Pipa Seri Dan Pipa Paralel
August 14, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download Pipa Seri Dan Pipa Paralel...
Description
JAJ G TIOMA@YNYAO
A. Nata Natarr Jin Jinak akao aof f
Manah jgmaof ]ikogk Rgpgn, `gmrcngka hirupakao jafgao gnhu praktgs yaof mgfuoakao uotuk hioyinisagkao pirhasana`ao yaof jir`ujuofao miofao angrao zat bagr. Haka, gnhu gog `arus mgpa`ahg miofao jagk, jukao `aoya hinanug pirkunga`ao sala (ticrg), titapg lufa hinanug pirbcjaao mg napaofao. Traktgkuh am aman ana` a` ba bara ra tirsi tirsiom omgr grgg uo uotu tuk k hi hiha ha`a `ahg hg ja jafa fagh ghao aoaa ti ticr crgg tirsij tirsijut ut ma mapa patt mgti mgtira rapk pkao ao,, si`go si`goff ffaa kgta kgta ak akao ao hing hing`a `att pi pirj rjao aomg mgof ofao ao ti ticr crgg ma mao o kc kcom omgsg gsg sisuoffu`oya. Ta Tama ma zaha zahao o Hisg Hisgrr Kuoc Kuoc ma mao o Jajg Jajgnc ncog oga, a, ti tiko kogk gk `g `gmr mrcn cngk gkaa ti tina na` ` mgprak mgp raktik tikkao kao manah manah ki`gmu ki`gmupao pao si`argsi`arg-`ar `arg. g. Jaofuo Jaofuoao ao Grgfasg Grgfasg mao Mragoa Mragoasi si sipirtg jiomuofao, sanurao mao aquamubk tina` mgjaofuo pama ta`uo :944 RH. Rilara` gnhu `gmrcngka mghunag cni` Arb`ghgmis (:06 ‒ :1: RH) mao sinaolutoya sinaolu toya hiofanahg hiofanahg pirkihjaof pirkihjaofao ao mgtaomag mgtaomag miofao miofao huobunoya huobunoya jirjafag jirjafag ticrg marg para gnhuwao. Tama ajam ki-10 gnhu `gmrcngka hiofanahg piruja`ao, mghaoa mgh aoa `gmrcn `gmrcngka gka ticrgtg ticrgtgss tirpgsa tirpgsa` ` marg marg `gmrcn `gmrcngka gka praktg praktgs. s. @gmrcn @gmrcngka gka ticrgtg ticrgtgss jirkihjaof hiolamg gnhu `gmrcmgoahgka, mao `gmrcngka praktgs sijafag gnhu `gmrcngka ikspirghio. Rikgtar ak`gr ajam ki-17, Numwgf Traom` (1069-1792) hioffajuof hioff ajuofkao kao ticrg `gmrcmgoah `gmrcmgoahgka gka mao `gmrcngka `gmrcngka ikspirghio ikspirghio hiolamg hiolamg Gnhu Hikaogka Enugma.
1
JAJ GG ZGOFKARAO GRG JYKY
A. Gmio Gmiotg tgta tass Juk Juku u Juku Ytaha <
Lumun Juku
< @g @gmrcngka < Tgpa sirg mao pgpa paranin
Hatirg.
Tiofaraof
< Mr. Gr. Zuhgnna @ara`ap, H.]
Kcta ]irjgt
< Himao
]ijan Juku
< 196 @anahao
Juku Tihjaomgof <
Lumun Juku
< @gmraungka G < pgpa sirg mao pgpa paranin
Hatirg.
Tiofaraof
< Mr. Gr. Jahjaof ]rgathcmlc, Bis., Mia.
Tioirjgt
< Ji Jita Ceesit
Kcta ]irjgt
< Wcfyakarta
]a`uo ]irjgt
< 17 1772
Bitakao
< Tirtaha
]ijan Juku
< ::4 @anahao
GRJO
< 767-09=1-4:-:
J. Zg Zgof ofka kasa sao o Gsg Gsg Juku Juku Juku Ytaha JAJ G < TIOMA@YNYAO
@gmrcngka @gmrc ngka mao hikaogka hikaogka enugma amana` jafgao margpama hikaogka hikaogka tirpakag tirpakag yaof hihpinalarg statgka mao mgoahgka marg bagrao mao fas. Enugma ama : habah< bagrao mao fas. Vatak marg enugma amana` hiofangr, hiofgsg ruaofao yaof hiwama`goya. Jijirapa mgaotara sgeat-sgeat enugma amana`< 1. Miosgt Miosgtas as (hassa (hassa liogs) liogs) mao mao jira jiratt spisgeg spisgegk k :. ]ikaoao
:
2. ]ihpiratur ]ihpiratur (su`u), (su`u), paoas paoas spisgegk, spisgegk, kcomuktgv kcomuktgvgtas gtas tirhan, tirhan, mao kciegsgio kciegsgio ikspao ikspaosg sg tirhan =. Bchpri Bchprissgj ssgjgng gngty, ty, bchp bchpriss rissgjn gjnii encw 9. Ugskc skcsgtas 5. ]ifaofao Rgeat-sgeat Enugma
Enugma gog mapat kgta jafg hiolamg mua jafgao yagtu < 1. En Enu ugm gmaa sta statg tgss :. En Enu ugm gmaa mgoa mgoah hgs JAJ GG < KAZAK]IZGR]GK ENYGMA @GMZCNGKA
Apngkasg `gmrcngka manah rikayasa ]ikogk Rgpgn< 1. Grgfasg :. Jiomuofao 2. Ti Tihj hjua uata tao o lihja lihjata tao o =. Mragoasi 9. Tinaju`ao 5. Ruhj Ruhjir ir tio tioaf afaa agr agr (TN] (TN]A) A) 6. Oavgfasg Hatirgan manah gnhu hikaogk mgjafg hiolamg<
Enugma Jioma pamat Manah hikaogka enugma mgkioan jijirapa pirgnaku enugma aotara nago< 1. Ugskcsgtas
Ugskcsgtas Ugskc sgtas enugma hioyijajk hioyijajkao ao amaoya amaoya tifaofao tifaofao fisir aotar hcnikun enugma yaof jirfirak. ]icrg masar manah pihja`asao vgskcsgtas yagtu < Oiwtco < < ]ifaofao fisir sijaomgof miofao framgio kibipatao ocrhan tir`amap Oiwtco ara` angrao (pirjimaao kibipatao aotar : hcnikun). Kcomgsg yaof tirlamg pama angrao yagtu < - Nahgoir < Zinasg tifaofao fisir mao vgskcsgtas ngogir
2
- ]urjunio < Zinasg tifaofao fisir mao vgskcsgtas tgmak ngoiar kario piofaru` mgoahgka angrao (turjiosg). :. Miosgtas
Rijafa Rij afagha ghaoa oa nayako nayakoya ya jioma jioma nag nago o yaof yaof tirmapa tirmapatt mganah mganah.. Tiofar Tiofaru` u` tihpiratur mao tikaoao pama siosgtas saofat kibgn si`goffa mapat mgajagkao. 2. Enugma Enugma tak tak hahpu hahpat hahpat (Gobchpr (Gobchprissg issgjni) jni) Kibuang hiofanahg tikaoao faya nuar mao tgmak hihgngkg kisihpatao uotuk
jirmiecrhasg, atau kibipatao piofangraooya ? 1 hab`. Liogs angrao manah `gmrcngka <
Angrao tirtutup 8? Angrao manah pgpa
Angrao tirjuka 8? Angrao miofao pirhukaao jijas
]gpi Angrao <
a. Angr Angrao ao si siraf rafah ah ; jgna jgna ki kima mana naha hao o angra angraoo-an angra grao o saha saha pa pama ma si sitg tgap ap pi pioa oahp hpao aof f sanurao. Bcotc`oya sanurao mragoasi. j. Angrao tgmak sirafah ; jgna kimanahao angrao tgmak saha pama sitgap pioahpaof sanurao. Bcotc`oya angrao pama pgotu agr. ]gpi nago yaof mgjimakao jirmasarkao waktu < a. Angrao Angrao titap titap ; jgna jgna kimana kimanahao hao angrao angrao tgmak jiruja jiruja` ` sipaolao sipaolaof f waktu tirtiot tirtiotu. u. Bcotc` grgfasg. j. Angrao tgmak titap ; jgna kimanahaooya jiruja` sisuag waktu. Bcotc` angrao huara yaof mgpiofaru`g pasaof surut mao jaolgr/finchjaof.
JAJ GGG < KAZAK]IZGR]GK \A] BAGZ
\at bagr rggn amana` zat bagr yaof hihpuoyag hihpuoyag kikiotanao kikiotanao (vgsbcsgty), (vgsbcsgty), simaofkao simaofkao zat bagr gmian amana` zat bagr yaof tgmak hihpuoyag kikiotanao. Ama mua liogs angrao vgskcs yaof `arus mgpa`ahg mao mgsingmgkg. Angrao tirsijut amana` angrao nahgoir mao angrao turjunio. Kimua liogs angrao tirsijut mgatur cni` `ukuh`ukuh yaof jirjima.
Angrao nahgoir
=
Manah angrao nahgoir partgkin-partgkin zat bagr jirfirak mg sipaolaof ngotasaongotasao nurus, silalar manah napgsao-napgsao atau nahgoai nahgoai..
Jgnaofao Ziyocnm
Jgnaof Jgn aofao ao Ziyocn Ziyocnm m amana` amana` jgnaof jgnaofao ao yaof yaof tgmak tgmak hihpuo hihpuoyag yag mghios mghiosg, g, yaof yaof hioyatakao pirjaomgofao faya-faya goirsga tir`amap faya-faya kikiotanao. Eaktcr-eaktc Eaktc r-eaktcrr yaof hihpiofaru`g hihpiofaru`g tirlamgoya tirlamgoya pirjimaao pirjimaao angrao, angrao, `asgn marg pirbcjaao pirbcjaao Ziyocnms amana` <
eaktcr kiamaao angrao yagtu kikiotanao zat bagr (hu), (hu), rapat hassa zat bagr (r`c) (r`c) pgpa M.. mgahitir pgpa M
Angrao ]urjunio
Manah angrao turjunio partgkin - partgkin jirfirak tgmak tiratur ki sihua ara`.
