlb `n pbak

Ngtrn 299 y 899

2%

Dkgtb`k

Ngtrn 899 y 499

8%

Dkgtb`k

Ngtrn 499 y 099

4%

Dkgtb`k

Ngtrn 099 y >99

0%

Dkgtb`k

»Duâc snrâ nc prndmk `nc prk`udtk;

Ngtrn $>9.999 y $=9.999

»Dôlk sn fb `ntnrlmgb`k nc prndmk;

dkgtmgubdmôg sn prnsngtbg bcaugks prndmks nstâg`br `n cks prk`udtks lbs dklnrdmbcmzb`ks nstks pun`ng vbrmbr snaÿg cbs lk`memdbdmkgns dklpcnom`b` y nxdcusmvm`b` qun sn lbgnob `n db`b prk`udtk, yb qun ng bcaugks dbsks sn lbgnobrb skhrn pn`m`k y dkg ncnlngtks skhrn bòb`m`ks b cbs hbsns brtnsbgbcns

»Ns ug prndmk `n mgtrk`uddmôg bc lnrdb`k kns kns Dkgsm`nrbg`k cb dklpntngdmb cks prndmks ug prndmk `nemgm`k; kerndm`ks pkr BXPN MGANGMK GBXMÒK skg  prndmks dklpntmtmvks sn pun`n khsnrvbr qun ng  prkln`mk cks prndmks skg lbs ebvkrbhcns qun nc  prkln`mk `n cks prndmks `n cb dklpntngdmb, arbg pbrtn `n cks prk`udtks skg vng`m`ks `mrndtblngtn pkr ck dubc nc pbak snrâ `n dkgtb`k b gk snr qun sn fbab ugb dklprb smagmemdbtmvb dkg dcmngtns nspndìemdks cks drí`mtks sn rnbcmzbrbg b ug lns. Cks `nsdungtks  pkr vngtb `n png`nrâg `n cb dbgtm`b` `n  prk`udtks pkr pn`m`k, Ktr b m ge kr lbdm ôg r ncnvbgtn  p pbr b cb e m  oobdm ôg ` n p   r ndm ks 

 

  8.5.4. NTPXBPNAMB @N @MTPXMH^DMÔG (YCB_B)   8.5.4.  Ngulnrbr Ngulnr br `n ugb lbgnrb dkg dkgdrn drntb, tb, cks bspndtks bspndtks b dkgsm`n dkgsm`nrbr rbr ng rncbdmôg rncbdmôg b ckslndbgmslks `n vngtb ( vngtb `mrndtb, dkg `mstrmhum`krns, `ncmvnry, ntd.) 

Nc dbgbc `n `mstrmhudmôg `n cks prk`udtks kerndm`ks sn b`ncbgtbrâ `urbgtn cb vm`b `nc prkyndtk ng `menrngtns ebsns `n bdunr`k dkg nc drndmlmngtk qun vbybg tngmng`k cbs vngtbs `nc gnakdmk. Mgmdmbclngtn, cks prk`udtks sn `mstrmhumrâg `n cb smaumngtn ekrlb?  

Ckdbc y hk`nab prkpmks. Tn nstmlb b`qumrmr ug ckdbc y ugb hk`nab pbrb pk`nr bclbdngbr cks

mgvngtbrmks `n prk`udtks. Yrnenrmhcnlngtn, nc ckdbc `nhnrâ nstbr smtub`k dnrdb b dngtrks dklnrdmbcns, dkg nc âgmlk `n bsnaurbr ug trâemdk lìgmlk `n pnrskgbs qun pun`bg b`qumrmr cks  prk`udtks qun sn kerndnrâg. kerndnr âg.   Dklnrdmbcmzbdmôg bc pkr lbykr cks prk`udtks b cks ckdbcns k gnakdmks qun vng`bg nc tmpk `n prk`udtks dkgtnlpcb`ks dklk brtnsbgbcns  

Yksmhcn dklnrdmbcmzbdmôg b trbvís `n nsqunlbs utmcmzb`ks ng vngtbs luctmgmvnc, ng cks qun

sn kerndnrâ cb kpkrtugm`b` `n b`qumrmr mgarnsks b`mdmkgbcns pkr cb vngtb `n gunstrks prk`udtks pkr ln`mk `n dbtâckaks.  

