Plan de Marketing

 

‒Eõl kfb Majf`tf`eral kfb Xfrô4 =88 eõls kf A`kfpf`kf`jae–  

V@A_F]ZAKEK @EJAL@EB KFB JEBBEL Oejubtek kf A`gf`afrãe Fbájtraje y Fbfjtrú`aje

XBE@ KF CE]IF[A@G XE]E BE FCX]FZE [FJ@L ZLBE] Jursl4 Gfstaú` Fcprfseraeb Kljf`tf4 _ere Ze`jnfz Dfsus _ajf`tf Ebuc`l4 Cerjevabbeje Jl`klra E`tl`y Jbfcf`t Bace-Xfrô Eglstl, =8=5 

 

Jl`tf`akl JEXÃ[VB JEX Ã[VBL L A ............... ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................... .... ; 5. Lmdftav Lmdftavls ls .............. ............................... .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................. ; 5.5.

Lmdftavl Gf`freb ........ .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ............. ;

5.=.

Lmdftavls Fspfjãoajl Fspfjãoajlss ......... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ............... ..... ;

JEXA[VB JEX A[VBL L AA ................ ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................. 6 =. Kfsjrapj Kfsjrapjaú` aú` kf be fcprfse ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... ............. ... 6 =.5.

Ketls Gf`freb Gf`frebfs fs kf be Fcprfse.......... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................ ....... 6

=.=.

E`åbasas Fstretágajl ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................ ....... 6

=.:.

Clkfbls kf @fgljal ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................ ....... ?

=.;.

Cfrjekl Lmdftavl ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... .......... ?

=.6.

Fstrujtur Fstrujturee Lrge`azejal`eb......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ............... ..... ?

JEXA[VB JEX A[VBL L AAA............... ................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................. 7 :. Cerjl [fúrajl ......... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ............. .... 7 :.5.

Jl`jfptls y tflrães slmrf cerifta`g ......... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... .................. ........ 7

:.=.

Ouf`tfs kf Gf`fre Gf`frejaú` jaú` kf F`frg F`frgães ães ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ........... 1

:.:.

Cfrjekl Fbájtrajl Xfrue`l............. Xfrue`l...................... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. .................. ........... 1

JEXA[VB JEX A[VBL L A_ ............... ................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ............... 55 ;. Cftlkl Cftlklblg blgãe ãe ............... ............................... ................................. .................................. ................................. .................................. ........................... ......... 55 ;.5.

Kasfõl kfb Xbe` Fstretágajl kf Cerifta`g......... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................. ........ 55

JEXA[VB JEX A[VBL L _ ................ ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ............... 5= 6. E`åbasas kfb f`tlr`l .......... ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ............ 5= 6.5.

Be fcprfs fcprfse...... e................ ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... .................. .................. ................... ................... ............. ... 5=

6.=.

Fb Xrlkujtl .......... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................. ........ 5:

6.:.

E`åbasas jlcpftatavl kf be a`kustrae ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................. ........ 56

JEXA[VB JEX A[VBL L _A ............... ................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ............... 57 ?. Zatuejaú` jlcpftatave ejtueb kf be fcprfs fcprfsee ......... ................... ................... .................. .................. ................... ............. ... 57 ?.5.

Xbe`aoajejaú` Fstretágaje ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................ ...... 57

?.=.

E`åbasas OLKE .......... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... .................. .................. ................... ................... ............. ... 57

JEXA[VB JEX A[VBL L _AA ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ............................. ............ 51 7. Cerifta`g lpfre lpfretavl tavl ......... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ............ 51

 

7.5.

Xrlkujtl y jl`sucaklr .......... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... .................. .................. .................. ........ 51

7.=.

Jlcu`ajej Jlcu`ajejaú` aú` ......... ................... ................... .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .............. ..... 51 5

 

>. Jl`j Jl`jbus busal`fs al`fs ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ........................ ....... =5 1. Mambal Mambalgreo greoãe ãe ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ........................... ......... ==

 

=

 

A@[]LKVJJAÚ@   Be f`frgãe fs pertf kf tlkls bls jajbls kf be vake y sf kfoa`f jaf`tãoajecf`tf jlcl be jepejakek kf nejfr tremedl. Fxastf` kasta`tes ouf`tfs kf f`frgãe, bes juåbfs sf kaofrf`jae` plrquf eb sfr fxpbltekes,, ttaf`f` fxpbltekes af`f` be prlpafkek kf egltersf, l kf `l nejfrbl. Fste prlpafkek pfrcatf jbesaoajer bes f`frgães f` rf`lvembfs y `l rf`lvembfs. Kf`trl kf bes f`frgães rf`lvembfs, sf f`juf`tre` bes f`frgães jl`vf`jal`ebfs y bes `l jl`vf`jal`ebfs. F`frgães kfb tapl fúbaje, slber, gfltárcaje y cerflcltraz, sf jbesaoaje` jlcl f`frgães rf`lvembfs `l jl`vf`jal`ebfs (F]@J). Be f`frgãe slber fs equfbbe eplrteke plr be rekaejaú` kfb Zlb, be jueb bbfge e be [afrre e trevás kfb Fspejal, y juye a`tf`sakek f` u` pu`tl kftfrca`ekl kfpf`kf kf be betatuk, kf be nlre y kfb kãe kfb eõl. Xfrô juf`te jl` jl`kajal`fs pravabfgaekes pere fxpblter be f`frgãe slber, grejaes e sus oevlrembfs `avfbfs kf rekaejaú`. Kf`trl kf fstf jl`tfxtl, `ejf be fcprfse [fj`l Zlber, jl` be oa`ebakek kf ker slbujal`fs f`frgátajes sustf`tembfs y foajaf`tfs, saf`kl bes F`frgães ]f`lvembfs @l Jl`vf`jal`ebfs (F]@J), be mesf kf fstes slbujal`fs, utabaze`kl tfj`lblgãe bacpae y ecagembf jl` fb cfkal ecmaf`tf. Be fcprfse [fj`l Zlber. Zf kfkaje e be jlcfrjaebazejaú` kf jlbfjtlrfs slberfs tárcajls,  mlcmes slberfs y sastfces oltlvlbteajls. Be fcprfse ne f`oljekl f`oljekl sus fsoufrzls f` gf`frer ebae`zes jl` prlvffklrfs, quf pfrcate` lorfjfr prlkujtls táj`ajecf`tf muf`ls, pfrl ne kfdekl kf bekl fb tfce kf be jlcfrjaebazejaú`. Ejtuebcf`tf be fcprfse lorfjf bls fquapls e trevás kf vasates e tfrrf`l t frrf`l karfjtl e bls pltf`jaebfs jbaf`tfs (pfqufões y cfkae`es fcprfses, egrajubtlrfs, lrge`azejal`fs kfplrtaves, sljaebfs y fkujejal`ebfs), kl`kf nejf` kfclstrejal`fs kf bls sastfces jl` iats kfclstretavls, pfrl fstl `l ne sakl suoajaf`tf pere vf`kfr sus prlkujtls. Zf nejf fvakf`tf u`e lplrtu`akek kf cfdlre, ye quf taf`f` cujnes ge`es kf fcprf`kfr, pfrl bfs oebte u` pbe` quf bfs lraf`tf y bfs pfrcate treter kf sfr fxatlsls f` be jlcfrjaebazejaú` kf sus  prlkujtls. Jl`sakfre`kl quf [fj`l Zlber. fs u`e fcprfse `ufve f` be a`kustrae, y tlce`kl f` juf`te tecmaá` quf be jlcfrjaebazejaú` kf sus prlkujtls sf lraf`terå e u` cfrjekl kf `ajnls, sf nejf `fjfseral jl`ter jl` u` pbe`pbezl, kf cerifta`g fstretágajl, pfrcate kfoa`artåjtajl-lpfretavl fstretfgaes kf cerifta`g kf cfkae`l y bergl y fstembfzje pbe`fs kf quf ejjaú` kf jeråjtfr kf jlrtl pbezl.

 

:

 

JEXÃ[VBL A Lmdftavls 5.5. 

Lmdftavl Gf`freb

Kfserrlbber u` pbe` fstretágajl kf cerifta`g pere be fcprfse [fj`l [fj`l Zlber. cfkae`tf cfkae`tf fb e`åbasas, te`tl a`tfr`l kf be fcprfse, jlcl fxtfr`l kf be a`kustrae, jl` fb oa` kf plsajal`erbe f` fb cfrjekl kf bes F`frgães ]f`lvembfs @l Jl`vf`jal`ebfs.

5.=. 

Lmdftavls Fspfjãoajls

Kftfrca`er bes vf`tedes jlcpftataves quf plsff be fcprfse, rfspfjtl kf sus jlcpftaklrfs, e  pertar kf bes Olrtebfzes Olrtebfzes kftfjtekes. Fstembfjfr fb sfgcf`tl kf cfrjekl lmdftavl, slmrf fb jueb be fcprfse kfsta`erå sus fsoufrzls, f` mesf e bes vf`tedes jlcpftataves kftfrca`ekes. Fstembfjfr fb plsajal`ecaf`tl kfsfekl y prlpl`fr ejjal`fs tåjtajl-lpfretaves, quf pfrcate` ebje`zerbl.

