Plan de Mantenimiento Preventivo de Vehiculos Volquetes

 

QDNK MG FNK]GKLFLGK]@ QSGXGK]LX@ QNSN XGEÆJWD@Z MG F@XLFLGK]@ MG ]LGSSN MG DN GFQSGZN FNUXLD Z.N.J  

FNUXLD FN UXLD J@K]SN]LZ]NZ J@K]SN]LZ]NZ IGKGSNDGZ Z.N.J

 

 

SGZWFGK

Dn lfpdgfgktnjlúk mg gstg pdnk mg fnktgklflgkt` pnrn dn gfprgsn FNUXLD Z.N.J, sg enjg j`k gd hlk mg mgtgjtnr y prgvgklr dns hnddns qug rgiudnrfgktg sg prgsgktnk gk dns fîqulkns mg f`vlflgkt` mg tlgrrn, p`r fgml` mg ukn sgrlg mg njtlvlmnmgs rgndlznmns p`r d`s flsf`s `pgrnrl`s, y inrnktlznr su j`rrgjt` hukjl`knflgkt`. Q`r d` nktgrl`r sg gdnc`rú uk pdnk mg fnktgklflgkt` prgvgktlv` D.G.F. Gstg jugktn j`k uk`s rgqugrlflgkt`s y sus rgspgjtlv`s lkstrujtlv`s, d`s jundgs mgtnddnk jdnrnfgktg jnmn dnc`r n rgndlznr j`f` jnfcl` mg pnrtgs, rgpnrnjl`kgs y ducrljnjlúk pnrn jnmn ukn mg dns fnqulkns. Gstns njtlvlmnmgs gstîk mlstrlculmns gk uk tncdgr` mg j`ktr`d j`k ukn hrgjugkjln jndgkmnrl` sgiÿk gd us` mg dn fîqulkn. Zg mgsnrr`ddú gd pdnk pnrtlgkm` mg t`mn dn lkh`rfnjlúk rgj`dgjtnmn, mg dn utldlmnm y hrgjugkjln mg us` mg jnmn fîqulkn. Zg elz` ukn pdnklhljnjlúk gspgrnkm` j`k gdd` rgmujlr dns pnrnmns lktgfpgstlvns, fgo`rnr dn ghljlgkjln mg dn `crn, snclgkm` qug gstn tlgkg t`mn dn rgsp`ksncldlmnm mg fnktgkgr d`s vgeljud`s gk `ptlfns j`kmljl`kgs.

 

LK]S@MWJJLÚK

Qnrn qug d`s trncno`s mg fnktgklflgkt` sgnk ghljlgktgs, gs kgjgsnrl` gd j`ktr`d, dn pdnkgnjlúk y dn mlstrlcujlúk j`rrgjtn mg dn hugrzn eufnkn, d`irnkm` nsæ qug sg rgmuzjnk j`st`s, tlgfp` mg pnr` mg d`s gqulp`s mg trncno`, gtj. Zg mgsnrr`ddnrî uk pdnk mg fnktgklflgkt` pnrn gd gqulp` nut`f`t`r mg dn gfprgsn FNUXLD Z.N.J2 gd pdnk sg enrî pnrtlgkm` mg dn lkh`rfnjlúk qug sg `ctgkin mg jnmn vgeljud` pgsnm`..

N jnmn fîqulkn sg dg enrî uk sgiulflgkt` mgtnddnm` mg dns j`kmljl`kgs mg `pgrnjlúk y nkîdlsls mg hnddns prgsgktgs ` nk`fndæns qug sg enynk prgsgktnm` pnrn nsæ mgtgrflknr dn jnusn.

J`ktnr j`k ukn fnqulknrln ndtnfgktg pr`mujtlvn y ghljlgktg, sg en j`kvgrtlm` gk gd prlkjlpnd `cogtlv` mg dn nmflklstrnjlúk, dn jund j`kslgktg mgd pnpgd qug ougin ougin gd fnktgklflgkt` pnrn gd jufpdlflgkt` mg mlje` `cogtlv`, en vlst` gk gstg uk irnk —ndlnm`‖ qug rgprgsgktn irnkmgs  cgkghljl`s n hnv`r mg d`s j`st`s y dn pr`mujtlvlmnm. Gk jnmn gfprgsn mgcg gxlstlr uk pdnk mg fnktgklflgkt` qug pgrfltn rgj`k`jgr gd gstnm` njtund ` dn jnpnjlmnm mg trncno` mg jnmn fîqulkn, gk gd jns` m g FNUXLD Z.N.J pnrn dn fnqulknrln mg f`vlflgkt` mg tlgrrn k` tlgkgk uk pdnk mg fnktgklflgkt` gstncdgjlm` d` qug `jnsl`kn gd fnd  gstnm` mg dn fny`ræn mg dn fnqulknrln, ` qug sg prgsgktgk fujens pnrnmns gk gd trncno` mg d`s vgeæjud`s p`r mnþ`s lktgfpgstlv`s. Zg supgrvlsnrî gd fnktgklflgkt` j`rrgjtlv` njtund qug sg vlgkg rgndlznkm` dn gfprgsn FNUXLD  Z.N.J, rgndlznkm` uk nkîdlsls j`fpnrntlv` mg j`st`s, jndlmnm, tlgfp` mg dn fnqulknrln, j`k uk

 pdnk mg fnktgklflgkt` nmgjunm` clgk lfpdgfgktnm`, qug gvlmgkjlg fgo`rgs rgsudtnm`s gk j`st`s, tlgfp`s mg `pgrnjlúk y fgo`rgs rgkmlflgkt`s gk t`mns dns dækgns gk igkgrnd.

 

  Qnrn gst` sg gdnc`rnrn uk dlstnm` mg dn fnqulknrln njtund j`k dn qug jugktn dn gfprgsn FNUXLD Z.N.J. 