Cb pbrtmdmpbdmôg ng `menrngtns nvngtks nlprnsbrmbcns qun prklunvbg cb pnqunòb y ln`mbgb

nlprnsb dkg nc emg `n rnbcmzbr dkgtbdtk `mrndtks dkg nlprnsbrmks mgtnrnsb`ks ng `mstrmhumr gunstrks  prk`udtks.  

Cb bpnrturb `n ugb pbamgb `n Mgtnrgnt nlprnsbrmbc `kg`n sn pun`b rnbcmzbr gnakdmks.

 

8.5.0   NTPXBPNAMB @N YXKLKDMÔG  8.5.0 YXKLKDMÔG  »Ruí sn fbrâ pbrb  prklkdmkgbr nc gnakdmk;

Yrklkdmôg Cb prklkdmôg sn rnbcmzbrb ln`mbgtn nc lnrdb`nk `mrndtk dkg cks dcmngtns pktngdmbcns bgtnrmkrlngtn nstu`mb`ks, b`nlâs sn rnbcmzbrb cb prklkdmôg dkg nxpksmdmkgns, n mlpucsb`krns `nc prk`udtk.

Ybrb dcmngtns Mg`mvm`ubcns. B trbvís `n vkcbgtns,  pbsbdbccns, bvmsks culmgksks (gnôg) y `ndkrbdmôg ccblbtmvb `nc gnakdmk (cudns, vmtrmgbs, dkckrns, b`krgks, ngtrn ktrks).

Ybrb gnakdmks. B trbvís `n cb angnrbdmôg `n ug hrkdfurn ng `kg`n sn lunstrn `n lbgnrb angnrbc cbs dbrbdtnrìstmdbs y prndmks `n cks prk`udtks qun sn kerndnrâg bc pkr lbykr, dkg nc khontk `n qun cunak `n angnrbr nc mgtnrís nspndìemdk,  pk`nr hrmg`br ugb bsnskrìb nspndmbcmzb`b skhrn cbs vngtbobs `n b`qumrmr nstks prk`udtks.

Ybrb `mstrmhum`krns

tmpk luctmgmvnc. B trbvís `n tmpk

 — 

 hrkdfurns y dbrtbs nspndìemdbs ns pndìemdbs ng cbs qun sn `ng b dkgkdnr cbs vngtbobs `n cks prk`udtks y cb utmcm`b` ndkgôlmdb qun kerndn nc gnakdmk. »Duâgtk `mgnrk sn pun`n mgvnrtmr ng nstbsbdtmvm`b`ns; $89.999.999 Ktrks lndbgmslks b nlpcnbr pbrb cb prklkdmôg `n cks prk`udtks Ybrb enrmbs y nxpksmdmkgns. Tn rnbcmzbr nxpksmdmkgns y cb ngtrnab `n dbtâckaks `n cks prk`udtks pr k`udtks

b cks dcmngtns pktngdmbcns lkstrbg`k cb dbcm`b` `nc prk`udtk y prndmks hboks.

   

4.  NTP^@MK PÍDGMDK @N CB YXK@^DDMÔG  4.2 

@nsdrmhmr cbs dbrbdtnrìstmdbs `n cb ckdbcmzbdmôg `nc gnakdmk,

Cb nlprnsb nstbrâ ckdbcmzb`b ng cb dmu`b` `n Ybstk, `npbrtblngtk `n Gbrmòk. Cb prmlnrb tmng`b eìsmdb snrâ uhmdb`b ng nc dngtrk `n cb dmu`b` ng cb dbccn 20 # 21-8> dngtrk

4.8 

Xnbcmzbr ug hksqunok `n ck qun snrâ cb `mstrmhudmôg `nc ckdbc (ârnb `n trbhbok). trbh bok).

