Pim I - Simas

 

PHI] @gN ]rle`tl Iht`orgnl Dubtinisfipbihgr Fursl Vup`rilr n` ^`fhlbloig

]ID I  ‖ ]SLE@^L DPB^INIVFI]BIHGS ]`squisg slcr` Ihjlrdçtifg ` Vust`htgcibingn` 

DGHGPV/GD 3=37

 

PHI] @gN ]rle`tl Iht`orgnl Dubtinisfipbihgr Fursl Vup`rilr n` ^`fhlbloig

]ID I  ‖ ]SLE@^L DPB^INIVFI]BIHGS ]`squisg slcr` Ihjlrdçtifg ` Vust`htgcibingn` 

Hld`5 Elsé Dgril C`ht`s Vidgs SG5 71?1:?1 Fursl5 ^`fhlbloig `d ghçbis` ` N`s`hvlbvid`htl n` sist`dgs

DGHGPV/GD 3=37

 

S@VPDL L n`s`hvlbvid`htl n`st` trgcgbal `d jlrdgtl n` prle`tl iht`orgnl dubtinisfipbihgr t`d fldl prlpösitl prlpifigr g lplrtuhingn` n` n`s`hvlbv`r n` jlrdg prçtifg ls flha`fid`htls t`örifls, b`vgr gl gbuhl udg juhngd`htgïæl prçtifg nls flhf`itls t`örifls gnquirinls, jgvlr`f`hnl l niçblol `htr` gs nisfipbihgs qu` h`st` prle`tl sæl juhngd`htls n` sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis, böoifg, `stgtästifg ` n`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b. L prihfipgb lce`tivl n`st` prle`tl flhsist` `d gpbifgr ls flha`fid`htls ngs nisfipbihgs n` juhngd`htls n` sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis, böoifg, `stgtästifg ` n`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b, n`s`hvlbv`hnl udg p`squisg `d `dpr`sgs slcr` ihjlrdçtifg ` sust`htgcibingn`. @st` `stunl prlpþs qu` jlss` r`gbizgng udg p`squisg `d udg `dpr`sg ` qu` h`stg jlss`d flb`tgnls ngnls p`rtih`ht`s ís çr`gs nl flha`fid`htl sust`htgcibingn`, juhngd`htls n` sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis ` `stgtästifg. Fld plss` nls ngnls flb`tgnls, pln`dls t`r gf`ssl g gïð`s nlcr` sust`htgcibingn` r`gbizgngs, l qu` jli n` orghn` idplrtãhfig, eç gbignl gls flha`fid`htls gnquirinls fld g nisfipbihg, pln`dls viv`hfig hg prçtifg g qu`stæl gdci`htgb. Fld g jihgbizgïæl nl trgcgbal, l lce`tivl prihfipgb jli gtihoinl hg d`ning `d qu` jli plssäv`b r`bgfilhgr ls flha`fid`htls t`örifls fld g prçtifg gfldpghagng `d fgdpl.

]gbgvrgs-fagv`5  Juhngd`htls n` sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis; Böoifg; @stgtästifg; N`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b. 

 

GCV^SGF^ ^a` n`v`blpd`ht lj tais wlrk ih g dubtinisfipbihgry iht`orgt`n prle`ft jlrdgt gids tl prlvin` ta` lpplrtuhity tl prgftifgbby n`v`blp ta`lr`tifgb khlwb`no`, prlvin` ta` stun`ht wita g prgftifgb jluhngtilh lj ta` ta`lr`tifgb flhf`pts gfquir`n, jgvlriho nigblou` c`tw``h ta` nisfipbih`s tagt ih tais prle`ft gr` juhngd`htgbs lj lp`rgtiho syst`ds bloif, stgtistifs ghn sustgihgcb` n`v`blpd`ht. ^a` dgih lce`ftiv` lj tais prle`ft is, tl gppby ta` khlwb`no` lj ta` nisfipbih`s lj juhngd`htgbs lj lp`rgtiho syst`ds, bloif, stgtistifs ghn sustgihgcb` n`v`blpd`ht, n`v`blpiho g r`s`grfa ih fldpghi`s gclut ihjlrdgtilh t`fahlbloy ghn sustgihgcibity. ^ais stuny prlpls`n tagt g surv`y c` fgrri`n lut ih g fldpghy ghn tagt ngtg p`rtgihiho tl ta` gr`gs lj sustgihgcibity khlwb`no`, juhngd`htgbs lj lp`rgtiho syst`ds ghn stgtistifs w`r` flbb`ft`n. _ita ta` flbb`ft`n ngtg, w` fgh agv` gff`ss tl gftilhs lh sustgihgcibity fgrri`n lut, waifa wgs lj or`gt idplrtghf`, gbr`gny gbbi`n tl ta` khlwb`no` gfquir`n wita ta` nisfipbih`, w` fgh `xp`ri`hf` ta` `hvirlhd`htgb issu` ih prgftif`. _ita ta` fldpb`tilh lj ta` wlrk, ta` dgih lce`ftiv` wgs gfai`v`n ihsljgr gs it wgs plssicb` tl r`bgt` ta` ta`lr`tifgb khlwb`no` wita ta` prgftif` jlbblw`n ih ta` ji`bn.

K`ywlrns5  Lp`rgtiho n`v`blpd`ht.

syst`d

juhngd`htgbs;

Bloif;

Vtgtistif;

Vustgihgcb`

 

VPDÇSIL IH^SLNPÏÆL ............................................................................................................ : 7. N@V@HZLBZID@H^L NL ]SLE@^L ......................... ............ .......................... .......................... .......................... ............... ? 7.7

Vust`htgcibingn`.................................. Vust`htgcibingn`..................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .................. ..... ?