 

> 

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FNSJ@ ]G@SLJ@

XNSLNCDGZ MG FNK]GKLFLGK]@

  Gxlstgk mlstlktns vnrlncdgs mg fnktgklflgkt` qug pgrfltg lktgrprgtnr dn h`rfn gk dn qug sg njtÿn2 gstns rgpgrjutgk mlrgjtnfgktg gk gd mgsgfpgþ` mg d`s slstgfns mg pr`mujjlúk y gk j`ksgjugkjln gk d`s j`st`s, gktrg dns qug sg gkjugktrnk?   Hlncldlmnm? gs dn pr`cncldlmnm mg qug dns lkstndnjl`kgs, fîqulkns ` gqulp`s, gstìk gk

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úptlfns j`kmljl`kgs gspgjæhljns. Dn hlncldlmnm lfpnjtn mlrgjtnfgktg s`crg d`s rgsudtnm`s mg dn gfprgsn, mgclgkm` npdljnrsg k` s`d` n fnqulkns ` gqulp`s nlsdnm`s slk` n dn t`tndlmnm mg d`s pr`jgs`s qug lktgirnk dn jnmgkn mg vnd`r mg dn `rinklznjlúk.

  Dn Mlsp`klcldlmnm gs dn pr`cncldlmnm mg qug uk njtlv` rgndljg dn hukjlúk nsliknmn junkm`

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sg rgqulgrg mg gddn. Dn mlsp`klcldlmnm mgpgkmg mg juîk hrgjugktg sg pr`mujgk d`s hndd`s gk mgtgrflknm` tlgfp` y j`kmljl`kgs (j`khlncldlmnm) y mg juîkt` tlgfp` sg rgqulgrg pnrn j`rrgilr gd hndd` (fnktgklcldlmnm).   Fnktgklcldlmnm? gs dn pr`cncldlmnm mg p`mgr gogjutnr ukn mgtgrflknmn `pgrnjlúk mg

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fnktgklflgkt` gk gd tlgfp` mg rgpnrnjlúk prghlonm` y cno` dns j`kmljl`kgs pdnkgnmns.   Zgiurlmnm? gstî rghgrlmn nd pgrs`knd, lkstndnjl`kgs, gqulp`s, slstgfns y fîqulkns. K`



 pugmg kl mgcg mgoîrsgdn mg dnm`, j`k flrns n mnr m nr jufpdlflgkt` n mgfnkmns urigktgs.   Gktrgin / pdnz`? gd tlgfp` mg gktrgin y gd jufpdlflgkt` mg d`s pdnz`s prgvlst`s s`k

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vnrlncdgs qug tlgkgk tnfclìk su lfp`rtnkjln, gk gd fnktgklflgkt`, gd tlgfp` gs uk hnjt`r  prggflkgktg.

 

>.3 

]LQ@Z MG FNK]GKLFLGK]@

Gd fnktgklflgkt` tlgkg m`s gtnpns cîsljns pnrn dn lfpdgfgktnjlúk dns jundgs gstîk rgdnjl`knmns j`k gd f`fgkt` gk qug sg rgndlzn dn lktgrvgkjlúk gk gd gqulp`, yn sgn nktgs mg `jurrlr dn hnddn ` mgspuìs mg `jurrlr dn hnddn.  

Q`st-nvgræns? Gs ukn njtlvlmnm k` pdnklhljnmn rgndlznmn mgspuìs mg dn mgtgjjlúk mg dn nk`fndæn, pugmgk sgr rgpnrnjl`kgs (pr`irnfnmns) ` nvgræns (k` pr`irnfnmns)2 dns pr`irnfnmns jugktnk j`k gd rgpugst` y dns k` pr`irnfnmns gs gd pnr` lkflkgktg mgd gqulp`.   Fnktgklflgkt` J`rrgjtlv`? Gs gd qug gspgrn qug sujgmn dn hnddn pnrn mgspuìs

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j`rrgilrdn, j`k gd j`ksliulgktg pgdlir` mg d`s mnþ`s ndgmnþ`s, gd rlgsi` pnrn dn sndum mgd trncnonm`r, ghgjt`s s`crg dn jndlmnm, gd fgml` nfclgktg, gtj. Gd fnktgklflgkt` j`rrgjtlv` gs ukn lktgrvgkjlúk kgjgsnrln pnrn p`mgr s`dujl`knr uk mghgjt` ` ukn hnddn yn `jurrlmn. Gs dn njtlvlmnm mg rgpnrnr nvgræns mgspuìs mg qug gstns enk `jurrlm` gk fîqulkns ` gqulp`s. Gd pgrs`knd gkjnrinm` mg k`tlhljnr dn nvgræn gs gd flsf` `pgrnm`r y gd gkjnrinm` mg rgndlznr dn rgpnrnjlúk gs gd pgrs`knd mg fnktgklflgkt`.   Njtlvlmnmgs mgd fnktgklflgkt` j`rrgjtlv`?

`

 

Mgtgjjlúk mgd hndd`.

 

D`jndlznjlúk mgd hndd`.

 

Mgsf`ktnog.

 

Sgjupgrnjlúk ` sustltujlúk.

 

F`ktnog y prugcns.

 

Xgrlhljnjlúk.

 

  Mgsvgktnons?

`

 

Ndt`s tlgfp`s lfpr`mujtlv`s mg d`s gqulp`s.

 

Cnon j`khlncldlmnm.

 

Cno` klvgd mg `rinklznjlúk.

 

]lgkg irnk lkjlmgkjln gk d`s j`st`s mg fnktgklflgkt`.

 

Gstî cnsnmn gk lktgrvgkjl`kgs rîplmns y pnsnogrns.

  Qr`jgmlflgkt` n sgiulr dugi` mg ukn nvgræn?

`

 

Sgndlznr ukn lkspgjjlúk pnrn mgtgrflknr juîdgs plgzns enk slm` nhgjtnmns y jundgs sg kgjgsltnk jnfclnr.

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Mgtgrflknr gd tlgfp` kgjgsnrl` pnrn dn rgpnrnjlúk t`tnd ` pnrjlnd.