Krabgmarblb BXPN MGANGMK GBXMÒK BXPN BX PN MGA MGANG NGMK MK G GBX BXMM K

BXNB B@LMGMTPXBPMUB CMGNB TPBEE

@NYBXPBLNGPK @N @MTNÒK

@NYBXPBLNGPK EMGBGDMNXK

@NYBXPBLNGPK DKLNXDMBC

B^VMCMBX DKGPBHCN (>)

TBCB @N UNGPBT

YXK@^DDMKG

4.4 

BXNB Nspndmemdbdmkgns tídgmdbs KYNXBPMUB

@NYBXPBLNGPK @N DKLYXBT

 

NTPXBPNAMB @N LNXDB@K

Yrk`udtk Yrk`udtks brtnsbgbcns tìpmdks `nc `npbrtblngtk `n Gbrmòk, ncbhkrb`ks ng pbob tkqumccb dkg lnzdcbs ng dunrk, lb`nrb tbccb`b, tblk, hbrgmz `n pbstk, emqun, ngtrn ktrbs, dkg `msnòks nxdcusmvks, `ndkrbtmvks y eugdmkgbcns @ntbccbr cbs nspndmemdbdmkgns tídgmdbs y `msnòk `nc prk`udtk  Gklhrn? Hkcsk Ln`mbgk Xne Xnenrngdmb? nrngdmb? Hkc-992 Kemdmk? Pnon`urìb Pídgmdb? Pnom`k lmxtk @mlngsmkgns? Cbrak? 89 dl Bgdfk? 88 dl Dkckr? gbrbgob, bzuc, rkok, lkrb`k, rksb`k Lbtnrmb prmlb? Ybclb `n mrbdb @nsdrmpdmôg? Hkcsk tnom`k b lbgk ng pbclb `n mrbdb pbrb `blb.  Gklhrn? Hkcsk Arbg`n Xnenrngdmb? Hkc-998 Kemdmk? Pnon`urìb Pídgmdb? Pnom`k lmxtk @mlngsmkgns? Cbrak? 49 dl Bgdfk? 09 dl Dkckr? Unr`n, blbrmcck, gbrbgob, bzuc, rkok, lkrb`k, rksb`k Lbtnrmb prmlb? Ybclb `n mrbdb @nsdrmpdmôg? Hkcsk tnom`k b lbgk ng  pbclb `n mrbdb pbrb `blb.  Gklhrn? dkgtngn`kr arbgks lbtnrmb prmlb: pbob tkkumccb-mrbdb. tídgmdb? tnonlbgnon & bgu`b`k. @mlngsmkgns? Cbrak? 49 dl Bgdfk? 89 dl Dkckr? rksb, hcbgdk y gnark

 Gklhrn? sklhrnrk `n pbob-tkqumccb, ^sks? Yrng`b `n vnstmr qun sn utmcmzb pbrb duhrmr cb dbhnzb Yrnsngtbdmôg Dklnrdmbc? Tklhrnrk `n pbob tkqumccb `mspunstks ng nxfmhmdmôg, ng prnsngtbdmôg mg`mvm`ubc pbrb cb vngtb bc pkr lngkr k bc pkr lbykr YXKYMN@B@NT NTYNDÌEMDBT Ynsk? @n 69 b 289 arblks Pmpk `n Pnom`k/Cmablngtk? Pnom`k b lbgk ng tídgmdb drkdfnt

Mgdcumr ugb mlbang `nc prk`udtk `nsdrmtk

 

 Gklhrn? Ounak `n mg`mvm`ubcns dksm`ks x0 dkg pkrtbvbsks Xnenrngdmb? Mg-992 Kemdmk? Pnon`urìb Pídgmdb? Pnom`k lmxtk @mlngsmkgns? @mâlntrk? 49 dl Dkckr? Unr`n, blbrmcck, gbrbgob, bzuc, rkok, lkrb`k, rksb`k Lbtnrmb prmlb? Ybclb `n mrbdb @nsdrmpdmôg? Tnt `n mg`mvm`ubcns tnom`k ng  pbclb `n mrbdb pbrb dkln`kr

@msnòbr nc `mbarblb `n Kpnrbdmkgns ng Yrkdnsk `n cb ncbhkrbdmôg `n su prk`udtk k snrvmdmk.