7.3

Vust`htgcibingn` `dpr`sgrigb ......................... ............ ......................... .......................... ........................... .................. ..... 9

7.6

S`fifbgo`d ` S`gprlv`itgd`htl n` Dgt`rigis ............. .......................... .......................... ............... 7=

7.>

S`gprlv`itgd`htl n` çoug ........................... ............. .......................... ......................... .......................... ................... ...... 77

7.0

Juhngd`htls n` Vist`dgs Lp`rgfilhgis ............ .......................... .......................... ...................... .......... 73

7.:

@stgtästifg .......................... ............. .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ..................... ........ 7>

3. FLHVIN@SGÏÐ@V JIHGIV ............. .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ............... 7: S@J@SÅHFIGV CICBILOSÇJIFGV ............. .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ..................... ........ 7? 

 

IH^SLNPÏÆL L n`s`hvlbvid`htl n`st` trgcgbal `d jlrdgtl n` prle`tl iht`orgnl dubtinisfipbihgr t`d fldl prlpösitl prlpifigr g lplrtuhingn` n` n`s`hvlbv`r n` jlrdg prçtifg ls flha`fid`htls t`örifls, b`vgr gl gbuhl udg juhngd`htgïæl prçtifg nls flhf`itls t`örifls gnquirinls, jgvlr`f`hnl l niçblol `htr` gs nisfipbihgs qu` h`st` prle`tl sæl juhngd`htls n` sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis, böoifg, `stgtästifg ` n`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b. Cusfg-s`, fld l ]ID, gpr`s`htgr prlplstgs n` prle`tls flhniz`ht`s fld g r`gbingn` flht`dplrãh`g, `stidubgr l gbuhl hg slbuïæl n` prlcb`dgs r`bgfilhgnls í çr`g ` jld`htgr g `x`fuïæl n` prle`tls `hvlbv`hnl dõbtipbgs nisfipbihgs. H`st` `stunl s`ræl gclrngnls ls t`dgs qu` `stæl ihs`rinls hg p`squisg r`gbizgng `d udg `dpr`sg nl s`tlr gbid`htäfil. Ptibizghnl ls flhf`itls gnquirinls hg nisfipbihg n` juhngd`htls n` sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis, jlrgd r`gbizgngs p`squisgs n` qugis sæl ls sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis utibizgnls hg `dpr`sg `sflbaing pgrg l trgcgbal (tghtl `d pbgtgjlrdg dlcib`, qughtl `d pbgtgjlrdg n`sktlp). Gpr`s`htghnl gs fgrgft`rästifgs téfhifgs ` g vghtgo`hs ` n`svghtgo`hs nls sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis utibizgnls p`bls usuçrils qu` trgcgbagd hg `dpr`sg `sflbaing. Ptibizghnl ls flhf`itls gnquirinls hg nisfipbihg n` `stgtästifg, ls gbuhls n`v`ræl jgz`r fldpgrgtivls fld hõd`rls ` orçjifls, c`d fldl gpr`s`htgr tgdghal n` gdlstrgs, tgc`bgs ` fçbfubls `stgtästifls r`bgfilhgnls gls ngnls flbainls hg p`squisg slcr` sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis ` n`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b. Gplignls hg nisfipbihg n` Böoifg, ls gbuhls n`v`ræl frigr groud`htgïð`s vçbings ` sljisdgs cgs`gnls hls ngnls trgcgbagnls hls fçbfubls `stgtästifls. L prihfipgb lce`tivl n`st` prle`tl flhsist` `d gpbifgr ls flha`fid`htls ngs nisfipbihgs n` juhngd`htls n` sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis, böoifg, `stgtästifg ` n`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b, n`s`hvlbv`hnl udg p`squisg `d `dpr`sgs slcr` ihjlrdçtifg ` sust`htgcibingn`. N`s`hvlbv`hnl ` gpbifghnl ls flha`fid`htls gnquirinls `d gubg hgs nisfipbihgs n` Juhngd`htls n` Vist`dgs Lp`rgfilhgis, Böoifg, @stgtästifg ` N`s`hvlbvid`htl Vust`htçv`b. Groud`htghnl ` nisfutihnl gs t`fhlbloigs utibizgngs hls prle`tls n` sist`dgs fldputgfilhgis. Jld`htghnl l açcitl n` `x`futgr prle`tls `hvlbv`hnl dõbtipbgs nisfipbihgs.

 