 

;

 

JEXA[VBL AA Kfsjrapjaú` kf be fcprfse Be [fj`l Zlber. `ejf f` fb eõl =8=5 jl` be oa`ebakek kf ker slbujal`fs f`frgátajes sustf`tembfs y foajaf`tfs eb cås veraekl fspfjtrl kf jbaf`tfs, saf`kl bes F`frgães ]f`lvembfs @l Jl`vf`jal`ebfs (F]@J) be mesf kf fstes slbujal`fs, utabaze`kl tfj`lblgãe bacpae y ecagembf jl` fb cfkal ecmaf`tf. [fj`l Zlber. Fstå a`tfgreke plr kls nfrce`ls, E`tl`y y Ze`kre Cerjevabbeje Jl`klra. Fb  pracfrl, kf prlofsaú` prlofsaú` A`gf`afrl Fbájtrajl, y be sfgu`ke, sfgu`ke, Ekca`astrejaú` Ekca`astrejaú` kf @fgljals A`tfr`ejal`ebfs. A`tfr`ejal`ebf s. Fb jlcpbfcf` jl cpbfcf`tl tl kf sus olrcejal`fs ejekácajes, ejekácajes, gf`fre fb ecmaf`tf akfeb pere kfserrlbber fb `fgljal. Ecmls jlcpertf` be vasaú` kf sfr ejtlrfs rfbfve`tfs f` fb jecmae`tf cu`kl kfb usl kf be f`frgãe, cfkae`tf fb kfserrlbbl kf prlyfjtls jl` u` oufrtf á`oesas f` be sustf`temabakek y be vake f` ercl`ãe jl` fb pbe`fte. [fj`l Zlber. Lorfjf sfrvajals a`tfgrebfs kf a`gf`afrãe kfb olrcetl ‒bbevf f` ce`l–, quf

jl`sastf` f` fb kfserrlbbl kf bls prlyfj prl yfjtls tls kf pra`japal e oa`, a`jbuyf`kl4 pbe`aoajejaú`, kasfõl, fdfjujaú` f a`stebejaú` kfb prlyfjtl9 du`tl jl` su pufste f` cerjne f` fb pbezl prfvastl.

=.5.   



 



 



Ketls Gf`frebfs kf be Fcprfse

Karfjjaú`4 Cfge jf`tr Karfjjaú`4 jf`trl, l, Jerr. Xe`ecfraje`e Zur Ic =1,6, Burã` 568;7 Kufõls4 Cerjevabbeje Jl`klra E`tl`y Jbfcf`t, Cerjevabbeje Jl`klra Ze`kre. Garl4 Fdfjujaú` f Acpbfcf`tejaú` kf Xrlyfjtls y _f`te kf Fquapls kf F`frgães ]f`lvembfs.

=.=. 

E`åbasas Fstretágajl

=.=.5.   Casaú` F`trfger slbujal`fs f`frgátajes sustf`tembfs cfkal kf bes F`frgães ]f`lvembfs @l Jl`vf`jal`ebfs (F]@J), ltlrge`kl u` sfrvajal plr a`tfgreb kf a`gf`afrãe f` sastfces oltlvlbteajls eutú`lcls l jl`fjtekls e be rfk, mlcmfl slber y jlbfjtlrfs slberfs tárcajls, tf`af`kl jlcl jbaf`tfs e pfqufões y cfkae`es fcprfses, egrajubtlrfs, lrge`azejal`fs kfplrtaves, sljaebfs y fkujejal`ebfs, jlcl esã tecmaá` eb sfjtlr rfsakf`jaeb.

=.=.=.   _asaú` Xlsajal`er`ls jlcl u`e fcprfse bãkfr f` F]@J y foajaf`jae f`frgátaje, saguaf`kl be oufrtf jl`vajjaú` kf jucpbar jl` bls cås ebtls fstå`kerfs fstå`ker fs f` be f`trfge kf `ufstrl sfrvajal, sfrvaj al, rfspebkekl jl` prlkujtls kf pracfre jebakek y kf prlofsal`ebfs ebtecf`tf jepejatekls.

 

6

 

=.:. 

Clkfbls kf @fgljal

=.:.5.   Zfrvajals =.:.5.5.  Zastfces oltlvlbteajls Fxastf` kls ebtfr`etaves kf sastfces oltlvlbteajls. Fb pracfrl fs u` sastfce eutú`lcl, kf`lca`ekl Loo Grak. Fstf sastfce sf kasfõe pere lpfrer f` olrce a`kfpf`kaf`tf kf be rfk fbájtraje. F` fstf sastfce, be f`frgãe prlkujake plr bls pe`fbfs sf ebcejf`e f` u` me`jl kf  metfrães, pere bufgl, cfkae`tf u` a`vfrslr kf jlrraf`tf, gf`frer f`frgãe f`frgãe fbájtraje. Fb sfgu`kl, fs u` sastfce jl`fjtekl e be rfk, kf`lca`ekl L` Grak. Fstf sastfce sf kasfõe pere a`yfjter f`frgãe e be rfk fbájtraje, y sl` utabazekls f` årfes jl` sfrvajal kf rfk fbájtraje y `l `fjfsate be utabazejaú` kf metfrães kf rfspebkl. Kfmakl e sus jerejtfrãstajes, sl` bls sastfces oltlvlbteajls cås sacpbfs y fjl`úcajls. =.:.5.=.  Jlbfjtlrfs Zlberfs [árcajls Måsajecf`tf sl` sastfces quf jebaf`te` fb egue plr cfkal kf be f`frgãe slber, fspfjãoajecf`tf e trevás kf be rekaejaú`. Bls fquapls e sfbfjjal`er kfpf`kfrå` kf bes `fjfsakekfs kf jeke jbaf`tf, ye quf fxastf` fquapls jl` u` ecpbal re`gl kf jepejakekfs. =.:.5.:.  Jlcpftaklrfs Be Fcprfse [fj`l Zlber, rfjl`ljf eb cf`ls trfs fcprfses kf rfjl`ljakl `lcmrf Zlberf`frgy, Fjlf`frgátajl y @etF`frgy f` be jaukek kf Bace, kfkajekes e prlvffr sfrvajals rfbejal`ekls jl` be f`frgãe slber. Vmajekes e u`ls fsjesls 68 YicS kf be jepateb b, plr bl quf sf vufbvf rfbfve`tf be satuejaú` kf jlcpftf`jae.

=.;. 

Cfrjekl Lmdftavl

Bls jbaf`tfs e bls juebfs epu`te be Fcprfse [fj`l Zlber sl` pfqufões y cfkae`es fcprfses, egrajubtlrfs, lrge`azejal`fs kfplrtaves, sljaebfs y fkujejal`ebfs, jlcl esã tecmaá` fb sfjtlr rfsakf`jaeb.

=.6. 

Fstrujture Lrge`azejal`eb

Be fstrujture fs meste`tf sacpbf, be Fcprfse juf`te jl` u` Gfrf`tf Gf`freb y Esfslrfs f` bes årfes bfgebfs y jlcfrjaebfs. E`tl`y Cerjevabbeje, Gfrf`tf Gf`freb, e jergl kf be ekca`astrejaú` f` su tltebakek, f`oljekl eb årfe kf bes pfqufões y cfkae`es fcprfses, sfjtlr fbájtrajl y rfsakf`jaeb. Ze`kre Cerjevabbeje, esfslr bfgeb. Kafgl Oagufrle y Ore`jasjl Cuõlz, esfslrfs f` fb årfe jlcfrjaeb y vf`tes.

 

?

 

JEXA[VBL AAA Cerjl [fúrajl :.5. 

