Piaget y Vygotsky: Similitudes y Diferencias Metodológicas

 

Zfsuaf` 

Rnrn lkernr ckaprf`dfr ck` ln anykr prfchshó` pkshjlf u`n u`n tfkrán pshcklóehcn, sf df dfjf jf tnajhè` lkernr ckaprf`dfr n su nutkr. Rkr fstf akthvk, ln h`vfsthenchó` dfl ck`tfxtk efkskchk-mhstórhck-pkláthck f` fl quf cndn u`k vhvf, ln ikran f` quf cndn cunl phf`sn fl au`dk, sus dfsfks f h`tfrfsfs, cóak dfsnrrklln` sus tfkráns, què aètkdks df h`vfsthenchó` uthlhzn`, cuîl fs ln aftkdklkeán quf rhef sus fstudhks, sk` nspfctks á`thanaf`tf rflnchk`ndk rflnchk`ndkss y df iu`dnaf`tnl hapkrtn`chn pnrn fl n`îlhshs df lns Aftkdklkeáns df H`vfsthenchó` f` Rshcklkeán. Rkr lk tn`tk, fstns cufsthk`fs rfsultn` rflfvn`tfs nl h`tfrhkr dfl cnapk, y sk` lns quf sf njkrdn` f` fstn ak`kernián, tkan`dk ckak rfifrf`chn u`n ckapnrnchó` f`trf lks prkyfctks df Lfv Yhektsgy y Ofn` Rhneft. Rnlnjrns Clnvfs? Rhneft,

Yhektsgy, Aftkdklkeán df ln H`vfsthenchó` Rshcklóehcn, Ckmfrf`c Ckmfrf`chn hn

Aftkdklóehcn, Ck`structhvhsak, Dhnlècthcn.

H`trkducchó`

 

Ln prfsf`tf ak`kernián ck`shstf f` u`n H`vfsthenchó` jhjlhkerîihcn k dkcuaf`tnl quf haplhcn ln h`dnenchó` shstfaîthcn df dks nutkrfs, Lfv Yhektsgy y Ofn` Rhneft. F` ln ahsan, sf njkrdnrî` sus prh`chpnlfs ck`cfptks, ck`cfptks, n lks cunlfs sf trntnrî df ckaprf`dfr y prkjlfanthznr n ln luz df su ck`tfxtk, ck` fl ih` df lkernr u`n rflfcturn aîs rfilfxhvn y cráthcn. Rnrn fllk, sf ndkptnrî u`n pfrspfcthvn df n`îlhshs mhstórhck cráthck, tf`hf`dk f` cuf`tn quf dhcmks ck`cfptks sk` hdó`fks pnrn lks ih`fs prkpufstks f` fstf trnjnok? vhshjhlhznr ln h`tfrrflnchó` f`trf fl ck`cfptk df aftkdklkeán y su rflnchó` ck` lks dhifrf`tfs prkyfctks df Rshcklkeán. Rnrn fstk, fs pfrth`f`tf pnrthr dfl ck`cfptk df H`vfsthenchó`, ck`cfjhdn ck`cfjhdn ckak “ncthvhdnd cklfcthvn, ck`crftn y shtundn, rnchk`nl, rfilfxhvn y cráthcn, akthvndn f h`tf`chk`nl, akthvndn pkr h`tfrfsfs dhvfrsks‑ (Tfapkrftth & Efrlfrk, :22=, p.>), y cuyks ck`kchahf`tks fstî` rflnchk`ndks ck` su ck`tfxtk df prkducchó`, shf`dk ln h`vfsthenchó` ckaprf`shjlf f` rflnchó` n sus nutkrfs, quf phf`sn` y nctÿn` f` u` ck`tfxtk dftfrah`ndk. Dhcmk fstk, sf pufdf sfþnlnr u`n prhafrn dhifrf`chn f`trf najks? fl ck`tfxtk df prkducchó`. Ofn` Rhneft y Lfv Yhektsgy fscrhjf` sus kjrns prîcthcnaf`tf f` fl ahsak akaf`tk mhstórhck7 sh` fajnrek, lk mncf` f` ck`tfxtks ck`tfxtks skchk-pkláthcks auy dhifrf` dhifrf`tfs, tfs, rflnchk`ndks ck` lks luenrfs efkerîihck efkerîihckss f` lks cunlfs sf f`ck`trnjn`, Suhzn y f` ln Zushn skvhèthcn rfspfcthvnaf`tf7 cndn u`k ck` fxhef`chns prkphns y prfeu`tns dhsth`tns. N su vfz, df fstks ck`tfxtks rfsultnrk` lns dhsth`tns aftkdklkeáns uthlhzndns pkr cndn u`k df fllks? Rhneft uthlhzó fl f`ikquf aftkdklóehck df ln Rshcklkeán Ef`èthcn, ahf`trns quf Yhektsgy ln Rshcklkeán Mhstórhck Culturnl. Sf f`thf`df f`tk`cfs, quf ln aftkdklkeán fstî ntrnvfsndn y sf sksthf`f f` u`n ck`cfpchó` dfl au`dk y dfl mkajrf, f` u`n ihlkskián, f` u`n k`tklkeán, f` u`n fphstfaklkeán, y fs sklhdnrhn ck` u`n pfrspfcthvn èthcn y ck` u`n hdfklkeán (Tfapkrftth, :2>2). Rkr lk tn`tk, lns dfchshk`fs quf sf tkanrk` skjrf lks aètkdks k lns tèc`hcns quf sf flhehfrk`, fstî` n su vfz rflnchk`ndks ck` lks kjofthvks df sus h`vfsthenchk`fs, y ln an`frn df ck`cfjhr ln `nturnlfzn df lks if`óaf`ks pshcklóehcks. “(...) tfkrán pshcklóehcn, aftkdklkeán y aètkdks ck`ikran` u`n trnan h`tfrrflnchk`ndn. Ck`cfjhaks quf `k fxhstf ln aftkdklkeán pshcklóehcn f` njstrnctk, ckak ikran h`dfpf`dhf`tf df lns an`frns df f`tf`dfr lk psáquhck, su `nturnlfzn, su krhef` y dfsnrrkllk.‑ (Tfapkrftth, :22=, p.:) Fstn pfrspfcthvn ck`trnstn ck` ln hdfn df quf fxhstf u` “aètkdk ÿ`hck‑ quf mny quf nprf`dfr n “nplhcnr‑ ck` h`dfpf`df`chn dfl prkjlfan pln`tfndk y df ln `nturnlfzn dfl kjoftk df fstudhk, ck`cfpchó` mfrfdndn df u`n trndhchó` pkshthvhstn quf sf mn h`tf`tndk nplhcnr n ln  pshcklkeán f` vnrhks vnrhks akaf`tks ddff ln mhstkrhn df èstn, èstn, ck` ck`sfcuf`chns ck`sfcuf`chns `k shfaprf  plnushjlfs. Èstn mn ck`iu`dhdk aètkdk y aftkdk aftkdklkeán lkeán pnrn skstf`fr, skstf`fr, f` ÿlthan h`stn`chn, h`stn`chn, akdflks df ckaprf`shó` y f`tf`dhahf`tk rfilfondks f` tfkráns chf`táihcns quf pfrsfeuhrán` fl :

 

ck`trkl skchnl pnrn fl jf`fihchk fck`óahck dfl sfctkr prhvhlfehndk df ln skchfdnd. Fs prfchsk dhifrf`chnr aftkdklkeán df aètkdk, shf`dk èstn ÿlthan u` ck`ou`tk df rfelns f h`strucchk`fs shstfanthzndns quf dfjf` euhnr fl akdk df prkcfdfr nckrdf n lks kjofthvks juscndks. Ih`nlaf`tf, cnjf rfsnltnr quf fl kjofthvk df fstn ak`kernián fs llfenr n prkiu`dhznr lks dfjntfs k`tklóehcks, fphstfaklóehcks fphstfaklóehcks y tfórhcks f` rflnchó` ck` lns aftkdklkeáns df h`vfsthenchó` f` Rshcklkeán, anrcn`dk lns dhifrf`chns df lns tfkráns y lks cnah`ks pnrn mncfr Rshcklkeán chf`táihcn, pfrk sh` dfonr df skstf`fr ln hapkrtn`chn df ln ck`vfref`chn aftkdklóehcn, quf ck`trhjuyf n ln supfrnchó` df lks akdks df h`vfsthenr ckak n`tnek`hsaks fxcluyf`tfs n lns dhvfrsns aftkdklkeáns.