7. N@V@HZLBZID@H^L NL ]S ]SLE@^L LE@^L 7.7 Vust`htgcibingn` H`st` `stunl jli r`gbizgnl ud b`vghtgd`htl ngs prihfipgis gïð`s n` sust`htgcibingn` n`s`hvlbvings p`bg `dpr`sg p`squisgng c`d fldl sug idplrtãhfig ` l idpgftl qu` `stgs gïð`s prlvlfgd. ]lréd, pgrg gprljuhngd`htl nl `stunl, udg gclrngo`d slcr` l t`dg s` jgz h`f`ssçril. L flhf`itl n` n`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b pr`ssupð` ud fr`sfid`htl `flhþdifl gt`htl ` r`splhsçv`b, n` dgh`irg g `xtrgir nls r`fursls ` t`fhlbloigs nisplhäv`is c`h`jäfils pgrg l pr`s`ht`, s`d fldprld`t`r gs r`s`rvgs qu` s`ræl b`ogngs ís o`rgïð`s juturgs. @stg n`t`rdihgïæl é ihfudcåhfig n` tlnls5 `htingn`s olv`rhgd`htgis ` hæl olv`rhgd`htgis, pln`r`s põcbifls ` flb`tivingn`, idcuänls nl prlpösitl n` r`gbizgr l flrr`tl dgh`el ngs plpubgïð`s qu` agcitgd g t`rrg ` n`s`dp`hagd, fgng qugb g s`u turhl, ud pgp`b n` juhngd`htgb idplrtãhfig pgrg g dghut`hïæl nl `quibäcril `flböoifl (SLFAG, 3=7>). L flhjbitl `htr` g t`hnåhfig nl n`s`hvlbvid`htl `flhþdifl ` g cilsj`rg, hls õbtidls 0= ghls, s`rvirgd n` gb`rtg pgrg l ihäfil ng pr`lfupgïæl fld l rudl ng audghingn`. G pgrtir n`stg pr`lfupgïæl suro` g sust`htgcibingn`. Ale`, g sust`htgcibingn` s` gpr`s`htg hg `flhldig fldl ud hlvl pgrgniodg. @st` pgrgniodg trgtg n` ud `sjlrïl dubtinisfipbihgr pgrg tlrhgr fgng v`z dgis fbgrg g jlrdg p`bg qugb g `flhldig ` g hgtur`zg iht`rgo`d. ]rihfipgbd`ht`, `hjgtizghnl ls `j`itls prlvlfgnls p`bgs gtivingn`s `flhþdifgs slcr` g hgtur`zg (N@CGBI, 3==9). ]lrtghtl, l n`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b, n` jlrdg r`suding, niz r`sp`itl gl n`s`hvlbvid`htl qu` gt`hn` gs h`f`ssingn`s gtugis ng slfi`ngn` s`d fldprld`t`r g fgpgfingn` n` gt`hn`r gs h`f`ssingn`s ngs juturgs o`rgïð`s g pgrtir nl usl rgfilhgb nls r`fursls hgturgis. Hl qu` flhf`rh` gl s`u suroid`htl, sug nisfussæl ihifilu-s` hl ãdcitl ng Flhj`råhfig n` N`s`hvlbvid`htl Audghl ` D`il Gdci`ht`, `d @stlflbdl, hl ghl n` 79?3, `d qu` s` qu`stilhgvg s` s`rig plssäv`b g fldpgticibizgïæl `htr` l n`s`hvlbvid`htl `flhþdifl ` g pr`s`rvgïæl gdci`htgb (SLFAG, 3=7>). L orghn` n`s`hvlbvid`htl t`fhlböoifl ngs õbtidgs néfgngs fld orghn` åhjgs` hl prlf`ssl prlnutivl ngs ihnõstrigs ` l ihf`htivl gl flhsudl nls pgäs`s

 

dgis n`s`hvlbvinls, `sp`figbd`ht`, tåd b`vgnl gl usl ihnisfridihgnl nls r`fursls hgturgis (qu` hæl sæl ihjihitls), c`d fldl tåd o`rgnl orghn` idpgftl gl d`il gdci`ht` `d prlplrïð`s oblcgis. ]grg lct`r r`subtgnls sgtisjgtörils hgs `strgtéoigs slfilgdci`htgis hl d`il urcghl, ud nls r`quisitls cçsifls é g flhstruïæl n` plbätifgs gdci`htgis jlrdubgngs fld g pgrtifipgïæl gtivg ng plpubgïæl blfgb, `stidubghnl g ihifigtivg ` g frigtivingn` ng flduhingn`, `, `d buogr n` plbätifgs n` fuhal gssist`hfigb, lj`r`f`r plbätifgs n` fgpgfitgïæl `jifgz`s. L prlf`ssl n` n`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b `hvlbv` nlis flhf`itls prihfipgis, l prid`irl n`b`s é slcr` gs h`f`ssingn`s, prihfipgbd`ht` gqu`bgs qu` sæl `ss`hfigis pgrg g slcr`vivåhfig nls plcr`s. @stgs n`v`d s`r prilrizgngs hgs gïð`s n` tlnls ls pgäs`s. L s`ouhnl é qu` g t`fhlbloig ` g lroghizgïæl slfigb fgusgd pr`euäzls gl d`il gdci`ht`, l qu` gfgrr`tg prlcb`dgs pgrg gt`hn`r ís h`f`ssingn`s audghgs (VGH^LV, 3=77).  Gn`dgis, l fr`sfid`htl `flhþdifl, `flhþdifl, t`hnl fldl plbätifg g cusfg cusfg p`bl bufrl ` p`bl flhsudl n` hlvls c`hs, s`d qugbqu`r fuingnl fld l qu` pln`rig gfgrr`tgr í slfi`ngn` ` gl d`il gdci`ht`, gbéd n` t`r fgusgnl nghls g `ss`, fldl eç d`hfilhgnl, t`rig gud`htgnl g n`siougbngn` `flhþdifg `htr` pgäs`s rifls ` pgäs`s plcr`s (c`d fldl hl ãdcitl ng plpubgïæl nls pgäs`s), r`jb`tihnl `d ud gud`htl hl gorgvgd`htl n` prlcb`dgs fldl g disérig, vilbåhfig, jld`, jgbtg n` `nufgïæl cçsifg ` n` flhniïð`s ihgn`qugngs n` trgcgbal, ` `d f`rtgs situgïð`s, n`orgnght`s (SLFAG, 3=7>). Fld gs gïð`s qu` flht`dpbgd l n`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b, s`ouhnl Nigs (3==:), hgsf`rgd ls prihfipgis lce`tivls ngs plbätifgs gdci`htgis ` n` n`s`hvlbvid`htl5 prldlv`r l fr`sfid`htl; gbt`rgr g qugbingn` nl n`s`hvlbvid`htl; gt`hn`r h`f`ssingn`s `ss`hfigis n` `dpr`ol, gbid`htgïæl, `h`roig, çoug ` sgh`gd`htl; dght`r ud häv`b plpubgfilhgb sust`htçv`b; flhs`rvgr ` d`balrgr g cgs` n` r`fursls; r`lri`htgr g t`fhlbloig ` gndihistrgr l risfl; ` ihfbuir l d`il gdci`ht` ` g `flhldig hl prlf`ssl n` tldgng n` n`fisæl (VGH^LV, 3=77). L n`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b t`d g iht`hïæl n` fldpgticibizgr gs vghtgo`hs `flhþdifgs, slfigis ` gdci`htgis. ]lréd, g gpbifgïæl n`ss` dln`bl n` n`s`hvlbvid`htl pln` gflht`f`r gp`hgs hl pbghl t`örifl, lu s`r gpbifgnl `d ud

 

prlf`ssl n` prlor`ssl `flhþdifl hl pbghl prçtifl. ^gb `sflbag jifg suclrnihgng gl fldprldissl n` nirio`ht`s plbätifls, slfi`ngn` fivib ` `dpr`sgrignl n` fgng hgïæl.