 

Gstncdgjgr dn jnktlmnm mg `pgrnrl`s, fgml`s y egrrnflgktns pnrn rgpnrnrdn.

 

Igstl`knr rgpugst`s.

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Sgndlznr dn rgpnrnjlúk, noustnr g lkspgjjl`knr.

Qrg-nvgræns? Z`k njtlvlmnmgs pr`irnfnmns j`k nktgrl`rlmnm n dns hnddns ` nd mgsinstg k`rfnd mg jnmn gqulp`, gstns njtlvlmnmgs lkspgjjl`knk, prgvlgkgk y mgtgjtnk p`slcdgs hnddns lkjlplgktgs y gvltnk nufgkt`s gk d`s tlgfp`s mg pnrnmn y dn mgclmn rgndlznjlúk mg fnktgklflgkt`.   Fnktgklflgkt` Qrgvgktlv`?  Gs nqugd qug j`f` su k`fcrg d` mljg, prgvlgkg dns

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hnddns. En slm` gd fîs usnm` y su cnsg mg hukjl`knflgkt` s`k dns rgj`fgkmnjl`kgs mgd hncrljnktg, dn gstnmæstljn y dn `csgrvnjlúk? sg rggfpdnzn ukn plgzn, sg gkirnsn, sg rghugrzn, gtj., nktgs mg qug `jnsl`kg ukn hnddn. Gd dnps` qug sg dg pgrfltg trncnonr n uk gdgfgkt`, mgpgkmg mg jrltgrl`s tndgs j`f` dns rgj`fgkmnjl`kgs mgd hncrljnktg, gd cugk sgktlm` mgd tìjklj` y s`crg t`m` gd dnps` mg tlgfp` `csgrvnm` mg murnjlúk mg plgzns slfldnrgs.

 

Dn pr`irnfnjlúk mg njtlvlmnmgs gk gd tlgfp`, dn rgmnjjlúk mg d`s lkstrujtlv`s pnrn ddgvnrdns n jnc`, dn nsliknjlúk mg dns pgrs`kns qug dns gogjutnrnk, dn gvndunjlúk mg d`s j`st`s mg t`m` gstg trncno`, gtj., gs d` qug sg j`kstltuyg gk dn lfpdgfgktnjlúk mg uk  pdnk mg fnktgklflgkt` prgvgktlv` gk ukn gfprgsn, p`r pnrtg mg uk mgpnrtnfgkt` mg fnktgklflgkt`.   Njtlvlmnmgs mgd fnktgklflgkt` prgvgktlv`

`

  Zgdgjjlúk

mg gqulp`s jrætlj`s.

  J`mlhljnjlúk.   Qntrúk

mg fgmlmn (hrgjugkjln)? e`rns mg hukjl`knflgkt`, tlgfp` jndgkmnrl`

y jljd`s mg trncno`.   Bldúfgtr`s   Mghlkljlúk   Jnfcl`

rgj`rrlm`s. mgd dæfltg mg vlmn ÿtld mg d`s j`fp`kgktgs.

`p`rtuk` mg rgpugst`s.

  Xgktnons?

`

  Gvltnr

nvgræns fny`rgs j`f` j`ksgjugkjln mg pgqugþ`s hndd`s.

  Qrgpnrnr

egrrnflgktns y rgpugst`s j`k nktljlpnjlúk.

  Npr`vgjenr

gd f`fgkt` fîs `p`rtuk` pnrn rgndlznr dns rgpnrnjl`kgs.

  Mlsflkulr

dn hrgjugkjln mg pnrnmns.

  @pgrnjlúk

fîs ghljlgktg, sgiurn y j`khlncdg.

  Qr`ygjtnr

y trnksfltlr ukn lfnigk y j`kjlgkjln mg `rmgk, mlsjlpdlkn y

`rinklznjlúk.   Igkgrnr

gj`k`fæns gk j`st`s y prgsupugst`s mg `pgrnjlúk, dlcgrnkm`

rgjurs`s.   Mgsvgktnons?

`

  Igkgrn

inst`s gk j`st`s y prgsupugst`s mg `pgrnjlúk.

  ]lgfp`s   J`st`s

lfpr`mujtlv`s gk d`s gqulp`s.

p`r rgjnfcl` mg plgzns.

 

  Fnktgklflgkt` Qr`irnfnm`? Gs nqugd qug gs uk p`j` fîs nvnkznm` qug gd

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j`rrgjtlv`. Zg cnsn gk ukn pnrnmn igkgrnd pgrlúmljn mg dn njtlvlmnm pr`mujtlvn (igkgrndfgktg nkund) npr`vgjenkm` dns vnjnjl`kgs j`dgjtlvns mgd pgrs`knd mg  pr`mujjlúk, ` jundqulgr `tr` r gjgs` gjgs` gk dn pr`mujjlúk, ddgvnkm` n jnc` uk —mgscnrntg‖ fîs ` fgk`s igkgrnd, ukn dnvnmn y ukn ducrljnjlúk —sul igkgrls‖ mg dn fnqulknrln y

gk ndiuk`s jns`s dn rgvlslúk mg gddn. Dn vgktnon mg gstg slstgfn mg fnktgklflgkt` gs dn  p`slcldlmnm, uk p`j` rgf`tn, mg mgtgjtnr y mgtgkgr ukn hnddn gk igstnjlúk. Zu irnvg hnddn gs dn jlrjukstnkjln qug dn fnqulknrln pugmg qugmnr gquæv`jnfgktg nrfnmn ` gk gd fgo`r mg d`s jns`s, j`k —nprlgtgs‖ mlhgrgktgs n d`s mg hîcrljn, jnkm` k` gs rgndlznm`  p`r —gxpgrt`s‖ qug gs d` fîs h rgjugktg. rgjugktg. 

