PI 100 Lecture Notes

Philippine Institutions 100 AY 2014-2015 Second Semester Class Requirements 2 exams Report (by group) Major paper (by group) Quiz/minor papers (individual) Attendance/class participation/field trip TOTAL

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Finals (Report) – May 2015 Graciano Lopez Jaena ! Talambuhay at kung anong panahon siya nabuhay ! Suriin ang mga importanteng akda; kaisipan; Fray Botod, etc. ! Paano nakatulong ang bayani at mga akda niya sa pagsulong ng pagkamakabayan/nasyonalismo? 30-45 minutes Handout Written Report Two Major Papers (Separate) Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo ! Mahalagang konseptong nakapaloob ! Kaisipang may kinalaman sa pagbubuo ng bayan at bansa ! Sinu-sino/anu-ano ang kinakatawan ng mga character sa lipunang ginagalawan ni Rizal? Ipaliwanag. ! Kabuluhan ng 2 nobela sa kasalukuyan No page limit Filipino TNR 12 black 1” all sides Short Double spaced * Continuity

Bakit may P.I. 100? ! Claro M. Recto (senador) – main proponent ! Batas, mandated ! R.A. 1425 – “Rizal Law” ! Passed to teach Filipino students nationalism or love of country as expressed in the life and writings of Rizal ! June 12, 1956 – signed by President Magsaysay ! August 16, 1956 – Board of National Education (ipinatupad sa lahat ng paaralan) ! José B. Laurel, Jr. – Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines ! Claro M. Recto – upper house; senador o Anti-imperialist o Best President we never had ! Schools are enjoined to develop: 1. Moral character 2. Personal discipline 3. Civic conscience 4. Duties of citizenship

Offensive passages: NMT (170), EF (50) Catholic church: expurgated? Recto: No! Rizal – not our national hero

William Howard Taft ! First civil governor assigned to Philippines ! Created a committee (composed of 4 Americans and 4 Filipinos = “elitista”) to choose a national hero for the Philippines Criteria for being the national hero: 1. Pilipino 2. Yumao na 3. Mataas ang pagmamahal sa bayan (makabayan) 4. Mahinahon 5. *Madulang kamatayan (idinagdag) Contestants: 1. Antonio Luna – tinaga ng mga tauhan ni Aguinaldo; 40 na taga sa Cabanatuan 2. Emilio Jacinto – malaria 3. Jose Rizal – “Consumatum est”; dramatic death 4. Graciano Lopez Jaena - tuberculosis 5. Marcelo del Pilar – WINNER** (tuberculosis) Dahil sa idinagdag na criterion sa pagiging national hero ay hindi opisyal na naging pambansang bayani si del Pilar. Spanish Squad " Filipino Squad " Rizal Rizal’s final requests: 1. Nakaharap pag binaril 2. Katawan lang babarilin 7:03 a.m. – namatay si Rizal Pagkatapos – sumikat si Rizal. Act No. 243 ! September 28, 1901 ! United States Philippine Commission ! right to use public land upon the Luneta in the city of Manila ! "the monument would not only bear a statue of the hero, but would also house his remains" International Design Competition ! invited sculptors from Europe and the United States to submit entries with material preference produced in the archipelago ! judging committee composed of then GovernorGeneral James F. Smith, John T. MacLeod and Dr. Maximo M. Paterno ! ended in 1912 ! winner: Carlos Nicoli of Carrara, Italy for his scaled plaster model titled “Al Martir de Bagumbayan” (To the Martyr of Bagumbayan) besting 40 other accepted entries ! contract was awarded to second-placer Swiss sculptor named Richard Kissling for his “Motto Stella” (Guiding Star)

Rizal Monument ! bronze sculpture ! nakatayo ! stone (granite) base ! obelisk as backdrop ! plans for the famous Filipino painter Félix Resurrección Hidalgo to inspect and modify the design, but left “as is” because the bronze has been cast in Switzerland ! 12 years after the Philippine Commissions’ approval of the act – December 30, 1913 – shrine was unveiled ! remains of Rizal interred in the monument which consisted of bones because after his execution, the hero was secretly buried without a coffin at Paco Cemetery ! birth centenary year of 1961 – aluminum pylon was superimposed over the granite obelisk, increasing the structure's height from 12.7 meters to 30.5 meters o Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission (JRNCC) o Criticized o Designer: Juan Nakpil o Now at Baclaran section of Roxas Blvd. First Rizal Monument in the Philippines ! Daet, Camarines Norte ! Lt. Colonel Antonio Sanz with the help of Ildefonso Alegre of the Philippine Revolutionary Army and through the financial contributions of the locals of Camarines Norte ! The three-tiered stone pylon with its square base supporting a triangle in two stages was the first monument and memorial marker in memory of the Philippines' National Hero. ! Completed on December 31, 1898 ! historical landmark in 1961 by the National Historical Commission and was recently declared a national monument by virtue of NHI Resolution No. 12 by the National Historical Institute Act No. 137 ! Taft Commission ! “politico-military district of Morong” into “Province of Rizal” ! suggested by Pardo de Tavera Act No. 345 ! December 30 as Rizal Day

