PIA Termodinamica de Los Procesos

 

Rhavbrsamkm Kutþhcek Mb Hubvc Obþh Gknuotkm Mb Nabhnaks [uåeanks Ahjbhabråk [uåeank

Trcmuntc Ahtbjrkmcr mb Kprbhmazkib9 Ebtkhc N@=

]brecmahëeank mb ocs prcnbscs Mr. Icsá Vufáh Ecrchbs Jrupc9 44>

Bquapc Hc. 6

Ahtbjrkhtbs9 Hcefrb9

Ektrånuok

Bmukrmc Ikncfc ^aoobr

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 Kobikhmrc  Kobikhm rc Ikncfc Ikncfc ^aoobr

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Iukh Kogchsc Jkytëh Ebhmczk

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Grkhnasnc Ikvabr Vuaz Ncrrbk

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Branl Cswkomc Måkz Ecrbhc

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 Kobikhmrk  Kobikhm rk ^uzbttb ^uzbttb Ekrtåhbz Ekrtåhbz Fbrokhjk Fbrokhjk

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Mabjc Avëh Boazchmc Nkhtù

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^kh Hancoës mb ocs Jkrzk Hubvc Obþh, k ;> mb iuhac mb 6464 Oahl mbo vambc `ttps9//wbf.eanrcscgtstrbke.nce/vambc/k6=>:f72-:;m7-=21n-0g2k447m;k;42;k0

 

Åhmanb9 Ahtrcmunnaþh……………………………………….………………………..………....> Ebtcmcocjåk……………………………………….…………………………….…….2 Vbsuotkmcs……………………………………….………………………………...7 Ncepkrknaþh nch ctrc ncepubstc…………….…………………………………1 Trcfobek…….……………………………………………………………………...;4 Nchnousaþh….………………………………………………………………………;; Vbgbrbhnaks………………………………………………………………………..;6

6

 

Ahtrcmunnaþh Mbfamc k ok jrkh vkrabmkm mb uscs qub sb ob frahmkh ko ebtkhc mbhtrc mbo ërbk ahmustrako y ncec ncefustafob, `becs mbnamamc bstumakr bstb ncepubstc y cfsbrvkr  su ncepcrtkeabhtc k mastahtks nchmanachbs. K nchtahuknaþh, sb bxpchmrëh bstcs rbsuotkmcs pcr ebmac mb tkfoks y makjrkeks, pbrc praebrc, mbgaharbecs kspbntcs aepcrtkhtbs mb bstb ncepubstc bepbzkhmc pcr su mbgahanaþh. Bo ebtkhc (N@=), bs bo `amrcnkrfurc eës saepob y su ecoánuok bstë gcrekmk pcr uh ëtcec mb nkrfchc (N), ko qub sb bhnubhtrkh uhamcs nuktrc ëtcecs mb `amrþjbhc (@). Jks ahncocrc, ahcmcrc y euy ahgokekfob, eës oajbrc qub bo karb, qub bh ok hktu hk turk rkob obz zk sb prcm prcmun unb b pcr pcr ok mbsn mbsnce cepc pcsa sana naþh þh mb ok ektb ektbra rak k crjë crjëha hank nk,, bspbnakoebhtb bh ocs pkhtkhcs K tbepbrkturk kefabhtb bs uh jks y sb `kook prbsbhtb bh ok kteþsgbrk.

 Ko ajuko qub `uekhks. bo NC6, oksOkgubhtbs mb ebtkhc sbrnrbk hkturkobs c prcmuntc mb kntavamkmbs kntavamkm `uekhkpubmbh bs ok qub ok ekycr gubhtb mb beasachbs mb ebtkhc. Trahnapkobs gubhtbs mb beasaþh  

Ncefustafob gþsao (Nkrfþh, pbtrþobc y jks) ^b beatb murkhtb cpbrknachbs hcrekobs mb bxtrknnaþh mb pbtrþobc, jks hkturko hkt urko c nkrfchc. nkrfchc. ]kefaáh ]kefaáh murkhtb murkhtb ok ekhapuo ekhapuoknaþ knaþh, h, prcnbske prcnbskeabh abhtc tc y trkhspcrtb (yk sbk bh nkeachbs c k trkvás mb tufbråks) mbo ncefustafob gþsao