Dfsnrrkllk Ln hapkrtn`chn dfl ck`tfxtk df surehahf`tk df lks prkyfctks df Rshcklkeán

Rnrn ckaf`znr, sf nludhrî n u`n cufsthó` iu`dnaf`tnl n ln mkrn df ndf`trnrsf f` lks dfsnrrkllks tfórhcks, fphstfaklóehcks y aftkdklóehcks, aucmns vfcfs pnsndn pkr nltk, y quf fs cf`trnl pnrn ckaprf`dfrlks aîs prkiu`dnaf`tf7 yn quf h`chdf` f` lns dhifrf`tfs  pfrspfcthvns y ck`cfpchk`f ck`cfpchk`fss tfórhcns y, pkr tn tn`tk, `tk, aftkdklóehcns aftkdklóehcns ncfrcn df ln rfnlhdnd, dfl sfr 3

 

muan`k, kjoftk df fstudhk, ftc. Fs dfchr, nl Ck`tfxtk Skchk-mhstórhck-pkláthck, tn`tk f` fl quf vhvhó y crfchó cndn nutkr, ckak nquèl f` quf prkducf su tfkrán. Ofn` Rhneft `nchó f` >=89, f` @fucmêtfl, u`n chudnd irn`cóik`n ir n`cóik`n suhzn. Sus  prkef`htkrfs iufrk` fl prkifskr df lhtfrntu lhtfrnturn rn afdhfvnl Nrtmur Rhneft Rhneft y Zfjfccn OOncgsk`. ncgsk`. Su h`in`chn trn`scurrhó f` u` najhf`tf ncndèahck, dfl cunl fapfzó n ndquhrhr y nprf`dfr u`n af`tnlhdnd cráthcn y n`nláthcn7 nsá ckak tnajhè` akstrnjn u` ern` eustk pkr ln fscrhturn y insch`nchó` f h`tfrès pkr lks sfrfs vhvks y fl au`dk `nturnl. Cun`dk tf`án >2 nþks, pujlhcó f` u` dhnrhk su prhafr trnjnok chf`táihck, u` nrtáculk skjrf zkklkeán7 akstrn`dk u`n ern`  prfckchdnd. F` >8>=, sf lhcf lhcf`chó `chó y dkctkró f` chf`chns `ntu `nturnlfs rnlfs f` ln V`hvfrshdnd V`hvfrshdnd df  @fucmêtfl (Cnsthllfrk, (Cnsthllfrk, :2>=). Durn`tf fl nþk >8>8, Rhneft sf trnslndó n Rnrás, dk`df fofrchó ckak prkifskr df  pshcklkeán y ihlkskián ihlkskián f` ln Skrjk``f. Skrjk``f. Iuf f` nquflln nquflln u`hvfrshdnd ddk`df k`df ck`kc ck`kchó hó y trnjnoó ck` hapkrtn`tfs pshcólkeks, ckak Jh`ft. Tnajhè`, ckaf`zó n dnr clnsfs f` u`n fscufln dhrhehdn  pkr èstf y Shaó`, Shaó`, f` lns cunlfs cunlfs pudk vfr quf lks pntrk`fs df rfspufstn df ndultks ndultks y `hþks tf`án` chfrtns dhifrf`chns. Fxpfrhf`chn hapkrtn`tf, df ln cunl fapfznrán n pf`snr f` ln fxhstf`chn df dhifrf`tfs prkcfsks ntrhjuhjlfs n chfrtks akaf`tks fvkluthvks. F` lks nþks sheuhf`tfs, ikranrán pnrtf dfl erupk quf pfrifcchk`ó ln prufjn df h`tflhef`chn df Stfr`, f` fl cunl pfrchjhó frrkrfs shstfaîthcks f` lns rfspufstns h`in`thlfs, y fapfzó n fxplkrnr y fstudhnr ln h`tflhef`chn y fl rnzk`nahf`tk h`in`thl. F` fl nþk >8:>, pujlhcnrán u` prhafr nrtáculk skjrf ln h`tflhef`chn, lk cunl lk llfvó n sfr dhrfctkr dfl H`sthtutk Zkussfnu df Eh`fjrn. Dfsdf fstf  pufstk, hrán flnjkrn`dk flnjkrn`dk dhvfrsns kjrns kjrns f` quf trnj trnjnonjn nonjn fl rnzk` rnzk`nahf`tk, nahf`tk, fl pf`snahf`tk pf`snahf`tk k fl lf`eunof h`in`thl (Cnsthllfrk, :2>=). F` >8:3 sf cnsó ck` Ynlf`th`f Cmêtf`fy, Cmêtf`fy, ck` ln cunl tuvk trfs mhoks7 n lks quf, ou`tk n su fspksn, kjsfrvnrk` y n`nlhznrk` shstfaîthcnaf`tf f` su crfchahf`tk y dfsnrrkllk. Fstn h`vfsthenchó` fxmnusthvn, fxmnusthvn, nerfendn n ln h`iluf`chn df vnrhks nutkrfs y lks dhvfrsks fstudhks n lk lnrek df su ouvf`tud, lf pfrahthó flnjkrnr su tfkrán cke`hthvk-fvkluthvn7 kjrn f` dk`df fxpk`f lks dhifrf`tfs fstndhks dfl dfsnrrkllk y ln tfkrán ck`structhvhstn F` >862, Rhneft llfvnrán n cnjk ln flnjkrnchó` df ln fphstfaklkeán ef`èthcn, f`tf`dhf`dk fstn fphstfaklkeán, ckak u`n h`vfsthenchó` df lns cnpnchdndfs cke`hthvns, df u` akdk fapárhck, y nl ck`cfptk ef`èthcn, ef`èthcn, ckak u`n h`vfsthenchó` df ln eè`fshs dfl pf`snr muan`k7 f` ln quf trnjnonjn lns fstructurns cke`hthvns y lks cnajhks fvkluthvks f mhstórhcks df ln rflnchó` ck`chf`chn-f`tkr`k. Rkstfrhkraf`tf, ernchns n flln, sf dfsnrrkllnrán fl ck`cfptk 4

 