Why is Rizal the Greatest Filipino Hero? Esteban A. de Ocampo Writing style ! Direct quotation ! Passages ! Summary ! Simple terms ! Q&A

! Paulit-ulit ! Banyaga sources – mas lumitaw ang universal greatness ni Rizal ! Outline ! Definition Definition of a Hero By Merriam Webster 1. Pangunahing tauhan na may mahalagang papel na ginampanan sa yugto ng kasaysayan 2. Katapangan " paghihirap " pagdurusa 3. Yumao " pagkilala Bayani = hero Kabayanihan = heroism (?) Kabayanihan Marami sila (e.g. Andres Bonifacio, Macario Sakay – sumikat sa American Period) Ang ginagawa nila ay para sa mas nakararami Hindi nila obligasyon ang ginagawa nila

Heroism Focus ay si Jose Rizal

1 lang siya Obligasyon niya ang ginagawa niya

Jose Rizal ! Panahon ng PROPAGANDA/REPORMA o talakayan sa isa’t isa o pagbabago 1. asimilasyon – maging kolonya ng Spain ang Pilipinas 2. magkaroon ng kinatawan ang Pilipinas sa Cortes (tagagawa ng batas) 3. sekularisasyon – magkaroon ng mga paring Pilipino sa parokya Paano ito nakamit? ! Using pen and paper Bakit ‘di pa agad lumaban? Duel? ! ‘Di pa handa ang Pilipinas. ! Pwede pang isalba ang gobyerno. ! Respect for Spain. ! May kayang pamilya – babalikan ng mga Kastila kapag natalo sa laban. Mga Akda ! Jose Rizal o Noli Me Tangere o El Filibusterismo ! Marcelo H. del Pilar o Frailocracy in the Philippines o Monatic Supremacy o Dasalan at Tocsohan ! Pedro Paterno o Ninay – unang Tagalog na nobelang naisulat ! Graciano Lopez Jaena o Discursos Articulos y Varios ! Antonio Luna o Impresiones Madrileñas de un Filipino

Rizal as hero – binomba ng kaisipang Rizal ang mamamayan kaya alam natin ang mga akda niya; alam nating bayani siya Ninay – lead character sa nobela ni Pedro Paterno – Filipino rituals and traditions (dragging basahin) Noli Me Tangere – hindi dahil mayaman ka babasahin na ang akda mo ! Ikinumpara ni Regidor sa Don Quijote ni Miguel Cervantes. Blumentriit – “dugo ng puso” ! Ginagamit ang ideas ni Rizal sa buhay natin. ! Mahirap ang buhay sa ibang bansa. ! Rizal embraced death. Jacinto – sent by Bonifacio to rescue Rizal; Rizal: No, no, no! Rizal – acknowledged before his death Jacinto – to the rescue Valenzuela – opinyon ni Rizal sa rebolusyon? Katipunan: Rizal as password ! Katipon – anak ng bayan ! Kawal – Gomburza ! Bayani – Rizal (mataas na antas sa katipunan) How to move up? Katipon " kawal Kawal " bayani Rizal ! !

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Recruit many people. Pag naging opisyal ng supreme council.

honorary President of Katipunan president of various organizations o La Liga Filipina o Indios Bravos o La Solidaridad “kometa” – once in a lifetime dumating ayon kay Blumentritt ipinangalan sa school, daan, university; monumento, roads, hoilday – batas

Saan sa Pilipinas ang kauna-unahang bantayog ni Rizal? ! Daet, Camarines Norte ! 2 years after Rizal’s death ! 15 feet After Rizal’s death ! Newspapers – other country published ! Compared to Bonifacio – kahit sino kayang gawin ang ginawa niya; short time nakilala ! Rizal: special ! Boyhood " 35 (death); dedicated Leon Ma. Guerrero Why Rizal? 1. We can do better 2. He is first in our hearts

3. Virtue > victory Sacrifice > success Nasagot: 1. Bakit pambansang bayani 2. Sino ang pumili

Related works to de Ocampo’s Why is Rizal Our Greatest National Hero: Camilo Osias Leopoldo Yabes Rizal ! ! ! ! !