Jl`jfptls y tflrães slmrf cerifta`g

:.5.5.   Cerifta`g. Fb jl`jfptl kf cerifta`g sf rfbejal`e jl` be akfe kf `fgljal kf u`e fcprfse y sf mese f` be vasaú` kf júcl pf`ser y kf júcl ejtuer, quf taf`f u`e fcprfse. Kaofrf`tfs satuejal`fs pufkf` rfqufrar kaofrf`tfs olrces kf ejjaú`, bes juebfs taf`f` quf sfr e`ebazekes kf ejufrkl jl` fb  pbezl f` fb quf be fcprfse fcprfse a`tf`te a`tf`te ebje`zer ebje`zer sus cftes y lmdftavls. lmdftavls. Bes kfjasa kfjasal`fs l`fs kf cerifta`g cerifta`g e bergl pbezl, sl` kfjasal`fs fstretágajes y rfebazekes e `avfb kf ekca`astrejaú`, caf`tres quf bls pbe`fs kf cerifta`g e jlrtl pbezl, sf mese` f` bes táj`ajes kfb cerifta`g cax. Bes fcprfses rfbejal`ekes jl` bes f`frgães rf`lvembfs, pufkf` kfserrlbber pbe`fs kf cerifta`g, te`tl e bergl, jlcl e jlrtl pbezl. Fstls pbe`fs taf`f` plr lmdftavl eyuker e be fcprfse e jucpbar jl` bes kaofrf`tfs `fjfsakekfs kf bls jbaf`tfs, y cfdlrer be jlcpftatavakek f` fb cfrjekl. Be a`kustrae kf bes f`frgães rf`lvembfs sf fstå kfserrlbbe`kl nejae be jrfejaú` kf rfkfs f`trf kaofrf`tfs fcprfses, bl quf sag`aoaje quf be fxpfraf`jae kfb jbaf`tf, sfrå u`e jlbfjjaú` kf bes fxpfraf`jaes kf sfrvajals jl` bes kaofrf`tfs fcprfses. Fstl ke eô` cås veblr eb prfjal jlcpftatavl, y eb usl kf je`ebfs kf jlcu`ajejaú` y kf jlcfrjaebazejaú`. Fb cerifta`g fs u` prljfsl quf jl`bbfve cujnls espfjtls kaofrf`tfs, tebfs jlcl be jl`strujjaú` kf rfbejal`fs jl` bls jbaf`tfs y be setasoejjaú` kf bes `fjfsakekfs kf fstls. Bes  pra`japebfs ejjal`fs ejjal`fs kf cerifta`g sl` bes a`tfrejjal`fs sljaebfs quf kfjake pl`fr f` pråjtaje be gfrf`jae. Fb prljfsl pråjtajl jl`sastf f` fb kfsjumracaf`tl kf bes `fjfsakekfs kfb jbaf`tf,  pere kfserrlbber kfserrlbber prlkujtls quf epu`tf` e setasoejfr setasoejfr fstes `fjfsakekfs, `fjfsakekfs, f`trfge`k f`trfge`kll u`e jafrte jebakek ejlrkf eb prfjal kfb prlkujtl. Fb e`åbasas kf be a`kustrae fs fsf`jaeb, e oa` kf cfdlrer be rfbejaú` jl` fb jbaf`tf, bl quf sf trekujarå f` u` rftlr`l ceylr pere be fcprfse. Fb cerifta`g fs u`e jlcma`ejaú` kf fsoufrzls rfbejal`ekls jl` fb prlkujtl, prfjal, kastramujaú` y jlcfrjaebazejaú`9 cfkae`tf be jlcprf`saú` kf fstls espfjtls, u`e fcprfse  pufkf tlcer kfjasal`fs kfjasal`f s kflmdftavl cerifta`g lrge`azejal`eb . [ecmaá` sf pufkf jl`sakfrer jlcl u` fstabl kf bakfrezgl, juyl fs lrge`azejal`eb. jucpbar jl` bes `fjfsakekfs y rfqufracaf`tls kf bls jbaf`tfs, cfkae`tf fb usl kf u` ekfjuekl cerifta`g cax. Bes fstretfgaes kf cerifta`g pufkf` fstembfjfrr u`e jafrte fstembfjf jafrt e karfjjaú` pere be plbãtaje kf tlke t lke be fcprfse. Bes pra`japebfs nfrrecaf`tes quf taf`f u`e fcprfse pere a`obuar f` sus jbaf`tfs e trevás kf ejjal`fs kf cerifta`g, sl` be sfbfjjaú` kf prlkujtls, prfjals, je`ebfs kf kastramujaú` y nfrrecaf`tes kf jlcu`ajejaú` ekfjuekes. Fb lmdftavl pra`japeb kfb cerifta`g kfmf sfr fb jbaf`tf. [lkes bes ou`jal`fs kf be fcprfse kfmf` jl`jf`trersf f` fb jucpbacaf`tl kf be setasoejjaú` kfb jbaf`tf, te`tl f` fb pbe`l oa`e`jafrl jlcl sljaeb. Fb prljfkacaf`tl kf cerifta`g sf pufkf kavakar f` verals pesls, quf kfmf` sfguarsf e oa` kf blgrer u` cerifta`g fxatlsl e trevás kf kaofrf`tfs ejjal`fs. Fb pracfr pesl fs evfraguer bl quf bls jbaf`tfs `fjfsate`, quafre` y fxade`. Fstl pufkf veraer f`trf bls kaofrf`tfs sfgcf`tls kf jbaf`tfs. Fb saguaf`tf pesl fs kfserrlbber fb prlkujtl l sfrvajal quf jucpbe jl` fstls rfqufracaf`tls, jl` fb oa` kf setasoejfr bes plsambfs `fjfsakekfs kfb jbaf`tf. Kfspuás kf fstl,  

7

 

bls jbaf`tfs kfmf` sfr a`olrcekls ejfrje kf bl quf be fcprfse taf`f pere lorfjfr. Fste ftepe a`jbuyf be môsqufke kf bls je`ebfs kf jlcfrjaebazejaú` ekfjuekls pere jlcu`ajersf jl` bls jbaf`tfs. Za fstf pesl sf rfebaze jlrrfjtecf`tf y bls jbaf`tfs cufstre` a`tfrás nejae bls sfrvajals lorfjakls, fb prúxacl lmdftavl fs setasoejfr bes `fjfsakekfs kf bls jbaf`tfs jl` fb prlkujtl. Fstl sag`aoaje prlplrjal`er fb veblr prlcftakl, f` fb rfsubtekl kfb prlkujtl. Fb ôbtacl pesl, y `l cf`ls acplrte`tf, fs jrfer rfbejal`fs e bergl pbezl jl` bls jbaf`tfs, cfkae`tf fb sfguacaf`tl kf su `avfb kf setasoejjaú` y pltf`jaå`klbl, plr fdfcpbl, rfjlcpf`se`kl e bls jbaf`tfs bfebfs jl` pfqufõls mf`foajals.

:.5.=.   Gfstaú` kf rfbejal`fs jl` jbaf`tfs. Be Gfstaú` kf rfbejal`fs jl` jbaf`tfs, cås jl`ljakl plr su sagbe f` a`gbás J]C (Justlcfr rfbetal`snap ce`egfcf`t) sf trete kf rfjl`ljfr bes rfbejal`fs jl` bls jbaf`tfs, y eucf`ter su veblr cfkae`tf ejjal`fs pbe`aoajekes kf cerifta`g. J]C fs u` prljfsl jl`ta`ul f` fb quf be fcprfse rfjlpabe y e`ebaze be a`olrcejaú` slmrf sus jbaf`tfs, pere f`oljer fb cerifta`g nejae kftfrca`ekes `fjfsakekfs kfb jbaf`tf, y oa`ebcf`tf cfdlrer be bfebtek kfb jbaf`tf. V`e kfoa`ajaú` cås ecpbae kf J]C a`jbuyf fb prljfsl kf lmtf`jaú` kf u`e mesf kf jbaf`tfs f` jrfjacaf`tl, f`trfge`kl setasoejjaú` e bls jbaf`tfs, quf pfrcate ce`tf`fr y eucf`ter bes rfbejal`fs kf veblr. Bls jbaf`tfs sl` prlpf`sls usersfrvajal bls sfrvajals kf bequf fcprfse f` fb bl outurl. Za be fcprfse taf`fsetasofjnls áxatl f` prlplrjal`er u` emuf` jeke vfz bls jbaf`tfs rfquafre`, fstls jbaf`tfs pufkf` jl`vfrtarsf f` jbaf`tfs bfebfs. Jl` fb oa` kf lmtf`fr jbaf`tfs bfebfs, be fcprfse kfmf supfrer fb `avfb kf jebakek fstembfjakl kure`tf be pracfre a`tfrejjaú` jl` fb jbaf`tf. Fstls jbaf`tfs ne` sakl jeutavekls f` kfscfkrl kf bes fcprfses jlcpftaklres, y fb ce`tf`acaf`tl kf fstes rfbejal`fs, fs cås rf`tembf quf jl`jf`trersf f` be môsqufke kf `ufvls jbaf`tfs. Xere slstf`fr fstes rfbejal`fs, be fcprfse kfmf jrfer u`e jlcu`ajejaú` rfguber jl` bls jbaf`tfs bfebfs, prlplrjal`er sfrvajals fspfjaebfs y kfserrlbber sus sfrvajals pere slrprf`kfr eb jbaf`tf bfeb jl` eô` ceylr setasoejjaú`, jue`kl fstf utabajf bls sfrvajals kf be fcprfse. Fstl sf pufkf f`gblmer f` u` sfrvajal kf`lca`ekl plstvf`te, cfkae`tf fb jueb be fcprfse jl`ta`ôe esfgure`kll be setasoejja esfgure`k set asoejjaú` ú` kfb jbaf`tf, jb af`tf, a`jbusl kfspuás kf be prfstejaú` kf bls sfrvajals

:.5.:.   Xbe` kf Cerifta`g Fb Xbe` kf cerifta`g fs fb rfsubtekl jl`jrftl kfb prljfsl kf kljucf`tejaú` kf`lca`ekl  pbe`aoajejaú`  pbe`aoajeja ú` kf cerifta`g. Fb pbe` jl`taf`f a`olrcejaú` a`olrcejaú` fstrujtureke slmrf bls cfrjekls y sugfrf`jaes kf júcl blgrer bes cftes y lmdftavls kf cerifta`g sfbfjjal`ekls. F`trfge a`olrcejaú` kftebbeke, ejfrje kf quá je`ebfs y nfrrecaf`tes kf jlcfrjaebazejaú`, kfmf` utabazersf pere bbfger e bls cfrjekls lmdftavls. Fb pbe` e`ebaze bls ecmaf`tfs fxtfr`ls f a`tfr`ls kf be fcprfse, e trevás kfb e`åbasas XFZ[E (cejrl f`tlr`l) y Xlrtfr (cajrl f`tlr`l). F` jl`du`tl jl` fb fstukal a`tfr`l kf be jekf`e kf veblr y bes vf`tedes jlcpftataves, sf kfserrlbbe u` e`åbasas OLKE, fb jueb kfsjramf júcl mf`foajaersf kf bes olrtebfzes y júcl ca`acazer bes kfmabakekfs.