Q`r gxtgkslúk, sg dg mn gd k`fcrg mg —Fnktgklflgkt` Qr`irnfnm`‖ nd qug sg gogjutn

gk jundqulgr dnps` mg pnrnmn mg pr`mujjlúk. Jnmn vgz sg utldlzn fgk`s gsg tlp` mg fnktgklflgkt`.   Fnktgklflgkt` Qrgmljtlv`? Gstg gs ukn jlgkjln n mlhgrgkjln mg d`s `tr`s tlp`s y j`f`

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su k`fcrg d` mljg sg cnsn gk dn mgtgjjlúk mg d`s sækt`fns qug prgsgktnk dns fîqulkns nd hukjl`knr. Gk gd jns` mg dn tgrf`irnhæn (fnktgklflgkt` prgmljtlv` cnsnm` gk nkîdlsls tgrf`irîhlj`) sg ntlgkmg n dn lktgkslmnm y d`s jnfcl`s mg tgfpgrnturn mg hukjl`knflgkt` y sg utldlznk —tgrf`irnhæns‖ y jîfnrns mg tgrf`vlmg`, qug rgvgdnk  pgrhldgs tìrflj`s? sg gstî enjlgkm` Fnktgklflgkt` Qrgmljtlv`, vlildnkm` dn tgfpgrnturn. Qgr` gd sækt`fn qug fîs sg gstumln pnrn gstg tlp` mg fnktgklflgkt`, gs dn vlcrnjlúk. D`s mgtgjt`rgs mg vlcrnjlúk (qug n vgjgs gk vgz mg s`kmns jnptnm`rns, tlgkgk fljrúh`k`s, pugs gd rulm` gs uk jns` gspgjlnd mg vlcrnjlúk), pgrfltgk mgtgjtnr tnk hrgjugktgfgktg j`f` qugrnf`s dn lktgkslmnm mg vlcrnjlúk y dn hrgjugkjln mg gstn, qug prgsgktn ukn fnqulkn hukjl`knkm`. D`s jnptnm`rgs pugmgk sgr fnikìtlj`s, r`sjnm`s, j`k gxtgkslúk, gtj.  Wk j`kjgpt` mg fujen utldlmnm gs nqugd qug prgvlnfgktg n dn hnddn mg ukn fîqulkn, eny uk nufgkt` pnudntlk` mg dn lktgkslmnm mg su vlcrnjlúk (qug pugmg lkjdulr su s`klm`). Nd mgtgjtnr mlje` nufgkt`, y tgklgkm` gk jugktn dn hrgjugkjln mg ìd, sg pugmg

 

—prgmgjlr‖ dn hnddn nktgs mg qug sujgmn y pnrnkm` dn fîqulkn, pr`jgmgr n su

rgpnrnjlúk, lfplmlgkm` qug gd mnþ` sg j`fpdlqug fîs, qug enyn ukn pnrnmn lktgfpgstlvn, qug ìstn sujgmn n mgse`rns, gtj. Gd Fnktgklflgkt` Qrgmljtlv` sg pugmg cnsnr tnfclìk gk gd f`klt`rg` slstgfîtlj` mg jndlmnm mgd njgltg, gk gd nkîdlsls p`r tlktns pgkgtrnktgs, d`s rny`s x, d`s rny`s inffn, gd nkîdlsls mlfgksl`knd, gd nkîdlsls mg gshugrz`s, gd udtrns`klm`, dn fgmljlúk mg gspgs`rgs, gd nkîdlsls mg eufgmnm, gtj. D`s nkîdlsls pgrlúmlj`s mg gstnm` mg njgltg, s`k tnfclìk usnm`s pnrn prgmgjlr hnddns, nmgfîs mg `tr`s fìt`m`s qug sg vgrîk p`stgrl`rfgktg.   ]lp` mg njtlvlmnmgs - ]ìjkljns utldlznmns slk dn lktgrrupjlúk mgd hukjl`knflgkt`

`

mgd gqulp`   Nkîdlsls mg vlcrnjl`kgs   Lkspgjjlúk

vlsund

  Lkspgjjlúk

njÿstljn y nd tnjt`

  J`ktr`d

mg tgfpgrnturns

  J`ktr`d

mg ducrljnktgs

  Mgtgjjlúk

mg pìrmlmns

  F`klt`rg`

mg vlcrnjl`kgs

  J`ktr`d

mg rulm`s

  J`ktr`d

mg j`rr`slúk

  ]grf`irnhæn   Nkîdlsls

lkhrnrr`on

mg njgltgs.

  ]ìjkljns utldlznmns j`k dn lktgrrupjlúk mgd gqulp`

`

  Jegqug`

mg gspgs`rgs

  Dæqulm`s

pgkgtrnktgs y pnrtæjudns fnikìtljns

  Nkîdlsls

fgtnd`irîhlj`s

 

  Jegqug`

mg j`rrlgktgs y nlsdnflgkt`

  F`klt`rg`

gk dækgn mg slstgfns elmrîudlj`s

  Xgktnons?

`

  Sgmujg

gd tlgfp` mg pnrnmn.

  Qgrfltg

sgiulr dn gv`dujlúk mg uk mghgjt` gk gd tlgfp`.

  @ptlflzn

dn igstlúk mgd pgrs`knd mg fnktgklflgkt`.

  Sgqulgrg

ukn pdnktlddn mg fnktgklflgkt` fîs rgmujlmn.

  Qgrfltg

t`fnr mgjlsl`kgs lkfgmlntns.

  Qgrfltg

j`k`jgr j`k gxnjtltum gd tlgfp` dæfltg mg njtunjlúk

K`tn? ukn j`fclknjlúk úptlfn gs gd fnktgklflgkt` prgvgktlv` j`k gd prgmljtlv`.



  Fnktgklflgkt` j`ktlku`? Gs uk tlp` mg `rinklznjlúk qug sg pugmg mnr n gstn

njtlvlmnm, prl`rlznkm` dns njtlvlmnmgs qug sg dg mnk n dns fnqulkns sgiÿk su lfp`rtnkjln y cnsnm`s gk gd j`kjgpt` qug gktrg fgo`r sg ntlgkmn uk ætgf, fgo`r sgrî su mgsgfpgþ`.  Gk kugstr` pnæs dnfgktncdgfgktg gd Fnktgklflgkt` J`ktlku` k` sg en lfpugst` y gk fuje`s jns`s, dns cnsgs mg dns njtlvlmnmgs mgd fnktgklflgkt` k` s`k jlgktæhljns y gk ndiukns `jnsl`kgs lkjdus` sg np`ynk gk prgouljl`s.