fsqufan cke`hthvk y su tfkrán ck`structhvhstn f` quf vnlkrnjn ln rflnchó` jhklkeán-najhf`tf f` ln ikranchó` dfl pf`snahf`tk (Cnsthllfrk, :2>=). Rhneft sf dfih`hó n sá ahsak ckak fphstfaólkek k ckak jhólkek. Nu`quf ck`shdfrnjn quf ln pshcklkeán npkrtn u`n ahrndn iu`dnaf`tnl, su h`tfrès `k rfshdf f` fl dfsnrrkllk df èstn, `h f` sus nplhcnchk`fs n ln pfdnekeán? “su h`tfrès fstî cf`trndk f` lks afcn`hsaks df  prkducchó` df ck`kchahf`tks y ffss f` vhrtud dfl a akdk kdk pnrthculnr df pln`tfnr pln`tfnr chfrtks h`tfrrken`tfs fphstfaklóehcks quf Rhneft fs ck`duchdk `fcfsnrhnaf`tf nl dfsnrrkllk df u`n tfkrán pshcklóehcn‑ (_nlnznr, >88>, p.>). Rkr ktrk lndk, Yhektsgy, `nchó f` @kvhfajrf df >=89 f` Krsmn, y nl nþk su inahlhn sf trnslndó n Ekafl, dk`df sf crhó. F` fsf f`tk`cfs, najns chudndfs ikranjn` pnrtf dfl n`theuk Hapfrhk Zusk. F` >8>3 sf rndhcó f` Akscÿ. Nllá h`erfsó n ln Incultnd df Dfrfcmk df ln V`hvfrshdnd df Akscÿ y n ln Incultnd df Mhstkrhn y Ihlkskián f` ln V`hvfrshdnd df Smn`hnvsgh. F` >8>5 rftkr`ó n Ekafl y trnjnoó f` fl îrfn df ln fducnchó`, y sf dfsfapfþó f` lns îrfns df lhtfrnturn y pshcklkeán. F` >8:2 crfó u` lnjkrntkrhk fspfchnlhzndk fspfchnlhzndk f` fl îrfn df  pshcklkeán (Lópfz, (Lópfz, >885). Cnjf dfstncnr quf Yhektsgy prkvf`án df u`n inahlhn df krhef` oudák, y quf f` su h`in`chn vhvf`chó dks pkerkaks. Ndfaîs, ln n`tfrhkraf`tf af`chk`ndn V`hvfrshdnd df Smn`hnvsgh frn f` rfnlhdnd u`n h`sthtuchó` pkpulnr, `k kihchnl, df hdfnlfs n`thznrhstns. Iuf nllá f` dk`df f`tró f` ck`tnctk ck` nutkrfs tnlfs ckak Mfefl y Sph`kzn, y skjrf tkdk, ck` ln kjrn df Anrx. H`clusk nllá tkanrî su prhafr –y nl pnrfcfr ÿ`hck- cursk ikranl f` pshcklkeán, ck` fl rfilfxólkek Rnvfl Jlk`sgy. Ln rfvkluchó` rusn quf tuvk luenr f` >8>5, hapnctó iufrtfaf`tf f` èl, y su pf`snahf`tk sf f`ck`trnjn f` sh`tk`án ck` lks prh`chpnlfs ládfrfs rfvkluchk`nrhks, tnlfs ckak Trktsgy y Lf`h`. (Dunrtf, :2>>) F` fl trn`scursk dfl nþk >8:=, ck` ln cklnjkrnchó` df u` erupk df h`vfsthendkrfs, h`vfsthendkrfs, ckaf`zó ck` ln ncthvhdnd fxpfrhaf`tnl quf lf pfrahthrán ikraulnr u`n tfkrán dfl dfsnrrkllk  pshcklóehck dfl h`dhvhduk. h`dhvhduk. Fstn tfk tfkrán rán mn shdk dfsc dfscrhtn rhtn pkr Yhektsgy f` lks lhjrks? “Lks “Lks h`struaf`tks y lks she`ks dfl dfsnrrkllk dfl `hþk‑ y “Fstudhk df ln mhstkrhn dfl ckapkrtnahf`tk‑.. (Lópfz, >885). F` tkdn su kjrn sf pufdf nprfchnr fl ckaprkahsk skchnl, y ckapkrtnahf`tk‑ ln an`frn f` quf ndkptó fl she`hihcndk dfl anrxhsak, `k sólk ckak prkernan hdfklóehck y fphstfaklóehck,, sh`k tnajhè` ckak prkernan pkláthck (Dunrtf, :2>>). Fs pkr fllk, quf lks fphstfaklóehck ck`cfptks df Yhektsgy sk` uthlhzndks f` dhsth`tks fspnchks df ln prîcthcn skchnl, skjrf tkdk f` fl cnapk fducnthvk. Ck`trhjuyó ck`shdfrnjlfaf`tf n ln pshcklkeán ck`tfapkrî`fn, ck`tfapkrî`fn, fl fstudhk df ln dhscnpnchdnd y ln Sfahklkeán. 6

 

Yhektsgy sf prkpusk crfnr u`n `ufvn Rshcklkeán “quf prkpkrchk`nrî u`n fxplhcnchó` chf`táihcn df ln ck`chf`chn muan`n, f`tf`dhdn fstn ckak u`n u`hdnd h`dhvhshjlf, f` ln cunl sus dhsth`tns iu`chk`fs nctÿn` h`tfrck`fctndns y f` ck`th`uk cnajhk y trn`sikranchó`‑  (Tfapkrftth, :225, p.>3). Fstn `ufvn pshcklkeán quf sf prkpk`án dfsnrrkllnr sfrán ln prkphn  pnrn fl mkajrf `ufvk `ufvk df ln `nchó` `nchó` `nchf`tf rfv rfvkluchk`nrhn. kluchk`nrhn. Rnrn nlcn`znr fstf ih`, ckaf`zó ckaf`zó su dfsnrrkllk aftkdklóehck pnrthf`dk df u`n cráthcn n lns pshcklkeáns mnstn f`tk`cfs dfsnrrkllndns, iu`dnaf`tnlaf`tf iu`dnaf`tnlaf`tf dks? fl hdfnlhsak y su pkshchó` dunlhstn ck` fl ncf`tk pufstk f` fl sujofthvhsak, y fl antfrhnlhsak h`ef`uk quf rfnlznjn fl antfrhnlhsak f` kpkshchó` nl h`tfrhkr y quf sf llnaó ak`hsak. F` ck`clushó`, lns dhifrf`chns f`trf najks ck`tfxtks sk` ck`shdfrnjlfs? Rhneft fstudhó y sf dkctkró f` chf`chns `nturnlfs7 su h`in`chn trn`scurrhó sh` skjrfsnltks, nsá ckak su  ouvf`tud y fstudhks7 fstudhks7 tkdns fstn fstnss ftnpns vhvhdn vhvhdnss f` u` f`tkr`k suanaf`tf ncndèahck. ncndèahck. F` fstf fstf ck`tfxtk, su fstudhk df ln pshcklkeán sf vfrán rfstrh`ehdk nl prkcfsk dfl ck`kchahf`tk dfl muan`k, n ln ck`cfpchó` df u` suoftk dfl ck`kchahf`tk. Yhektsgy, f` cnajhk, tuvk iufrtf hapnctk df ln rfvkluchó` rusn, sf ernduó f` dfrfcmk, mhstkrhn y ihlkskián, y fstnjn nlh`fndk n lks pf`snahf`tks trktsghstns y lf`h`hstns. Èl vfán f` fl anrxhsak `k sklk u` prkernan hdfklóehck y fphstfaklóehck, sh`k tnajhè` pkláthck, dn`dk n ln cufsthó` skchnl y culturnl u` luenr hapkrtn`tf f` su pf`snahf`tk. Su kjofthvk frn dfsnrrkllnr u`n `ufvn pshcklkeán, quf fxplhquf n ln ck`chf`chn muan`n ckak u`n u`hdnd7 fstks dks pu`tks lk dhifrf`chn` rndhcnlaf`tf ck` Rhneft. Fl Ck`structhvhsak, u` luenr df ckh`chdf`chn... sólk f` pnrtf? ncfrcnahf`tks, ck`vfref`chns y dhvfref`chns f` ln ikran df pf`snr fl prkcfsk df ck`strucchó` dfl ck`kchahf`tk.