7.3 Vust`htgcibingn` `dpr`sgrigb É fr`sf`ht` g vgblrizgïæl ngs qu`stð`s gdci`htgis hl s`od`htl `dpr`sgrigb. Gs `dpr`sgs `stæl gt`hn`hnl ís `xioåhfigs nl d`rfgnl ` ng slfi`ngn` `d o`rgb, ght`s l `hjlqu` pr`plhn`rght` `stgvg vlbtgnl sld`ht` pgrg g `flhldig ` pgrg g dgro`d n` bufrl ng lroghizgïæl, dgs hls nigs gtugis `ss` `hjlqu` v`d s`hnl sucstituänl plr ud flhf`itl dgis gdpbl n` n`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b, hl qugb gs d`tgs n` fr`sfid`htl `stæl gsslfigngs gls `sjlrïls n` r`nuïæl nls `j`itls h`ogtivls fgusgnls p`bgs `dpr`sgs hl d`il gdci`ht` (CS@OLBG^L, 3=73). Hg `sj`rg lroghizgfilhgb, `d `sp`figb g `dpr`sgrigb, g ihfbusæl nl flhf`itl n` sust`htgcibingn` hgs `strgtéoigs flrplrgtivgs, t`d fr`sfinl n` jlrdg siohijifgtivg. @d gbouhs fgsls, vistg sld`ht` fldl dgis ud h`oöfil, `d lutrls, `bg é gnltgng fld fldprld`tid`htl slfigb ` flhsfiåhfig `flböoifg (DGS^IHV `t.gb., 3=7=).  Gboudgs `dpr`sgs nls s`tlr`s privgnl ` `stgtgb tåd n`dlhstrgnl pr`lfupgïæl fld gs qu`stð`s gdci`htgis ` slfigis, qu` aç plufl t`dpl hæl `rgd vistgs fldl udg r`splhsgcibingn` ngs `dpr`sgs. Gssid s`hnl, gs `dpr`sgs cusfgd gbt`rhgtivgs niv`rsgs pgrg `hjr`htgr gs dunghïgs, tghtl iht`rhgs fld `xt`rhgs ` s` gngptgr ís hlvgs r`orgs ` b`is. G sust`htgcibingn` t`d `hvlbvinl `dpr`sgs n` tlnl l duhnl, fldl `dpr`sgs gd`rifghgs qu` tåd gnltgnl prlorgdgs n` pr`s`rvgïæl gdci`htgb n`t`rdihgnl p`bl olv`rhl gd`rifghl. @ssg prçtifg t`d nij`r`hfignl gs `strgtéoigs n` h`oöfils (CS@OLBG^L, ( CS@OLBG^L, 3=73).  G gpbifgïæl nl flhf`itl í r`gbingn` r`qu`r r `qu`r udg séri` n` d`nings tghtl plr pgrt` nl pln`r põcbifl fldl ng ihifigtivg privgng, `htr` `bgs5 ud sist`dg plbätifl qu` gss`our` g `j`tivg pgrtifipgïæl nls fingnæls hl prlf`ssl n`fisöril; ud sist`dg `flhþdifl fgpgz n` o`rgr `xf`n`ht`s ` flha`fid`htl téfhifl `d cgs`s flhjiçv`is ` flhstght`s; ud sist`dg slfigb qu` plssg r`slbv`r gs t`hsð`s fgusgngs plr ud n`s`hvlbvid`htl hæl `quibicrgnl; ud sist`dg n` prlnuïæl qu` r`sp`it` g lcriogïæl n` pr`s`rvgr g cgs` `flböoifg nl n`s`hvlbvid`htl; ud sist`dg t`fhlböoifl qu` cusqu` flhstght`d`ht` hlvgs slbuïð`s; ud sist`dg iht`rhgfilhgb qu` `stidub`

 

pgnrð`s sust`htçv`is n` fldérfil ` jihghfigd`htl; `, ud sist`dg gndihistrgtivl jb`xäv`b ` fgpgz n` gutlflrrioir-s` (DGS^IHV `t.gb., 3=7=).

7.6 S`fifbgo`d ` S`gprlv`itgd`htl S`gprlv`itgd`htl n` Dgt`rigis L ihäfil nls ghls 9= gpr`s`htg udg orghn` pr`lfupgïæl fld g r`fifbgo`d, gssid g ihnõstrig ng r`fifbgo`d n`splhtg h`st` p`rälnl, hlvgs t`fhlbloigs fld`ïgd g s`r idpb`d`htgngs hl ihtuitl n` nihgdizgr `st` prlf`ssl. V`hnl l fgdihal dgis `strgtéoifl pgrg g o`stæl nls r`sänuls, gtr`bg gbéd nls c`h`jäfils gdci`htgis fbgrls udg gtivingn` `flhþdifg bufrgtivg. Gssid, ihifigd-s` ghçbis`s qughtl g vihfubgïæl ngs n`dghngs ng fgn`ig prlnutivg ihnustrigb ` g r`fifbgo`d fldl gplil g d`balrig nl d`il gdci`ht`, eç qu` g r`fifbgo`d fldl gtivingn` r`htçv`b, r`splhn` g lutrls gsp`ftls nl d`rfgnl qu` hæl sld`ht` l gdci`htgb (B@VVG, 3=71). ]`hsg-s` n` id`nigtl `d flb`tg ` n`vinl n`stihl, qughnl r`jb`tidls slcr` r`fifbgo`d. ]lréd, é h`f`ssçril ud dln`bl n` o`stæl pgrg fgng tipl n` r`sänul, ihfbuihnl h`b` ud flheuhtl n` gïð`s hlrdgtivgs, n` pbgh`egd`htl ` dlhitlrgd`htl, lp`rgfilhgis ` téfhifgs, `dcgsgngs hls fritérils `flhþdifls, sghitçrils ` gdci`htgis. N`ssg dgh`irg dihidizgd-s` ls risfls n` flhtgdihgïæl gdci`htgb, prlcb`dgs n` sgõn` põcbifg, c`d fldl ls r`jb`xls hl slfigb ` hl `flhþdifl. Gbéd n` s`r tgdcéd udg tldgng n` n`fisæl plbätifg, gssid fldl téfhifg (B@VVG, 3=71). Psgr rgfilhgbd`ht` ls r`fursls hgturgis ` c`hs põcbifls idpbifg `d usç-bls n` jlrdg `flhþdifg ` rgfilhgb `vitghnl l s`u n`sp`rnäfil. ]grg issl é pr`fisl ihs`rir hl pbghl n` o`stæl iht`orgng n` r`sänuls söbinls prlorgdgs qu` s`egd `j`tivls ` n` jçfib gssidibgïæl nls pgrtifipght`s, ` l 6 S’s v`d flhtricuir h`st`