 

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:.=. 

Ouf`tfs kf Gf`frejaú` kf F`frgães

Be f`frgãe fs u`e prlpafkek esljaeke e bls lmdftls y suste`jaes y sf ce`aoafste f` bes tre`solrcejal`fs quf ljurrf` f` be `eturebfze, ye sfe` jecmals oãsajls, jlcl eb fbfver u` lmdftl9 l jecmals quãcajls, jlcl eb qufcer u` trlzl kf pepfb. Fxastf` kasta`tes ouf`tfs kf f`frgães, bes quf sf jbesaoaje` pra`japebcf`tf sfgô` su kaspl`amabakek, grekl kf pf`ftrejaú` kf cfrjekl y be prlpafkek kf egltersf l `l, eb sfr fxpbltekes. Fste ôbtace fs be jbesaoajejaú` cås utabazeke, pfrcatf kaofrf`jaer bes f`frgães f` rf`lvembfs y `l be rf`lvembfs. kastramujaú` bes ouf`tfsy kf gf`frejaú` kf f`frgãe, verãe sfgô` sf jl`sakfrf satuejaú` eBe`avfb cu`kaeb,kfl súbl jl`sakfre`kl be rfebakek f` Xfrô. E `avfb cu`kaeb, be pra`japeb cetfrae prace quf sf utabaze f` be gf`frejaú` kf f`frgãe, jlrrfspl`kf eb jermú`, jl` u` ;8 Y%S kfb tlteb. Bf saguf fb ges, jl` u` =8 Y%S9 be f`frgãe nakråubaje, jl` u` 5? Y%S9 be f`frgãe `ujbfer, jl` u` 56 Y%S9 fb  pftrúbfl, jl` u` 7 Y%S9 y fb f b rfste`tf = Y%S, etramuambf etramuambf e ltres. lt res. Be satuejaú` e `avfb `ejal`eb fs  meste`tf kaofrf`tf. kaofrf`tf. F` pracfr buger, sf taf`f be f`frgãe nakråubaje, jl` u` ;8 Y%S. Bf saguf` saguf` fb jermú`, jl` u` =? Y%S9 fb pftrúbfl, jl` u` == Y%S9 fb ges, jl` u` 55 Y%S9 y fb rfste`tf 5 Y%S, jlrrfspl`kaf`tf e f`frgãe fúbaje y malcese.

:.=.5.   F`frgãe Zlber Be f`frgãe slber fs be f`frgãe prlkujake plr fb Zlb, jlcl rfsubtekl kf rfejjal`fs `ujbferfs kf ousaú`. Fste f`frgãe bbfge e be [afrre e trevás kfb fspejal f` jue`tls kf f`frgãe bbecekls oltl`fs, quf a`tfrejtôe` jl` be etcúsofre y be supfroajaf tfrrfstrf. Be a`tf`sakek kf be rekaejaú` slber f` fb mlrkf fxtfralr kf be etcúsofre, sa sf jl`sakfre quf be [afrre fstå e su kaste`jae  prlcfkal kfb Zlb, sf bbece jl`ste`tf slber, slber, y su veblr veblr cfkal fs 5,:7 5,:7 × 58? Yfrg/s/jc=S, Yfrg/s/jc=S, l u`es u`es = Yjeb/ca`/jc=S. Za` fcmergl, fste je`takek `l fs jl`ste`tf, ye quf fstukals a`kaje` quf verãe u` 8,=% f` u` pfralkl kf :8 eõls. Be a`tf`sakek kf f`frgãe rfeb kaspl`ambf f` be supfroajaf tfrrfstrf, fs cf`lr quf be jl`ste`tf slber, kfmakl e be emslrjaú` y e be kaspfrsaú` kf be rekaejaú` quf lraga`e be a`tfrejjaú` kf bls oltl`fs jl` be etcúsofre. Be a`tf`sakek kf f`frgãe slber kaspl`ambf f` u` buger kftfrca`ekl kf be [afrre, kfpf`kf pra`japebcf`tf kfb kãe kfb eõl, kf be nlre y kf be betatuk kl`kf sf f`juf`tre fsf buger.

:.:. 

Cfrjekl Fbájtrajl Xfrue`l

:.:.5.   Fb Zastfce Fbájtrajl A`tfrjl`fjtekl @ejal`eb kf Xfrô l ZFA@ Fs fb jl`du`tl kf bã`fes kf tre`scasaú` y sumfstejal`fs fbájtrajes jl`fjtekes f`trf sã, esã jlcl sus rfspfjtavls jf`trls kf kfspejnl kf jerge, fb jueb pfrcatf be tre`sofrf`jae kf f`frgãe fbájtraje f`trf bls kavfrsls sastfces kf gf`frejaú` fbájtraje kf Xfrô. Fb ZFA@ fs emestfjakl plr u` perquf kf gf`frejaú` jl`olrcekl plr jf`trebfs nakråubajes y jf`trebfs tárcajes9 esacascl, f` bls ôbtacls eõls sf ne` pufstl f` lpfrejaú` jf`trebfs te`tl nakråubajes jlcl fúbajes, jeteblgekes jlcl jf`trebfs kf ]fjursls F`frgátajls ]f`lvembfs (]F]), kekl fb olcf`tl plr  pertf kfb Fstekl Fstekl Xfrue`l e u` ceylr ceylr eprlvfjnecaf`tl eprlvfjnecaf`tl kf bls rfjursls rfjursls rf`lvembfs rf`lvembfs.

 

1

 

:.:.=.   Bes F]@J f` fb Cfrjekl Fbájtrajl Xfrue`l Be Zljafkek Xfrue`e kf F`frgães ]f`lvembfs (ZX]) prfsf`tú sfas ãtfcs quf prlpl`f kfmf` sfr tlcekls f` juf`te plr fb Ca`astfral kf F`frgães y Ca`es (CA@FC) y bls outurls glmafr`ls  pere prlclvfr prlclvfr be a`jbusaú` a`jbusaú` kf bes F`frgães ]f`lvembfs @l Jl`vf` Jl`vf`jal`ebfs jal`ebfs f` be cetraz f`frgátaje. E kls eõls kf su jrfejaú`, be ZX] ye rfô`f e cås kf :8 fcprfses y lrge`azejal`fs javabfs y kf a`vfstagejaú`, y taf`ff`fb lmdftavl e bls 68 e`tfs kf oa` ekf lrge`azejal`fs eõl. Kfskf be ou`kejaú` kajafcmrfkf bbfger kfb =857, sf cafcmrls vaf`f jl`vlje`kl jlcprlcftakes jl` fb kfserrlbbl slstf`ambf kfb Xfrô y jl`sjaf`tfs kf be `fjfsakek kf jl`ter jl` plbãtajes jberes quf pralrajf` fb usl kf bes F]@J f` be cetraz f`frgátaje.

 

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JEXA[VBL A_ Cftlklblgãe ;.5. 

Kasfõl kfb Xbe` Fstretágajl kf Cerifta`g

V` Xbe` Fstretágajl kf Cerifta`g jl`sastf, f` pebemres sacpbfs, f` kfserrlbber kavfrsls e`åbasas, te`tl kfb f`tlr`l kf be fcprfse, jlcl e `avfb a`tfr`l kf be casce. Fstls e`åbasas sfrvarå` kf mesf pere kftfrca`er sfgcf`tejaú`, plsajal`ecaf`tl y kfserrlbber fb pbe` kf ejjaú` tåjtajl-lpfretavl, quf pfrcate ebje`zer fb plsajal`ecaf`tl kfsfekl f` fb f b cfrjekl.

;.5.5.   Xrfsf`tejaú` kf be fcprfse Jl`sastf f` u`e kfsjrapjaú` kf be fcprfse f` fstukal, quf pfrcate akf`taoajer su clkfbl kf `fgljals, y bls fsoufrzls quf sf ne` nfjnl e be ofjne, f` jue`tl e pbe`aoajejaú` fstretágaje. ;.5.=.   Kaeg`ústajl kf be satuejaú` jlcpftatave ejtueb kf be fcprfse Xbe`aoajejaú` Fstretágaje Be pbe`aoajejaú` fstretágaje kf be fcprfse jlcprf`kf su Casaú`, _asaú` y Lmdftavls Fstretágajls. Fs jlcô` eprfjaer quf bes fcprfses pumbaquf` jberecf`tf fstls jl`jfptls, ye sfe f` sus loaja`es, f` sus bugerfs kf tremedl, l f` sus påga`es wfm, pere kerbls e jl`ljfr e sus jbaf`tfs l pltf`jaebfs pltf`jaebfs jbaf`tfs.