4.0 

^sbr cks mdkgks  —  sìlhkcks  sìlhkcks

qun sn b`ougtb

 

 

 

 

Fbdnr ug cmstb`k `n cbs lbqumgbs, nqumpks y fnrrblmngtbs qun sn gndnsmtbgpbrb gndnsmtbgpbrb ncbhkrbr nc prk`udtk k hrmg`br nc snrvmdmk qun sn fb `nemgm`k

4.> 

Lbdntnb`krb

2

Pmonrbs mg`ustrmbcns

Dbgtm`b` (^gm`b`ns Xnqunrm`bs )  >

. Yrngsb`krb

8

Ounak `n Bauob

>

Lâqumgb `n dksnr

2

Tnt `n fmck

29

Nstueb

2

Dkstbcns

299

Lbqumgbrmb

Dbgtm`b` (^gm`b`ns Xnqunrm`bs ) 

Nqumpks y Fnrrblmngtb s 

Ybcb

0

Pmgtn gbturbc Drkdfnt

299ars 299ars

Dmgtb lítrmdb

2ja

Lbsdbrmccb

89

Cngtns

89

Dbrrntmccb lbgubc

4

 

Xnbcmzbr nc dâcduck `n Lbtnrmbcns y/k Lbtnrmbs Yrmlbs qun usbrâg ng nc prkdnsk prk`udtmvk

4.5 

Lbtnrmb Yrmlb Mgsulks

Dbgtm`b` ^gm`b`ns Xnqunrm`b s 

Dkakccks pbob tkqumccb >999 emnctrk >99 ltr Bgmcmgbs 899 ugm`b`ns 899 ugm`b`ns dmgtmccks ng vbrmks dkckrns, pmncns dkg sncck nxdcusmvks `n cb nlprnsb y ncnlngtks `ndkrbtmvks pbrb `brcn nc tkqun btrbdtmvk

^gm`b`ns b Yrk`udmr

Gndnsm`b` `n Lbtnrmbcns

299 299 299

Fbdnr ug cmstb`k `n cks pksmhcns prkvnn`krns qun prkpkrdmkgbrâg cks mgsulks gndnsbrmks pbrb cb ncbhkrbdmôg `nc prk`udtk k snrvmdmk. 4.1 

Lugmdmpmk `n Tbg`kgb

Lugmdmpmk `n Dkgsbdb

Pmngn ugb prk`uddmôg `n pbob tkqumccb `n 2>>9 tkgncb`bs bc bòk y 222 fndtârnbs `n  prk`uddmôg Ns cb dugb `n cb dkgenddmôg `n sklhrnrks Pmngn ugb prk`uddmôg pbob tkqumccb `n 22>1 tkgncb`bs bc bòk y 200 fndtârnbs `n  prk`uddmôg Cb Bskdmbdmôg qun snrâ gunstrk prkvnn`kr sn ngdungtrb b 09.0jl y b 05 lmgutks `n cb pcbgtb

Krabgmzbdmôg `n cbs pnrskgbs ng nc prkdnsk prk`udtmvk Fbdnr ug cmstb`k `n cbs pnrskgbs qun sn gndnsmtbg pbrb prk`udmr cb dbgtm`b` `n hmngns `n hmngns k snrvmdmks `ntbccb`ks ng nstn Ycbg `n gnakdmk.

4.6 

Yunstk `n Prbhbok   Anrngtn angnrbc Onen `n Yrk`uddmôg Xnspkgsbhcn `n `msnòk Bhkab`k k Bsnskr cnabc Ynrskgbc `n cmlpmnzb y bclbdngbon Ynrskgbc `n prk`uddmôg -brtnsbgks

Gulnrk 2 2 2 2 2 >

 

4.= 

Ngulnrbr  cbs tbrnbs snaÿg cbs rnspkgsbhmcm`b`ns `n db`b ugk.  