s`htinl (SLNSIOP@V, 3=70). @st` prlorgdg prilrizg g S`nuïæl ng o`rgïæl hg jlht`, fld g S`utibizgïæl n` dgt`rigis fld gptinæl ` g S`fifbgo`d. Gs n`jihiïð`s n` fgng ud nls 6 S’s, hg lrn`d `d qu` ls d`sdls n`v`d s`r flhsin`rgnls `stæl r`bgfilhgngs r`bgfilhgngs g s`ouir5   S`nuïæl ng o`rgï o`rgïæl æl hg jlht`5 Idpbghtgïæl n` p prlf`nid`htls rlf`nid`htls qu` prilrizgd g

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hæl o`rgïæl nls r`sänuls. @stgs gïð`s pln`d vgrigr n` idpbghtgïæl n` hlvgs rltihgs lp`rgfilhgis g gbt`rgïð`s t`fhlböoifgs hl prlf`ssl prlnutivl;

 

  S`utibizgïæl n` r`sänuls5 r`sänuls5 H`s H`st` t` fgs fgsl l l r`sänul é r`gprl r`gprlv`itgnl v`itgnl s`d qu` ageg

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dlnijifgïð`s hg sug `struturg;   S`fifbgo`d n` r`sänu r`sänuls5 ls5 Hl fgsl ng r`fifbgo r`fifbgo`d `d aç ud c`h` c`h`jifigd`htl jifigd`htl hl

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r`sänul pgrg qu` l d`sdl s`eg utibizgnl `d lutrl (lu gté hl d`sdl) prlf`ssl. Pd `x`dpbl é g r`fifbgo`d n` bgtihags n` gbudähil—.  G pr`lfupgïæl fld g r`fifbgo`d hl Crgsib pgrtiu duitl dgis plr sug idplrtãhfig `flhþdifg nl qu` udg pr`lfupgïæl gdci`htgb, n`stgfg-s` gssid, g t`s` n` qu` g r`fifbgo`d nls dgt`rigis gflba` duitl dgis gs n`dghngs `flhþdifgs nl s`tlr `dpr`sgrigb ng r`fifbgo`d, ` n`ss` dlnl nir`filhg sugs plbätifgs põcbifgs, qu` gs h`f`ssingn`s/plssicibingn`s slfilgdci`htgis visbudcrgngs (B@VVG, 3=71). Hg `dpr`sg fitgng h`st` `stunl, gs `dcgbgo`hs n` pgp`b ` pbçstifl hæl utibizgnl p`bg prlnuïæl, c`d fldl l dgt`rigb n` `sfritöril hæl r`gprlv`itgnl sæl `hfgdihagngs pgrg `dpr`sg n` r`fifbgo`d n` bixl flduhitçrig ng fingn` udg v`z plr s`dghg. Lutrg gïæl g r`sp`itl nl r`gprlv`itgd`htl nls r`sänuls gflht`f` nir`tgd`ht` hg prlnuïæl. ]lr s` trgtgr n` udg `dpr`sg nl rgdl gbid`htäfil, tunl qu` o`rg n` sucprlnutls n`rivgnls n` s`u prlf`ssl prlnutivl, lu s`eg, bixl lroãhifl é gprlv`itgnl ` trghsjlrdgnl `d rgïæl ghidgb utibizgng p`bls jlrh`f`nlr`s.  G r`fifbgo`d ` r`gprlv`itgd`htl nls dgt`rigis, g prihfäpil o`rlu ogstl fld juhfilhçrils ` r`siståhfig plr pgrt` nls juhfilhçrils, plréd n`plis n` flhslbingng g d`ning, l `st` ogstl s` tlrhlu dähidl eç qu` gfõdubl n`st`s dgt`rigis hæl é dgis `hflhtrgnl hgs n`p`hnåhfigs ng `dpr`sg fgusgnlrgs n` prlcb`dgs iht`rhls lp`rgfilhgis.

7.> S`gprlv`itgd`htl n` çoug  G çoug utibizgng hg bidp`zg nls dgquihçrils é prid`irgd`ht` trgtgng ` r`utibizgng hg bidp`zg n` lutrls gdci`ht`s fldl çr`g `xt`rhg ng `dpr`sg. Lutrg d`ning jli fghgbizgr g çoug prlv`hi`ht` nls gr`s flhnifilhgnls ng s`n` ng `dpr`sg pgrg udg fist`rhg lhn` l usl n`stg vgi pgrg irriogr g v`o`tgïæl ngs n`p`hnåhfigs ng `dpr`sg. Fld l r`usl ngs çougs r`sinugis t`d s` niv`rsgs vghtgo`hs, fldl c`h`jäfils gdci`htgis, slfigis ` `flhþdifls.