Rizal, A Pioneer Internationalist Rizal: Nationalist and Internationalist

‘di katulad ng kumbensyunal na bayani (i.e. Bonifacio) kalinya ni Socrates, Jesus, Sun Yat Sen, buddha may Rizal na hero ng bansa pero may Rizal na higit pa sa bayani universal men = kalinya ni Rizal o Leo Tolstoy pagdating sa modern ideas

Veneration without Understanding ! Renato Constantino – national historian Key upang makalibre: FILIPINO RESISTANCE TO COLONIAL IMPRESSION IS THE UNIFYING TREND TO PHILIPPINE HISTORY. Sun Yat Sen/Mao Tse Tung – China Ho Chi Minh – Vietnam December 15, 1896 – Manifesto ni Rizal June 1896 – Pio Valenzuela " Rizal’s opinion on revolution ! Pio V.: rebolusyon ! Rizal: NO! Bakit tinutulan ni Rizal ang rebolusyon? 1. Kulang sa armas " pera 2. Kunin ang suporta ng mayayaman 3. Antonio Luna – maging leader ng military operations ng rebolusyon Bonifacio: wrong interpretation of #2 ! Naging dahilan ng pagpapahirap sa mayaman ! Mayaman: nagalit lalo sa KKK Reporma

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Education ! Perpektong endorser ng produktong ito si Rizal ! Ilustrado (non-material posession) ! Principalia (material possession) Unstable, shaky

Rizal – underestimated kakayahan ng masa

Epekto ni Rizal (messiah) as hero: 1. Cult – milernaryo/millenarian 2. Nawala ang focus sa ibang bayani a. Andres – too radical b. Mabini – too undegenerate c. Antonio Luna – ‘di mahinahon Mabini: Irreconcilables – ayaw sumumpa sa flag ng America " exiled sa Guam Mabini " Guam " bumalik sa Pilipinas (provided na may magandang nagawa ang Amerika sa bansa) " uminom ng gatas (unpasteurized) " cholera 3. Rizal – NOT a separatist a. Reformist b. Dead already Rizal’s “The Philippines: A Century Hence” * predicted Americal will occupy Philippines after Spain 4. Rizal – right social class (ilustrado) 5. Rizal – symbol of Spanish oppression (focus will be on the Spaniards) American " nangialam sa edukasyon ! Dapat may P.E. ! Balanced diet ! Baldwin’s Primer – grade 1 book o A for Apple o B for Ball o Nahirapan ang mga Pilipinong gamitin dahil wala namang zebra (Z for Zebra) sa bansa American Period 1. Period of supressed nationalism 2. Laws a. Flag – no Philippine flag/KKK flag wagayway b. Sedition – no pulong about Philippine freedom c. Brigandage – no kilusan for freedom d. Reconcentration – bawal lumabas sa American Camp “Our Task to Make Rizal Obsolete” by Renato Constantino Note: Ang mga problema noong 1890s ay problema pa rin ngayon.

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CENTURY PHILIPPINES th

Mga maimpluwensiyang bansa noong 19 century: USA Spain Great Britain China France Japan Germany ! Kasagsagan ng imperialism sa Asia

USA ! !

April 12, 1861 (Civil War) Abraham Lincoln: Emancipation Proclamation (1862)

Great Britain ! “mistress of the sea” ! Queen Victoria ! Sinakop: India (1859) ! Tinalo: Mughal Empire ! China – 2 “Opium War” o First O.W. (1839-42) – talo ang China; gave up Hongkong o Second O.W. (1856-60) – talo pa rin ang China; gave up Kowloon Peninsula France ! Vietnam ! Cambodia ! Laos Netherlands ! Indonesia Japan ! Sakoku – policy of restoration for 214 years (1639 – 1853) ! Ayaw ng western influence at Christianism ! Lorenzo Ruiz – pinatay ng Tokugawa Shogunate; first Filipino saint ! Pedro Calungsod ! 1853: Nakipagkalakalan si Matthew Perry sa Japan to open their ports with pagbabanta " GUNBOAT DIPLOMATION ! Meiji Restoration – “Mutsuhito” (emperor) o End of feudalism o After nito " kinopya ng Japan ang navy ng Britain, France, Germany at tinesting. 1894-1895 Sino-Japanese War ! China – very resistant to change; longest continuing dynasty ! Nanalo ang Japan ! China gave up Taiwan 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War ! 70% ng Russia ay nasa Asia ! sentro ng Russia – Moscow (nasa Europe) ! Nang atakihin ng Japan ang Russia, ang fastest way ay dumaan sa Suez Canal ! Hindi sila nakadaan dahil ang Suez Canal ay property ng UK (ally ng Japan) ! Dumaan sila sa Cape of Good Hope ! Natalo ang Russia ! Gave up Manchuria !