DBXAK Anrngtn angnrbc ÂXNB Anrngdmb angnrbc YNXEMC @NC DBXAK GMUNC Pmtucb`k Mgangmnrk `n B`lmgmstrbdmôg `n Nlprnsbs, Mgangmnrk BDB@ÍLMDK EKXLBDMÔG Nlprnsbrmbc, Mgangmnrk Mg`ustrmbc k bemgn. NVYNXMNGDMB Lìgmlk 8 bòks cm`nrbg`k dklk Anrngtn Angnrbc k bcaÿg CBHKXBC sndtkr smlmcbr. DKGKDMLMNGPKT KHCMABPKXMKT -  Kemlâtmdb? Mgtnrln`mk -  M`mklb Mgacís? Mgtnrln`mk -  Dursk `n nspndmbcmzbdmôg? Anstmôg `n Nlprnsbs B B -  Tnr cì`nr -  Prbhbobr ng nqumpk. -  Tbhnr ccnabr bc pÿhcmdk (trbhbob`krns) ng cbs dbpbdmtbdmkgns. -  Tnr mlpucsb`krns `nc dblhmk. -  Dkgkdnr cb anstmôg blhmngtbc. -  Dbpbdm`b` `n bgâcmsms. -  Dbpbdm`b` `n gnakdmbdmôg. -  Pklb `n `ndmsmkgns. -  Butkdkgtrkc E^GDMKGNT Ycbgmemdbr bdtmvm`b`ns `n cb nlprnsb, tngnr nc dkgtrkc dklnrdmbc, emgbgdmnrk y `n tk`k nc pnrskgbc. B`nlâs `nhn `msnòbr n mlpcnlngtbr pkcìtmdbs y `mrndtmvbs pbrb lnokrbr cb anstmôg y dkgtrkc `n cks rndursks.

DBXAK ÂXNB

Onen `n Yrk`uddmôg Yrk`uddmôg

YNXEMC @NC DBXAK Pmtucb`k GMUNC BDB@ÍLMDK gang nrk g ustr b NVYNXMNGDMB Lìgmlk 2 bòk ng punstks smlmcbrns CBHKXBC DKGKDMLMNGPKT KHCMABPKXMKT -  Kemlâtmdb? Mgtnrln`mk -  M`mklb Mgacís? Hâsmdk -  @mpcklb`k ng TTKLB -  Blpcmk dkgkdmlmngtk `n cb mg`ustrmb tnxtmc. B B

 

-  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - 

Cm`nrbzak Pngnr `ktns dklugmdbtmvks Pklb `n `ndmsmkgns hbok prnsmôg Tnr nemdmngtn Luctm`msdmpcmgbrmk B`bptbrsn b cks dblhmks y ngtkrgks cbhkrbcns Ycbgmemdbdmôg y krabgmzbdmôg Tkcudmôg `n prkhcnlbs Krabgmzbdmôg y lbgnok `n pnrskgbc.

E^GDMKGNT -  Ycbgmemdbr, dkgtrkcbr y aumbr ng cks prkdnsks prk`udtmvks bc pnrskgbc. -  Dbpbdmtbr bc pnrskgbc ng tnlbs `n sbcu` kdupbdmkgbc, snaurm`b` y ln`mk blhmngtn. -  Lbxmlmzbr cb prk`udtmvm`b` y rng`mlmngtk, vnrmemdbg`k cb dbcm`b` `nc prk`udtk prk `udtk emgbc. -  Dkgtrkcbr nc mgvngtbrmk pbrb rn`udmr pír`m`bs `n lbtnrmb prmlb. DBXAK Xnspkgsbhcn `n @msnòk ÂXNB Yrk`uddmôg YNXEMC @NC DBXAK GMUNC Narnsb`k tídgmdk BDB@ÍLMDK sn b kr n k b NVYNXMNGDMB Lìgmlk 5 lnsns ng punstks smlmcbrns CBHKXBC DKGKDMLMNGPKT KHCMABPKXMKT -  Pídgmdbs `n dkgenddmôg. -  @klmgmk `n prkarblbs mgekrlâtmdks `n `msnòk arâemdk. -  Lbgnok `n fnrrblmngtbs `mamtbcns `n `msnòk 4@. Dkgkdmlmngtks mngtks `n dklnrdmbcmzb dklnrdmbcmzbdmôg dmôg kgcmgn, kgcmgn, n-dklln n-dkllnrdn rdn lbrjntmg lbrjntmg . -  Dkgkdml B B -  Cm`nrbzak -  Pngnr `ktns `n dklugmdbdmôg y gnakdmbdmôg -  Tnr nemdmngtn -  -  -  - 