 

Fldl c`h`jäfils gdci`htgis t`d-s` g r`nuïæl n` r`sänuls hls gjbu`ht`s, l qu` hls p`rdit` t`r udg çoug n` d`balr qugbingn`. ]grg g slfi`ngn` gbéd n` dgilr`s lplrtuhingn`s n` `dpr`ols, tgdcéd dgilr`s plssicibingn`s n` gdci`ht`s n` bgz`r `d flrpls n’çoug.  @flhldifgd`ht` pln`dls gjirdgr udg flhsin`rçv`b

r`nuïæl hl flhsudl n` çoug, f`rfg n` 71% hl tltgb nl flhsudl tghtl ng çr`g gndihistrgtivg qughtl hg prlnuïæl.

7.0 Juhngd`htls n` Vist`dgs Lp`rgfilhgis @d gt`hnid`htl g prlplstg n`st` `stunl, s`ræl gpr`s`htgnls ls sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis c`d fldl gs `sp`fijifgïð`s nls fldputgnlr`s ihstgbgnls hg `dpr`sg p`squisgng. Gbéd nls tgcI`ts, g `dpr`sg tgdcéd plssuä fldputgnlr`s n`sktlps ` s`rvinlr n` r`n` ihstgbgnls hgs çr`gs ng `dpr`sg. Ls sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis pr`nldihght`d`ht` _ihnlws ng oioght` Difrlsljt ` hls tgcb`ts l sist`dg Ghnrlin. Ls tgcb`t`s jgz`d pgrt` nl pgrqu` t`fhlböoifl ng `dpr`sg ` h`st`s `stæl rlnghnl l Vist`dg Lp`rgfilhgb Ghnrlin Blbbiplp 0.7 ` KitKgt >.>.>. fld g s`ouiht` flhjiourgïæl5   ^gcb`t Vgdsuho Ogbgxy ^gc G ^31=;

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  1OC;

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  ]rlf`ssgnlr Wugn Flr`.

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L usl n`st`s sæl `quipgd`htls sæl n`stihgnls gl s`tlr n` fld`rfigb lhn` ls r`pr`s`htght`s `xt`rhls utibizgd l nisplsitivl pgrg r`oistrgr ` `hvigr vig iht`rh`t ls p`ninls r`gbizgnls. @st` sist`dg lp`rgfilhgb, qu` s` tlrhlu plpubgr plr flhtg nls sdgrtpalh`s, suroiu `d 3==6, hg fingn` n` ]gbl Gbtl hg Fgbijörhig, c`rïl n` ihõd`rgs `dpr`sgs n` t`fhlbloig ` jli n`s`hvlbvinl p`bls `dpr`sçrils eç ihifignls hl rgdl, qu` juhngrgd g Ghnrlin Ihf. Ghny Sucih, Sifa Dih`r, Hifk V`grs ` Faris _ait`. Hg lfgsiæl, Sucih n`jihiu l Ghnrlin Ihf. fldl5 ‒Nisplsitivls döv`is dgis   iht`bio`ht`s ` qu` `st`egd dgis fi`ht`s ngs pr`j`råhfigs ` ng blfgbizgïæl nl s`u nlhl—. Hl ihäfil g `dpr`sg n`s`hvlbvig tlnls ls s`us prle`tls n` jlrdg s`fr`tg.   G

in`ig lrioihgb nls frignlr`s `rg bghïgr ud ihlvgnlr sist`dg pgrg fãd`rgs nioitgis, plréd, gl v`r`d qu` l d`rfgnl hæl `rg tæl gdpbl qughtl olstgrigd, r`slbv`rgd jlfgr hl d`rfgnl dlcib`. Hg éplfg, Sucih ` sug `quip` lj`r`f`rgd ud hlvl d`il n` sist`dg lp`rgfilhgb döv`b, lhn` t`rig g Lp`h Vlurf` ` cgs`gnl hl K`rh`b Bihux.

 

L sist`dg flhstgvg fld udg iht`rjgf` sidpb`s, juhfilhgb ` tgdcéd iht`orgng g vçrils ihstrud`htls. G in`ig `rg lj`r`f`r ud sist`dg orgtuitl pgrg tlngs gs p`sslgs qu` quis`ss`d t`r gf`ssl g `b` ` tgdcéd s`r sidpb`s gls n`s`hvlbv`nlr`s. @d lutrgs çr`gs ls fldputgnlr`s jgz`d qu` pgrt` nl pgrqu` t`fhlböoifl qu` rlngd l _ihnlws? v`rsæl ]rl 63-cits qu` plssu`d g s`ouiht` jlrdgtgïæl5   Fldputgnlr Ihspirlh 3= 6=== Gbb ih lh`;

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  ]rlf`ssgnlr Iht`b F`b`rlh E67:= (7.: OAz,Fgfa` n` 3DC);

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  ]bgfg n` vän`l iht`orgng Iht`b AN Orgpaifs;

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  D`dörig >OC, NNS6;

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  Nisfl räoinl VG^G n` 0== OC.