Angrao Nahgoir Manah Tgpa
Mg manah hihpinalarg angrao zat bagr , jijirapa eaktcr yaof piotgof mgkita`ug amana` mgstrgjusg kibipatao angrao, tifaofao fisir mao ki`gnaofao ioirfg atau tioafa sinaha piofangrao. Ki`gna Ki` gnaofa ofao o ioirfg ioirfg sinaha sinaha piofan piofangra grao o hinanu hinanugg pgpa pgpa amana` amana` sijafa sijafagg jirgku jirgkut. t. Ripirtg tirng`at manah fahjar mg jawa`, ki`gnaofao tioafa pama piofangrao aotara tgtgk 1 mao : amana`<
`e 8(
p 1
+
β
v
1
:
:f
p :
)√( + β
v
:
:
:f
)
Karioa v1 8 v:, haka
p 1 p : Νp `e 8 √ 8 ) β β β
:
v1 / : f
`e :
v: / : f
p1/β
p:/β
9
1
:
Apajgna ognag p marg pirsahaao (1-:2) mgsujstgtusgkao ki manah jiotuk mg atas, akao mgpircni`
U 0 ξN
`e 8
:
8
0 vUN
fa
β a `e 8
:
2: vUN
fM :
( 1-4)
Miofao Miof ao θ(ou) amana` kikiotanao kikiotanao kgoihatgk. kgoihatgk. Tirsahaao Tirsahaao gog mgkioan sijafag pirsahaao pirsahaao Tcgs Tc gsiu iugn gnni ni.. Ratu Ratu `a `ann ya yaof of pi pirn rnu u mgpi mgpir` r`at atgk gkao ao am aman ana` a` ja ja`w `waa an angr grao ao na nahg hgoi oirr tgma tgmak k mgpiofaru`g cni` jgmaof jatas atau kikasarao mgomgof. JAJ GU < ANGZAO R]IMG R]IMG HINANYG RGR]IH RGR]IH TGTA
Tirsahaao kcotgougtas
Kuhpunao marg jijirapa jijirapa fargs arus mgsijut tajuof tajuof arus. Karioa tgmak ama angrao yaof hihctcof fargs arus, haka zat bagr mg manah tajuof arus tgmak kinuar hinanug mgomgof tajuof.
ρ1 U 1 mA1 8 ρU : mA : mghaoa, U1 mao U:
8 kibipatao stimg rata-rata pioahpaof satu mao mua
mA1 mao mA: 8 nuas pioahpaof pgas tajuof arus ρ ρ1 mao mao ρ:
8 rapat hassa
Tirsahaao Jirocunng
Tirsahaao Jirocunng uotuk angrao stimg satu mghiosg amana` < :
p U z+ + 8 kcos tao ρf : f
( :-4)
mghaoa< z
8 inivasg
p ρf 8 tgoffg tikaoao
5
:
U :f
8 tgoffg kibipatao
Kitgfa suku tirsijut hihpuoyag hihpuoyag satuao paolaof. Luhna` Luhna` marg inivasg, tgoffg tikao mao tgoffg kibipatao mgsijut sijafag tgoffg ioirsg tctan.
Fisirao manah pgpa junat
Ruatu Rua tu zat bagr bagr yaof yaof hiofan hiofangr gr suatu suatu jgmaof jgmaof jatas jatas sipirtg sipirtg hinanug hinanug pgpa pgpa akao akao hiofanahg tifaofao fisir mao kihgrgofao kihgrgofao kibipatao (framgio k kibipatao) ibipatao) pama sinuru` hima hi mao o angra angrao o ak akgj gjat at ki kiki kiot otana anao. o. ]ifa ]ifaof ofao ao fi fisir sir ti tirsi rsiju jutt ak akao ao hiof hiofak akgj gjat atka kao o ki`gnaofao ioirfg sinaha piofangrao. Ki`gnaofao ioirsg gog mgsijut ki`gnaofao ioirsg prghir yaof mgtungs miofao ` e .
R 8 e
` e N
Fargs kihgrgofao `gmraungk (fargs kihgrgofao tikaoao) @FN tikaoao) @FN amana` amana` fargs yaof hiouolukkao tgoffg tikaoao (prissuri `iam) sipaolaof pgpa.
Re
:
α v1 / : f
IFN
`e α
:
v: / : f p1/β
@FN
p:/β
N
1 :
ΰ
\1
\:
matuh
p 1 z 1 + ρf +
U
: 1
:f
p :
U ::
8 z: + ρf + : f + ∑ ` e
( :-4)
6
Karioa U 1 8 U : , ,
p :
p1
Haka
z 1+ 8 z : + + `e ρf ρf
( :-4
Manah angrao stimg-uogecrh,Faya "Mcrcof" saha miofao Faya "]a`ao" "]a`ao" mao pirsahaao aotara pioahpaof 1 mao :
JAJ U < ANGZAO MANAH RGR]IH TGTA
Rgstih largofao pgpa jireuofsg uotuk hiofangrkao zat bagr marg satu tihpat ki tihpat nago. Angrao tirlamg karioa amaoya pirjimaao tgoffg tikaoao mg kimua tihpat, ya yaof of jgsa jgsa tirl tirlam amgg ka kario rioaa am amao aoya ya pi pirj rjim imaao aao in iniv ivasg asg huka huka agr at atau au ka kario rioaa am amao aoya ya tahja`ao ioirfg marg pchpa. Rgstih mgstrgjusg largofao pgpa pama maira` pirkctaao atau kawasao gomustrg yaof jisar jgsa saofat kchpnik. Tama jaj gog akao mgja`as sgstih largofao pgpa yaof simir`aoa, yaof mapat mgjafg hiolamg ihpat, yagtu < Angrao manah pgpa sirg
Angrao manah pgpa paranin Angrao manah pgpa jirbajaof Angrao manah largofao pgpa
Angrao Manah Tgpa Rirg
Jgna mua jua` pgpa atau nijg` yaof hihpuoyag mgahitir atau kikasarao jirjima mg`ujuofkao si`goffa zat bagr mapat hiofangr manah pgpa yaof satu ki pgpa nagooya, haka pgpa-pgpa tirsijut mgkatakao mg`ujuofkao sibara sirg. Tirscanao pama pgpa sirg pama uhuhoya amana` hioiotukao jisaroya mijgt angrao Q jgna karaktirgstgk hasgof-hasgof pgpa, yagtu < paolaof < N 1, N:; mgahitir < M1, M:; kciegsgio fisikao e 1, e : mao jima tgoffg inivasg huka agr pama kimua risirvcgr mgkita`ug atau hioiotukao pirjimaao inivasg huka agr @ jgna mijgt mao karaktirgstgk pgpa mgkita`ug.
1
0
Fahjar 2-1. Tgpa sirg sirg
Taolaof Tgpa Ikugvanio
Tgpa sirg sipirtg mguragkao mg atas, mapat mgsinisagkao miofao hitcmi paolaof pgpa ikugvanio. Mua sgstih pgpa mgkatakao ikugvanio jgna pama ki`gnaofao ioirfg yaof saha akao hiof`asgnkao mijgt yaof saha pama kimua sgstih tirsijut.
Angrao Manah Tgpa Taranin
Kchjgo Kch jgoasg asg marg marg mua atau atau nijg` nijg` pgpa pgpa sipirt sipirtgg mgtuo mgtuoluk lukkao kao pama pama Fahjar Fahjar 0-2 si`gof si` goffa fa angrao angrao tirjaf tirjafgg ki hasgof hasgof-ha -hasgo sgof f pgpa pgpa mao kihumg kihumgao ao jirfaj jirfajuof uof kihjan kihjang, g, mgsijut sijafag susuoao pgpa paranin. Tama susuoao pgpa sirg, mijgt angrao pama sihua pgpa amana` saha mao ki`gnaofao ioirsg hirupakao pioluhna`ao marg ki`gnaofao ioirsg pama sihua pgpa, simaofkao manah pgpa paranin, ki`gnaofao ioirsg pama sitgap pgpa amana` saha mao mijgt angrao hirupakao pioluhna`ao marg mijgt pama sitgap pgpa.
Angrao Manah Tgpa Jirbajaof
Tgpa jirbajaof jirbajaof tirmgrg marg mua atau nijg` pgpa yaof jirbajaof jirbajaof pama suatu tgtgk mao tgmak jirfajuof kihjang pama jafgao `gngroya. Ama tgfa kihuofkgoao piofangrao yaof huofkgo tirlamg, yaof mgtiotukao cni` tgoffg fargs tikaoao mg tgtgk bajaof ] tir`amap huka agr mg J mao huka agr mg B. Kitgfa kihuofkgoao piofangrao tirsijut amana` <
Tirsahaao Angrao Rtiamy manah Largof - largof pgpa <
Masar< - Tirsahaao kcotgougtas - @ukuh ioirsg
Afar hihiou`g pirsahaao kcotgougtas < Hassa, jirat, vcnuhi yaof hasuk ki manah suatu tgtgk sghpun 8 yaof kinuar
Rgstih pgpa <
0:9 h - 4,:9 h 1444 h - 4,:4 h
7
Lgka Q 8 4,4=79 h2/mt mao 8 4,412,
]iotukao pgpa ikgvanio jgna < 1). Tgpa Tgpa aman amana` a` sirg :). Tgpa Tgpa amana` amana` para paranin nin
JAJ UG < LIOGR ANGZAO MANAH RANYZAO ]IZJYKA
Tioma`unuao
\at bagr mapat mgaofkut marg suatu tihpat ki tihpat nago hinanug jaofuoao pihjawa anahga ana hga` ` ataupu ataupuo o juatao juatao haousg haousga. a. Jaofuo Jaofuoao ao pihjaw pihjawaa gog mapat mapat tirjuk tirjukaa haupu haupuo o tirtutup jafgao atasoya. Ranurao yaof tirtutup jafgao atasoya mgsijut sanurao tirtutup (bncsim bcomugts), bcomugts), simaofkao yaof tirjuka jafgao atasoya mgsijut sanurao s anurao tirjuka ((cpio cpio b`aooins). b`aooins ). Ruofag, Ruofag, sanurao sanurao grgfasg, grgfasg, sinckao, sinckao, istuar istuargg hirupa hirupakao kao sanurao sanurao tirjuka, tirjuka, simaofkao tircwcofao, pgpa, aquamubt, fcrcof-fcrcof, mao sgp`co hirupakao sanurao tirtutup.
Miegogsg
Angr Angrao ao ma mana nah h sa sanu nura rao o tirj tirjuk ukaa haup haupuo uo sanur sanurao ao ti tirtu rtutu tup p ya yaof of hihp hihpuo uoya yagg pirhukaao jijas mgsijut angrao pirhukaao jijas ( erii sureabi encw) encw) atau angrao sanurao tirjuka (cpio (cpio b`aooin encw). encw). Manah juku gog kimuaoya hihpuoyag artg yaof saha atau sgocogh. Mapat jirjiotuk pirsifg, sifgtgfa, trapisguh, ngofkarao, tapan kuma, atau tgmak jiraturao. Jiotuk-jiotuk sanurao tirjuka, jagk sanurao juatao haupuo anahga`, yaof mapat kgta luhpag mgpirng`atkao pama Fahjar 7-: jirgkut.