;.5.=.5.  E`åbasas OLKE V`l kf bls e`åbasas acplrte`tfs quf sf kfmf` bbfver e jeml, fs fb e`åbasas OLKE, fb jueb pfrcatf fvebuer fb ecmaf`tf a`tfr`l y fxtfr`l kf be fcprfse, f`trfge`kl u`e vasaú` jlcpbfte kf bes olrtebfzes, kfmabakekfs, lplrtu`akekfs y ecf`ezes quf f`orf`te be fcprfse. Bes Olrtebfzes y Kfmabakekfs sl` oejtlrfs a`tfr`ls kf be fcprfse, caf`tres quf bes a`obuf`jaes kfb ecmaf`tf fxtfr`l, sf jl`vafrtf` f` Lplrtu`akekfs y Ecf`ezes. Fb prlpúsatl kfb e`åbasas OLKE fs va`juber bes juebakekfs oufrtfs kf be fcprfse jl` bes lplrtu`akekfs quf lorfjf fb f`tlr`l, trete`kl kf jl`vfrtar kfmabakekfs f` olrtebfzes y f`jl`tre`kl ce`fres kf kasca`uar be a`obuf`jae kf bes ecf`ezes kfb f`tlr`l

 

55

 

JEXA[VBL _ E`åbasas kfb f`tlr`l 6.5. 

Be fcprfse

F` Bace, fxastf` ejtuebcf`tf veraes fcprfses quf jlcfrjaebaze` prlkujtls rfbejal`ekls jl` be F`frgãe Zlber. Kf`trl kfb rumrl kf be F`frgãe slber oltlvlbteaje, kfsteje` bes fcprfses Fjlf`frgátajl f Nakrl Zlber, bes juebfs lorfjf` `l súbl prlkujtls oltlvlbteajls, sa`l quf tecmaá`, sastfces slberfs tárcajls f abuca`ejaú` slber. Kf`trl kfb rumrl kf be F`frgãe slber tárcaje, kfsteje` bes fcprfses @et F`frgy, Zlb kfb Ceubf y Zlber Nfeta`g.

6.5.5.   ¼F` quá rfgal`fs kfb peãs taf`f prfsf`jae su fcprfse< ¼Kf quá ce`fre taf`f prfsf`jae su fcprfse f` be ]fgaú` kf Bace<  



 



 

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Fjlf`frgátajl jlcfrjaebaze sus prlkujtls f`trf bes Tl`es Jf`trl y Zur kfb peãs. Zf fspfjaebaze f` be a`stebejaú` kf sastfces slberfs tárcajls, abuca`ejaú` BFK y pe`fbfs oltlvlbteajls. Zu jese cetraz sf f`juf`tre f` Bace. Nakrl Zlber sf fspfjaebaze f` mlcmes slberfs y jlcfrjaebaze sus prlkujtls súbl f` be ]fgaú` kf Bace.  @et F`frgy ttaf`f af`f prfsf`jae f` tlke t lke be rfgaú` r fgaú` kf be Jlste. Kfsteje plr sfr be pracfre fcprfse kf be zl`e jf`trl sur f` a`steber Jlbfjtlrfs Zlberfs [árcajls, e trevás kf sumsakals sumsaka ls kf cfdlrecaf`tl cfdlrecaf`tl (Xrlgrec ( Xrlgrecee kf Xrltfjja Xrlt fjjaú` ú` kfb Xetracl`al Oecabaer, XXXO).

6.5.=.   Cfkals kf prlcljaú`/kaousaú` cfkae`tf bls juebfs ke e jl`ljfr be fcprfse [lkes bes fcprfses sf prfljupe` prfl jupe` kf jl`ter jl` u`e påga`e wfm, cfkae`tf be jueb, ker e jl`ljfr be fcprfse, sus prlkujtls y sfrvajals. [rfs fcprfses sf prfljupe` kf tf`fr prfsf`jae f` fxplsajal`fs y ofraes bljebfs. Kls fcprfses utabaze`, ekfcås, jlcl cfkals kf kaousaú`, bls  pfraúkajls y rfvastes9 y súbl súbl u`e fcprfse ce`taf`f ce`taf`f pumbajakek f` u`e rekal bljeb. bljeb. 6.5.:.   [apl kf ejtavakek rfbejal`eke jl` pe`fbfs slberfs [lkes bes fcprfses acplrte`, kastramuyf` y vf`kf` bls pe`fbfs slberfs quf jlcfrjaebaze`. E be vfz, `a`gu`e fcprfse oemraje pe`fbfs. Eb jl`subter e bes fcprfses, fstes a`kaje` quf bls jlcpftatavls prfjals kf bls prlvffklrfs jna`ls, `l pfrcatf` plr fb clcf`tl, fb kfserrlbbl kf tfj`lblgãe y be oemrajejaú` e `avfb `ejal`eb.  @l tlkes bes fcprfses lorfjf` fb sfrvajal sfrvajal kf a`stebejaú`. a`stebejaú`. Equfbbes quf `l bl nejf`, nejf`, lpte` plr kfder f` ce`ls kf tfrjfrls, fstf sfrvajal.

 

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6.5.;.   ¼Juåbfs sl` bes : pra`japebfs pralrakekfs kf su fcprfse<  @l fxas fxastf` tf` jetfglrães quf kfstequf`, f` pertajuber, jlcl bes pra`japebfs pralrakekfs kf bes fcprfses, sebvl plr fb tfce kf bes vf`tes. [lkes bes fcprfses kajf` fster fspfjaebcf`tf  prfljupekes plr vf` vf`kfr, kfr, pfrl fstl sf jl`trekajf jl` bls fsjesls fsoufrzls kf cerif cerifta`g ta`g quf rfebaze`, jlcl ye sf ne jlcf`tekl. 6.5.6.   ¼Juåbfs sl` bls cfje`ascls kf ejtuebazejaú` kf jl`ljacaf`tls f` tfj`lblgãe pere f`frgãe slber, quf utabaze` f` su fcprfse< F` gf`freb, bes fcprfses a`kaje` quf sl` sus prlvffklrfs, quaf`fs bfs lorfjf` jepejatejaú` f` a`stebejaú` kf sus prlpals prlkujtls, y bfs pfrcatf` ejjfkfr tecmaá` e `ufves tfj`lblgães cås foajaf`tfs. @l fxastf be `fjfsakek kf kfserrlbber `ufve tfj`lblgãe, ye quf fb `fgljal ou`jal`e f` mesf e be acplrtejaú` kf pe`fbfs slberfs.

6.=. 

Fb Xrlkujtl

6.=.5.   ¼Be fcprfse oemraje pe`fbfs slberfs f` Xfrô<  @a`gu`e kf bbes es fcprfses jl`subtekes jl`subtekes oemraje oemraje ejtuebcf`tf ejtuebcf`tf pe`fbfs pe`fbfs f` Xfrô. Xfrô. V` V`ee kf bes fcprfses kf Bace, bl a`tf`tú, y e pfser kf quf be fxpfraf`jae ouf muf`e f` jue`tl e be pertf táj`aje, `l  plkãe` jlcpftar jlcpftar f` jue`tl e jlstls jlstls jl` bls bls pe`fbfs acplrt acplrtekls ekls kfskf kfskf Jna`e Jna`e.. 6.=.=.   ¼]febaze fxplrtejal`fs kf pe`fbfs slberfs<  @a`gu`e kf bes fc fcprfses prfses jl`subtekes jl`subtekes rfebaze rfebaze fxplrtejal`fs fxplrtejal`fs kf pe`fbfs slberfs, slberfs, ye quf `l fstå` fstå` kekes bes jl`kajal`fs pere be oemrajejaú` f` Xfrô. 6.=.:.   ¼]febaze acplrtejal`fs kf pe`fbfs slberfs< [lkes bes fcprfses jl`subtekes rfebaze` acplrtejal`fs kf pe`fbfs slberfs, kl`kf kfsteje Jna`e, jlcl pra`japeb prlvffklr, y f` cf`lr cfkake ltrls peãsfs jlcl Ebfce`ae, Depú` y Fstekls V`akls.

6.=.;.   Xrlcfkal kf vake ôtab y orfjuf`jae kf ce`tf`jaú` kf pe`fb slber quf jlcfrjaebaze. Bls pe`fbfs slberfs oltlvlbteajls taf`f` u`e vake ôtab prlcfkal kf =8 eõls. @l esã ejjfslrals jlcl bes metfrães, bes juebfs pufkf` kurer f`trf = y 6 eõls. Bes ce`tf`jal`fs quf rfquafrf` bls pe`fbfs sl` fsjeses, f` gf`freb jl`sastf` f` ce`tf`fr be supfroajaf bacpae y bamrf kf plbvl,  pra`japeb rfspl`sembf kf bes párkakes kf foajaf`jae. Jue`kl be supfroajaf kf be oltljfbke fstå fst å sujae, lmstruyf fb pesl kf bls reyls slberfs, y sf emslrmf cf`ls rekaejaú`.