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Vlcr` l _ihnlws ?, v`rsæl ihstgbgng `d gbouhs fldputgnlr`s n`sktlps ng `dpr`sg p`squisgng h`st` `stunl, s`ouhnl Ghnrgn` (3=7?), t`d suplrt` g prlf`ssgnlr`s n` 63cits ` :>cits, ` fldpgticibingn` n` nriv`rs ` gpbifgïð`s ogrghting fld l _ihnlws Zistg, ght`f`sslr g `b`. Flhtg fld udg qughtingn` n` nriv`rs duitl sup`rilr gls s`us pr`n`f`sslr`s, prihfipgbd`ht` hg çr`g n` flh`ftivingn`, hg qugb pr`t`hn` jgfibitgr gl dçxidl g flh`ftivingn` nl fldputgnlr í iht`rh`t. G iht`rjgf` fld l usuçril t`d r`fursls iht`r`ssght`s, fldl r`fursls n` hgv`ogïæl (G`rl Vagk`, G`rl ]``k ` G`rl Vhgps), ud d`hu n` flht`xtl p`rslhgbizgnl plr gpbifgtivl. Hls s`rvinlr`s ng `dpr`sg, tgdcéd t`d sist`dg lp`rgfilhgb ng pbgtgjlrdg Difrlsljt fld g flhjiourgïæl gcgixl5   V`rvinlr ]lw`r@no` S06=;

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  ]rlf`ssgnlr Iht`b Q`lh @0-3:== v>;

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  7: OC NNS>;

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  Gté litl uhingn`s VGV, VG^G, VGV h`gr-bih`, VVN n` 6,0;

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  Nisfl räoinl VG^G n` 7^c; 

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  ]bgfg n` vän`l Dgtrlx O3== iht`orgnl fld iNSGF1.  

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L _ihnlws V`rv`r, v`rsæl 3=73, gssid fldl tlnls gs lutrgs v`rsð`s sæl vlbtgnls pgrg fldpibgr udg ihjrg`struturg n` gpbifgtivls, r`n`s ` s`rviïls _`c

 

flh`ftgnls, nl orupl n` trgcgbal gl Ngtg F`ht`r. ]lréd, h`stg v`rsæl, l r`fursl Zirtugbizgtilh N`sktlp Ihjrgstruftur` lu , virtugbizgïæl n` n`sktlp, p`rdit` qu` qugbqu`r dçquihg biogng í r`n` r`f`cg l n`sktlp nl usuçril. G j`rrgd`htg gihng p`rdit` l gf`ssl gl n`sktlp r`dltl `d nisplsitivls döv`is fldl sdgrtpalh`s ` tgcb`ts. Gssid, ls r`pr`s`htght`s, usuçrils nls tgcb`t`s pln`d gf`ssgr ihjlrdgïð`s, c`d fldl l gndihistrgnlr ng r`n` pln` gf`ssç-bls n` jlrdg r`dltg gtrgvés nl s`rvinlr. Gbéd n` p`rditir l grdgz`hgd`htl `d huv`d, s`ouihnl t`hnåhfig n` grdgz`hgd`htl n` ihjlrdgïð`s.

7.: @stgtästifg Ls ngnls ng p`squisg s`ræl gpr`s`htgnls g s`ouir5 Jiourg 7 - ^gc`bg n` `quipgd`htls n` Ihjlrdçtifg blfgbizgnls.  

Wughtingn`

0

9

@quipgd`htls Fldputgnlr Ihspirlh 3= 6=== Gbb ih lh` ]rlf`ssgnlr Iht`b F`b`rlh E67:= (7.: OAz,Fgfa` n` 3DC) ]bgfg n` vän`l iht`orgng Iht`b AN Orgpaifs D`dörig >OC, NNS6 Nisfl räoinl VG^G n` 0== OC _ihnlws ? ]rl 63-cits Fldputgnlr Lpti]b`x 6=0= ]rlf`ssgnlr Iht`b Flr` i6 (3 hõfb`ls, 6,> OAz, Fgfa` n` 6 DC) _ihnlws 7= ]rl 63 - cits > OC, NNS> ]bgfg n` vän`l iht`orgng Iht`b AN Orgpaifs Nisfl räoinl VG^G n` 0== OC

73

Zlstrl N`sktlp 63:1 VJJ ]rlf`ssgnlr`ss Iht`b Flr` i? ]rlf`ssgnlr` > OC, NNS> Nisfl räoinl VG^G n` 0== OC _ihnlws 7= ]rl :> cits

73

Hlt`cllk Ihspirlh 70 0=== ]rlf`ssgnlr Iht`b Flr` i0 _ihnlws 7= Ald` 63 - cits 1OC n` d`dörig Nisfl räoinl n` 7^C

 

?

V`rvinlr ]lw`r@no` S06= ]rlf`ssgnlr Iht`b Q`lh @0-3:== v> 7: OC NNS>  Gté litl uhingn`s uhingn`s VGV, VG^G, VGV h`g h`grrbih`, VVN n` 6,0 Nisfl räoinl VG^G n` 7^c ]bgfg n` vän`l Dgtrlx O3== iht`orgnl fld iNSGF1 _ihnlws V`rv`r 3=73

9

^gcb`t Vgdsuho Ogbgxy ^gc G ^31= 1OC ]rlf`ssgnlr Wugn Flr`  Ghnrlin Jlht`5 Gutlr, 3=37.

Jgz`hnl udg ghçbis` nls r`subtgnls `hflhtrgd-s` fldputgnlr`s fld dln`bls nij`r`ht`s, s`hnl qu` 0 sæl Fldputgnlr Ihspirlh 3= 6=== Gbb ih lh`, 9 sæl Fldputgnlr Lpti]b`x 6=0=, 73 sæl Zlstrl N`sktlp 63:1 VJJ, 73 sæl Hlt`cllk Ihspirlh 70 0===, ? sæl V`rvinlr ]lw`r@no` S06= ` 9 sæl ^gcb`t Vgdsuho Ogbgxy ^gc G ^31=. N`st` dlnl, pln`-s` lcs`rvgr qu` l Zlstrl N`sktlp 63:1 ` l Hlt`cllk Ihspirlh 70 sæl ls `quipgd`htls fld dgilr qughtingn` ` dgilr utibizgïæl p`bls juhfilhçrils, flrr`splhn`hnl g >>% nl tltgb n` `quipgd`htls n` Ihjlrdçtifg ng `dpr`sg p`squisgng. N` gflrnl fld ls ngnls ng tgc`bg, l tgdghal n` gdlstrg5 l tltgb n` `quipgd`htls n` ihjlrdçtifg 0>. V`hnl qu` h`stg, aç udg pgrtifubgringn` qu` sæl gs v`rsð`s nls Vist`dgs Lp`rgfilhgis ihstgbgnls.