14
Fahjar =-:. Jiotuk-jiotuk Jiotuk-jiot uk pctcofao hingotaof sanurao tirjuka
Jirmasarkao piruja`ao kimanahao mao/atau kibipatao hiofgkutg euofsg waktu, angrao mgjimakao hiolamg <
Angrao pirhaoio (stiamy)
]gmak pirhaoio (uostiamy)
Jirmasarkao euofsg ruaof mgjimakao hiolamg <
•
Angrao sirafah (uogecrh (uogecrh))
]gmak sirafah (oco-uogecrh (oco-uogecrh))
Kcosirvasg Hassa (Tirsahaao Kcotgougtas)
Yotuk Yo tuk hiolaj hiolajark arkao ao pirsah pirsahaao aao kcotgo kcotgougt ugtas, as, hargna hargna` ` kgta kgta tgolau tgolau ang angrao rao zat bagr bagr tgmak tgmak hahpu hahp u hapat mg manah suatu pgas pgas sanurao tirjuka, tirjuka, sipirtg sipirtg pama Fahjar Fahjar 7-9. Tama Tama sanurao sanura o tirsijut tirsijut tgmak tirlamg angrao hasuk atau kinuar hioihjus hioihjus mgomgof sanurao, mao angrao amana` pirhaoio. Tama Tama angr angrao ao tita titap p ( stiamy) stiamy) nu nuas as tahp tahpao aof f ja jasa` sa` tgmak tgmak ji jiru ruja ja` ` si sina naha ha
t, si`gof si`goffa fa
gotifrasg pirsahaao pirsahaao (2-9) hiof`asgnkao < Q 8 kcostao atau Q1 8 Q:
A1U1 8 A:U:
( =-4)
JAJ UGG < ANGZAO TIZHAOIO RIZAFAH (R]IAMW YOGECZH ENCV) •
Angr Angrao ao Tirh Tirhao aoio io Ri Rira rafa fah h ( Rtiamy Rtiamy uogecrh uogecrh encw) encw)
An Angr grao ao siraf sirafah ah am aman ana` a` angr angrao ao ya yaof of hihp hihpuo uoya yagg ki kibi bipa pata tao o kc kcos osta tao o tir`ama tir` amap p larak, larak, fargs fargs ang angrao rao nurus nurus mao silalar silalar,, mao mgstrgj mgstrgjusg usg tikaoa tikaoao o amana` amana` `gmrcstatgs. Yotuk angrao pirhaoio jirartg puna ja`wa kibipatao amana` kcostao tir`amap tir`am ap waktu. Miofao kata nago, pirbipatao pirbipatao saha miofao ocn, mao faya-faya faya-faya yaof jikirla pama pgas agr amana` manah kcomgsg sighjaof. Kihgrgofao masar sanurao R c, pirhukaao agr, R w, mao framgio ioirfg, R e , amana` saha.
11
•
Mgst Mgstrrgj gju usg Kib Kibipata patao o
Kibipatao angrao manah sanurao jgasaoya saofat jirvargasg marg satu tgtgk ki tgtgk nagooya. @an gog mgsijajkao amaoya tifaofao fisir mg masar mao mgomgof sanurao mao kijiramaao pirhukaao jijas.
:,4 1,9 1,4 4,9
1,4
:,4
1 , 9
4 , 9
1 , 4
:,4
4,9
1,9
Ranurao trapisguh
Ranurao sitiofa` ngofkraoa
Ranurao sifgtgfa :,4
1,9
:,9
1 , 4
: , 4
:,9 JAJ UGGG < MGHIORG MAO KATARG]AR RANYZAO :,4 1,9 4 , 9
1,4 4,9
1,4 :,4 1,9
Zuhus Ihpgrgs Kibipatao Ranurao anahga` jiotukZata-rata sihjaraof
pgpa
4,9
Ranurao pirsifg sihpgt
Kari Ka rioa oa jita jitapa pa su sung ngto toya ya hioi hioiot otuk ukao ao tifa tifaof ofao ao fi fisi sirr mao mao mgst mgstrg rgju jusg sg kibipata kibi patao o manah manah angrao angrao turjunio turjunio,, haka mgfuoakao mgfuoakao piomikat piomikatao ao ihpgrgs ihpgrgs uotuk uotuk hiof`gtu hiof `gtuof of kibipata kibipatao o rata-rata rata-rata.. Jijirapa Jijirapa ruhus ruhus ihpgrgs ihpgrgs kibipatao kibipatao rata-rat rata-rata a akao kgta ja`as pama jafgao jirgkut gog. Zuhus B`izy (1657)
Manah piouruoao ruhus B`izy, mgfuoakao jijirapa asuhsg< Angrao amana` pirhaoio, Kihgrgofao masar sanurao amana` kibgn (t`ita kibgn, bcs(D)81), Ranurao amana` prgshatgk.
∑ E 8 T √ T +V x √ E e √ E a 1
( 5-4)
:
mghaoa < T1 mao T:
8
tikaoao `gmrcstatgs
Ee
8
faya fi fisi sirr ao aotara ma masa sarr/mgomgof san sanu urao ma mao ag agrr 8 cTx,
Ea
8
faya fisir aotara pi pirhukaao agr mao umara 4,
V
8
jirat agr manah sifhio yaof mgtgolau 8 Ax.
Haoogof (1007)
Ricraof Ricra of gosgoyur gosgoyur Grnaomga Grnaomga jiroaha jiroaha Zcjirt Zcjirt Haoogof Haoogof (1007) (1007) hiofihukak hiofihukakao ao sijua` sijua` ruhus yaof ak`groya mgpirjagkg hiolamg ruhus yaof saofat tirkioan sijafag<
1:
:
1
U 8 Z R o 2
1 :
( 5-4 )
mghaoa o mgkioan sijafag kciegsgio kikasarao Haoogof. Tirnu mgbatat ja`wa o jukao jgnaofao ocomghiosgcoan, ocomghiosgcoan, titapg jirmghiosg ]N-1/2. Marg kimua ruhus kibipatao B`izy mao Haoogof mapat mgtargk suatu kcrinasg aotara kciegsgio B`izy mao kciegsgio Haoogof sijafag< 1
Z B 8 o
5
( 5-4)
1. Kcost Kcostaot aota a Haoo Haoogof gof Ikgvan Ikgvanio io
Yotuk Yotu k pioiotuao kikasarao ikugvanio, ikugvanio, nuas jasa` mghgsankao mghgsankao mgjafg hiolamg O suj jafgao miofao kingngof jasa` hasgof-hasgof T hasgof-hasgof T 1 , , T : , , …, T O mao kciegsgio kciegsgio kikasarao o1 , , o: ,…., ,…., o O. @crtco mao Igostigo (17=:) hiofaoffap ja`wa sitgap jafgao hihpuoyag kibipatao rata-rata saha miofao kibipatao rata-rata uotuk sinuru` pioahpaof, yakog U 18 U :8 … 8 U O 8 U. Jir Jirmas masar ar aoffap aoffapao ao gog, gog, haka haka kikasar kikasarao ao ikugva ikugvanio nio mapat mapat mg`gtu mg`gtuof of marg marg pirsahaao< : 2
Z R U 8 o
Z8
1 :
atau
2
2
:
:
o U 2
R
=
:. Jiotu Jiotuk k Ranura Ranurao o yaof yaof Tangof Tangof Ikco Ikcochg chgss
Tctcof Tct cofao ao hingot hingotaof aof sanurao sanurao yaof yaof pangof pangof ikcoch ikcochgs gs amana` amana` sanurao sanurao yaof yaof mapat mapat hiniwatkao mijgt haksghuh uotuk nuas pioahpaof jasa`, kikasarao, mao kihgrgofao masar tirtiotu. 1. Tioahpao Tioahpaof f Jirjio Jirjiotuk tuk Tirsifg Tirsifg yaof Ikcochgs Ikcochgs
Yotuk pioahpaof hingotaof sanurao jirjiotuk pirsifg miofao nijar masar J, mao kimanahao agr, nuas pioahpaof jasa`, A, mao kingngof jasa`, T. Mapat kgta ng`at ja`wa jiotuk pioahpaof hingotaof pirsifg yaof pangof ikcochgs amana` lgka kimanahao agr sitiofa` marg nijar masar sanurao, atau larg-larg `gmraungkoya sitiofa` marg kimanahao agr. :. Tioahpao Tioahpaof f Jirjio Jirjiotuk tuk ]rapisgu ]rapisguh h yaof yaof Ikcochgs Ikcochgs
Nuas pioahpaof pioahpaof hingotaof, hingotaof, A, A, mao kingngo kingngof f jasa`, jasa`, T , sanurao miofao pioahpaof hingotaof hingo taof yaof jirjiotuk jirjiotuk trapisguh miofao nijar masar J J,, kimanahao angrao `, mao
12
kihgrg kih grgofa ofao o mgomgo mgomgof f 1. Mio Miofao fao mihgkg mihgkgao, ao, haka haka pioahp pioahpaof aof trapisgu trapisguh h yaof yaof pangof pangof iegsgio amana` lgka kihgrgofao mgomgofoya, h 8 (1/ 2), atau 8 54c. ]rapisguh yaof tirjiotuk jirupa sitiofa` sifgioah jiraturao (`iksafcoan). 2. Tioahpao Tioahpaof f Jirjio Jirjiotuk tuk Rifgtgfa Rifgtgfa yaof Ikcochgs Ikcochgs
Yotuk pctcofao hingotaof sanurao yaof jirjiotuk sifgtgfa, miofao kihgrgofao sgsg tir`amap tir`am ap fargs virtgkan virtgkan , mao kimanahao agr, ` (Fahjar 5-=), haka pioahpaof jasa`, A A,, ma mao o ki king ngng ngof of jasa`, jasa`, T . Miofa Miofao o mihgkgao, mihgkgao, sanurao jirjiotuk jirjiotuk sifgtgfa yaof pangof pangof ikcoch ikc ochgs gs amana` amana` lgka lgka kihgrg kihgrgofa ofao o mgomgo mgomgofoy foyaa hihjio hihjiotuk tuk sumut sumut =9c miofao miofao fargs virtgkan.
JAJ GP < ANGZAO KZG]GR Ioirfg Rpisgegk
Waof mghaksum miofao ioirfg spisgegk amana` tgoffg tioafa pama sihjaraof tahpaof mgukur marg masar sanurao, atau tioafa tgap satuao jirat agr pama sihjaraof tahpaof mgukur marg masar sanurao. Lamg yaof mghaksum miofao ioirfg spisgegk sibara hatihatgs mapat mgtungs sijafag jirgkut< :
U I8 ` + α :f mghaoa
( 6-4)
8 kciegsgio Bcrgcngs 8 1 s/m 1,1
2. Kima Kimana naha hao o Krg Krgtg tgss
Rijafaghaoa mgja`as sijinuhoya, kimanahao mg haoa ioirfg spisgegkoya hgoghuh mgsij mgsijut ut ki kima manah nahao ao kr krgt gtgs gs,, ma mao o angra angraoo ooya ya mg mgoa oaha haka kao o an angr grao ao kr krgt gtgs. gs. An Angr grao ao kr krgt gtgs gs hihpuoyag jijirapa sgeat-sgeat yaof spisgegk. Manah jafgao gog akao mgja`as sgseat-sgeat tirsijut mao apngkasgoya manah jgmaof tikogk sgpgn. 1. RgeatRgeat-sge sgeat at angra angrao o krgtgs krgtgs
Tirtaha akao kgta tgolau sanurao miofao pctcofao hingotaof yaof pangof simir`aoa, yagtu jirjiotuk pirsifg, kihuamgao mgkihjaofkao ki jiotuk uhuh.