 

Wbrtbmbrcs Ok fksurk ko karb oafrb bstë oobhk mb ektbrak crjëhank (Bi. crjëhank (Bi. Vbstcs mb nceamk, pbraþmancs, pkstc y `ciks). Ok fksurk hubvk sb kpaok scfrb ok qub yk bstkfk y ok ok ektbrak crjëhank mb crjëhank mb hubstrk fksurk sb mbsncepchb bh nchmanachbs khkbrþfanks.. khkbrþfanks  

Kjråncok Wknks, cvbiks y nkfrks sch bibepocs mb khaekobs rueakhtbs qub murkhtb su prcnbsc prc nbsc hkturko hkturko mb majbsta majbstaþh þh nrbkh nrbkh jrkhmbs jrkhmbs nkhtamkmb nkhtamkmbs s mb ebtkhc. ebtkhc. Ok ekhbrk qub sb prcnbsk bo bxnrbebhtc bs utaoazkhmc sastbeks mb trktkeabhtc mb bstaárnco y tkhqubs. Bo bstaárnco sb mbsncepchb mbhtrc mb bstcs tkhqubs qub pbrekhbnbh nbrrkmcs sah cxåjbhc.

>

 

Trahnapkobs uscs y kpoanknachbs kpoank nachbs

Ncefustafob 

Bo ebtkhc bs aepcrtkhtb pkrk ok jbhbrknaþh boántrank yk qub sb bepobk ncec ncefustafob bh oks turfahks mb jks c bh jbhbrkmcrbs mb vkpcr. Bh eun`ks naumkmbs, bo ebtkhc sb trkhspcrtk bh tufbråks `kstk oks nksks pkrk sbr bepobkmc ncec ncefustafob pkrk ok nkobgknnaþh y pkrk ncnahkr (Jks Hkturko).

Rscs ahmustrakobs 



Bh ok ahmustrak quåeank, bo ebtkhc bs ok ektbrak praek bobjamk pkrk ok prcmunnaþh mb `amrþjbhc, ebtkhco, ënamc knátanc y kh`åmramc knátanc. Ctrcs prcmuntcs quåeancs ebhcs aepcrtkhtbs mbravkmcs mbo ebtkhc sch nocrc nocrc ebtkh ebtkhc, c, manocr manocrceb cebtk tkhc, hc, nocrc nocrcgcr gcrec, ec, y tbtrk tbtrknoc nocrur rurc c mb nkrf nkrfchc chc,, prcmunamcs pcr ebmac mb ok rbknnaþh mbo ebtkhc nch nocrc bh gcrek mb jks.

Ncec sb pumc cfsbrvkr bs uh ncepubstc qub sb beatb bh jrkhmbs nkhtamkmbs pcr  våks hkturkobs y kntavamkmbs `uekhks. Bs pcr bstc pcr oc qub tabhb eun`ks kpoanknachbs bh ok ahmustrak pkrk ok prcmunnaþh mb eës ncepubstcs y bh hubstrcs `cjkrbs sb utaoazk ncec jks hkturko ncec prahnapko ncefustafob.

=

 

Ebtcmcocjåk  

Bnuknachbs utaoazkmks utao azkmks pkrk ok bokfcrknaþh bokfc rknaþh mbo makjrkek makj rkek TW]

Bnuknaþh mb Vknlbtt9 skturkmc

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Mchmb9 Wn 5 Wcouebh mbo puhtc nråtanc Yn 5 Gkntcr mb nceprbsafaoamkm ]r 5 ]bepbrkturk rbsamuko  

Bnuknaþh nùfank mb bstkmc Vbmoan`/Lwchj (VL)9  T5   V]  ∖ ;  /6 k W ∖ f ]  W ( W   + +f )