Mggkvbdmôg Yrnstbr btngdmôg b cks `ntbccns. Xnskcvnr prkhcnlbs y tkcnrbgdmb bc nstrís. B`bptbrsn b cks dblhmks y ngtkrgks cbhkrbcns -  mgtnrís pkr cb lk`b y cbs gunvbs tng`ngdmbs. E^GDMKGNT -  @msnòbr lk`ncks `n sklhrnrks -  Ncnamr cks `menrngtns lbtnrmbcns, tnom`ks, tnxturbs y dkckrns b utmcmzbr ng cb `ndkrbdmôg `ndkr bdmôg `n sklhrnrks. -  Tupnrvmsbr nc prkdnsk `n ncbhkrbdmôg `n cks sklhrnrks, pbrtmdmpbg`k bdtmvblngtn ng nc dkgtrkc `n dbcm`b`. Pblhmíg, `nhnrâ prkpkgnr prkpkg nr cbs dkrrnddmkgns k boustns gndnsbrmks pbrb qun nc prk`udtk emgbc dulpcb dkg sus nxmangdmbs mgmdmbcns.

Bsnskr cnabc DBXAK ÂXNB Bsnskrìb cnabc YNXEMC @NC DBXAK GMUNC Pmtucb`k BDB@ÍLMDK

 

  kab k NVYNXMNGDMB Lìgmlk 8 bòks ng punstks smlmcbrns CBHKXBC DKGKDMLMNGPKT KHCMABPKXMKT -  Nspndmbcmzbdmôg ng @nrndfk Cbhkrbc k Yrkdn`mlmngtk B`lmgmstrbtmvk Angnrbc. -  Dkgkdmlmngtks cnabcns y trmhutbrmks. -  Kemlâtmdb? gmvnc mgtnrln`mk B-  Tkcudmôg B `n prkhcnlbs. -  Bgâcmsms drìtmdk. -  Butkbprng`mzbon. -  Ngtbhcbr rncbdmkgns mgtnrpnrskgbcns. -  Krmngtbdmôg b rnsuctb`ks. -  B`bptbdmôg b gunvbs smtubdmkgns. -  Ebdm Ebdmcm cm`b `b`` `n nx rn rnsm smôg ôg krb krbcc `kl `klmgm mgmkk `n `ncc cn cngg ub n. E^GDMKGNT -  Nstu`mbr y bgbcmzbr prkhcnlbs ourì`mdks b pntmdmôg `nc anrngtn angnrbc. -  Prbhbobr nvngtubclngtn bgtn bcaÿg prkhcnlb cnabc. -  Xnbcmzbr cks snaumlmngtks rnspndtmvks `n dbsks ou`mdmbcns y bsnaurbrsn `n qun cb nlprnsb dulpcb dkg cbs cn cnyns yns y rnaucbdmkgns. Bsnskr dkgtbhcn DBXAK ÂXNB Bsnskrìb dkgtbhcn YNXEMC @NC DBXAK GMUNC Pmtucb`k BDB@ÍLMDK kgtb b gbgd nr n rb NVYNXMNGDMB Lìgmlk 8 bòks ng punstks smlmcbrns. CBHKXBC DKGKDMLMNGPKT KHCMABPKXMKT -  Kemlâtmdb? Gmvnc mgtnrln`mk. -  Dkgkdmlmngtks bdtubcmzb`ks `n dkgtbhmcm`b` y trmhutbrmb. -  Dkgkdmlmngtks `n prkarblbs dkgtbhcns. B B -  Mgmdmbtmvb, drnbtmvm`b`, prkbdtmvm`b` y pru`ngdmb -  Butkbprng`mzbon. -  Ngtbhcbr rncbdmkgns mgtnrpnrskgbcns. -  Krmngtbdmôg b rnsuctb`ks. -  B`bptbdmôg b gunvbs smtubdmkgns. -  Ebdmcm`b` `n nxprnsmôg krbc y `klmgmk `nc cngaubon. E^GDMKGNT -  Nstbhcndnr nstrbtnambs qun lnokrng cb ndkgklìb y emgbgzbs `n cb nlprnsb. -  Hrmg`br mgekrlbdmôg mgtnrprntb`b `n cb dkgtbhmcm`b` pbrb ugb pkstnrmkr  pcbgnbdmôg y tklb `n `ndmsmkgns. -  B`lmgmstrb n m`ngtmemdbr cks pksmhcns rmnsaks emgbgdmnrks `n cb nlprnsb.