Ranurao jirjiotuk pirsifg Ioirfg spisgegk . Rijafaghaoa Rijafaghaoa mgu mguragkao ragkao mgmipao, ja`wa uotuk sanurao pirsifg miofao
mgstrgjusg tikaoao `gmrcstatgs mao kibipatao sirafah amana`<
1=
4 lgka ` 8 4, 4, mao lufa lgka Mijgt satuao. Marg pirsahaao (6-:4) tahpak linas ja`wa q 8 4 lgka ` 8 I . Ri`goffa kgta puoya mua tgtgk pama kurva q-` q-` uotuk uotuk I tirtiotu. Yotuk hiofita`ug jiotuk kurva gog, hargna` kgta tiotukao nckasg haksghuh mao hgoghuh kurva gog mao ognag q pama tgtgk-tgtgk gog. @arfa q akao haksghuh atau hgoghuh lgka mq/m` 8 4. 4.
JAJ P < ANGZAO JIZYJA@ NAHJA] NAYO
A. Angrao Jiruja` Nahjat Nauo (Framuanny ( Framuanny Uargim Encw) Encw)
Angrao Ang rao jiruja jiruja` ` nahjat nahjat nauo nauo pama pama sanurao sanurao tirjuka tirjuka jirjim jirjimaa miofao miofao ang angrao rao sirafah sirafah haupuo hau puo ang angrao rao jiruja jiruja` ` tgja-tg tgja-tgja ja (ncoba (ncobatt agr), agr), mghaoa mghaoa kimanah kimanahao ao agr pama pama sanura sanurao o jiruja` sibara framuan tir`amap larak. Manah angrao sirafah kimanahao agr amana` kcostao yaof mgkioan miofao oaha kimanahao ocrhan. Fargs kihgrgofao kihgrgofao ioirfg silalar miofao miof ao fargs huka agr mao fargs masa masarr sanurao. Mgstrgjusg Mgstrgjusg kibipatao kibipatao titap sipaolaof sipaolaof sanurao, si`goffa pir`gtuofao kimanahao agr bukup mgnakukao sikang sipaolaof sanurao. Tama angrao jiruja` jiruja` nahjat nauo piruja`ao piruja`ao kibipatao kibipatao tirlamg sibara framuan framuan tir`amap larak, si`goffa piofaru` pirbipatao pama angrao aotara mua pctcofao yaof jirmikatao mapat map at mgajag mgajagkao kao.. Tir`gt Tir`gtuof uofao ao prcegn prcegn huka huka agr mapat mapat mgnaku mgnakukao kao jirmas jirmasark arkao ao prgosg prgosgp p ioirfg. ]ctann ioirfg ]cta ioirfg pama sihjaraof pctcofao pctcofao pama sanurao tirjuka mapat mgoyatakao mgoyatakao sijafag sijafag jirgkut< :
@ 8 z + ` +
U :
f
at atau au @ 8 z + ` +
Q
:
:
:
fA
( 0-4)
Yotuk Yo tuk hiof`g hiof`gtuo tuof f prcegn prcegn huka huka agr, agr, pirtah pirtaha-ta a-taha ha mgpirnu mgpirnukao kao vargasg vargasg ioirfg ioirfg tctan tctan sipaol sip aolaof aof sanu sanurao rao..
Yotuk Yotuk gtu gtu tctan tctan ioir ioirfg, fg, @, pirs (0-1) pirnu kgta mieiriosgankao
tir`amap larak, x larak, x,, si`goffa mgmapatkao framgio ioirfg kiara` angrao.
m@ mx mz mx
R e
8√
8√
Rc
( 0-4)
mghaoa R e 8 kihgrgofao fargs ioirfg, mao R c 8 kihgrgofao masar sanurao.
19
J. Knasgegkasg Angrao jiruja` Nahjat-Nauo
Manah hiofaoangsgs angrao jiruja` nahjat nauo, kimanahao krgtgs, `br pifaof piraoao saofat piotgof. Tama saat kimanahao agr hiomikatg kimanahao krgtgs (` 8 `br ), pioyijut ), pioyijut pama pirs (0-12) (0-12) hiomikatg ocn mao ognag m`/mx ognag m`/mx hiolamg tak tir`goffa. Kihgrgofao huka agr hiolamg saofat tirlan. Jirfaotuof pama kihgrgofao masar sanurao, kcomgsg pirhukaao, fichitrg pioahpaof hingot hin gotaof aof,, mao mijgt, mijgt, sanura sanurao o tirjuka tirjuka mapat mapat mgknas mgknasgegk gegkasgk asgkao ao kimana kimanah h ngha ngha habah. habah. Tiofinchpckao gog jirmasarkao kcomgsg angrao mg sanurao yaof mggomgkasgkao cni` pcsgsg rinatgee kimanahao ocrhan, rinatg ocrhan, ` O, mao kima kimanah nahao ao krgtgs krgtgs,, ` , yaof b , yaof mg`gtuof uotuk tgap-tgap sanurao.
JAJ PG < AOANGRGR MGHIORG MGHIORG & KIRIJAOFYOAO KIRIJAOFYOAO
Jaofuoao `gmraungk `gmraungk mapat mgmisago miofao hioffuoakao< hioffuoakao< ticrg hurog, hitcma hitcma ihpgrgs, hitcma sihg-ihpgrgs, mg haoa ecrhunasg hatihatgs jirmasarkao kcosip ticrg mao mgmukuof miofao ikspirghio, hcmin egsgk, mao hcmin hatihatgs Tiomikatao ticrg hurog manah tikogk `gmrcngk `aoya tirjatas pama kasus-kasus angrao angrao nahgoi nahgoir, r, sipirtg sipirtg hgsano hgsanoya ya pama pama pirsaha pirsahaao ao @afio@afio-Tcg Tcgssi ssignn gnnii uotuk uotuk framgi framgio o `gmrcngk `gmrc ngk pama angrao nahgoir uotuk uotuk enugma tak tirhahpatkao tirhahpatkao (gobchprissgjn (gobchprissgjnii encw) manah man ah pgpa pgpa hingof hingofkar kar.. Hitcma Hitcma ihpgrg ihpgrgss hiomas hiomasark arkao ao kcrina kcrinasg sg aotar aotar vargaj vargajin in yaof yaof mgahatg pama suatu sgstih tirtiotu. Kcrinasg tirsijut `aoya mapat mgpakag uotuk kcomgsgkcomgsg yaof sitara miofao kcomgsg mata mgkuhpunkao. mgkuhpunkao. Karioa kitgmakhahpuao uotuk hiofikspr hiofik sprisgk isgkao ao gotirak gotiraksg sg egsgk egsgk sihua sihua parahi parahitir tir yaof yaof tin tingja gjatt manah manah suatu suatu sgstih sgstih kimanah jiotuk hatihatgs, haka hitcma ihpgrgs hasg` mgpakag. Rana` satu bcotc` yaof saofat mgkioan amana` kcrinasg aotara tgoffg, kibipatao aofgo, eitb`, mao murasg manah pirahanao finchjaof naut. 1. Aoangsgs Mghiosg
Aoan Ao angs gsgs gs mghi mghios osgg
hihi hihifa faof of pira piraoa oao o
pi piot otgo gof f
mana manah h
pi piri riob obao aoaa aao o
ma mao o
piofcpirasgao suatu ikspirghio, k`ususoya manah jgmaof hikaogka enugma mao `gmrcngka. `gmrc ngka. ]aopa ]aopa tikogk tikogk aoangsgs aoangsgs mghiosg mghiosg kihaluao kihaluao ikspirghio ikspirghio haupuo haupuo pir`gtuofa pir`gtuofao o pama hikaogka enugma akao tir`ahjat.
15
:. Knasgegkasg Rkana Hcmin
Rkana hcmin mapat mgjimakao jirmasarkao (g) karaktirgstgkoya, (gg) faya yaof mchgoao, (ggg) liogs masar hcmin, (gv) liogs angrao, mao (v) kchprissgjgngtas enugma. Jirmasarkao Jirma sarkao karaktirgstgkoy karaktirgstgkoya, a, skana hcmin atau kisitaraao kisitaraao mgjimakao mgjimakao hiolamg mua kinchpck, yagtu (g) hcmin egsgk atau skana hcmin, mao (gg) hcmin ouhirgk atau hcmin hatihatgk hatiha tgk.. Hcmin Hcmin ouhirg ouhirgk k jirkih jirkihjao jaof f silanao silanao miofao miofao pirkih pirkihjao jaofao fao piraof piraofkat kat kchputir mao pama mikami tirak`gr tina` jaoyak mgpakag mgjirjafag jgmaof. Tirtaoyaao yaof yao f huobun huobun miofao miofao pirkih pirkihjao jaofao fao kchpu kchputir tir yaof yaof jifgtu jifgtu pisat pisat kihumg kihumgao ao amana` amana` apaka` mghasa hiomataof hcmin ouhirgk mapat hioffaotgkao hcmin egsgk. Tirtaoyaao gog jinuh mapat tirlawaj saat gog, karioa kitirjatasao hcmin ouhirgk hioyijajkao hcmin go jinuh mapat mgpakag pama jgmaof-jgmaof tirtiotu. 2. Hioiotukao Rkana Hcmin Rkana Rka na masar masar uotuk uotuk sihjarao sihjaraof f hcmin hcmin `gm `gmrcn rcngk gk amana` amana` skana skana fichit fichitrgs, rgs, yag yagtu tu ogsja` ogs ja` aotara aotara mghiosg mghiosg paolao paolaof f manah manah hcmin hcmin mao mghios mghiosgg paolao paolaof f manah manah prctct prctctgp. gp. Tihgng`ao skana fichitrgs yaof bcbck tirfaotuof pama tgpi sgstih enugma yaof akao mgstum mgs tumg, g, mao jirfao jirfaotuo tuof f pama pama ruaof ruaof yaof yaof tirsim tirsimga ga uotuk uotuk hihjua hihjuatt hcmin. hcmin. Oahuo Oahuo mihgkgao pirsyaratao kisitaraao mgoahgs mapat mgpakag lufa uotuk hioiotukao skana hcmin hc min yaof yaof nago. nago. @an gog mgpirn mgpirnuka ukao o uotuk uotuk hiomap hiomapatk atkao ao hcmin hcmin yaof yaof hihiou hihiou`g `g kisitaraao mgoahgs si`goffa piofukurao yaof mgnakukao pama hcmin mapat mgfuoakao uotu uotuk k
hioi hioiot otuk ukao ao `arf `arfaa-`a `arf rfaa
mana manah h
prct prctct ctgp gp..