  Fnktgklflgkt` Nkndætlj`? Ntlgkmg prghgrgkjlndfgktg nd nkîdlsls mg dns gstnmæstljns mg

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hnddns y nkndlzn dn jnusn rnæz mg dn hnddn. N dns rgj`fgkmnjl`kgs mgd hncrljnktg, n dns j`kmljl`kgs mg dn lkstndnjlúk mgd gqulp`, n dn jndlmnm mg fnk` mg `crn mg qulgkgs d` `pgrnk. Gk gstg `rmgk mg lmgns, gd Fnktgklflgkt` Qrgvgktlv` gs prlkjlpndfgktg nkndætlj`.    Fnktgklflgkt` Qr`mujtlv` ]`tnd (].Q.F)? Gk d`s ÿdtlf`s tlgfp`s en npnrgjlm` gd



Fnktgklflgkt` Qr`mujtlv` ]`tnd, qug gs nqugd m`kmg gd flsf` `pgrnrl` mg

 

 

 pr`mujjlúk ntlgkmg gd fnktgklflgkt` prgvgktlv` mg su uklmnm pr`mujtlvn y sg lkv`dujrn gk gd fnktgklflgkt` t`m` gd pgrs`knd, lkjdulmn dn ndtn igrgkjln.     Fnktgklflgkt` Cnsnm` gk dn J`kmljlúk? J`f` su k`fcrg d` mljg, gs uk slstgfn mg



Fnktgklflgkt` qug sg cnsn gk gd gstnm` mg hukjl`knflgkt` ` j`kmljlúk mg jnmn uk` mg d`s gqulp`s mg pr`mujjlúk. Gstn p`pudnrlznm` fuje` gk Gur`pn.     Fnktgklflgkt` Jgktrnm` gk dn Hlncldlmnm (SJF)? Gk gstg tlp` mg fnktgklflgkt`



 p`kg ìkhnsls gk gd hukjl`knflgkt` mgd slstgfn, fîs qug gd mg jnmn gqulp`. Cusjn d`s f`m`s mg hnddn. Dn pndncrn jdnvg gs dn j`khlncldlmnm.   Dn j`khlncldlmnm mg uk gqulp` gs p`slcdg gvndunrdn gk tìrflk`s junktltntlv`s. Gd j`k`jlflgkt` mg dn j`khlncldlmnm mg uk gqulp` pgrfltg pdnkgnr dn pr`mujjlúk g lkjdus` tgkgr pdnkgs mg j`ktlkigkjln.

 

3 

SGDNJL@K MG SG^WGSLFLGK]@Z

Gd `cogtlv` prlkjlpnd mgd pdnk mg fnktgklflgkt` gs gstncdgjgr p`dætljns y njtlvlmnmgs qug k`s inrnktljgk uk gxjgdgktg hukjl`knflgkt` mg dns fîqulkns, Q`r gst` sgdgjjl`knf`s gd fnktgklflgkt` prgvgktlv` slgkm` gstg gd fîs nmgjunm` pnrn lfpdgfgktnr gk dn gfprgsn. Mgspuìs mg gspgjlhljnr gd tlp` mg fnktgklflgkt` qug p`mgf`s npdljnr, sg prgsgktnk dns njtlvlmnmgs ` rgdnjlúk mg rgqugrlflgkt`s n mgsnrr`ddnr gk dns fîqulkns. Zg pr`jgmg dugi` n gstncdgjgr d`s rgqugrlflgkt`s, qug s`k dns njjl`kgs mg fnktgklflgkt` qug sg mgcgk prnjtljnr n jnmn fîqulkn, pnrn qug gstg sg j`ksgrvg gk gd fgo`r gstnm` p`slcdg gvltnkm` su mgtgrl`r` ` mnþ`s lktgfpgstlv`s. Wk rgqugrlflgkt` gs ukn njtlvlmnm mg fnktgklflgkt` prgvgktlv`.

Dn mlhgrgkjln gktrg uk

rgqugrlflgkt` y uk lkstrujtlv`, gs qug flgktrns nqugd tlgkg s`d` júmli` y k`fcrg, gd lkstrujtlv` tlgkg nmgfîs fntgrlnd, fgt`m`d`iæn y tlgfp` gstlfnm` mg gogjujlúk. Gd slstgfn npdljnm` nd pdnk mg fnktgklflgkt` gs gd D.G.F, gd jund sg `rlilkn mgclm` n d`s rgqugrlflgkt`s mg ducrljnjlúk, gdgjtrljlmnm y fgjîkljn, j`f` sg fugstrn n j`ktlkunjlúk?   Njtlvlmnmgs mg Ducrljnjlúk?



SG^WGSLFLGK]@Z SG^WGSLFLGK ]@Z MG DWCSLJNJL@K DWCSLJNJL@K

J@MLI@

]NSGN

HSGJWGKJLN

]LGFQ@

(E@SNZ)

GOGJWJL@K

JNMN?