 

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6.=.6.   Jlstl prlcfkal kf u`e a`stebejaú` kf u` pe`fb slber slber.. Fb jlstl prlcfkal kf u`e a`stebejaú` oltlvlbteaje pere u`e vavaf`ke u`aoecabaer, a`jbuyf`kl fquapls, cetfraebfs y ce`l kf lmre f` jl`kajal`fs `lrcebfs, verãe f` tlr`l e bls Z./:6.888 y Z./;;.888 6.=.?.   Jlstl prlcfkal kf ce`tf`acaf`tl kf u` pe`fb slber. Fb jlstl prlcfkal kf ce`tf`acaf`tl kf u` pe`fb f` gf`freb, fs medl. Xere fbfbjesl kf súbl u`e a`stebejaú` slber oltlvlbteaje, pråjtajecf`tf jfrl,slber, ye quf `l sf kfmf a`tfrvf`ar pe`fb, ce`tf`fr su jumafrte bamrf kf plbvl y sujafkek.

6.=.7.   ¼Xlr quá sus jbaf`tfs jlcpre` sus prlkujtls y sfrvajals< Kf`trl kf bes rfspufstes, kfsteje` bls jl`jfptls kf a``lvejaú`, tfj`lblgãe y jlstl. Be tfj`lblgãe esljaeke e be f`frgãe slber sf ne kfserrlbbekl oufrtfcf`tf f` fb ôbtacl tafcpl, y fsf ‒f `frgãe bacpae–.  nfjnl fs pfrjamakl plr bls jbaf`tfs, fs u`e cltavejaú` pere a`vfrtar f` ‒f`frgãe E be vfz quf tecmaá` fs acplrte`tf pere bls jbaf`tfs, fb jlstl kf be a`stebejaú` kf u` pe`fb. F` kfoa`atave, bls jbaf`tfs fstå` kaspufstls e a`vfrtar f` fstf tapl kf tfj`lblgãe, pfrl `l e juebquafr jlstl, ye quf fspfre` pfrjamar u` jafrtl mf`foajal fjl`úcajl e jecmal. 6.=.>.   ¼Uuá tapl kf gere`tãe y sfrvajal kf plst vf`te lorfjf be fcprfse< F` gf`freb, bes fcprfses lorfjf` gere`tães f` tlr`l e u` eõl, safcprf y jue`kl sf rfebajf` bes ce`tf`jal`fs a`kajekes (pere fb jesl kf bls pe`fbfs tárcajls). ]fspfjtl e bls sfrvajals kf plst vf`te, fstls jumrf` te`tl bls kfofjtls f` bls fquapls jlcl f` be a`stebejaú` kf bls sastfces. 6.=.1.   ¼Uuá vf`tedes y kfsvf`tedes f`juf`tre f` bls pe`fbfs slberfs< F` gf`freb, bes vf`tedes fstå` esljaekes e bl quf sag`aoaje` bes F]@J. Kfserrlbbl sustf`tembf, f`frgãe bacpae, juakekl kfb cfkal ecmaf`tf, sl` jl`jfptls quf bes fcprfses pltf`jae` eb treter kf prlkujtls.pra`japebcf`tf fb jlstl, fb fspejal oãsajl `fjfseral pere be F` jlcfrjaebazer jue`tl e bes sus kfsvf`tedes, a`stebejaú` y fb ce`fdl kf a`olrcejaú` plr pertf kf bls jbaf`tfs. Fstf ôbtacl pu`tl sf rfoafrf e quf, kfmakl e quf f` a`tfr`ft ney kfcesaeke a`olrcejaú`, bls jbaf`tfs bbfge` jl` akfes quf táj`ajecf`tf sl` oejtambfs, pfrl quf `l sl` rf`tembfs, plr fdfcpbl4 tf`fr u`e dugufre slber, bl jueb decås sfrå rf`tembf, ye quf `l pese fb oabtrl kfb jlstl/mf`foajal. Ekfcås, bls jbaf`tfs esucf` jl`jfptls táj`ajls quf jrff` ce`fder, y sus kfjasal`fs sf vf` tremekes plr oebte kf jl`oae`ze f` bl quf bfs lorfjf fb vf`kfklr, sa` tlcer f` jl`sakfrejaú` tlke be fxpfraf`jae quf ástf ce`fde.

6.=.58. ¼Júcl vf fstf cfrjekl pere bls prúxacls 6 eõls< Zaftf kf bes ljnl fcprfses f`jufstekes, jl`sakfre` quf fb cfrjekl fxpfracf`terå u` jrfjacaf`tl clkfrekl e ebtl, acpubsekl pra`japebcf`tf plr bes plbãtajes kf glmafr`l.  

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E `avfb kf pe`fbfs slberfs tárcajls, be rfejtavejaú` kfb sumsakal e jlbfjtlrfs slberfs cerjerå be tf`kf`jae, ye quf enlre plkrå` plstuber jbaf`tfs pertajuberfs, y `l súbl fcprfses jl`strujtlres. E `avfb kf pe`fbfs slberfs oltlvlbteajls, be bfy kf jlgf`frejaú` fs u` `ufvl a`jf`tavl f` fb cfrjekl. Zf prlyfjte súbl u` jrfjacaf`tl clkfrekl, plrquf be bfy fs a`suoajaf`tf pere cesaoajer fb usl. Ejtuebcf`tf sf taf`f be oejubtek kf jlgf`frer, pfrl ney quf jucpbar u`e sfraf kf rfqufracaf`tls, u`l kf fbbls fs quf `l sf pufkf tramuter f` pracfre jetfglrãe, plr bl quf tlkes bes fcprfses qufke` eutlcåtajecf`tf eoufre. F` jl`sfjuf`jae, be jlgf`frejaú` súbl  pufkf kersf e `avfb klcajabaeral. klcajabaeral. Ltrl pu`tl acplrte`tf, acplrte`tf, fs quf `l sf sf pufkf supfrer supfrer u`e jafrte jafrte je`takek cf`sueb kf jlgf`frejaú`, bl quf fsterå kekl sfgô` fb tre`solrceklr quf sf tf`ge f` fb sfjtlr, plr bl te`tl, be jlgf`frejaú` qufke bacateke. Be rfebakek sfrå quf kure`tf fb kãe sf  plkrå a`yfjter a`yfjter f`frgãe e be rfk, pere buf bufgl gl jl`sucarbe f` be `ljnf. Eb oa`eb kfb cfs, fb enlrrl `l sfrå tlkl bl quf plkrãe sfr, 58? ye quf fb pertajuber plkrå a`yfjter e u` 68% kfb veblr eb quf jl`sucarå. jl`sucarå. F` be pråjtaje, `l fs u` fstãcubl fstãcubl rfeb pere fb pertajube pert ajuber. r.

6.:. 

E`åbasas jlcpftatavl kf be a`kustrae

6.:.5.   Merrfres kf f`treke  ‚  Ecf`ezes  Ecf`ezes kf `ufvls f`tre`tfs Be acplrtejaú` kfb jlbfjtlr fs u` jlcpl`f`tf acplrte`tf kfb jlstl kf bls sastfces slberfs. Fb nfjnl kf acplrter, rfquafrf kf jepatebfs acplrte`tfs, ye quf tlke be gfstaú` kf acplrter, a`vlbujre pegls e`tajapekls y jlcpres f` vlbôcf`fs. ]fspfjtl e bes fjl`lcães kf fsjebe, u`e fcprfse jl` bacatekl ejjfsl e jepatebfs, `l plkrå jl`sfguar bls cfdlrfs prfjals y lorfjfr fb cfdlr prlkujtl, y f` jl`sfjuf`jae, bf sfrå kaoãjab nejfrsf jl` u`e pertf kfb cfrjekl. 6.:.=.   Kaofrf`j Kaofrf`jaejaú` aejaú` kfb p prlkujtl rlkujtl l sfrvajal F` be a`kustrae kf pe`fbfs slberfs, `l fxastf u` prlkujtl quf sf pufke rfjl`ljfr jlcl ‒kaofrf`jaekl–, eb jl`treral, fb jlcpl`f`tf pra`japeb kf u` sastfce slber tárcajl y/l

oltlvlbteajl, fs u` fbfcf`tl meste`tf fste`kerazekl. F` fstf espfjtl sf rfjl`ljf u`e merrfre kf f`treke mede. Kfmakl e quf be ecf`eze kf `ufvls f`tre`tfs fs ceylr, sf pbe`tfe fb `fgljal `l súbl kf jlcfrjaebazer fb prlkujtl, sa`l quf tecmaá` lorfjfr fb sfrvajal kf a`stebejaú`. Be akfe fs kaofrf`jaersf kf bes ltres fcprfses, plr bl quf sf prfsf`te be lplrtu`akek pere u`e fcprfse `ufve, kf a`jlrplrer f` su prlpufste kf veblr be a`stebejaú` kf bls pe`fbfs slberfs, jlcl u`e olrce kf gf`frer u` ceylr vã`jubl jl` fb jbaf`tf, y ekfcås, kasca`uar bes etf`jal`fs kf  plstvf`te. Cfkae`tf u`e jlrrfjte a`stebejaú`, a`stebejaú`, fs plsambf fvater keõls y oebbes f` be lpfrejaú` kf bls sastfces a`stebekls.