Tn`tk Rhneft ckak Yhektsgy sk` ujhcndks df`trk df ln Ck`cfpchó` Ck`structhvhs Ck`structhvhstn, tn,  pf`sndn f` fl sf`thdk f`u`c f`u`chndk hndk pkr Fr`st vk vk`` Elnsfrsifld (>88 (>889) 9) “fs u`n tfkrán dfl ck`kchahf`tk ncthvk, `k u`n fphstfaklkeán ck`vf`chk`nl ck`vf`chk`nl quf trntn nl ck`kchahf`tk ckak u`n f`cnr`nchó` df ln vfrdnd quf rfilfon nl au`dk “f` sá ahsak‑ h`dfpf`dhf`tf dfl suoftk cke`kscf`tf‑‑ (p.:6). F` jnsf n fstk, fs pkshjlf rfck`kcfr nleu`ks prh`chphks jîshcks? pkr u` cke`kscf`tf lndk, sf f`thf`df quf nl ck`kchahf`tk lk ck`struyf fl suoftk cke`kscf`tf7 èstf yn `k cnptn afrnaf`tf lks sf`thdks y sf prfsf`tn ckak pnshvk f` fstf prkcfsk, sh`k quf sf phf`sn ck` u`  pnpfl prktnek`hstn prktnek`hstn y ncthvk7 pkr ktrk, sf ck`chjf quf ln iu`chó` df ln cke`hchó` sf krhf`tn krhf`tn n ln ndnptnchó` y shrvf n ln kren`hznchó` dfl au`dk df ln fxpfrhf`chn, y `k nl dfscujrhahf`tk df u`n rfnlhdnd k`tklóehcn y kjofthvn (Rèrfz, :2>2). 9

 

Fl ck`structhvhsak, ckak akdflk tfórhck y aftkdklóehck, fs u`k sklk7 sh` fajnrek, dfpf`dhf`dk dfl luenr df ln rfnlhdnd f` fl prkcfsk dfl ck`kchahf`tk, sf pufdf` pf`snr dhvfrsns pkshchk`fs, df`trk dfl ahsak akdflk. Fl ck`structhvhsak rfck`kcf quf fl mkajrf ck`struyf fl au`dk n pnrthr df su au`dk df she`hihcnchk`fs, y quf pnrn ck`kcfr nl au`dk  prhafrk mny quf ck`struhr ck`struhr su au`d au`dkk df she`hihcnchk she`hihcnchk`fs `fs (Jnjnstrk, Znv Znvflk flk y Dánz, :22:) :22:) Ck` rfspfctk n lks nutkrfs njkrdndks7 ln `kchó` df rfnlhdnd quf najks sksthf`f` `k fs ln ahsan, yn quf ln dhifrf`chn df ck`cfpchó` rfspfctk nl suoftk cke`kscf`tf y su dfsnrrkllk, ck`ikranchó`, rflnchó` ck` lks ktrks y fl au`dk, vnrán df ikran sustn`chnl. Ofn` Rhneft, f` sus fstudhks, juscn h`vfsthenr cóak fl mkajrf lkern nlcn`znr u` ck`kchahf`tk kjofthvk dfl au`dk, y sf h`trkducf f` fl cnapk df ln Rshcklkeán h`in`thl rfnlhzn`dk npkrtfs tfórhcks y aftkdklóehcks f` fl fstudhk dfl h`tflfctk. »Cóak thf`f luenr k sf ck`struyf fl ck`kchahf`tk; fs ln prfeu`tn iu`dnaf`tnl f` ln quf sf jnsn sus fstudhks7 y n ln cunl juscn rfspk`dfr. Rnrn lkernrlk f`cuf`trn dks váns? pkr u` lndk, pnrthf`dk dfsdf ln mhstkrhn df ln ck`strucchó ck`strucchó`` dfl ck`kchahf`tk7 pkr ktrk, fxplhcn`dk cóak fl `hþk dfsnrrklln su h`tflfctk f` ln ck`strucchó` df su cck`kchahf`tk. k`kchahf`tk. V`n phfdrn n`eulnr f` su tfkrán fs quf prkclnan quf lns ncchk`fs af`tnlfs thf`f` su fsf`chn f` ln prîcthcn, f` ln ncthvhdnd antfrhnl quf rfnlhzn fl `hþk ck` lks kjoftks quf lf rkdfn`. Fstn fs ln ncthvhdnd ckaprkjnjlf, fxtfrhkr quf pfrahtf fl fstudhk df ln af`tf y df sus ikranchk`fs. Juscn fstudhnr ln af`tf f` fstns ncchk`fs, sncnrln iufrn df ln sujofthvhdnd f` ln quf sf f`cuf`trn (Jnjnstrk, ft nl., :22:). F` fstn ck`cfpchó` mny u` pu`tk df ncfrcnahf`tk ck` ln Fscufln Mhstórhck-culturnl df Yhektsgy, quf sf jnsn tnajhè` f` ln af`tf k iu`chk`fs psáquhcns h`tfrfsndn f` ln mhstkrhn df lns iu`chk`fs af`tnlfs. Sh` fajnrek, mny nleu`ns dhifrf`chns clnrn quf dhifrf`chn` najns ck`cfpchk`fs. Rnrn Rhneft, fl `hþk fs u` h`dhvhduk fspk`tî`fk quf f`irf`tn ln rfnlhdnd sklk7 ck`cfpchk`fs. f` fstf prkcfsk sf fstnjlfcf u`n rflnchó` suoftk-kjoftk dk`df fl `hþk vn ck`struyf`dk fl ck`kchahf`tk f` sklhtnrhk. F` ln tfkrán df Yhektsgy, fl suoftk fstnjlfcf ln rflnchó` ck` fl kjoftk, pfrk tnajhè` mny u`n rflnchó` suoftk-suoftk7 fl `hþk nprf`df ndfaîs n trnvès df ln rflnchó` ck` lks mkajrfs, `k sklk f` fl cmkquf ck` ln rfnlhdnd. Df fstf rnzk`nahf`tk sf dfsprf`df fl ck`cfptk df zk`n df dfsnrrkllk pktf`chnl k próxhak, n ln cunl dfih`f ckak fl fspnchk fxhstf`tf f`trf lk quf fl `hþk pufdf rfnlhznr pkr sá sólk (fxpfrhf`chn, ck`kchahf`tk y mnjhlhdndfs ncuaulndns) ncuaulndns) y lk quf `fcfshtn ck`kcfr ck` nyudn dfl ndultk. (Jnjnstrk, ft nl., :22:). Dhifrf`chns clnrns? Ln ck`cfpchó` df rfnlhdnd, suoftk, lk h`dhvhdunl y lk skchnl. 5

 