(flkut`s)

D-1>

Sgvlslúk mgd klvgd mg njgltg mgd f`t`r

>1

8

D-13

Sgvlslúk mgd klvgd mg njgltg elmrîudlj`

>1

>1

D-1:

Sgvlslúk mgd klvgd mg njgltg mg trnksflslúk trnksflslúk

>111

>1

 

D-1= D-17 D-18

Sgvlslúk mgd klvgd mg njgltg mg dn sgrv`trnksflslúk Sgvlslúk mgd klvgd mg njgltg mg d`s tîkmgfs Sgvlslúk mgd klvgd mg njgltg mgd rgmujt`r mg ilrn-jærjud`

>1

>1

>111

>1

711

>3

D-19

Sgvlslúk mgd klvgd mg njgltg mgd gog mgdnktgr`

371

5

D-15

Sgvlslúk mgd klvgd mg njgltg mgd gog trnsgr`

371

>1

D-1<

Jnfcl` mg njgltg mg f`t`r

711

31

D->1

Jnfcl` mg njgltg elmrîudlj`

3111

31

D->>

Jnfcl` mg njgltg mg dn trnksflslúk

>111

31

D->3

Jnfcl` mg njgltg mg dn sgrv`trnksflslúk sgrv`trnksflslúk

>111

31

D->:

Jnfcl` mg njgltg mgd gog mgdnktgr`

>111

31

D->=

Jnfcl` mg njgltg mgd gog trnsgr`

>111

37

3111

>7

D->7

Jnfcl` mg njgltg mgd rgmujt`r mg ilrnjærjud`

D->8

Jnfcl` mg njgltg mg d`s tîkmgfs

3111

:1

D->9

Ducrljnjlúk mg d`s plv`tgs y pnsnm`rgs

71

>1

D->5

Ducrljnjlúk mg d`s plv`tgs mgd Slppgr

71

7

D-><

Ducrljnjlúk mg pukt`s mg ilr`

71

7

71

9

371

=

371

5

71

5

D-31 D-3> D-33 D-3:

Ducrljnjlúk mg dns j`rrgmgrns mgd crnz` mg dn gxtgkmne`g Ducrljnjlúk mg d`s pgmndgs Ducrljnjlúk mg d`s gogs mg dns rugmns mg d`s tîkmgfs Ducrljnjlúk mg d`s gogs

 

D-3=

Ducrljnjlúk mg d`s j`olkgtgs

71

5

D-37

Ducrljnjlúk mg d`s jnrmnkgs

371

>1

71

5

71

5

71

5

71

5

HSGJWGKJLN

]LGFQ@

(E`rns)

GOGJWJL@K

JNMN?

(flkut`s)

D-38 D-39 D-35 D-3<

Ducrljnjlúk mg dns cnrrns mg lkjdlknjlúk mg dns rugmns mgdnktgrns Ducrljnjlúk mg d`s jldlkmr`s mg lkjdlknjlúk mg dns rugmns mgdnktgrns Ducrljnjlúk mg dns r`tudns mgd crnz` mg mlrgjjlúk Ducrljnjlúk mg d`s plþ`kgs mg ilrn-jærjud`

  Njtlvlmnmgs Gdìjtrljns?



SG^WGSLFLGK]@Z SG^WGSLFLGK ]@Z GDGJ]SLJ@Z

J@MLI@

]NSGN

G-1>

Sgvlslúk mg dn jnrin mg dn cntgræn

371

:

G-13

Sgvlslúk mg dn jnrin mgd ndtgrknm`r

371

:

G-1:

Sgvlslúk mg dn jnrin mgd j`kvgrtlm`r

711

7

711

31

G-1=

Sgvlslúk mgd klvgd mg gdgjtr`dlt` y gstnm` mg dns jgdmns mg dn cntgræn

G-17

Sgvlslúk mg dn j`kjgktrnjlúk mg gdgjtr`dlt`

>111

31

G-18

Sgvlslúk mg d`s j`kgjt`rgs

371

>1

G-19

Sgvlslúk mg d`s gfpndfgs

371

>1

G-15

Sgvlslúk mgd tncdgr`

>1

>1

 

G-1<

Sgvlslúk mg dn dækgn gdìjtrljn

>111

7

G->1

Sgvlslúk mgd gstnm` mg dns dujgs

71

>1

>111

>1

G->>

Sgvlslúk mg dn jnrin gk d`s gfpndfgs y j`kgjt`rgs

G->3

Dlfplgzn mg d`s c`rkgs mg dn cntgræn

711

>1

G->:

Dlfplgzn mg d`s gfpndfgs y j`kgjt`rgs

711

31

G->=

Dlfplgzn mg dn dækgn gdìjtrljn

3111

>1

G->7

Dlfplgzn mgd p`rtn huslcdgs

>111

>1

G->8

Nmljlúk mg niun mgstldnmn n dn cntgræn

>111

>1

  Njtlvlmnmgs Fgjîkljns?



SG^WGSLFLGK]@Z SG^WGSLFLGK] @Z FGJNKLJ@Z

J@MLI@

]NSGN

HSGJWGKJLN

]LGFQ@

(E`rns)

GOGJWJL@K

JNMN

(flkut`s)

F->

Mrgknog mgd sgpnrnm`r mg niun j`fcustlcdg

71

3

F-3

Sgvlslúk mgd gstnm` mg dns ddnktns

>1

7

F-:

Sgvlslúk mg d`s pgrk`s mg dns ddnktns

>1

>1

F-=

Sgvlslúk mg dn prgslúk mg dns ddnktns

>1

>1

F-7

Sgvlslúk mgd rgmujt`r mg ilrn-jlrjud`

71

7

371

3

F-8

Sgvlslúk y tgkslúk mg dn j`rrgn mgd ndtgrknm`r

 

F-9

Sgvlslúk mgd gxe`st`

71

3

F-5

Sgvlslúk mgd fgmlm`r mg prgslúk mg njgltg

>1

>

F-<

Sgvlslúk mgd fgmlm`r mg prgslúk mg nærg

>1

7

F->1

Sgvlslúk mgd klvgd mg rghrligrnktg

>1

>

F->>

Sgvlslúk mgd nf`rtliunm`r mg vlcrnjl`kgs

71

7

F->3

Sgvlslúk mg dn dækgn elmrîudljn

371

>1

F->:

Sgvlslúk mg dn dækgn kgufîtljn

371

>

F->=

Sgvlslúk mgd turc`ndlfgktnm`r

>111

>7

F->7

Jnfcl` mgd hldtr` mg j`fcustlcdg

711

>1

F->8

Jnfcl` mg sgpnrnm`r mg niun-j`fcustlcdg

>111

>1

F->9

Jnfcl` mgd hldtr` mg njgltg mg f`t`r

711

>1

F->5

Jnfcl` mgd hldtr` mg dn sgrv`trnksflslúk sgrv`trnksflslúk

>111

31

F-><

Jnfcl` mgd hldtr` mg nærg

>111

31

F-31

Jnfcl` mgd hldtr` mg rghrligrnktg

>111

>7

F-3>

Jnfcl` mgd hldtr` mg njgltg elmrîudlj`

>111

>1

F-33

Jnfcl` mg rghrligrnktg

3111

81

F-3:

dlfplgzn mgd hldtr` mg nærg

71

>7

371

31

F-3=

Dlfplgzn mgd hldtr` mg dn dækgn mg sujjlúk elmrîudljn

F-37

Dlfplgzn mgd gqulp` y nvls`s

71

81

F-38

Dlfplgzn mgd rgsplrnmgr` mgd gog mgdnktgr`

371

>1

F-39

Dlfplgzn mgd rgsplrnmgr` mgd gog trnsgr`

371

>1

 

F-35

Dlfplgzn mgd rnmlnm`r

371

31

F-3<

Dlfplgzn mg d`s pukt`s mg uklúk

71

>1

F-:1

Dlfplgzn mgd pugst` mg trncno`

71

>1

F-:>

Jndlcrnjlúk mg dn c`fcn lkygjt`rn y d`s lkygjt`rgs

3111

5

3111

> mæn

3111

5

3111

7

>111

>7

F-:3 F-:: F-:= F-:7

Jndlcrnjlúk mg dns vîdvudns mg rgstrljjlúk mg nlrg Jndlcrnjlúk mgd ougi` mg dns vîdvudns mgd f`t`r Noustg mg d`s t`rkldd`s mg hlonjlúk mgd turc` Noustg mg d`s t`rkldd`s mg dn jnclkn y gd jlkturúk mg sgiurlmnm

F-:8

Qrgsurlznjlúk mgd slstgfn mg nlrg

3111

> mæn

F-:9

Qrgsurlznjlúk mgd j`fprgs`r

71

7

F-:5

Zustltujlúk mg r`mnflgkt`s

3111

81

 

3.> 

LKZ]SWJ]LX@Z

Jnmn rgqugrlflgkt` mn `rligk n uk lkstrujtlv` qug gstî j`kh`rfnm` p`r dns sliulgktgs pnrtgs? júmli`, k`fcrg, hrgjugkjln, fntgrlnd kgjgsnrl` (lksuf`s y egrrnflgktns), pr`jgmlflgkt` ` jugrp` y tlgfp` gstlfnm` mg gogjujlúk. Gd fnkund j`ktlgkg dn gxpdljnjlúk mgtnddnmn n d`s lkstrujtlv`s D.G.F, dn hlkndlmnm gs gxpdljnr pns` n pns` j`f` rgndlznr ukn njtlvlmnm mg fnktgklflgkt`, gs ukn iuæn qug dn pugmg npdljnr jundqulgr `pgrnrl`. Gd `pgrnrl` gs gd gkjnrinm` mg gogjutnr dn njtlvlmnm gkj`fgkmnmn y mg crlkmnr dn lkh`rfnjlúk kgjgsnrln j`ktgklmn gk mlje` h`rfnt`, j`k sus `csgrvnjl`kgs pgrtlkgktgs sl gs gd jns`2 gst` sg rgndlzn j`k gd hlk mg tgkgr ukn rgtr`ndlfgktnjlúk mg dn lkh`rfnjlúk mgd pdnk mg fnktgklflgkt`  prgvgktlv`, y nsæ, p`mgr t`fnr mgjlsl`kgs n hutur` pnrn `ctgkgr uk pdnk mg fnktgklflgkt` j`k tlgfp`s y pr`jgmlflgkt`s fîs jgrjnk`s n dn rgndlmnm. N j`ktlkunjlúk f`strnrgf`s uk gogfpd` mgd mlsgþ` mg mlje` h`rfnt`, d`s lkstrujtlv`s mg Ducrljnjlúk, Gdgjtrljlmnm y Fgjîkljn ‚  D.G.F  D.G.F mgsnrr`ddnm`s sg pugmgk `csgrvnr gk gd nkgx` >?

]ncdn > H`rfnt` mg uk lkstrujtlv` J@MLI@?

Hrgjugkjln? Lksuf`s y Egrrnflgktns? Qr`jgmlflgkt`? ]lgfp` Gstlfnm` mg Gogjujlúk? @csgrvnjl`kgs?

K@FCSG MG DN NJ]LXLMNM

 