Mchmb9 T 5 Trbsaþh V 5 Nchstkhtb mb ocs jksbs ] 5 ]bepbrkturk W 5 Wcouebh k 5 Tkrëebtrc Vbmoan`/Lwchj f 5 Tkrëebtrc Vbmoan`/Lwchj Ocs pkrëebtrcs mb Vbmoan`/Lwchj bstëh mkmcs pcr9

k5

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Mchmb9 ]n5 ]bepbrkturk nråtank Tn5 Trbsaþh nråtank

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Bnuknachbs utaoazkmks utao azkmks pkrk ok bokfcrknaþh bokfc rknaþh mbo makjrkek makj rkek oh(T) vs @

 

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Mchmb9 Np 5 Nkpknamkm nkocrågank k prbsaþh nchstkhtb Tkrk gahkoebhtb nkonuokr ok bhtkopåk rbko (@ rbko)

 

Bnuknachbs utaoazkmks u taoazkmks pkrk pkr k ok bokfcrknaþh bokfcrknaþ h mbo makjrkek makj rkek ^ vs ]

Bhtrcpåk rbsamuko9  V

^  V 5 oh| z|∖   k >6 ∖oh |; + ϋf|+ oh|; ∖ ϋf| 6 V ]  f  

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Bhtrcpåk bh nchmanachbs mb jks ambko9

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Bhtrcpåk rbko nch ok bnuknaþh9

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Vbsuotkmcs  

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]kfoks T vs W vs ]

Makjrkek T vs W vs ]

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Asctbreks W ^kt vs T^kt =2    r    k    F    h     þ    a    n    k    r    u    t    k    s      h     þ    a    s    b    r    T

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Nurvk oaquamc sufbhgrakmc

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Nurvk mb vkpcr scfrbnkobhtkmc

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Wcouebh skturknaþh O/eco

 

]kfok mb oh(T) vs @

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Makjrkek oh(T) vs @

oh(T) vs @ >.0 >.: >.7

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>.> >.6 >.; >.4 -;;2444

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]kfok ^ vs ]

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Makjrkek ] vs ^

Jrëgank mb maspbrsaþh mb ] (L) vs. ^ (I/ecoL) ;14

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Ncepkrknaþh nch ctrc ncepubstc9 ]coubhc

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Wbec Wb ecs s bh ok jrëg jrëgan ank k qub qub bo ncep ncepcr crtk tkea eabh bhtc tc mb makj makjrk rkek ek mb gksb gksbs s mb ocs ocs ncepubstcs crjëhancs (]coubhc) tabhb uh pktrþh saeaokr. ]kefaáh ]kefa áh oks asctb asctbrek reks s bstëh bstëh eës kobik kobikmk mks, s, sb mbfb mbfb k qub qub bo ebtk ebtkhc hc tabhb tabhb tbepb tbe pbrkt rktur urks ks y prbsa prbsach chbs bs nråta nråtank nks s eës pbqu pbqubû bûks, ks, ncec ncec nchsb nchsbnu nubhn bhnak ak tabhb tabhb ebhcrbs puhtcs mb skturknaþh.

  Ncepkr Ncep krkh khmc mc bstk bstk jrkg jrkgan ank k nch nch ok pbhmabhtb mb ok guhnaþh cftbhamk pcr  bo tcoub tcoubhc hc,, pcmbe pcmbecs cs cfsbrv cfsbrvkr kr nch nch gknaoamkm guhnachbs oks easqub ekskefks tbhmb hnaks btabhbh h ok rbpr rbprbs bsbh bhtk tkna naþh þh jrëg jrëgan ank k mb bstk bstks, s, gcrekhmc kså uhk oåhbk rbntk nch uh nabrtc jrkmc mb ahnoahknaþh, nch uhk pbqubûk nur urv vkturk bh koju ojuhcs puhtcs.

;;

 

Tcmbecs cfsbrvkr ko ncepkrkr bstk jrkgank nch oks cftbhamks mbo ebtkhc qub k ebhcs prbsaþh ekycr bhtkopak y ok tbhmbhnak ocjkråteank bs uh tkhtc magbrbhtb k oks cftbhamks.