Ri Rija jafa fagg
bc bcot otc` c` sk skan anaa
mi mijg jgt, t,
hihuofkgokao pihjuat hcmin uotuk hioiotukao kgsarao angrao manah hcmin yaof `arus mgpakag uotuk hiosghunasg kgsarao mijgt yaof ama pama prctctgp.
Juku Tihjaomgof
Jaj G < Tioma`unuao
@gmraungka @gmrau ngka jirasan marg kata `ymcr manah manah ja`asa Wuoaog yaof jirartg agr. Miofao mihgkgao gnhu `gmraungka mapat mgmifiogsgkao sijafag bajaof marg gnhu tikogk yaof hihpinalarg pirgnaku agr jagk manah kiamaao mgah haupuo jirfirak.
16
1. @gmrcn @gmrcncfg cfg tirapao, tirapao, yaof yaof hirupa hirupakao kao apngkasg apngkasg marg marg prgosg prgosgp-p p-prgo rgosgp sgp `gmrcn `gmrcncfg cfg sipirtg sipirtg `gmrch `gm rchiti iticrc crcncf ncfg, g, piofih piofihjao jaofao fao agr taoa`, taoa`, pirkgr pirkgraao aao mijgt mijgt suofag suofag,, `gmrcn `gmrcncfg cfg pirkctaao, mao sijafagoya. :. ]ikogk ]ikogk grgfasg grgfasg mao mragoasg, mragoasg, yaof hingput hingputgg piriobaoaao piriobaoaao mao pinaksao pinaksaoaao aao pikirlaao pikirlaao largofao mao jaofuoao-jaofuoao jaofuoao-jaofuoao grgfasg mao mragoasg pirhukaao sirta jawa` taoa`. 2. ]iko ]ikogk gk tr trao aosp spcr crta tasg sg agr, agr, hing hingpu putg tg piri piriob obao aoaa aao o pinaju`ao, sanurao-sanurao pinayarao.
ma mao o pi pina naks ksao aoaa aao o pi piki kirl rlaa aao o
=. Jaof Jaofuo uoao ao tioa tioafa fa agr, agr, tirm tirmgrg grg ma marg rg pi piof ofih ihja jaof ofao ao tioaf tioafaa `g `gmr mrci cini nikt ktrg rgk k mi miof ofao ao hioffuoakao wamuk, turjgo, mao easgngtas-easgngtas nagooya. 9. Tiofiomang Tiofiomangao ao jaolgr mao mao simghio, simghio, hingputg hingputg piriobaoaao piriobaoaao mao pinaksao pinaksaoaao aao jaofuoaojaofuoao jaofuoao piofiomang piofiomang jaolgr mao pioaoffunaofao ircsg mao simghiotasg. 5. ]ikogk ]ikogk jiomuof jiomuofao, ao, hiriobao hiriobaoaka akao o mao hinaksao hinaksaoaka akao o pikirl pikirlaao aao jiomuo jiomuofao fao mao jaofuoao-jaofuoao piniofkapoya. Jiomuofao hirupakao jaofuoao utaha uotuk pikirlaao nagooya sipirtg grgfasg, piofiomangao jaolgr mao pihjaofkgt ngstrgk tioafa agr. 6. ]ikogk ]ikogk largofao largofao pgpa, sipirtg sipirtg piofaofku piofaofkutao/p tao/piofang iofangrao rao agr, hgoyak, hgoyak, fas mao ugma ugma nagooya hinanug sgstih pihgpaao. 0. ]ikogk ]ikogk paotag, paotag, piriob piriobaoa aoaao ao mao pinaksao pinaksaoaao aao jaofuoao jaofuoao-ja -jaofu ofuoao oao pinaju`a pinaju`ao o mao pioaoffunaofao ircsg paotag sirta jaofuoao nipas paotag. paotag. 7. ]iko ]ikogk gk su suhj hjir ir ma maya ya agr, agr, pi pirao raobao baofa fao o sgsti sgstih h wamu wamuk k (risir (risirvc vcgr gr)) ma mao o easg1 easg1gt gtas as-easgngtas nagooya uotuk hiobapag pioffuoaao suhjir maya agr sibara cptghuh. 14. ]ikogk ]ikogk pioyi`atao, pioyi`atao, yaof hingputg hingputg sgstih piofuhpu piofuhpunao nao mao mgstrgjusg mgstrgjusg agr uotuk uotuk jirjafag kipirnuao, mao sgstih pihjirsg`ao (triathiot) marg agr juaofao. Rilara` Tirkihjaofao Gnhu @gmraungka < Tama zahao Hisgr kuoc mao Jajgncoga, tikogk `gmraungk tina` mgpraktikkao manah ki`gmupao ki`gm upao si`arg-`arg. si`arg-`arg. Jaofuoao-j Jaofuoao-jargfuo argfuoao ao grgfasg grgfasg mao mragoasg mragoasg sipirtg jiomuofao, jiomuofao, sanurao, akuamuk, mao sijafagoya tina` mgjaofuo pama ta`uo :944 sijinuh hasi`g. Tama hasa tirsijut lufa tina` mgjuat sanurao jisar marg Naut ]iofa` ki Naut Hira`. Rikgtar ta`uo 1=44 sijinuh hasi`g mgjuat sanurao sirupa marg Ruofag Ogn ki Naut Hira`. Rilara Ril ara` ` gnhga` gnhga` gnhu gnhu `gmrau `gmraungk ngkaa mghuna mghunagg cni` cni` Arb`gh Arb`ghimi imiss (:06-: (:06-:1: 1: RH) yaof yaof hiofih hio fihuka ukakao kao `ukuh `ukuh jioma jioma tirapuo tirapuof f mao ticrg ticrg yaof yaof hiomuk hiomukuo uofoy foya. a. Tama Tama hasa hasa kikagsarao Zchawg, jijirapa sanurao/tircwcofao agr mgjaofuo sitina` mgkita`ugoya
10
`u `uku kuhh-`u `uku kuh h angr angrao ao agr. agr. Risu Risuma ma` ` ki kihu huom omur urao ao ki kika kags gsara arao o Zcha Zchawg wg (= (=65 65 H), H), pirkihjaofao gnhu `gmraungka tir`iotg sinaha `ahpgr 1444 1444 ta`uo. Gnhu `gmraungka hunag jirkihjaof nafg, kitgka Nicoarmc ma Ugobg (1=9:-1917) hinakukao hinak ukao pioingtgao pioingtgao hiofioag hiofioag angrao hinanug sanurao tirjuka, tirjuka, firak rinatge ugma ugma mao jioma yaof tiriomah manah agr, finchjaof, pchpa `gmraungs, mao sijafagoya. Tama hasa tirsijut rouobun lufa sicraof a`ng hatihatgka Jinaoma yagtu Rghco Rtivgo (19=015:4) 15:4) yaof yaof roioyu roioyuhja hjaof of pirkih pirkihjao jaofao fao gnhu gnhu `gmrcs `gmrcstat tatgka gka.. @asgn @asgn karyao karyaoya ya yaof yaof mgpujngkasgkao pama ta`uo 1905 hihjirgkao aoangsgs faya yaof mgnakukao cni` zat bagr pama jgmaof tiriomah. Trgosgp `gmrcstatgka yaof mgkihukakao yagtu < pama jgmaof `crgscotan yaof tiriomah mg manah zat bagr jikirla faya yaof jisahya saha miofao jirat kcnch zat bagr mg atas jgmaof tirsijut. Rinago gtu lufa pirnu mggofat karya marg Fangnic (195= - 15=:) yaof hioihukao `ukuh jioma latu` manah zat bagr. Hasa aotara Nicoarmc ma Ugobg sahpag miofao Fangnic mgsijut miofao zaroao Zioagsaobi zaroao Zioagsaobi..
JAJ GG < RGEA]-RGEA] \A] BAGZ
Enugma Enu gma amana` amana` zat yaof yaof jgsa jgsa hiofan hiofangr, gr, yaof yaof hihpuo hihpuoyag yag partgk partgkin in yaof yaof huma` huma` jirfirak mao jiruja` jiotuk taopa pihgsa`ao hassa. ]a`aoao ugma tir`amap piruja`ao jiotuk saofat kibgn, si`goffa ugma mapat miofao huma` hiofgkutg jiotuk ruaofao/tihpat yaof hihjatasgoya. Enugma mapat mgjimakao hiolamg mua habah yagtu zat bagr mao fas. \at bagr mao fas hihpuoyag sgeat-sgeat sirupa, yaof tirpiotgof amana` sijafag jirgkut 1. Kimua Kimua zat gog gog tgmak tgmak hinawao hinawao piruj piruja`a a`ao o jiotuk. jiotuk. :. Kimua Kimua zat tgmak tgmak hiofamak hiofamakao ao riaksg riaksg tir`ama tir`amap p faya faya fisir, yagtu yagtu faya yaof jikirla jikirla silalar miofao pirhukaao napgsao-napgsao zat bagr atau fas yaof hiobcja uotuk hioffisir hiof fisir napgsao-napgsao napgsao-napgsao tirsijut aotara satu tir`amap yaof nago. Cni` karioa gtu apajgn apa jgnaa ama siotu` siotu`ao ao simgkg simgkgtt sala, sala, mua napgsao napgsao yaof yaof sangof sangof jirmah jirmahpgo pgofao fao akao akao jirfirak aotara satu tir`amap nagooya Rimaof pirjimaao utaha aotara zat bagr mao fas amana` sijafag jirgkut gog.
17
1. \at \at bagr bagr hihp hihpuo uoya yagg pi pirh rhuk ukaao aao jijas, jijas, mao hassa hassa zat bagr `aoya `aoya akao hiofg hiofgsg sg vcnuhi yaof mgpirnukao manah suatu ruaofao; simaofkao fas tgmak hihpuoyag pirhukaao jijas mao hassaoya akao hiofgsg sinuru` ruaofao. ruaofao. :.
\at bagr hirupakao zat yaof praktgs tak tirhahpatkao, simaof fas amana` zat yaof jgsa mghahpatkao.
\at bagr hihpuoyag jijirapa sgeat jirgkut gog. 1. Apajgna Apajgna ruaofao ruaofao nijg` nijg` jisar marg marg vcnuhi vcnuhi zat bagr, akao akao tirjiotuk tirjiotuk pirhukaao pirhukaao jijas jijas `crgscotan yaof jir`ujuofao miofao athcseir. :. Hihpu Hihpuoya oyagg rapat rapat hassa hassa mao mao jirat jirat liogs. liogs. 2. Mapat Mapat mgao mgaoffa ffap p tgmak tgmak tihahp tihahpatka atkao o (gobchprissgjni (gobchprissgjni). ). =. Hihpu Hihpuoya oyagg vgskc vgskcsgta sgtass (kikio (kikiotan tanao) ao).. 9. Hihpuoyag Hihpuoyag kc`isg, kc`isg, am`isg mao tifaofao tifaofao pirhuk pirhukaao. aao.