3.3 

]NCDGS@ MG J@K]S@D \ JS@K@ISNFN MG FNK]GKLFLGK]@

Gd tncdgr` mg j`ktr`d gs uk jr`k`irnfn nkund mg njtlvlmnmgs sg mlsp`kg mg ìd j`k gd hlk mg tgkgr ukn iuæn mlnrln, sgfnknd, fgksund, trlfgstrnd, sgfgstrnd y nkund mg t`mns dns njtlvlmnmgs mg fnktgklflgkt` kgjgsnrlns pnrn fnktgkgr dn fnqulknrln gk j`rrgjt` gstnm` mg hukjl`knflgkt`. N jnmn njtlvlmnm dg j`rrgsp`kmg uk júmli` qug pugmg sgrvlr pnrn vnrlns fîqulkns, pgr` tgkgr mlhgrgktg hrgjugkjln mg gogjujlúk, igkgrndfgktg gstn cndnkjgnm` pnrn qug dns njtlvlmnmgs gstìk  clgk mlstrlculmns, gst` gs j`f` jnmn lkstrujtlv` tlgkg mlhgrgktg tlgfp` mg gogjujlúk, mg gstn fnkgrn sg pugmg t`tndlznr gd tlgfp` gfpdgnm` gk fnktgklflgkt` prgvgktlv` jnmn sgfnkn y, p`r jnmn lkstrujtlv` yn sgn mg ducrljnjlúk, gdgjtrljlmnm ` fgjîkljn. Igkgrndfgktg gstn cndnkjgnm`, pnrn qug dns njtlvlmnmgs gstìk clgk mlstrlculmns mg f`m` qug klkiÿk pgrl`m` gstg s`crgjnrinm` ` j`k p`jns njtlvlmnmgs. Gd cndnkjg` sg enjg p`r tnktg`  cusjnkm` qug dns jnr jnrins ins gs gstìk tìk sgpnrnmns sgpnr nmns s`d` s `d` uk >1%. Gs mg tgkgr gk jugktn qug q ug d`s lkstrujtlv`s sl sg fugvgk n dn mgrgjen sg gstî npdnznkm` dn gogjujlúk y sl sg fugvg n dn lzqulgrmn sg gstî nmgdnktnkm` p`r gkmg sg mgcg gvltnr nd fîxlf` nmgdnktnr ` p`sp`kgr mljens njtlvlmnmgs. D`s tncdgr`s mg j`ktr`d tlgkgk tncdgr`s nuxldlnrgs qug s`k d`s qug ddgvnk dns rutlkns sgfnkndgs y dns rutlkns mlnrlns. Junkm` gxlstgk njtlvlmnmgs t`mns dns sgfnkns ` t`m`s d`s mæns rgsudtnræn lkj`kvgklgktg p`kgrdns gk gd tncdgr` mg j`ktr`d, p`r gs` sg mgcg j`ksliknr d`s mnt`s gk d`s tncdgr`s nuxldlnrgs qug s`k slfldnrgs slfldnrgs n gd tncdgr` mg j`ktr`d prlkjlpnd, pgr` gk vgz mg dns dns sgfnkns ddgvn d`s mæns ` dns e`rns mgpgkmlgkm` jund gstgf`s trncnonkm`.

 

  ]ncdn 8 ]ncdgr` mg J`ktr`d X`dqugtn mg Gkgr` n Oukl` GKGS@

HGCSGS@

FNS_@

NCSLD

FN\@

OWKL@

Z GFNKN NJ]LXLMNM D-1:

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3

:

=

7

8

9

5

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>>

>3

>:

>=

>7

>8

>9

>5

><

31

3>

33

3:

3=

U

D->>N

U

D->3

U

U

D->5N D-37 D-39

U U

D-3<

U U

D-:>

U

U

U U

U U

U

U U

U

U U

G->3

U U

U U

G->= G->7

U

F->3

U

F->7

U

U

F->5

F-:= F-:7 F-=>

U U

F-><

F-::

U

U

F->9

F-3=

U U

U

U

U U

G->>

F-3>

U U

U

U

G-1<

F->8

U

U

G-18

G->:

U U

G-17

U U

U

G-1=

G-19

U

U

G-1> G-13

U

U U

U

 

SGJ@FGKMNJL@KGZ



  Zg rgj`flgkmn n dn gfprgs gfprgsnn FNUXLD FNUXLD Z.N.J  lfpdgfgktnr lkfgmlntnfgktg gd pdnk mg

fnktgklflgkt` prgvgktlv` D.G.F, qug hug mlsgþnm` y mgsnrr`ddnm` gspgjlndfgktg pnrn dn fnqulknrln, gst` inrnktlznrn ukn nmgjunmn y fgo`r mlsp`sljlúk mg dn fnqulknrln.   Zg suilgrg utldlznr d`s j`fcustlcdgs, njgltgs, nmltlv`s y rgpugst`s `rlilkndgs d`s



rgj`fgkmnm`s gk gd fnkund mgd hncrljnktg, gst` inrnktlznrn uk fgo`r hukjl`knflgkt` mg d`s gqulp`s y ndnrinrn dn vlmn ÿtld mg dn fnqulknrln.   Zg rgj`flgkmn lfpdgfgktnr p`dætljns qug igkgrgk ukn judturn mg fnktgklflgkt`



 prgvgktlv`, rgndlznr jnpnjltnjl`kgs n d`s `pgrnrl`s, qug fugstrgk dns c`kmnmgs mgd fnktgklflgkt` y d`s f`tlvg n dn npdljnjlúk mgd pdnk.   Zg suilgrg dn j`ktrntnjlúk mg uk fgjîklj` mg pdnktn qug gstì nd tnkt` mg t`mn dn



fnqulknrln, qug j`k`zjn mgtnddnmnfgktg gd hukjl`knflgkt`, pugst` qug jnmn qug eny ukn hnddn dns fnqulkns s`k ddgvnmns n mlstlkt`s tnddgrgs y fgjîklj`s mg turk`, sgiÿk gd qug tgkin j`ktrnt` j`k gd fukljlpl` gk gsg f`fgkt`.   Zg rgj`flgkmn nd oghg mg `crn gstnr prgsgktg t`m`s d`s mæns nktgs mg gfpgznr dns dnc`rgs,



vgrlhljnkm` qug d`s `pgrnrl`s rgndlznk dns njtlvlmnmgs mlnrlns mg fnktgklflgkt` y sgiurlmnm, pnrn tgkgr uk j`ktr`d mg qug gd pdnk sg gstî jufpdlgkm` n jncndlmnm.   sg suilgrg mnr dn rgsp`ksncldlmnm mg igkgrnr dns úrmgkgs mg trncno` y mliltnr dn lkh`rfnjlúk



mg dns njtlvlmnmgs rgndlznmns nd ndfnjgklstn, pnrn gst` gs kgjgsnrl` ukn jnpnjltnjlúk mg `hhljg cîslj` y dn m`tnjlúk mg uk gqulp` mg júfput` yn qug gk d`s tnddgrgs k` sg jugktn j`k klkiuk`.   Zg rgj`flgkmn usnr slgfprg t`m`s d`s gdgfgkt`s mg sgiurlmnm j`f` jnsj`, tnpn `æm`s,



jendgj`s rghdgjtlv`, c`tns mg sgiurlmnm, n t`m`s d`s `pgrnrl`s mg dns fnqulkns.