 

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6.:.:.   Kfsvf`tede f` jlstls F` tárca`ls gf`frebfs, e bes fcprfses prfsf`tfs f` be a`kustrae, `l bfs fs kaoãjab ejjfkfr e bes cetfraes praces. Jlcl ye sf jlcf`tú, fb pe`fb slber tárcajl y/l oltlvlbteajl sf kfmf acplrter,  plr bl quf meste meste jl` u`e muf`e muf`e gfstaú` y blgãstaje, blgãstaje, pere tf`fr tf`fr fb pe`fb kaspl`ambf kaspl`ambf f` Xfrô. E cfkake quf pese fb tafcpl y sf jl`slbake u`e rfbejaú` jlcfrjaeb, sf pufkf lpter e  prfjals cås medls, pfrl fstf nfjnl `l fs te` rfbfve`tf, rfbfve`tf, jlcl pere fstembfjfr fstembfjfr quf u`e `ufve fcprfse fxpfracf`terå fxpfracf`terå kfsvf`tedes f`kf jlstls eb treter tmedes, reter kf a`kustrae. F` fstf espfjtl, sf rfjl`ljf` merrfres f`treke plrf`trer bl quff`sfbekfmf` e`ebazer bes ebae`zes fstretágajes quf pufke` fstembfjfr bls `ufvls f`tre`tfs, y quf bfs ltlrguf` vf`tedes f` jlstls, te`tl f` pe`fbfs tárcajls jlcl oltlvlbteajls. Zf rfjl`ljf u`e ecf`eze clkfreke.

6.:.;.   Ejjfsl e bls je`ebfs kf kastramujaú` Bls pertajape`tfs kf be a`kustrae kfserrlbbe`, f` gf`freb, rfbejal`fs kf bergl pbezl jl` sus jbaf`tfs. Jlcl ye sf jlcf`tú, fb nfjnl kf jlcfrjaebazer u` pe`fb slber, acpbaje be `fjfsakek kf ce`tf`fr u`e rfbejaú` f` fb tafcpl, kfmakl e bes ce`tf`jal`fs y bes gere`tães. V` jbaf`tf  pertajuber, u`e f`takek pômbaje l u`e u`e f`takek f`takek praveke, praveke, quf neye neye fx fxpfracf`tekl pfracf`tekl u` muf` sfrvajal l ekquarakl u` prlkujtl quf q uf bl setasoege, plkrå rfjlcf`ker e be fcprfse, y eyukerbe e jl`jrfter `ufvls `fgljals. F` fstf espfjtl, sf rfjl`ljf` merrfres kf f`treke clkfrekes e ebtes. Bls `ufvls f`tre`tfs tf`krå` be jlcpbfde terfe kf jrfer `ufves rfbejal`fs, kfspbezer e be jlcpftf`jae y plsajal`ersf f` fb cfrjekl, bl quf sf trekujf f` u`e ecf`eze mede. Xlr ltrl bekl, sf eprfjae pljl a`tfrás plr pertf kf bes fcprfses kfb rumrl, f` esljaersf jl` ltres fcprfses l f`takekfs quf pufke` eyuker f` fb prljfsl kf jlcfrjaebazejaú` y vf`te, bl jueb  pufkf sfr a`tfrfse`tf a`tfrfse`tf jlcl lplrtu`akek, fb nfjnl nfjnl kf gf`frer ebae`zes fstretágaje fstretágajes, s, jrfer jrfer `uf `ufves ves rfbejal`fs y `ufvls cátlkls kf kastramujaú`.

 

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JEXA[VBL _A Zatuejaú` jlcpftatave ejtueb kf be fcprfse ?.5. 

Xbe`aoajejaú` Fstretágaje

Jl` bls jl`jfptls pbe`tfekls f` fb Jepãtubl AA, perfjf` u` te`tl ecmajalsls. Zf pbe`tfe clkaoajerbls, nejfrbls cås ebje`zembfs f` fb jlrtl pbezl, y quf bls jbaf`tfs y pltf`jaebfs jbaf`tfs pufke` rfebcf`tf esljaerbls jl` bls prlkujtls y sfrvajals quf be Fcprfse lorfjf f` be ejtuebakek.

?.5.5.   Casaú` F`trfger slbujal`fs f`frgátajes sustf`tembfs plr cfkal kf be a`stebejaú` kf jlbfjtlrfs slberfs tárcajls, oa`e`jaekls plr sumsakals kfb Fstekl, e tlkes equfbbes oecabaes pfrtf`fjaf`tfs e sfjtlrfs cfkals y vub`frembfs, quf jucpbf` jl` bls rfquasatls pere plstuber eb mf`foajal kfb sumsakal. Kfserrlbber u`e prlpufste kf veblr jl` á`oesas f` bes rfbejal`fs jl` bls jbaf`tfs y outurls jbaf`tfs, plr cfkal kfb tremedl jl` bes Fgas y Xset, lorfjaf`kl u` sfrvajal a`tfgreb, quf a`jbuyf esfslrãe, a`stebejaú`, ce`tf`jaú` y etf`jaú` kf plst-vf`te. ?.5.=.   _asaú` Xlsajal`er`ls jlcl u`e fcprfse bãkfr f` fb cfrjekl kf bls jlbfjtlrfs slberfs tárcajls,  mra`ke`kl u` sfrvaja sfrvajall kaofrf`jaeklr, quf pfrcate pfrcate quf bes oecabaes y egrupejal`fs vfja`ebfs setasofjnes,, pfrcate` gf`frer `ufves a`stebejal`fs. setasofjnes a`stebejal`fs. ?.5.:.   Lmdftavls  

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Blgrer fb plsajal`ecaf`tl kfsfekl f` fb cfrjekl kf bls jlbfjtlrfs slberfs tárcajls. Ebje`zer be kaofrf`jaejaú` f` fb cfrjekl, plr cfkal kf u` sfrvajal a`tfgreb (esfslrãe, a`stebejaú`, a`stebeja ú`, ce`tf`jaú` ce`tf`jaú` y plst-vf`te). Kfserrlbber f acpbfcf`ter nfrrecaf`tes kf jl`trlb kf gfstaú`.

 

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Kfserrlbber f acpbfcf`ter u` pbe` kf ejjaú` fstretágajl.

?.=. 

E`åbasas OLKE

?.=.5.   Olrtebfzes  

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Be prfljupejaú` kf be fcprfse, f` jue`tl e be acegf` quf prlyfjte` sus a`stebeklrfs y sus kufõls. Vtabaze` u`aolrcf jlrplretavl, y sf prfsf`te` eb tremedl, bacpals y lrkf`ekls. Bes a`stebejal`fs kfserrlbbekes e be ofjne prfsf`te` u`e muf`e jebakek, te`tl f` be fdfjujaú`, jlcl f` fb tretl jl` bls jbaf`tfs. Be karfjjaú` kf be fcprfse taf`f cuy jberl quf bes plstubejal`fs e bls sumsakals rfquafrf` kf u` tremedl prfval acplrte`tf, a`vfrtar tafcpl, kfserrlbber prfsf`tejal`fs y fxpl`frbes e bes oecabaes, tremedl quf sf kfserrlbbe f` jl`du`tl jl` be Fgas l Xset. @l

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sf vf jlcl u`e párkake kf tafcpl l rfjursls, sa`l tlkl bl jl`treral, jlcl be lplrtu`akek kf nejfr jrfjfr e be fcprfse.

?.=.=.   Lplrtu`akekfs  

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Xere u`e fcprfse `ufve l fxastf`tf f` fb cfrjekl, sf prfsf`te be lplrtu`akek kf a`jlrplrer f` su prlpufste kf veblr be a`stebejaú` kf bls jlbfjtlrfs slberfs, yf`kl cås ebbå kf kf súbl be jlcfrjaebazejaú` Xra`japebcf`tf acpubsekl fb nfjnl quflorfjfr fb jlbfjtlr fs u` prlkujtlkfb `lprlkujtl. kaofrf`jaekl, bl jueb jl`statuyf f` sãplru`e ecf`eze. Gf`frer ebae`zes fstretágajes jl` bls prlvffklrfs cås acplrte`tfs, jl` fb lmdftavl kf ebje`zer vf`tedes f` jlstls. Bl pra`japeb fs fstembfjfr u` vã`jubl karfjtl jl` Jna`e, fvate`kl be a`tfrcfkaejaú` kf ltres fcprfses y bls jlstls quf fstl jl`bbfve.

?.=.:.   Kfmabakekfs  

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Be fcprfse `l ne kfserrlbbekl ebae`zes jlcfrjaebfs jl` jbaf`tfs l grupls kf jbaf`tfs, tecpljl ne kfserrlbbekl jecpeões kf pumbajakek. Fstl plkrãe a`tfrprftersf jlcl u`e gre` kfmabakek, pfrl fstå` bes a`tf`jal`fs kf cfdlrer fste satuejaú`, plr pertf kf be karfjjaú` kf be fcprfse. E be ofjne, `l sf ne` kekl bes jl`kajal`fs y bls fsoufrzls sf ne` pufstl f` be pertf táj`aje kf bes a`stebejal`fs. Fb emestfjacaf`tl kfb jlcpl`f`tf cås acplrte`tf kf be a`stebejaú`, fb jlbfjtlr slber tárcajl, fs u`e ejtavakek rfbfve`tf f` fb `fgljal, y plkrãe jl`vfrtarsf f` u` prlmbfce, sa fs quf be jllrka`ejaú` y pbe`aoajejaú` plr pertf kf be fcprfse, `l sf kfserrlbbe e tafcpl, jl`sakfre`kl jl`sakfre`kl bls pbezls kf acplrtejaú` kf fstf jlcpl`f`tf.