F` ln tfkrán Rhnefthn`n, fl h`dhvhduk sf cnrnctfrhzn pkr su rkl ncthvk f` fl prkcfsk df ikranchó` df lns ncchk`fs af`tnlfs. Fs u` suoftk quf trnjnon f` fl dfscujrhahf`tk df kjoftks df ln rfnlhdnd, y ck` fllk dfscujrhr ln lóehcn df lks kjoftks df fsn rfnlhdnd. Rhneft dhsth`euf ln fxpfrhf`chn iáshcn y lóehcn antfaîthcn, y sujkrdh`n ln prhafrn n ln sfeu`dn. Sfeÿ` èl, afdhn`tf lns ncchk`fs ck` lks kjoftks sf pufdf dfscujrhr cnrnctfrásthcns iáshcns df lks ahsaks. Sfeÿ` su pfrspfcthvn fl suoftk fs u` suoftk dfl dfsnrrkllk, dfsnrrkllk f` fl cunl sk` iu`dnaf`tnlfs lns jnsfs ef`èthcns. Rnrn èl, fl dfsnrrkllk ckapkrtn dks nspfctks. Fl  prhafrk, fl nspfctk nspfctk pshck-skchnl, rflnchk`ndk rflnchk`ndk ck` tkd tkdnn ln h`strucchó` ffducnthvn ducnthvn (inahlhnr k fscklnr)7 y fl sfeu`dk, fl nspfctk fspk`tî`f fspk`tî`fkk k pshcklóehck, ckrrfspk`dhf`tf nl dfsnrrkllk df ln h`tflhef`chn, rfifrhdk n tkdk nqufllk quf sf dfjf nprf`dfr pkr sá ahsak (Jnjnstrk, ft nl., :22:). Rkr lk tn`tk, su tfshs cf`trnl ck`cfdf u` luenr prhakrdhnl nl dfsnrrkllk, y fxprfsn quf, sheuhf`dk n Akrf`zn (>885)? lks cnajhks durn`tf fl dfsnrrkllk sf dfrhvn` df lns ncchk`fs y df ln ckkrdh`nchó` df èstks, èstks, tf`dhf`dk mnchn u` fquhlhjrhk fquhlhjrhk quf sf rfilfon f` u`n lóehcn, ln cunl ck`ducf n ln ndnptnchó` (chtndk f` Jnjnstrk, ft nl., :22:). Ln ck`cfpchó` df Rhneft, f` fstf sf`thdk, rfvfln quf fl nprf`dhznof fstî f` iu`chó` y dfpf`df`chn dfpf`df`c hn dfl dfsnrrkllk, vhf`dk lks inctkrfs cnusnlfs df èstn f` lks inctkrfs i nctkrfs jhklóehcks, ln fxpfrhf`chn ndquhrhdn ck` lks kjof kjoftks, tks, lks inctkrfs skchnlf skchnlfss (df ckkrdh`nchó` h`tfr-h`dhvhdun h`tfr-h`dhvhdunl), l), lks inctkrfs df trn`sahshó` fducnthvn y culturnl, y f` lks inctkrfs df fquhlhjrnchó` df lns ncchk`fs. Sf pufdf rfsuahr quf pnrn fl ck`structhvhsak-Rhnef ck`structhvhsak-Rhnefthn`k thn`k fl ck`kchahf`tk, fl nprf`dhznof y ln fxhstf`chn fxhstf`chn df lns pfrsk`ns sk` nnctks ctks df ck`strucchó` pf pfrsk`nl rsk`nl df u`n ncthtud  pnrn ck`kcfr ck`kcfr fl au`dk. Fs u`n ikran ncthvn df ndnptnchó` jhkló jhklóehcn ehcn df u` kren`hsak kren`hsak vhvk n su f`tkr`k, quf vn prkduchf`dk akdhihcnchk`fs tn`tk f` ln ck`ductn dfl suoftk (ndnptnchó`), ckak df su fstructurn h`tfr`n (kren`hznchó ( kren`hznchó`) `) (Jnjnstrk, ft nl., :22:). Nl dfstncnrsf ln ncthvhdnd dfl suoftk y su h`tfrncchó` ck` fl kjoftk ckak nspfctk cf`trnl, sf dfscrhjf fstn ncthvhdnd, prhafrk ckak ncchó` fxtfr`n y, dfspuès, f` ln h`tfrhkrhznchó`, sf dn luenr n ln ncchó` af`tnl. F` dhcmn rflnchó` suoftk-kjoftk f` fl cnah`k mnchn ln nprfmf`shó` dfl kjoftk, npnrfcf kahthdk u` flfaf`tk quf sá fs tf`hdk f` cuf`tn pkr Yhektsgy, y thf`f vfr ck` ln hapkrtn`chn dfl pln`k skchnl df`trk df fstf prkcfsk df ck`kchahf`tk. Fs dfchr, fstn rflnchó` suoftk-kjoftk vn n npnrfcfr afdhndn tnajhè` y iu`dnaf`tnlaf`tf iu`dnaf`tnlaf` tf pkr ktrks suoftks. Df ncufrdk ck` Akrf`zn (>885)? fl pu`tk df pnrthdn n ln kjrn df Yhektsgy fxprfsn quf lns iu`chk`fs psáquhcns supfrhkrfs thf`f` u` krhef` mhstórhck-skchnl. Su prfahsn fs quf fl =

 

mkajrf fs u` sfr skchnl pkr `nturnlfzn, prkductk df ln mhstkrhn skchnl y suoftk ncthvk df lns rflnchk`fs skchnlfs (ckak sf chtn f` Jnjnstrk, ft nl., :22:). Rnrn fl nutkr, ln ncthvhdnd quf trn`sikran, nl ahsak thfapk, ln `nturnlfzn y n u`k ahsak, fs df u`n hapkrtn`chn iu`dnaf`tnl7 yn quf fs n trnvès df flln quf sf prkducf fl dfsnrrkllk pshcklóehck muan`k. Fstn ncthvhdnd fs vhstn aîs nllî df ln h`tfrncchó` suoftkkjoftk, sf dfstncn fl pnpfl df ln ckau`hcnchó` f` ln rflnchó` suoftk-suoftk7 ln vf afdhndn pkr h`struaf`tks crfndks pkr fl prkphk suoftk. Nquá, npnrfcf ckak flfaf`tk cnphtnl fl lf`eunof, ckak shstfan df she`ks dktndk df cnrnctfrásthcns pnrthculnrfs, sf prfsf`tn ckak afdhndkr f`trf ln ncthvhdnd muan`n y su afdhk antfrhnl y skchnl. F` fl dfsnrrkllk culturnl dfl `hþk, sf dfsnrrklln` lns iu`chk`fs psáquhcns supfrhkrfs f` fl pln`k skchnl, h`tfrpshcklóehck, ckak iu`chó` ckapnrthdn f`trf lns pfrsk`ns, y, rfchè` dfspuès, ckak iu`chó` h`trnpshcklóehcn, h`trnpshcklóehcn, f` fl pln`k pshcklóehck, h`tfr`k df cndn suoftk. Fl prkcfsk df h`tfrhkrhznchó` y fxtfrhkrhznchó` sf dfstncn f` fstn tfkrán haplhcn`dk u`n trn`sikranchó` df ln kpfrnchó` n pnrthr df sus rflnchk`fs skchnlfs tf`hf`dk ckak h`struaf`tk iu`dnaf`tnl, fl lf`eunof ckak f`vklturn antfrhnl dfl  pf`snahf`tk, f`inthzn`dk f`inthzn`dk f` ln rf rflnchó` lnchó` pf`snahf`tk pf`snahf`tk y lf`eunof lf`eunof.. (Jnjnstrk, ft nl., :22:, p.6)   Fl supufstk fphstfaklóehck afdulnr f` su pln`tfnahf`tk fs fl h`tfrncchk`hsak dhnlècthck7 pkr fl usk df h`struaf`tks skchkculturnlfs skchkculturnlfs,, Yhektsgy prkpk`f pnrn fl fstudhk df tkdk fl prkcfsk df dfsnrrkllk df ln ck`chf` ck`chf`chn chn y df lns iu`chk`fs pshck pshcklóehcns lóehcns supfrhkrfs, ln uthlhznchó` dfl aètkdk ef`èthck f` trfs dhaf`shk dhaf`shk`fs? `fs? fl ihlkef`èthck, fl mhstórhck y fl k`tkef`èthck. F` ck`trnstf, pnrn Rhneft, fl afdhk chrcu`dn`tf h`iluyf skjrf fl dfsnrrkllk dfl h`dhvhduk, pfrk n akdk df vnrhnchk`fs quf lk kjlhen` n rffstructurnrsf pnrn prkduchr ndnptnchó`, lkernr fl fquhlhjrhk pkr afdhk df lks afcn`hsaks h``ntks df nshahlnchó` y nckakdnchó`7 nckakdnchó `7 lk quf vn mnchf`dk n ln ck`strucchó` dfl ck`kchahf`tk h`dhvhdun h`dhvhdunll y nl dfsnrrkllk df ln h`tflhef`chn f` sus sucfshvns ftnpns ck` `ufvns cnrnctfrásthcns cnrnctfrásthcns y cntfekráns df  pf`snahf`tk. Fs Fs fl h`dhvhduk quhf quhf`` sf vn dfsnrrklln`dk dfsnrrklln`dk n pnrthr df su suss prkphks afcn afcn`hsaks `hsaks df ndnptnchó`, ck`dhchk`fs ck`dhchk`fs h`mfrf`tfs y fstructurns prfvhns pufstks n h`tfrnctunr ck` fl afdhk antfrhnl rfnl quf lk rkdfn. Df nquá quf sf lk ck`shdfrn ck`structhvhstn, rfnlhstn f h`tfrncchk`hstn. 8

 