;6

 

Trcfobek >.;0 Rh jks ncepubstc nksa bxnousavkebhtb pcr ebtkhc (N@=), ahanakoebhtb k >4´N y k ;44 lTk, bxpbraebhtk ocs sajuabhtbs prcnbscs nånoancs bh uh sastbek nbrrkmc9 k) Bh uh prcn prcnbs bsc c ebnë ebnëha hank nkeb ebht htb b rbvb rbvbrs rsaf afob ob,, prae praebr brc c `ky `ky uhk uhk nceprbsaþh kmakfëtank k 244 lTk, k nchtahuknaþh, uh bhgrakeabhtc k prbsaþh nchstkhtb mb 244 lTk `kstk >4´N, y ko gahko uhk bxpkhsaþh asctáreank `kstk su bstkmc crajahko. ^counaþh9  

Trcnbsc ;- 6 [;654 ∇@5Np∇] ]65];(

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Np >2.474; 5 5;.>;40=1 Nv 67.:=7;

]65>4>.;2³5==>.7: L ∇R5Nv∇] ∇@;65>2.47(==>.7:->4>.;2) 5=167.7=2 I/eco ∇R;6567.:=(==>.7:->4>.;2) 5>:2:.24=0 I/eco Z;65∇R;6-[

Z;65>:2:.24=0 I/eco

 

Trcnbsc 6 „ > (==>.7:) (244) ↖ (>4>.;2) (244) ∇@6>5Np∇]5-=167.7=2 I/eco ∇R6>5Nv∇]5->:2:.24=0 I/eco m[5mR ∇R5[+Z

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∇@6>5[6>5-=1 =167 67.7= .7=22 I/e I/eco co

Z6>5;;71.;=46 I/eco

 

Trcnbsc > „ ; ∇R5∇@54 mZ5-Tmv TW5V] ↖ Tmv 5 vmT 5 Vm] Tmv5

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 V]  mZ5   mT  T

Z>;5 V]oh( Z>;50.>;=(>4>.;2)oh (

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[]5-0:4.6>7 I/eco Z]50:4.6>7 I/eco

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Nchnousaþh Tcmbecs nchnouar qub bo ebtkhc bs uhc mb ocs `amrcnkrfurcs eës aepcrtkhtbs qub bxas bxastb tbh, h, yk qub qub nch nch tcmk tcmks s oks oks kpoa kpoank nkna nach chbs bs qub qub tabh tabhb b hcs hcs frah frahmk mk eun` eun`ks ks cpcrtuha cpcrt uhamk mkmbs mbs mb sbju sbjuar ar kprcv kprcvbn` bn`ëhm ëhmcs csb b bh eës eës ërbk ërbks, s, sah sah befkr befkrjc, jc, nkfb nkfb mbstknkr qub bs uhc mb ocs prahnapkobs nchtkeahkhtbs bh bo euhmc pcr oc qub sb tbhmråkh qub kpoankr eun`ks hcreks, pkrk sbr knbptkmc ncec uh ncefustafob.

;2

 

Vbgbrbhnaks 





Mkhabo Ebobhma. (64;;). Ebtkhc. Nchsuotkmc bo ;; mb iuhac mb 6464, mb NCHAYB] EBHMCYK ^atac wbf9 `ttps9//www.ebhmczk.nchanbt.jcv.kr/pcrtko/bhnanocpbmak/tbreahcs/Ebtkhc.`t e  Tkz Tk z Ekrå Ekråk k mb Ocur Ocurmb mbs s Ncrh Ncrhbi bic c Krtb Krtbkj kjk. k. Kpoa Kpoank nkna nach chbs bs mbo mbo ebtk ebtkhc hc.. Nchsuotkmc bo ;; mb iuhac mb 6464, mb Rhavbrsamkm Kutþhcek mbo Bstkmc mb @amkojc ^atac wbf9 `ttps9//www.ukb`.bmu.ex/snajb/fcobtah/prbpk>/h=/e6.`teo   I.E. ^eat`, @.N. Wkh Hbss. (644:). (644:). Ahtrcmunn Ahtrcmunnaþh aþh k ok tbrecma tbrecmahëea hëeank nk bh Ahjbhabråk [uåeank. Eáxanc.

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