 

DBXAK Ynrskgbc `n cmlpmnzb y bclbdngbon ÂXNB Bclbdíg YNXEMC @NC DBXAK GMUNC Tndug`brmb dklpcntb BDB@ÍLMDK NVYNXMNGDMB CBHKXBC DKGKDMLMNGPKT KHCMABPKXMKT bgn k y l tk ks t dg dks n lp lp nzb. B B -  Prbhbobr skck k ng nqumpk -  B`bptbdmôg b gunvbs smtubdmkgns. -  Ebdmcm`b` `n nxprnsmôg krbc. -  Dbpbdm`b` `n snaumr mgstruddmkgns. -  @msdmpcmgb -   pugtubcm`b`. E^GDMKGNT -  Lbgtngnr tk`ks cks blhmngtns `n trbhbok n mgstbcbdmôg dkg bctks gmvncns `n  pucdrmtu` y cmlpmnzb -  Bpkybr ng bclbdíg ng cb dbrab y `nsdbrab `n cks prk`udtks, y dulpcmlmngtk `n cbs tbrnbs bsmagb`bs pkr nc onen mgln`mbtk.

DBXAK Ynrskgbc `n prk`uddmôg (Brtnsbgk) ÂXNB Yrk`uddmôg YNXEMC @NC DBXAK GMUNC Tndug`brmb dklpcntb BDB@ÍLMDK NVYNXMNGDMB Lìgmlk 2 bòk ng nc âlhmtk tnxtmc. CBHKXBC DKGKDMLMNGPKT KHCMABPKXMKT kgBkd l ng ngttks ng kpn pnrrbd g n l qu gbs brt rtnnsbgb ns tnx nxtt ns B-  Dbpbdm`b` `n trbhbobr dkg cbs lbgks `n ekrlb fbhmcksb. -  Mgmdmbtmvb, drnbtmvm`b`, prkbdtmvm`b` y pru`ngdmb -  Butkbprng`mzbon. -  Prbhbobr skck k ng nqumpk -  B`bptbdmôg b gunvbs smtubdmkgns. -  Ebdmcm`b` `n nxprnsmôg krbc. -  Dbpbdm`b` `n snaumr mgstruddmkgns. E^GDMKGNT -  Ckarbr cbs lntbs `n prk`udtmvm`b` y nondutbr bddmkgns qun cn ngdklmng`n nc supnrvmskr bsmagb`k. -  Ncbhkrbr sklhrnrks b hbsn `n emhrbs `n dkdk.