Sheuhf`dk fstn lóehcn, sf pufdf mncfr rfifrf`chn nl ck`cfptk df nutkrrfeulnchó` fl cunl dfsfapfþn u` pnpfl iu`dnaf`tnl f` ln kjrn df Rhneft. Dhcmk prkcfsk thf`f quf ckrrfehr lk quf frn fquhvkcndk f` fl `hvfl n`tfrhkr df ck`kchahf`tk, y n ln vfz, nuaf`tnrlk. Fstns rfck`strucchk`fs rfck`strucchk` fs rfquhfrf` u`n dhifrf`chnchó` f h`tfernchó`, sk` aucmk aîs quf ln suan df aucmks flfaf`tks pnrn lkernr u` `hvfl supfrhkr. Fstk dhihfrf `ktnjlfaf`tf dfl rfducchk`hsak, dk`df lk quf sucfdf fs, oustnaf`tf, oustnaf`tf, quf sf rfducf u` `hvfl supfrhkr n ktrk h`ifrhkr nl ck`shdfrnrlk ckak fl rfsultndk df ln suan df flfaf`tks dfl af`kr `hvfl. Rhneft prfihfrf dftnllnr lks pnsks df dhcmk prkcfsk df rfck`strucchó rfck`strucchó`` k nutkrrfeulnchó`, nutkrrfeulnchó`, y df`kah`nrlk ck`structhvhsak (Yuyg, >8=4). Fl ck`structhvhsak sf prfeu`tn sh fl suoftk fs fl ÿ`hck rfspk`snjlf df lk quf sf vn ck`struyf`dk k sh mny nleu`n h`iluf`chn df ln rfnlhdnd. Rhneft trnjnon skjrf ln ndnptnchó` df lks kren`hsaks n su f`tkr`k df lk cunl dfducf quf dfjf mnjfr u` kren`hsak (suoftk) y u` f`tkr`k (kjoftk) quf h`tfrnctÿn` f`trf sá. @k lf h`tfrfsn fl h`tfrrkenrsf pkr què “fs‑ ln rfnlhdnd, lk quf lf h`tfrfsn fs què fs lk quf kjtf`faks df flln nl dhrhehr `ufstrks fsqufa fsqufans ns nl kjoftk pnrn dktnrlk df she`hihcndk. Rnrn èl ln rfnlhdnd fxhstf, pfrk `k pufdf sfr ck`kchdn ckak tnl pkr fl suoftk. Ck` lk fxprfsndk n`tfrhkraf`tf, sf kjsfrvn quf ckajh`n fl ck`structhvhsak y u` rfnlhsak f` fl quf fl suoftk f`trn f` h`tfrncchó` ck`stn`tf ck` fl kjoftk. Fl suoftk h`iluyf f` fl kjoftk y vhcfvfrsn f` u`n h`tfrncchó` dhnlècthcn. Ckak fofaplks df fllk, npnrfcf` ln nshahlnchó` y ln nckakdnchó`7 sf supk`f quf ln prhafrn thf`f luenr ck` n`tfrhkrhdnd rfspfctk n ln sfeu`dn, pfrk sh sf tkan` f` cuf`tn dhvfrsns rfifrf`chns f` ln kjrn df Rhneft, sf dfducf quf najns sucfdf` shaultî`fnaf`tf (Yuyg, >8=4). Yhektsgy, f` cnajhk, ck`shdfrn quf lk h`dhvhdunl prhafrk fs skchnl, culturnl f h`tfrpfrsk`nl, ln culturn ck`struyf nl suoftk, nl h`dhvhduk y `k nl rfvès. V` h`dhcndkr df fstk, fs quf ck`shdfrn quf fl pf`snahf`tk h`dhvhdunl fs h`hchnlaf`tf u` prkductk df ln h`tfr`nlhznchó` dfl lf`eunof skchnl quf fstnjlfcf fl `hþk dfsdf su aîs tfaprn`n fdnd, ck` nqufllks sfrfs she`hihcnthvks n su nlrfdfdkr, y quf, lufek, sf hrî dhifrf`chn`dk mnstn nlcn`znr `hvflfs aîs flfvndks df h`dhvhdunchó` pfrk sh` dfsprf`dfrsf df su `nturnlfzn skchnl. Tnajhè`, f` fstf prkcfsk df dfsnrrkllk fs iu`dnaf`tnl fl h`iluok akthvnchk`nl dfl ndultk, ckak flfaf`tk fsf`chnl df lk quf df`kah`ó zk`n df dfsnrrkllk próxhak, hapulsn`dk fl nccfsk n lns dhifrf`tfs fstructurns cke`hthvns. F` “Rf`snahf`tk y Mnjln‑, Yhektsgy dhcf quf fl dfsnrrkllk dfl pf`snahf`tk fstî dftfrah`ndk pkr fl lf`eunof, fs dfchr, pkr lns mfrrnahf`tns lh`eüásthcns dfl pf`snahf`tk y ln fxpfrhf`chn skchk-culturnl dfl `hþk. Fsf`chnlaf`tf, fl dfsnrrkllk dfl lf`eunof h`tfrhkrhzndk >2

 

dfpf`df df inctkrfs fxtfr`ks7 fl dfsnrrkllk df ln lóehcn f` fl `hþk, ckak lk mn` dfakstrndk lks fstudhks df Rhneft, fs u`n iu`chó` dhrfctn dfl lf`eunof skchnlhzndk. Fl crfchahf`tk h`tflfctunl dfl `hþk dfpf`df dfl dkah`hk df lks afdhks skchnlfs dfl pf`snahf`tk, fstk fs, dfl lf`eunof. Ln `nturnlfzn ahsan dfl dfsnrrkllk cnajhn df lk jhklóehck n lk skchk-culturnl. Fl  pf`snahf`tk vfrjnl vfrjnl `k fs u`n ikran h``ntn, `ntu `nturnl rnl df ln ck`duc ck`ductn, tn, fstî dftfrah`ndk dftfrah`ndk pkr u`  prkcfsk mhstórhck-culturnl mhstórhck-culturnl y thf`f prkphfdndfs prkphfdndfs fspfcáihcns fspfcáihcns y lfyfs quf `k pufdf` sfr sfr mnllndns f` lns ikrans `nturnlfs dfl pf`snahf`tk y ln pnlnjrn. V`n vfz ck`ihrandk fl cnrîctfr mhstórhck dfl pf`snahf`tk vfrjnl, dfjfaks ck`shdfrnrlk suoftk n tkdns lns prfahsns dfl antfrhnlhsak mhstórhck, vîlhdns nÿ` pnrn cunlquhfr if`óaf`k mhstórhck f` ln skchfdnd muan`n. Sólk dfjfaks fspfrnr quf f` fstf `hvfl fl dfsnrrkllk dfl ckapkrtnahf`tk sfn ekjfr`ndk fsf`chnlaf`tf pkr lns lfyfs ef`frnlfs dfl dfsnrrkllk mhstórhck df ln skchfdnd muan`n (Yhektsgy, >834). F` rfsuaf`, pnrn Rhneft fl dfsnrrkllk fs u` prkcfsk jhklóehck quf sheuf u` cursk quf vn dfsdf lk h`dhvhdunl n lk skchnl7 skchnl7 f` ck`trnstf, pnrn Yhektsgy sf trntn df u` prkcfsk cuyk cuyk krhef` fs iu`dnaf`tnlaf`tf skchnl, y quf, aîs tnrdf, hrî pnulnth`naf`tf pnulnth`naf`tf mnchn lk h`dhvhdunl df ln pfrsk`nlhdnd prkphn.

Ln Dhnlècthcn, pu`tk df f`cuf`trk y df dhstn`chn? dhifrf`chns f` fl usk f h`tfrprftnchó` dfl aètkdk dhnlècthck.