Mgaotara sgeat-sgeat tirsijut, yaof tirpiotgof amana` rapat hassa, jirat liogs mao vgskcsgtas; Zapat Hassa, Jirat Liogs mao Zapat Zinatge < Zapat hassa, ρ (r`c), mgmifiogsgkao sijafag hassa zat bagr tgap satuao vcnuhi pama tihpiratur mao tikaoao tirtiotu.
H ρ 8 U miofao H amana` hassa yaof hioihpatg vcnuhi U. β (fahha), Jirat liogs yaof mgjirg octasg β (fahha), amana` jirat jioma tgap satuao vcnuhi pama tihpiratur mao tikaoao tirtiotu. Jirat suatu jioma amana` `asgn kang aotara hassa mao pirbipatao fravgtasg. Zapat rinatge mgmifiogsgkao sijafag pirjaomgofao aotara rapat hassa suatu zat mao rapa rapatt hassa hassa agr. Kario Karioaa β 8 ςf haka haka rapat rapat rinatge rinatge lufa lufa mapat mapat mgmifio mgmifiogsg gsgkao kao sijafag sijafag pirjaomgofao aotara jirat liogs suatu zat mao jirat liogs agr pama B mao tikaoao athcseir. Jgnaofao gog tak jirmghiosg mao mgjirg octasg R, ]ajin < Rgeat-sgeat agr pama tikaoao athcseir
:4
Kihahpatao \at Bagr < Kihahpatao zat bagr mgmiegogsgkao sijafag piruja`ao (piofibgnao) vcnuhi karioa amaoya piruja`ao (pioahja`ao) tikaoao, yaof mgtuolukkao cni` pirjaomgofao aotara piruja`ao tikaoao mao piruja`ao vcnuhi vcnuhi tir`amap vcnuhi awan. Tirjaomgofao tirsijut mgkioan miofao hcmunus inastgsgtas. Kikiotanao \at Bagr < Kikiotanao amana` sgeat marg zat bagr uotuk hinawao tifaofao fisir pama waktu jirfirak/hiofangr, Kikiotanao mgsijajkao karioa kc`isg aotara partgkin zat bagr. \at ba bagr gr gm gmian ian tgma tgmak k hihp hihpuo uoya yagg ki kiki kiot otan anao ao.. \at \at ba bagr gr ki kiot otan an,, sipirt sipirtgg sgrc sgrcp p at atau au cn cng, g, hihpuoyag kikiotanao jisar; simaof zat bagr iobir, sipirtg agr, hihpuoyag kikiotanao kibgn. ]ifaofao Tirhukaao < Hcnikun-hcnikun zat bagr sangof targk hioargk mg aotara sisahaoya miofao faya jirjaomgof nurus miofao hassa mao jirjaomgof tirjangk miofao kuamrat larak aotara pusat hassa. Faya targk hioargk tirsijut amana` sitghjaof. Kapgnargtas < Kapgnargtas mgsijajkao cni` faya kc`isg mao am`isg. Mg manah suatu tajuof yaof mghasukkao ki manah zat bagr, lgka kc`isg nijg` kibgn marg amisg haka zat bagr akao oagk; lgka kc`isg nijg` jisar marg amisg haka zat bagr akao turuo. ]ikaoao Yap < \at bagr yaof tirjuka pama fas akao hiofanahg piofuapao. Tiofuapao tirlamg karioa hcnikun zat bagr sinanu jirfirak si`goffa jijirapa hcnikun pama pirhukaao akao hihpuoyag ioirfg uotuk hinipas mgrg marg targkao hcnikun-hcnikun yaof ama :1
mgsikgtaroya mao jirpgoma` ki yaof yaof ama mgatasoya. Nalu piofuapao tirfaotuof pama pirjimaao ioirfg hcnikun aotara zat bagr mao fas yaof ama mg atasoya.
JAJ GGG < @GMZCR]A]GKA
@gmrcstatgka amana` bajaof marg `gmraungka yaof hihpinalarg pirgnaku zat bagr manah kiamaao mgah. Tama jaj gog mgpinalarg tikaoao zat bagr, vargasg tikaoao sijafag euofsg larak virtgkan, anat yaof mgfuoakao uotuk hiofukur tikaoao `gmrcstatgs, faya tikaoao yaof jikirla pama mgomgof pirhukaao mao pama jioma yaof tiriomah, sirta ap apng ngka kasg sgoy oyaa ya yaof of am amaa pa pama ma pi pirh rhasa asana na`a `ao o `g `gmr mrcs csta tatg tgka ka si sipi pirtg rtg ao aoan angsg gsgss staj stajgn gngt gtas as jiomuofao, pgotu pgotu agr, mao sijafagoya. ]ika ]i kaoa oao o mgmi mgmifio fiogsg gsgka kao o si sija jafa fagg lu luhn hna` a` fa faya ya tgap tgap satua satuao o nu nuas. as. Apaj Apajgn gnaa fa faya ya tirmgstrgjusg sibara hirata pama suatu nuasao, haka tikaoao mapat mgtiotukao miofao hihjafg faya miofao nuas. ]ikaoao pama sitgap tgtgk mg manah zat bagr mgah amana` saha manah sifana ara`. ]ina ]i na` ` mgki mgkita ta`u `ugg ja`w ja`waa umar umaraa mg athc athcse seir ir go gogg hihp hihpuo uoya yagg ji jira rat. t. Kari Karioa oa hihpuo hih puoyag yag jirat jirat haka haka umara umara tirsiju tirsijutt jgsa jgsa hioghj hioghjunk unkao ao tikaoa tikaoao o pama pama pirhu pirhukaa kaao o juhg. Zapat hassa umara tgmak kcostao, yaof tirfaotuof pama kitgoffgao, tiropiratur mao kinihj kinihjaja ajao. o. Cni` Cni` karioa karioa gtu tikaoa tikaoao o athcse athcseir, ir, yaof yaof mgsija mgsijajka jkao o cni` cni` jirat jirat athcse ath cseir ir ata atau u umara umara mg atas atas pirhuk pirhukaao aao juhg, juhg, sungt sungt (tgmak (tgmak jgsa) jgsa) mg`gtu mg`gtuof. of. ]ikaoa ]ikaoao o athcseir mapat mgukur jirmasarkao tgoffg kcnch zat bagr yaof jgsa mgta`ao. ]ikaoao athcseir akao jirkuraof miofao inivasg/kitgoffgao tihpat. Haochi Hao chitir tir amana` amana` anat anat yaof yaof hioffu hioffuoak oakao ao kcnch kcnch zat bagr bagr uotuk uotuk hiofuk hiofukur ur pirjimaao tikaoao. Trgosgp haochitir amana` apajgna zat bagr manah kcomgsg kisigh kis ighjao jaofao fao haka haka tikaoa tikaoao o mg sitgap sitgap tgtgk tgtgk pama pama jgmaof jgmaof `crgzc `crgzcota otann uotuk uotuk zat bagr bagr `chcfio amana` saha. Habah haochitir jirmasarkao pioffuoaaooya< Jgmaof miofao tikaoao tikao ao saha, Tgizchitir, Tgizchitir, Haochitir Haochitir ]ajuof Y, Haochitir Hgkrc, mao Haochitir Mgeiriosgan. Faya ]ikaoao Tama Jgmaof ]iriomah, tirhasuk mgmanahoya amana`< 1. Jgm gmao aof f Mata Matar. r. :. Jgma Jgmaof of Niof Niofku kuof of JAJ GU < KIRIGHJAOFAO KIRIGHJAOFAO JIOMA ]IZATYOF
::
Karioa tikaoao tgap satuao nuas jirtahja` miofao kimanahao, haka kchpcoio ara` ki atas amana` nijg` jisar marg kchpcoio ara` ki jawa`; mao risuntaooya amana` faya ki atas yaof jikirla pama jioma. Faya ki atas gog mgsijut miofao faya apuof. Jioma tirapuof sipirtg kapan, pinahpuof, mao sijafagoya hioffuoakao prgosgp jioma tirapuof. Rinago hiofanahg faya apuof miofao ara` ki atas, jioma lufa hihpuoyag faya jirat miofao ara` ki jawa`. Cni` karioa kimua faya tirsijut jikirla manah ara` jirnawaoao, haka `arus mgjaomgofkao jisar kimua faya tirsijut. Apajgna faya jirat nijg` jisar marg faya apuof, jioma akao tioffinah. Lgka faya jirat nijg` kibgn marg faya apuof jioma akao tirapuof. Mgmanah ticrg gog jirnaku `ckuh Arb`ghimis. Rtajgngtas Jioma ]iriomah mao ]irapuof < 1. Jioma ioma tiri tiriom omah ah Ruat Ru atu u ji jiom omaa tirio tirioma mah h (j (jira irama ma mg ja jawa wa` ` pi pirh rhuk ukaao aao za zatt bagr) bagr) mg mgsi siju jutt ma mana nah h kisighjaofao stajgn apajgna jioma tirsijut tgmak tirpiofaru` cni` faoffuao kibgn ya yaof of hiob hiobcj cjaa uo uotu tuk k hihj hihjua uato toya ya tgma tgmak k si sigh ghja jaof of.. Apaj Apajgn gnaa ki kiam amaao aao am aman ana` a` sijangkoya, haka jioma mgsijut manah kisighjaofao tgmak stajgn. Apajgna suatu jioma tiriomah (hinayaof) mg manah zat bagr, kisighjaofao akao tirlamg apajgna jirat jioma yaof jikirla pama pusat jirat F amana` saha miofao faya apuof yaof jikirla pama pusat apuof J. :. Jioma ioma tir tirap apu uof Ruatu jioma tirapuof manah kisighjaofao stajgn apajgna pusat jiratoya jirama mg jawa` pusat apuof. Jioma tirapuof miofao kcomgsg tirtiotu mapat puna manah kisighjaofao stajgn hiskgpuo pusat jiratoya jirama mg atas pusat apuof. JAJ U < \A] BAGZ MANAH KIRI]GHJAOFAO KIRI]GHJAOFAO ZINA]GE
\att bagr \a bagr mg mana manah h taof taofkg kg yaof yaof jirf jirfir irak ak mi miof ofao ao ki kibi bipa pata tao o kc kco ostao stao tgma tgmak k hiofanahg tifaofao fisir karioa tgmak amaoya firak rinatge aotara partgkin zat bagr atau aotara partgkin zat bagr miofao jgmaof jatas. \at bagr manah kiamaao gog mgsijut manah kisighjaofao rinatge. Apajgna zat bagr hiofanahg pirbipatao, haka akao tirlamg faya ya yaof of mgtg mgtghj hjun unka kao o cni` cni` pi pirbi rbipa pana nao o ya yaof of hihj hihjir irgk gkao ao tahja tahja`a `ao o ti tir` r`am amap ap fa faya ya `gmrcstatgs. Bcotc` pirhasana`ao marg zat bagr manah kisighjaofao rinatge amana` suatu
:2
taofkgg jirgsg zat bagr yaof hiofanahg pirbipatao taofk pirbipatao atau pirnahjatao, pirnahjatao, mao zat bagr manah suatu sgngomir yaof hiofanahg rctasg tir`amap suhju virtgkan.