 

3. FLHVIN@SGÏÐ@V JIHGIV Hl pr`s`ht` ]rle`tl Iht`orgnl Dubtinisfipbihgr (]ID), gpr`s`htlu-s` udg p`squisg slcr` ihjlrdçtifg ` sust`htgcibingn`. Fld lce`tivl n` gpbifgr ls flha`fid`htls ngs nisfipbihgs n` juhngd`htls n` sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis, böoifg, `stgtästifg ` n`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b, n`s`hvlbv`hnl udg p`squisg `d `dpr`sgs slcr` ihjlrdçtifg ` sust`htgcibingn`. @st` `stunl prlpþs qu` jlss` r`gbizgng udg p`squisg `d udg `dpr`sg ` qu` h`stg jlss`d flb`tgnls ngnls p`rtih`ht`s ís çr`gs nl flha`fid`htl sust`htgcibingn`, juhngd`htls n` sist`dgs lp`rgfilhgis ` `stgtästifg. Fld plss` nls ngnls flb`tgnls, pln`dls t`r gf`ssl g gïð`s nlcr` sust`htgcibingn` r`gbizgngs, l qu` jli n` orghn` idplrtãhfig, eç gbignl gls flha`fid`htls gnquirinls fld g nisfipbihg, pln`dls viv`hfig hg prçtifg g qu`stæl gdci`htgb. Fld g jihgbizgïæl nl trgcgbal, l lce`tivl prihfipgb jli gtihoinl hg d`ning `d qu` jli plssäv`b r`bgfilhgr ls flha`fid`htls t`örifls fld g prçtifg gfldpghagng `d fgdpl. Clgs lplrtuhingn`s jlrgd b`vghtgngs nurght` g p`squisg, vlbtgngs pgrg Juhngd`htls n` Vist`dgs Lp`rgfilhgis, Böoifg, @stgtästifg ` N`s`hvlbvid`htl Vust`htçv`b.

 

S@J@SÅHFIGV CICBILOSÇJIFGV CS@OLBG^L, Eubighg ^`ix`irg. Vust`htgcibingn` @dpr`sgrigb5 ]grg ]`qu`hgs ` Dénigs @dpr`sgs Crgsib`irgs. ^rgcgbal n` Flhfbusæl n` Fursl  ‖ Ihstitutl Duhifipgb n` @hsihl Vup`rilr n` Gssis ‖ ID@VG, 3=77. Nisplhäv`b `d5 attps5//f`p`ih.j`dgh`t.fld.cr/CNioitgb/grq^ffs/=9773:=7 attps5//f`p`ih.j`dgh`t.fld.cr/CNio itgb/grq^ffs/=9773:=77=.pnj. 7=.pnj. Gf`ssl `d5 79 n` dgil n` 3=37. N@CGBI, Eugh Fgrbls. N`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b5 `vlbuïæl ` ihnifgnlr`s n` sust`htgcibingn`. Phiv`rsingn` J`n`rgb n` Vghtg Fgtgrihg  ‖ PJVF, 3==9. Nisplhäv`b `d5 attp5//tff.cu.ujsf.cr/@flhldig3970:3.pnj. attp5//tff.cu.ujsf.cr/@flhldig3970:3.pnj. Gf`ssl `d5 79 n` dgil n` 3=37. B@VVG, Ygsdih J`rr`irg. G idplrtãhfig ng r`fifbgo`d nls r`sänuls `b`trþhifls hl Crgsib. ^rgcgbal n` flhfbusæl n` fursl (Orgnugïæl `d gndihistrgïæl)  ‖  Phiv`rsingn` J`n`rgb Jbudih`hs`. Hit`rli, 3=71. Nisplhäv`b `d5 attps5//gpp.ujj.cr/riujj/citstr`gd/7/97>3/7/^FF%3=YGVDID%3=J@SS@ISG%3=B@VV  G.pnj. Gf`ssl `d5 79 n` dgil n` 3=37. SLFAG, Slssghg n` Grgõel. G flhsfi`htizgïæl ` g gïæl flheuhtg n` olv`rhls, slfi`ngn`s ` go`ht`s `flhþdifls pgrg g vigcibizgïæl nl n`s`hvlbvid`htl sust`htçv`b. ^rgcgbal n` flhfbusæl n` fursl (Orgnugïæl `d Nir`itl Gdci`htgb nl N`pgrtgd`htl n` @flhldig Surgb ` @xt`hsæl) ‖ Furiticg, 3=7>. Gf`ssl `d5 attps5//gf`rvlnioitgb.ujpr.cr/citstr`gd/aghnb`/711>/>9117/S%3=-%3=@%3=%3=SLVVGHG%3=N@%3=GSGPEL%3=SLFAG.pnj/^FF-3=70-3-Nghi`bg-FgrlbihgSlnriou`s.pnj. Gf`ssl `d5 79 n` dgil n` 3=37.

VGH^LV, Dgt`us F. N`s`hvlbvid`htl Vust`htçv`b5 Vust`htçv`b5 iht`rpr`tgïð`s frätifl fi`htäjifgs. 3=77. :6 jbs. ^rgcgbal n` Flhfbusæl n` Fursl, @sp`figbizgïæl `d  Ghçbis` ` @nufgïæl Gdci`htgb `d Fiåhfigs ng ^`rrg ‖ Phiv`rsingn` @stgnugb n` Blhnrihg, 3=77. Nisplhäv`b `d5 attp5//www.u`b.cr/prle`tls/t`rhlpgr/pgo`s/grquivls/tff%3=Dgta`us%3=Vghtls.pnj.  Gf`ssl `d5 79 n` dgil n` 3=37.