Tn`tk Rhneft ckak Yhektsgy uthlhznrk` ln dhnlècthcn ckak pnrtf df su tfkrán cke`kschthvn. Sh` fajnrek, ln h`tfrprftnchó` y usk dfl aètkdk dhnlècthck quf rfnlhznrk` fs dhifrf`tf. F` fl cnsk df Rhneft, èstf f`thf`df ln dhnlècthcn df u`n an`frn hdfnlhstn, y su h`tfrprftnchó` df ln ahsan ckh`chdf ck` lns hdfns df Mfefl. Fstf ihlóskik fs quhf`, durn`tf fl shelk ]H], h``kvn ln nplhcnchó` df ln dhnlècthcn. Ln dhnlècthcn mfeflhn`n fs dh`îahcn y ck`shstf f` pnsnr pkr u`n sucfshó` df crhshs k ck`ilhctks supfrndks, lk cunl sf rfnlhzn f` trfs akaf`tks? tfshs, dk`df sf fstnjlfcf` lns cnrnctfrásthcns df dftfrah`ndk if`óaf`k k sucfsk7 n`tátfshs, quf fs dk`df sf prfsf`tn` cnrnctfrásthcns ck`trnrhns n ln tfshs7 y ln sá`tfshs, quf ck`shstf f` ln ck`chlhnchó` df lns cnrnctfrásthcns kpufstns, ck`sfrvn`dk nspfctks pkshthvks y `fenthvks. Fstn sá`tfshs lufek sf ck`vhfrtf f` tfshs quf ef`frn ktrk fslnjó` f` u`n fsphrnl dhnlècthcn, rfhtfrî`dksf fl prkcfsk df an`frn shahlnr (Sfll df Gkpfhgn, >886). Yklvhf`dk n Rhneft, vfaks quf fstf f`thf`df quf fxhstf` ck`trndhcchk`fs y lns fxplhcn dfsdf u` f`cundrf dhnlècthck y shahlnr nl mfeflhn`k. Rnrn èl, dhcmns ck`trndhcchk`fs npnrfcf` f` fl dfsnrrkllk y sf >>

 

an`hihfstn` f` lk quf df`kah`n “dfsfquhlhjrhks‑. Tnlfs dfsfquhlhjrhks lufek sfrî` supfrndks, ck` lk cunl sf lkernrán u`n rffquhlhjrnchó`. Rkr ktrk lndk, Yhektsgy sf jnsn f` ln ihlkskián dfl antfrhnlhsak dhnlècthck df Anrx y F`efls pnrn mncfr chf`chn. Trnjnon ln dhnlècthcn ck` lks if`óaf`ks pshcklóehcks prkphnaf`tf dhcmks. F` ln lóehcn dhnlècthcn, fl anrxhsak prfpnrn fl anrck tfórhck pkr dk`df fl  pf`snahf`tk chf`táihck chf`táihck sf fapfz fapfznrán nrán n ncfrcnr n ln pshcklkeán muan muan`n. `n. Dhcmn dhnlècthcn dhnlècthcn dhihfrf df ln mfeflhn`n, f` quf `k ck`shdfrn n ln `nturnlfzn df lk rfnl ckak hdfnl, sh`k quf ln ck`shdfrn ckak antfrhnl. @k sf prfsf`tn ckak u`n sucfshó` df akaf`tks fspfculnthvks, fspfculnthvks, sh`k ckak fl rfsultndk df u`n dfscrhpchó` fapárhcn df ln rfnlhdnd. V` ck`cfptk cf`trnl pnrn fstn ikran df n`îlhshs f` su prkyfctk iuf fl df u`hdnd7 fl cunl dnjn prhancán n ln tktnlhdnd df rflnchk`fs y ck`fxhk`fs f`trf lks if`óaf`ks fstudhndks df`trk df u` shstfan. Ck` èl, Yhektsgy vn n tkanr fl tkdk ck`crftk ckak pu`tk df nrrn`quf pnrn ln h`vfsthenchó` (Tfapkrftth, :225). Fstf n`îlhshs pkr u`hdndfs pfrahtf ck`sfrvnr cndn u`n df lns prkphfdndfs  jîshcns df ln tktnlhdnd, y sklnaf sklnaf`tf `tf dfspuès, fs pkshjlf ckaprf`dfr ckaprf`dfr fl luenr quf quf kcupn` df`trk df flln lns dhsth`tns pnrtfs. Nshahsak, cndn u`n df fstns u`hdndfs ikran u` fslnjó` f` fl fsphrnl dhnlècthck quf fs prfchsk fxplkrnr (Sfll df Gkpfhgn, >886). Sf pfrchjf quf ln dhifrf`chn jîshcn f` ln ck`cfptunlhznchó` sf dfjf n ln iu`dnaf`tnchó` iu`dnaf`tnc hó` ihlksóihcn f` quf cndn f`ikquf cke`kschthvk fstî nrrnhendk. (…)Ln hdhksh`crnshn df cndn u`k lk llfvó n h`tfrprftnr y nplhcnr df dhsth`tn ikran fl aètkdk dhnlècthck y fstk, n su vfz, rfpfrcutf f` fl akdk df dfsnrrkllnr y f`tf`dfr fl prkcfsk cke`kschthvk. (Sfll df Gkpfhgn, >886, p.4:).

>:

 

Ck`clushó`

N lk lnrek df ln prfsf`tf fxpkshchó`, sf mn h`tf`tndk prkiu`dhznr y fcmnr luz skjrf chfrtks dfjntfs prfsf`tfs f` ln kjrn df najks nutkrfs, dfstncî`dksf dfstncî`dksf quf, n pfsnr df tf`fr chfrtns ck`vfref`chns, ck`vfref`chns, ln lóehcn df sus prkyfctks prkduok quf mnen` u` njkrdnof dhsth`tk df fstks pu`tks. Sf pudk rfnlhznr u`n ckapnrnchó` f`trf najns tfkráns, dfsaf`uzn`dk lns  prh`chpnlfs dhifrf`chns dhifrf`chns ck`cfptun ck`cfptunlfs lfs quf prfsf` prfsf`tn`. tn`. Akstrn`dk, nndfaîs, dfaîs, cóak ln aftkdklkeán usndn pkr cndn nutkr sf noustn n su an`frn df vfr y pf`snr fl au`dk, lk psáquhck, lk skchnl7 f`trf ktrks pu`tks dfsnrrkllndks7 y ckak, n su vfz, fstns ikrans df vfr fstî` á`thanaf`tf rflnchk`ndns ck` lks ck`tfxtks mhstórhcks y pkláthcks f` lks quf cndn u`k pf`só y fscrhjhó su kjrn, y lns ckaplfons rflnchk`fs skchnlfs df ln èpkcn f` lns quf sf vfán` f`vufltks, lns quf lks ntrnvfsnrk` f h`tfrpflnrk` tnajhè` n lk lnrek df su mhstkrhn df vhdn pfrsk`nl y nifcthvn, y quf ck`trhjuyf` nsá, nl dfsnrrkllk df su sujofthvhdnd y n sus ck`cfpchk`fs pfrsk`nlfs ncfrcn dfl au`dk y dfl sfr muan`k y sus vá`culks, quf mhchfrk` vnrhnr ln jrÿouln quf krhf`tó sus dfchshk`fs aftkdklóehcns aftkdklóehcns llfvn`dk mnchn dhifrf`tfs ruajks sus tfkráns.

Dfsdf ktrn ahrndn sf f`thf`df quf ln aftkdklkeán aftkdklkeán uthlhzndn f` u`n h`vfs h`vfsthenchó` thenchó`  pshcklóehcn dn cuf`tn df lks prh`chphks rnchk`n rnchk`nlfs lfs quf euán` ln tkan df dfchshk`fs dfchshk`fs rflnchk`ndns ck` lks akdks df prkcfdfr f` lks prkcfsks df prkducchó` df ck`kchahf`tkss f` ln dhschplh`n. Cunlquhfr aftkdklkeán -nl af`ks f` fl cnapk df ln ck`kchahf`tk  pshcklkeán què fs fl quf nqu nquáá `ks h`tfrfsn- fs fstî tî ntrnvfsndn y sf sksthf`f f` u`n ck`cfpchó` dfl au`dk y dfl mkajrf, f` u`n ihlkskián, f` u`n k`tklkeán, f` u`n fphstfaklkeán, y fs sklhdnrhn ck` u`n pfrspfcthvn èthcn y ck` u`n hdfklkeán. (Tfapkrftth, :2>2, p. 6).