JAJ UG < KGOIHA]GKA \A] BAGZ
Kgoihatgka angrao hihpinalarg firak partgkin zat bagr taopa hiogolau Kgoihatgka hiogolau faya yaof hioyijajkao firak tirsijut Manah `an gog mgpinalarg kibipatao mgsitgap tgtgk manah himao angrao pama sitgap saat. Mg manah angrao zat bagr firak partgkin sungt mggkutg, cni` karioa gtu jgasaoya mgtitapkao kibipatao pama suatu tgtgk sijafag euofsg waktu. Ritina` kibipatao mgmapat haka mapat mgpircni` mgstrgjusg tikaoao mao kihumgao faya yaof jikirla pama zat agr. Angrao zat bagr mapat mgknasgfikasgkao hiolamg jijirapa habah< 1. angr angrao ao gov govgsg gsgm m mao mao vgsk vgskcs cs Angrao govgsgm amana` angrao mg haoa kikiotanao zat bagr, ξ, mgaoffap ocn (zat bagr gmian). Angrao vgskcs amana` angrao mg haoa kikiotanao mgpir`gtuofkao (zat bagr rggn). :. angrao angrao kchp kchprisg risgjin jin mao mao tak tak kchpri kchprisgj sgjin in Rihua Rih ua ugma ugma (tirha (tirhasuk suk zat bagr) bagr) amana` amana` kchpri kchprisgj sgjin in si`gof si`goffa fa rapat rapat hassao hassaoya ya jiruja` miofao piruja`ao tikaoao. Tama angrao hahap miofao piruja`ao rapat hassa kibgn, sirgof mgnakukao pioyimir`aoaao miofao hiofaoffap ja`wa zat bagr amana` ama na` tak kchpri kchprisgj sgjin in mao rapat hassa hassa amana` amana` kcostao kcostao.. Cni` Cni` karioa karioa zat bagr hihpuoyag kihahpatao yaof saofat kibgn, haka manah aoangsgs angrao haotap sirgof mgnakukao aoffapao zat bagr tak kchprisgjin. ]itapg pama angrao tak haotap hinanu hin anugg pgpa pgpa mg haoa haoa jgsa jgsa tirlam tirlamgg piruja piruja`ao `ao tikaoa tikaoao o yaof yaof saofat saofat jisar, jisar, haka haka kchprisgjgngtas zat bagr `arus mgpir`gtuofkao. 2. angr angrao ao nah nahgo goir ir mao mao turj turjun unio io Angrao vgskcs mapat mgjimakao manah angrao nahgoir mao turjunio. Angrao amana` nahgoir apajgna partgkin-partgkin zat bagr jirfirak tiratur miofao hihjiotuk fargs ngotasao ngotas ao kcotgoyu kcotgoyu mao tgmak sangof jirpctcof jirpctcofao. ao. Tama angrao turjunio, turjunio, partgkin partgkin zat bagr jirfirak tgmak tiratur mao fargs ngotasaooya sangof jirpctcofao. =. angrao haotap (stiamy cw) mao tak tak haotap haotap (uostiam (uostiamy y cw) cw) Angrao haotap ( stiamy stiamy cw) cw) tirlamg lgka vargajin marg angrao (sipirtg kibipatao U, tikaoao p, rapat hassa ρ , tahpaof angrao A, mijgt Q, msj.) mg sijaraof tgtgk pama zat
:=
bagr tgmak jiruja` miofao waktu. Angrao tak haotap (uostiamy ( uostiamy encw) encw) tirlamg lgka vargajin angrao pama sitgap tgtgk jiruja` miofao waktu. 9. angr angrao ao siraf sirafah ah mao mao tak tak siraf sirafah ah Angrao mgsijut mgsijut sirafah (uogecrh (uogecrh cw) cw) apajgna tgmak ama piruja`ao jisar mao ara` marg kibipatao marg satu tgtgk ki tgtgk yaof nago mg sipaolaof angrao. Angrao tak sirafah (oco sirafah (oco uogecr uogecrh h cw) cw) tirlamg tirlamg lgka lgka sihua sihua vargaj vargajin in ang angrao rao jiruja jiruja` ` miofao miofao larak. 5. angrao angrao satu, satu, m mua ua mao mao tgfa tgfa mghios mghiosgg Manah angrao satu mghiosg (1-M), kibipatao mg sitgap tgtgk pama tahpaof ngotaof hihpuoyag jisar mao ara` yaof saha. Manah angrao mua mghiosg (:-M), sihua partgkin mgaoffap hiofangr manah jgmaof sipaolaof angrao, si`goffa tgmak ama angrao tifak nurus pama jgmaof tirsijut. Kijaoyakao angrao mg anah amana` tgfa mghiosg, mg haoa kchpcoio kibipatao u, v, mao w amana` euofsg marg kccrmgoat ruaof x, y, mao z. 6. angrao angrao rctasgc rctasgcoan oan mao tak rctasgc rctasgcoan oan Angrao Ang rao amana` amana` rctasg rctasgcoa coann jgna jgna sitgap sitgap partgk partgkin in zat bagr bagr hihpuo hihpuoyag yag kibipa kibipatao tao sumut sumut tir`am tir `amap ap pu pusat sat hassaoy hassaoya. a. Tama Tama ang angrao rao tak rctasgc rctasgcoan oan,, mgstrgj mgstrgjusg usg kibipa kibipatao tao mg mikat mikat mgomgof jatas amana` hirata. Fargs arus (striah ngoi) amana` kurva k`ayan yaof mgtargk mg manah angrao zat bagr uotuk hiouolukkao ara` firak mg jirjafag tgtgk manah angrao, miofao hiofajagkao uktua uk tuasg sg sikuom sikuomir ir yaof yaof tirlam tirlamgg akgjat akgjat turjun turjunios iosg. g. Fargs Fargs sgoffu sgoffuof of yaof yaof mgjuat mgjuat mg sijaraof sijara of tgtgk pama kurva tirsijut hiouolukkao hiouolukkao ara` kibipatao partgkin zat bagr. Fargs arus tgmak akao sangof jirpctcofao atau jirtihu. Tirbipatao partgkin zat bagr yaof jirfirak mgmifiogsgkao sijafag nalu piruja`ao kibipatao. kibip atao. Nalu piruja`ao piruja`ao kibipatao gog jgsa mgsijajkao mgsijajkao cni` piruja`ao piruja`ao fichitrg himao angrao atau karioa piruja`ao waktu. Mijgt angrao jgasaoya mgukur manah vcnuhi zat bagr tgap satuao waktu, si`goffa satu satuao aooy oyaa am aman ana` a` hiti hitirr ku kujg jgk k pi pirr mi mitg tgk k (h2/m) atau atau satuao satuao yaof yaof nag nago o (ngtir (ngtir/mi /mingk ngk.. ngtir/hiogt,msj).
JAJ UGGG < TIZRAHAAO JIZOCYNNG
:9
Tirs Tirsah ahaa aao o io ioir irfg fg ya yaof of hiof hioffa fahj hjar arka kao o fi firak rak pa part rtgk gkin in mg mgtu turu ruok okao ao ma marg rg pirsahaao firak. Tirsahaao ioirfg gog hirupakao sana` satu pirsahaao masar uotuk hioyinisagkao hasana` yaof ama manah `gmraungka. Tirsahaao ioirfg mapat mgtuolukkao cni` pirsahaao Iunir mao pirsahaao Jirocunng. Tirsahaao Tirsah aao Jirocunng Jirocunng uotuk angrao sipaolaof sipaolaof fargs arus mgmasarkao pama `ukuh `ukuh Oiwtco GG tiotaof firak (E8Ha). Tirsahaao gog mgturuokao jirmasarkao aoffapao sijafag jirgkut gog. 1. \at bagr amana` amana` gmian, gmian, lamg tgmak hihpuoy hihpuoyag ag kikiot kikiotana anao o (ki`gn (ki`gnaof aofao ao ioirfg akgjat akgjat fisikao amana` ocn). :. \at \at bagr bagr am aman ana` a` `c `chc hcfi fio o ma mao o tgma tgmak k tirh tirhah ahpa patk tkao ao (rap (rapat at hassa hassa zat bagr bagr am aman ana` a` kcostao). 2. Angrao Angrao amana amana` ` kcotgoy kcotgoyu u mao sipaol sipaolaof aof fargs fargs arus. arus. =. Kibipatao Kibipatao angrao angrao amana` hirata manah suatu pioahpaof. pioahpaof. 9. Faya Faya yaof yaof jikirl jikirlaa `aoya `aoya faya jirat jirat mao mao tikao tikaoao. ao. Tihakagao Trsahaao Jirocunng< 1. ]ikaoao @gmrcstatgs. Mapat hiof`gtuof jisar tikaoo yaof jikirla pama pirhukaao jioma manah zat bagr mgah. :. ]ikaoao Rtafoasg. 2. Anat Tiofukur Kibipatao. Trgosgp stafoasg hirupakao masar marg tajuof Tgtct yaof mgfuoakao uotuk hiofukur kibipatao angrao zat bagr. =. Anat Tiofukur Mijgt Mijgt angrao hinanug pgpa mapat mgukur miofao hioffuoakao vioturg hitir. Jiotuk pangof simir`aoa marg vioturg hitir gog tirmgrg marg tgfa jafgao yagtu jafgao pgpa hiofibgn (kcovirfio), ni`ir mao pgpa hihjisar (mgvirfio). 9. Ngotasao Taobarao \at Bagr
JAJ UGGG < TIZRAHAAO HCHIO]YH
\at bagr yaof jirfirak mapat hioghjunkao faya. Rijafag bcotc`, paobarao agr margg burat mar burat yao yaof f hiof`a hiof`aota otah h mgomgo mgomgof f akao akao hioghj hioghjunk unkao ao faya faya yaof yaof jikirla jikirla pama pama mgomgof tirsijut. Faya paobarao agr tirsijut mapat mghaoeaatkao uotuk hihutar turjgo pihjaofkgt tioafa ngstrgk. \at bagr yaof hiofangr pama jinckao pgpa lufa jgsa
:5
hiog hi oghj hjun unka kao o faya faya yaof yaof jiki jikirl rlaa pama pama jinc jincka kao o ti tirs rsij ijut ut.. Faya Faya ti tirs rsij ijut ut `a `aru russ mgpir`gtuofkao mg manah piriobaoaao sahjuofao pgpa atau aofkir piomukuof pgpa. Miofao mihgkgao linas ja`wa piofita`uao tiotaof faya-faya yaof mgtghjunkao cni` zat bagr hiofangr mgpirnukao mgmanah aoangsgs piriobaoaao turjgo, hisgo-hisgo `gmraungs, sanurao pgpa yaof paolaof mao jirjinck-jinck, mao sijafagoya Faya-faya yaof tirlamg tirsijut mapat mglinaskao jirmasarkao pirsahaao hchiotuh. Manah jaj gog mgpinalarg hchiotuh mao jijirapa apngkasgoya. Faya yaof tghjunkao cni` paobarao zat bagr < Tnat ]itap, Tnat Jirfirak, Tnat Niofkuof ]itap, mao Tnat niofkuof jirfirak.