 

0.  NTP^@MK NDKGÔLMDK  02 @ntnrlmgbr cb Yrkynddmôg `n Ungtbs ng ugm`b`ns

G¿  

Yrk`udtk

Yrndmk `nc prk`udtk k snrvmdmk

Ynrìk`ks 2 

8 

4 

0 

Pktbc > 

 

…

2  8  4 

0.8  Dkg cks `btks qun sn tmngng, ncbhkrbr nc Ycbg

`n mgvnrsmôg  

YCBG @N MGUNXTMÔG NG G^NUKT TKCNT  TKCNT   Xuhrk 2. Bdtmvk Emok  Pnrr ngks y/k y/k Mge rr b   nst r u ud dtur b 

Lbqumgbrmbs y Nqumpks 

Fnrrblmngtbs Lunhcns y Ngsnrns 

Pktbc Bdtmvks Emoks  8. Abstks Yrn Kpnrbtmvks 

Pktbc `n Abstks Yrn Kpnrbtmvks. 

4. Dbpmtbc `n Prbhbok

Pktbc `n Dbpmtbc `n Prbhbok PKPBC

Ubckr ^gmt. 

^gm`. Xnqunrm`bs

Mgv nr sm ôg

Pktbc

 

0.4 

@ntnrlmgbdmôg `n cb Nstrudturb

`n dkstks 

Yrk`udtk rnprnsngtbgtmvk?^gm`b` `n

dkstks? Ynrmk`k `n nstmlbdmôg? Ukculng `n prk`uddmôg pkr pnrmk`k Ubckr ^gmt. 

Xuhrk 2. Dkstks `mrndtks 

Lbtnrmbcns

Lbgk `n Khrb 

Abstks `n ebhrmdbdmkg

Pktbc Dkstks @mrndtks  8. Dkstks Mg` m r ndtks  Abstks B`lmgmstrbtmvks B`lmgmstrbtmvks 

Abstks `n Ungtbs

 

 

Pktbc Dkstks Mg`  m r ndtks

PKPBC

 

^gm`. Xnqunrm`bs

Dkstk Pktbc  EMOK 

UBXMBHC N

 

0.0  

Ybsk smaumngtn, `ntnrlmgbr Nc dkstk Pktbc ^gmtbrmk `n prk`uddmôg 

DP^ < DE^ + DU^  

Bfkrb sn pun`n pu n`n dbcducbr nc Yrndmk `n Ungtb ^gmtbrmk —  YU^  YU^

0.>  Dbcducbr cb Yrkynddmôg `n Ungtbs ng gunvks skcns

G¿  G¿ 

Yrk`udtk Yrndmk `nc prk`udtk k snrvmdmk

Ynrìk`ks 2 

8 

4 

2  8  4 

0.5 

Lbrang `n Dkgtrmhudmôg y Yugtk `n Nqumcmhrmk 

0 

Pktbc > 

 

…

 

0.1  Dkg tk`b cb mgekrlbdmôg qun sn lbgnob, bfkrb sn pun`n ncbhkrbr nc Ecuok `nDbob `nDbob

`nc gnakdmk

EC^OK @N NENDPMUK  NENDPMUK  DKGDNYPK

9 

  G MGAX NTKT (B) 

UNGPBT NAXNTKT (H)  PNXXNGKT N   G MGTEX BNTPX ^ DP ^X B  MGBX MB ]  LBR^  G NR^MYKT  P

T

FNXX BL BLMN G B   L^NHCNT ] NGTNXNT  

LBPNX MB YX MLB /  MGT^LKT     G

LBGK @N KHXB ABTPKT  MGMTPX BPMU KT  B@L  G ABTPKT @N UNGPBT 

TBC@K BGPNT @N MLY^NTPKT(B-H) MLY^NTPKT (B-H) MLY^NTPKT 

TBC@K NDKGÔLM DK  (D) 

@ @N @N   MNG  MNG  K  Bpkr Bp krtn tn n bp tb Yrístblks Blkrtmzbdmôg GNPK bdtmvm`b` `n emgbgdmblmngtk (@)   GNPK @N  @N 

2 

YNX K@ KT 8  4    29 …..

22

28

PKPB C 

(D+@)   (D+@)  

 

MGDMK @NC  @NC  @K   @K NENDPMUK BC EMGBC @NC YNXMK@K