?.=.;.   Ecf`ezes  

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Fb jlcpl`f`tf pra`japeb kf u` sastfce slber tárcajl jlrrfspl`kf eb jlbfjtlr slber, fbfcf`tl meste`tf fste`kerazekl, fste`kerazekl, plr bl quf sf kaoajubte be plsamabakek kf kaofrf`jaersf kaofrf`jaersf kf be jlcpftf`jae. Bls jlbfjtlrfs slberfs tárcajls oa`e`jaekls plr cfkal kf sumsakals sf rfjl`ljf` jlcl u` `fgljal etrejtavl, yece`tf`jaú`. quf bes a`stebejal`fs sl` sacpbfs, fquaplskfsl` oåjabfsquf kf lpfrer y rfquafrf` plje Ekfcås, fxastf u`e gre`blsje`takek oecabaes  pufkf` lpter e sfr mf`foajaerals. mf`foajaerals. [lkl [lkl fstl oejabate oejabate be f`treke f`treke kf `ufves `ufves fcprfses fcprfses f` be a`kustrae.

 

5>

 

JEXA[VBL _AA Cerifta`g lpfretavl 7.5. 

Xrlkujtl y jl`sucaklr

Fb sastfce slber tárcajl tár cajl quf sf lorfjf a`steber, jl`ste kf u` jlcpl`f`tf jbevf, quf jlrrfspl`kf eb jlbfjtlr slber, y sf vufbvf rfbfve`tf esfgurer su prlvasaú`, ye quf fstf jlcpl`f`tf sf kfmf acplrter. F` u`e pracfre a`ste`jae, bls fsoufrzls `l fsterå` pufstls f` acplrterbl acpl rterbl kf ce`fre karfjte (ye quf fb `fgljal kf be fcprfse `l fs be acplrtejaú`), sa`l quf sf musjerå gf`frer u`e ebae`ze jl` ebgô` prlvffklr rfjl`ljakl f` fb cfrjekl. F` fstf fsjf`eral eslce Zlber Nfeta`g, rfjl`ljake fcprfse kf be zl`e, quf juf`te jl` fb jlbfjtlr jfrtaoajekl (rfquasatl pere be  plstubejaú`)  plstubeja ú`) y jl` be jepejakek blgãstaje pere tf`frbl e kasplsajaú`, kasplsajaú`, f` u` pbezl prlcfkal kf ?8 kães. Fstf pbezl fs sacaber e bls tafcpls quf sf tlce Zfrvau, kfskf quf sf jlcu`aje` bls rfsubtekls kf be plstubejaú`, neste quf sf oarce` bls jl`tretls y sf ke a`ajal e bes lmres, plr bl quf fs u` pbezl suoajaf`tf pere tf`fr kaspl`ambf fb jlbfjtlr f a`ajaer bes a`stebejal`fs.

7.=. 

Jlcu`ajejaú`

7.=.5.   Xômbajl lmdftavl Jlcl ye sf ne a`kajekl, fb pômbajl lmdftavl fstå jberecf`tf kfoa`akl. Jlrrfspl`kf e tlkes equfbbes oecabaes pfrtf`fjaf`tfs e sfjtlrfs cfkals y vub`frembfs, quf jucpbf` jl` bls rfquasatls rfquasa tls pere plstuber eb mf`foajal kfb sumsakal kf jlbfjtlrfs slberfs tárcajls. 7.=.=.   Lmdftavls kf jlcu`ajej jlcu`ajejaú` aú` Bls lmdftavls kf jlcu`ajejaú` jlrrfspl`kf` e jrfer acegf` kf cerje y musjer  plsajal`ecaf`tl,  plsajal`eca f`tl, f` u`e pracfre pracfre a`ste`jae, pere pere bufgl musjer musjer eucf`ter vf`tes. vf`tes. Fb plsajal`ecaf`tl sf musjerå, e trevás kf bes rfu`al`fs jl` bls karagf`tfs vfja`ebfs, jl` bes oecabaes y jl` bes Fgas. Jlcl pertf kfb Xbe` kf cfkals, sf jl`tfcpbe u`e jecpeõe rekaeb y f`trfge kf olbbftls. V`e vfz sf blgrf` kfserrlbber bes pracfres a`stebejal`fs f` be jlcu`e sfbfjjal`eke, bls fsoufrzls kf jlcu`ajejaú` sf jl`jf`trerå` f` bes oecabaes vfja`es kfb sfjtlr. Zf rfebazerå` rfu`al`fs jl` bls `ufvls a`tfrfsekls, jl` be vf`tede kf quf plkrå` jl`ter jl` be fxpfraf`jae kf bes oecabaes quf ye tf`ge` bls jlbfjtlrfs f` lpfrejaú`. Xlr fstl sf vufbvf rfbfve`tf, quf be fxpfraf`jae kf bes oecabaes mf`foajaekes, sfe be cfdlr plsambf, y pufke` rfjlcf`ker be a`stebejaú` kf bls sastfces jl` be fcprfse.

 

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7.=.:.   Xrfsupufstl Fb prfsupufstl kf be jecpeõe kf cerifta`g sf kfsgblse sfgô` bl a`kajekl.

 

=8

 

Jl`jbusal`fs  

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Be akfe kf kfserrlbber u` Xbe` Fstretágajl kf Cerifta`g, `ejf kf bes ge`es quf kfcufstre` pere fcprf`kfr y sfr fxatlsls f` be jlcfrjaebazejaú` `ufstrls prlkujtls y sfrvajals kf muf`e jebakek y bbfger kf ce`fre jbere e `ufstrls bls jbaf`tfs. Xere kfserrlbber fb Xbe`, sf saguf be Cftlklblgãe kfsjrate f` fb Jepãtubl ;, quf jl`sastf f` bbfver e jeml u`e sfraf kf e`åbasas a`tfr`ls y kfb f`tlr`l kf be fcprfse, quf pfrcate` kftfrca`er e quá sfgcf`tl kf cfrjekl karagarsf tlce`kl f` juf`te bes vf`tedes jlcpftataves kftfjtekes, sfbfjjal`er fb plsajal`ecaf`tl kfsfekl y kfserrlbber u` pbe` kf ejjaú` quf pfrcate ebje`zerbl. ]fspfjtl e bls prlvffklrfs y jlcpreklrfs, sf kftfrca`e quf fstls prfsf`te` u` medl  plkfr kf `fgljaejaú`. `fgljaejaú`. Fb nfjnl nfjnl kf quf `l `l fxaste u` prlvffklr prlvffklr fxjbusavl, fxjbusavl, du`tl jl` bls bls  medls jlstls kf jecmal y be fxastf`jae kf cujnls jlcpreklrfs, jl`tramuyf` jl`tramuyf` e quf fb fb a`grfsl e be a`kustrae, sf vufbve etrejtavl. etr ejtavl. Xere blgrer bls lmdftavls kf jlcu`ajejaú`, sf pbe`tfe pltf`jaer be rfbejaú` jl` bls karagf`tfs vfja`ebfs, jl` bes oecabaes y jl` bes Fgas. Bl quf sf musje fs jrfer acegf` kf cerje y musjer plsajal`ecaf`tl, cfkae`tf u`e jecpeõe rekaeb f` u`e rekal bljeb y cfkae`tf be f`trfge kf olbbftls a`olrcetavls f` bes kasta`tes rfu`al`fs f` quf pertajaperå be Fcprfse.

=5

 

Mambalgreoãe  

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Ecmrúsal, _. (=888). ( =888). Xbe`  Xbe` kf Cerifta`g. Jlblcmae. Cerifta`g. Jlblcmae. GVTCE@ FJEBE@[F, D. (=857).  X]LQFJ[L KF ACXBFCF@[EJAL@ KF  XE@FBFZ ZLBE]FZ F@ BEZ TL@EZ EB[L E E@KA@EZ @KA@EZ KF BE ]FGAL@ KF XV@L.  XV@L.  Bace4 V@A_F]ZAKEK ZFCA@E]AL F_E@GÁBAJL KF BACE. CAIF, [. [. (=85>). F_EBVEJAÚ@ (=85>).  F_EBVEJAÚ@ F A@_F]ZAÚ@ A@_F]ZAÚ@ XE]E BE JLCF]JAEBATEJAÚ@ JLCF]JAEBATEJAÚ@  KF XE@FBFZ ZLBE]FZ OL[L_LB[EAJLZ F@ BE X]L_A@JAE KF ME]]E@JE. ME]]E@JE.   Bace4 V`avfrsakek Xraveke kfb @lrtf. Xl`tf, Q. F. (=85>). VZL KF MEZF KF KE[LZ XE]E JL@[]AMVA] F@ BE  @FGLJAEJAÚ@ KF ACXL][EJAL@FZ KF XE@FBFZ ZLBE]FZ F@[]F F@[]F BLZ EÕLZ =85? EB =85> F@ G]VCA@G XF]Ô Z.E.J. KF BACE  ‚   []VDABBL, =85>. [rudabbl4 =85>. [rudabbl4 V`avfrsakekk Xraveke kfb @l V`avfrsake @lrtf. rtf.

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