JAJ GP < ANGZAO HINANYG NYJAOF MAO TINYAT
Ruatu nujaof amana` jukaao pama mgomgof atau masar taofkg mg haoa. \at bagr hiofangr hiof angr hinanugoya. hinanugoya. Jgasaoya nujao nujaof f gog mgfuoakao mgfuoakao uotuk hiofukur hiofukur mijgt angrao. angrao. Nujaof Nujao f tirsij tirsijut ut jgsa jgsa jirjio jirjiotuk tuk sifg sifg ihpat, ihpat, sifg sifg tgfa tgfa ataupu ataupuo o ngofka ngofkarao rao.. Rgsg `unu `unu nujaof nuj aof tirsiju tirsijutt jgsa jgsa talah talah atau atau mgjuna mgjunatka tkao. o. Karioa Karioa kihuma kihuma`ao `ao manah manah pihjua pihjuatao tao,, nujaof nuj aof ngofka ngofkarao rao miofao miofao sgsg tal talah ah amana` amana` yaof yaof pangof pangof jaoyak jaoyak mgfuoa mgfuoakao kao uotuk uotuk piofukurao mijgt angrao. Hiourut ukuraooya nujaof mapat mgjimakao hiolamg nujaof kibgn mao jisar. Tama nujaof jisar, apajgna sgsg atas marg nujaof tirsijut jirama mg atas pirhukaao agr mg manah taofkg, haka jukaao tirsijut mgkioan miofao pinuap. Tinuap gog lufa jireuofsg sijafag anat ukur mijgt angrao, mao jaoyak mgfuoakao pama largofao grgfasg. Tinuap miofao ukurao yaof jisar mgsijut jiomuof, yaof sinago sijafag piofukur mijgt, manah largofa manah largofao o grgfas grgfasgg lufa lufa jireuo jireuofsg fsg uotuk uotuk hioagk hioagkkao kao inivasg inivasg huka huka agr. ]golau ]golauao ao `gmraungs jiomuof amana` saha miofao pinuap. Tinuap jgasaoya tirjuat marg pnat, simaof jiomuof tirjuat marg jitco atau pasaofao pasaofao jatu. Tinuap Tin uap mgmifio mgmifiogsgk gsgkao ao sijafa sijafagg jukaao jukaao pama pama sana` sana` satu sgsg kcnah kcnah atau atau taofkg taofkg si`goffa zat bagr (jgasaoya agr) mg manah kcnah tirsijut hinghpas mg atas pinuap. Tinuap gog sirupa miofao nujaof jisar mg haoa inivasg pirhukaao zat bagr mg sijina` `unu nijg` rioma` marg sgsg atas nujaof. Napgs zat bagr yaof hinghpas mg atas ahjaof pinuap mgsijut miofao tgoffg pinuapao. Tinuap jgasaoya mgfuoakao uotuk hiofukur mijgt angrao. Mg manah jaofuoao grgfasg pinuap mgtihpatkao pama sanurao grgfasg yaof jireuofsg uotuk hiofukur mijgt angrao hinanug sanurao.
:6
JAJ GGG KIYOFFYNAO JYKY
A. Kitirk Kitirkagt agtao ao Aotar Aotar Jaj Jaj
Juku gog tirgmrg marg jijirapa jaj yaof sangof jirkagtao. @an gog mapat tirng`at margg kangha mar kanghat-k t-kangh anghat at ruluak ruluakoa oa yaof yaof tirsing tirsingp p mgaota mgaotara ra piolin piolinasao asao hatirg hatirg mgsuj mgsuj jaj tirtiotu, kanghat „sipirtg yaof tina` mgpinalarg mg jaj sijiuhoya..‘, `an gog tiotu sala linas hirupakao sijua` taoma akao amaoya kitirkagtao gsg oatar jaj. Lgka hing`at marg susuoao maetar gsg juku gog, kgta suma` mapat hioyghpunkao ja`wa kgta `rus hiofirtg gsg marg jaj pirtaha fuoa hih`ahg jaj kimua haupuo sinaolutoya. Juku gog hihgngkg `ujuofao piofagtao aotara uragao. Kiruotutao mao kitirpamuao aotarjaj manah juku gog, tirng`at pama pioyahpagao pisao marg jaj yaof satu ki jaj nago yaof jirmikatao mao aotarsujjaj manah jaj yaof hiobirhgokao `ujuofao yaof ncfgs.
:0
Tioyahpago Tioya hpago pisao aotar parafrae parafrae yaof jirmikatao jirmikatao mao aotar kanghat manah parafrae suma` hiobirhgokao `ujuofao ncfgs mg aotara kimuaoya. @an tirsijut hiouolukkao amaoya kiruotutao mao kitirpamuao parafrae mg manah juku.
J. Gsg Juku
]irmapat suj jaj yaof hihja`as sibara nijg` hiomitagn kaomuofao gsg jafgao jajoya.
Bara pioyalgao gsg pirhasana`ao tirng`at ieiktge mao iegsgio tirjuktg miofao pcna-pcna piofihjafao pihja`asao jirmaya fuoa mao jirtipat fuoa yaof hihpirhuma` pihjaba manah hiha`ahg mao hiofirtg gsg juku.
Tiof Tioffu fuoa oaao ao ao aoan ancf cfgg ya yaof of ja jagk gk uo uotu tuk k hiha hiha`a `ahg hg haks haksum um pi piou oung ngss uo uotu tuk k sijafgao unasao hatirg yaof hihirnukao piomikatao hioffuoakao piolinasao aoancfg.
Zaofkuhao yaof tirnitak sitina` piolajarao hatirg hioyghpunkao pcgo-pcgo piotgof yaof mgja`as manah sitgap jaj-oya. @an gog saofat jagk uotuk hihjaotu pihjaba hirivgiw kihjang `an-`an pckck yaof histg mggofat mao mgpa`ahg miofao jagk.
Ama pirtaoyaao-pirtaoyaao kibgn uotuk hioahja` piha`ahao kgta hiofioag hatirg tirsijut.
B. Kihuta Kihutak`g k`grao rao Gs Gsgg Juku Juku
Juku gog hihgngkg hatirg yaof bukup niofkap, `an gog mapat tirng`at marg
pihjafgao jaj mao suj jaj oya. Manah juku gog hihgngkg ticrg-ticrg yaof jioar, saofat jafus mao saofat hihjaofuo manah hihjirgkao nijg` wawasao kipama sg pihjaba. Juku gog hihgngkg jaoyak sikag scan-scan natg`ao si`goffa siakao-akao juku gog mgtulukao k`usu jafg pihjabaoya yaof jirogat hiofuasag pirscanao atau pir`gtuofao k`usus manah jgmaof jgmaof hikaogka tirapao.
:7
JAJ GU KINIHA@AO JYKY
A. Kitirk Kitirkagt agtao ao Aotar Aotar Jaj Jaj
Kcosgstiosg sgstihatgka pioyalgao manah juku gog kuraof jagk, juku gog tgmak jirgsg pioma`unuao yaof saofat piotgof jafg pihjaba yaof gofgo hiofirtg fargs far gs jiar jiar gsg juku. juku. ]gmak ]gmak ama jafgao jafgao pioutu pioutup p yaof yaof jirgsg jirgsg raofku raofkuhao hao atau atau rgofkasao manah pihja`asao tgap jaj. Rirta tgmak amaoya piolinasao ticrg yaof hihamag, pihjaba `arus hihjaba sitgap jaj fuoa hiha`ahg gsgoya. Juku gog hihgng hih gng fahjar fahjar piolin piolinasao asao yaof yaof hiomu hiomukuo kuof, f, tit titapg apg fahjar fahjar-fa -fahja hjarr yaof yaof mgsirtakao tgmak mgmukuof ticrg yaof hihamag.
J. Gsg Juku
24
Kikuraofao-sisuagao gotg parafrae pama jijirapa suj hatirg. Ja`kao ama jafgao yaof tgmak tirtungskao atau mgja`as tuotas pama `an jafgao jafgao tirsij tir sijut ut hirupaka hirupakao o jafgao jafgao yaof simiralat simiralat miofao miofao parafrae parafrae yaof
tin tina` a`
mgtiotukao gotgoya tirbapag.
Ama kilaoffanao manah hioffuoakao suhjir abuao. Hgsanoya pioungsao ta`uo yaof mgtuoluk sijafag patckao.
Tioffuoaao mua kata sikangfus yaof hihgngkg piofirtgao saha. Lamg, lgka sana` satu mg`gnaofkao haka tgmak akao hiofuraofg hakoa kanghat.
]irnanu sirgof hioffuoakao syhjcn piof`ujuof yaof tgmak mgjutu`kao. ]irmapat kanghat yaof ahjgfu. Jaoyakoya tirmapat ruhus yaof tgmak mgjirgkao piolinasao, gg hioyijajkao pijaba tgmak mapat hiha`ahg ruhus tirsijut tirs ijut uotuk mg apngkasgkao kimanah scan
]ungsao pama fahjar saofat kibgn. B. Kihuta Kihutak`g k`grao rao Gsg Juku Juku
Tioffuoaao ja`asa manah juku gog hasg` ama jijirapa gotg yaof kuraof sisuag. sisu ag. Ja`asa Ja`asa yaof yaof mgfuoa mgfuoakao kao si`arus si`arusoya oya mapat mapat hiolina hiolinaska skao o kc kcosi osip p atau gnustra gnu strasg sg sahpag sahpag bcotc` bcotc` yaof yaof ajstrak ajstrak.. Jafgao Jafgao gsg kuraof kuraof jagk, jagk, karioa karioa tgmak tgmak hihuat raofkuhao mao rieniksg. Manah gsgoya tgmak tirmapat pioma`unuao, mao rulukao. Juku gog kuraof rinivao manah pirkihjaofao gptiks mg zahao sikaraof yaof tuotutao sirja sgofkat mao linas.
21
JAJ U GHTNGKARG ]IZ@AMAT
A. ]icr ]icrg/ g/ Kcos Kcosip ip
Manah juku gog hihgngkg jijirapa ticrg mao kcosip sipirtg hihjaofuo mao hihjirg wawasao nijg` tiotaof pirscanao `gmrcngka yaof mapat mg tihukao manah pihjinalarao sitgap hatirg aotar jaj yaof ama, ticrgoya hinanug kcosip- kcosip sijafag jirgkut
View more...
Comments