Fs dfchr quf ln aftkdklkeán fs f`tf`dhdn ckak nquflln quf euán ln an`frn df rfckrtnr u` tfan, df pf`snr y n`nlhznr u` prkjlfan y ikraulnr lks h`tfrrken`tfs y pfrahtf tkanr >3

 

dfchshk`fs ncfrcn dfl rfckrtf k dflhahtnchó` df lns u`hdndfs df n`îlhshs y ncfrcn df ln an`frn df ck`cfjhr lks mfcmks (dntks fapárhcks) y su rflnchó` ck` ln tfkrán (Tfapkrftth, :2>2). Ernchns nl rfckrrhdk rfnlhzndk sf pudk dnr cuf`tn df fstk, y ndfaîs, df u`n lóehcn quf euán najks prkyfctks df h`vfsthenchó` y sus tfkráns. Cnjf nclnrnr quf sf mnjln nquá df lóehcn, `k f` fl sf`thdk iufrtf df ln ihlkskián df pln`tfnr pln`tfnr lks prkjlfans vh`culn vh`culndks dks n lns fstructurns df lns tfkráns pkr fo., sh`k f` u` sf`thdk aîs lnxk, aîs fspfcáihck nl prkyfctk df h`vfsthenchó`, rfifrhdk n ln ckmfrf`chn dfl f`ikquf quf krhf`tn u` prkcfsk df h`vfsthenchó`. Fs dfchr, sh ln nrthculnchó` quf sf dn f`trf lks prkcfsks df? ikraulnchó` df ln prfeu`tn df h`vfsthenchó`, fl akdk df nccfsk nl ck`kchahf`tk df fllk, y ln ck`strucchó` ih`nl n ln quf sf  prftf`df llfenr, fs fs ckmfrf`tf nl h`tfrhkr h`tfrhkr dfl ck`tfxtk tfó tfórhck rhck quf sujyncf sujyncf f` tkdk prkcfsk prkcfsk df h`vfsthenchó` (Ncmhllh, :226). Ckak sf vhó, fstns ck`dhchk`fs sf cuaplf` h`dfifcthjlfaf`tf f` lks nutkrfs quf n`nlhznaks f` fstf cnsk f` pnrthculnr, rnzó` pkr ln cunl sus prkyfctks sk` ck`shdfrndks chf`táihcks, y cunlquhfr prkyfctk df h`vfsthenchó` k tfkrán quf nsá sf prftf`dn, dfjf nlcn`znr fstks rfquhshtks quf lf ktkrenrn` dhcmk fstntus, df lk ck`trnrhk `k pkdrî sfrlk. Fstk ck`sthtuyf lk quf sf df`kah`n ckmfrf`chn aftkdklóehcn, fs dfchr, nqufllk f` lk cunl dfjf ckh`chdhr y n lk quf dfjf nsphrnr cunlquhfr tfkrán k fstudhk pnrn ujhcnrsf f` fl cnapk chf`táihck aîs nllî df ln dhifrf`chn cunlhtnthvn df sus aftkdklkeáns. Sf mhzk fvhdf`tf, ndfaîs, n lk lnrek dfl dfsnrrkllk ln dhvfrshdnd tfórhcn y aftkdklóehcn df aètkdks y prkcfdhahf`tks quf ck`trnstn ck` ln hdfn df quf mny u` ÿ`hck cnah`k pnrn prkduchr ck`kchahf`tks y tfkráns quf sfn` vfrdndfrnaf`tf chf`táihcks. fstn dhvfrshdnd mncf quf ln tkan df dfchshk`fs `fcfsn `fcfsnrhns rhns pnrn u`n h`vfsthenchó` sfn u`n tnrfn ckaplfon quf h`tfern akthvks, ck`kchahf`tks y mnjhlhdndfs, y rfÿ`f fstudhk y prîcthcn, rfilfxhó` y ncchó` (Tfapkrftth, :2>2). Nsá, fstf prkiu`dk n`îlhshs df lks nutkrfs, sus ck`dhchk`fs sujofthvns sujofthvns y sus  prkducchk`fs tfórhcns tfórhcns pfrahthó, ndf ndfaîs, aîs, dflhahtnr y cka ckaprf`dfr prf`dfr fl ck`cf ck`cfptk ptk df aftkdklkeán, aftkdklkeán, df ckmfrf`chn aftkdklóehcn y su hapkrtn`chn pnrn flnjkrnr u` prkyfctk df h`vfsthenchó` f`  pshcklkeán.

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Jhjlhkernián Ncmhllh, F. (:226). Fl cnapk df ln h`vfsthenchó` skchkculturnl skchkculturnl (Cnp.:) F`? H`vfsthenr f` N`trkpklkeán Skchnl. Lks dfsniáks df trn`sahthr u` kihchk. Zksnrhk?Lnjkrdf Jnjnstrk E., Znvflk ]. y Dánz F. (:22:). Rhneft y Yhektsgy? ck`vfref`chn ck`vfref`chnss y dhvfref`chns f` `ufstrn rfnlhdnd pfdneóehcn. Zfvhstn FduSkl, p. >->2. Cnsthllfrk, K. (:2>=) Ofn` Rhneft? jhkernián dfl pndrf df ln Rshcklkeán Fvkluthvn. Jnrcflk`n, Fspnþn? Rshcklkeán y af`tf. Zfcupfrndk df mttps?//pshcklkehnyaf`tf.cka/jhkernihns/ofn` phneft Dunrtf, O. (:2>>) Npu`tfs pnrn u` ncfrcnahf`tk n ln kjrn df Yhektsgy dfsdf fl anrxhsak.  H`sthtutk dfl Rf`snahf`tk Skchnlhstn Gnrl Anrx. Zfcupfrndk df mttp?//www.hps.kre.nr/;

 p1>84: Inrhþns Lfó`, E (:2>3). Lk fajlfaîthck f` fl f`ikquf mhstórhck culturnl? npu`tfs pnrn u`n  prnxhs df rhekr. Zfvhstn Nanzó`hcn, p. >2:->34. Lópfz Cnhcfdk, L.(>885) Sáajklk, pf`snahf`tk, lf`eunof? Yyektsgy jhkernián.  Zfvhstn Cklkajhn`n df Rshcklkeán,  p. 46-48.

Lópfz Rèrfz, Z. (:2>2). ( :2>2). Rnrn u`n ck`cfptun ck`cfptunlhznchó` lhznchó` dfl ck`structhvhsak. Zfvhstn And , p. :632. Sfll df Gkpfhgn, A. (>886). ( >886). V`n ckapnrnchó` df ln ck`cfptunlhznchó` y nplhcnchó` df ln dhnlècthcn nl prkcfsk cke`kschthvk df Rhneft y Yhektsgh.  Zfvhstn Rufrtkrrhqufþn df  Rshcklkeán, p. >8-4=.

Tfapkrftth, I. (:225) Fl rftkr`k dfl mhok prkdhehksk. H`trkducchó`. F`? Yhektsgy, L. (>834) Rf`snahf`tk y Mnjln. Juf`ks Nhrfs? Cklhmuf f `sfþn`zn df Tfapkrftth, I. y Efrlfrk S. (:2>2) Supufstks jîshcks f` u`n prkpufstn pnrn ln f`sfþn`zn ln Aftkdklkeán df ln H`vfsthenchó` Rshcklóehcn.  Incultnd df

Rshcklkeán. V`hvfrshdnd

 @nchk`nl df Zksnrhk. Zksnrhk. Tfapkrftth, I. (:22= ) Tfkráns y aftkdklkeáns df ln h`vfsthenchó` h`vfsthenchó` f` pshcklkeán. Incultnd df Rshcklkeán. V`hvfrshdnd @nchk`nl df Zksnrhk. Yhektsgy, L. (>834) Rf`snahf`tk y mnjln. Rrhafrn fdhchó`. Juf`ks Nhrfs? Cklhmuf. Yk` Elnsfrsifld, F. (>889 ). Nspfctks dfl ck`structhvhsak Zndhcnl. F` A. Rngan` (Fdhtkr), Ck`strucchk`fss df ln fxpfrhf`chn muan`n. Jnrcflk`n? Efdhsn. Ck`strucchk`f _nlnznr _nln znr (>88> (>88>)) Rrfsf Rrfsf`tnc `tnchó` hó` df ln fdhc fdhchó` hó` cnstflln` cnstflln`n. n. F` Rhne Rhneft, ft, Ofn`? Ofn`? H`trkducchó` n ln fphstfaklkeán ef`èthcn. Fl pf`snahf`tk antfaîthck . R. 8-9:. Aèxhck, Fdhtkrhnl Rnhdós. >6

 

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