PHYSIOLOGY

Testbank Chapter 18. The Endocrine System

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone? a. Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment b. Regulates metabolism c. Regulates glandular secretions d. Produces electrolytes e. Controls growth and development Ans: D Difficulty: easy Feedback: 18.2

2. When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease. This is called: a. Receptor recognition b. Circulating hormone c. Paracrine d. Up regulation e. Down regulation Ans: E Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.3

3. These hormones act on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream. a. Local hormones b. Paracrines c. Autocrines d. Both b and c e. All of the above Ans: E Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.3

4. These are lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol. a. Steroids b. Thyroid hormones c. Nitric Oxide d. Amine hormones e. Peptide hormones Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.3

5. Which of the following is a major eicosanoid? a. A. Prostaglandins b. B. Leukotrienes c. C. Glycoproteins d. Both a and b e. All of the above Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.3

6. What is a major difference in the action of a water soluble hormone versus a lipid soluble hormone? a. How they diffuse through blood b. How the mRNA is transcribed c. The use of a second messenger d. Only one type needs a hormone receptor e. Lipid hormones are not found in the bloodstream Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.4

7. When one hormone opposing the action of another hormone is it called: a. Synergistic effects b. Permissive effects c. Antagonistic effects

d. Circulating e. Local Ans: C Difficulty: easy Feedback: 18.4

8. Which of the following is not a way hormone secretion is regulated. a. A. Signals from the nervous system b. B. Chemical changes in the blood c. C. Signals from the peripheral nervous system d. D. The action of other hormones e. Both a and b Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.5

9. What controls the anterior pituitary gland? a. Chemical signals from the blood b. The peripheral nervous system c. Action of hypothalamic hormones d. Action potentials from the thalamus e. Chemical changes in CSF Ans: C Difficulty: easy Feedback: 18.6

10. Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates growth. a. Human growth hormone b. Prolactin c. Thyrotropin d. Follicle stimulating hormone e. Adrenocorticotropic hormone Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.6

11. Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production. a. Leutinizing hormone b. Prolactin c. Thyrotropin d. Melanocyte stimulating hormone e. Adrenocorticotropic hormone Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.6

12. Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates Cortisol production. a. Leutinizing hormone b. Prolactin c. Insulin like growth factors d. Melanocyte stimulating hormone e. Adrenocorticotropic hormone Ans: E Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.6

13. Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates sex cell production. a. Leutinizing hormone b. TSH c. Corticotropin d. Melanocyte stimulating hormone e. Growth hormone Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.6

14. The pars distalis and the pars tuberalis comprise: a. The anterior pituitary b. The hypothalamus c. The posterior pituitary

d. The adrenal gland e. The thyroid gland Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.6

15. How many hormones do the five types of anterior pituitary cells secrete? a. 5 b. 7 c. 10 d. 12 e. unlimited Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.6

16. Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone? a. Thyrotrophs b. Gonadotrophs c. Somatotrophs d. Lactotrophs e. Corticotrophs Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.6

17. Which hormones does the posterior pituitary produce? a. Prolactin and Human Growth hormone b. Melatonin stimulating hormone and Oxytocin c. Oxytocin and Antidiruetic hormone d. Follicle stimulating hormone and Thyroid stimulating hormone e. Prolactin and ACTH Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.6

18. The amount of ADH that is secreted varies with a. Blood osmotic pressure b. Blood calcium levels c. Oxygen content of blood d. Blood levels of glucose e. All of the above Ans: A Difficulty: hard Feedback: 18.6

19. Which of the following hormones opposes the action of parathyroid hormone? a. Thyroid stimulating hormone b. Testesterone c. Insulin d. Calcitonin e. Calcitriol Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.7

20. Which of the following is not a means of synthesizing and secreting T3 and T4. a. Iodide trapping b. Oxidation of iodide c. Coupling of T1 and T2 d. Hydrolysis of calcium e. Iodination of tyrosine Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.7

21. Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of which ions in the blood? a. Calcium b. Sodium c. Potassium d. Chloride

e. Manganese Ans: A Difficulty: easy Feedback: 18.8

22. Complete loss of the Aldosterone will lead to death due to: a. Decreased heart rate b. Decreased airway dilation c. Dehydration d. No oxygen to the brain e. Kidney failure Ans: C Difficulty: hard Feedback: 18.9

23. Which of the following is not a glucocorticoid effect? a. Protein and fat breakdown b. Glucose formation c. Immune suppression d. Reduction of inflammation e. Increase in blood cell production Ans: E Difficulty: easy Feedback: 18.9

24. Which blood glucose lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells? a. Insulin b. Plasma proteins c. Blood cotting factors d. Thyroid hormones e. Calcitonin Ans: A Difficulty: easy Feedback: 18.10

25. Which hormone is promotes metabolic rate? a. Insulin b. Adrenocorticotropic hormone c. Glucagon d. Thyroid hormone e. Calcitonin Ans: D Difficulty: easy Feedback: 18.7

26. Which hormone is stimulated by decreases in blood glucose? a. Insulin b. Leutinizing hormone c. Glucagon d. Parathyroid hormone e. Calcitonin Ans: C Difficulty: easy Feedback: 18.10

27. Which of the below hormones is part of the body’s long term response to stress? a. Insulin, Glucagon, Thyroid hormone b. hGH, Insulin, Aldosterone c. Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid hormone d. Parathyroid hormone, Cortisol, hGH e. Calcitonin, Thyroid hormone, Insulin Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.15

28. The responses of the body to long term stress does NOT include which one of the following responses. a. Lipolysis b. Glycogenesis c. Gluconeogenesis d. Increased heart rate

e. Breakdown of proteins Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.15

29. This is an amine hormone derived from seratonin. a. Melatonin b. Melanin c. Glucose d. Glucocorticoid e. Eicosanoid Ans: A Difficulty: easy Feedback: 18.12

30.

This gland secretes hGH, TSH and FSH among other hormones. a. A b. B c. C d. I e. D Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.6

31.

The hormones from this gland help regulate metabolism. a. C b. D c. A d. G e. I Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.7

32.

This gland’s hormones help regulate blood calcium levels. a. B b. A c. H d. D e. I Ans: E Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.8

33.

This gland produces stress reducing steroid hormones. a. D b. G c. H d. I e. F Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.9

34.

Which step represents the synthesis of TGB? a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 6 e. 7 Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.7

35.

Which step represents coupling of T1 and T2? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 e. 7 Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.7

36.

Which level secretes mainly aldosterone? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E Ans: A Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.9

37.

Which layer secretes androgens? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.9

38.

Which cell secretes glucagon? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E Ans: B Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.10

39.

Which cell secretes the blood glucose-reducing hormone? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E Ans: C Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.10

40.

Which cell secretes somatostatin? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E Ans: D Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.10

Essay

41. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of lipid-soluble vs. water-soluble hormones.

Ans: Upon reaching their targets, lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of the target cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytosol or nucleus. The activated receptor turns a gene on or off, thus regulating synthesis of a protein. Water-soluble hormones bind to membrane receptors, activating a G protein, which activates adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP to the second messenger cAMP, which activates a protein kinase to regulate enzyme action. Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.4

42. Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of the pituitary gland. Ans: The hypothalamus is the integrating center for much sensory input. It secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones which diffuse into the hypophyseal portal system to regulate secretion of all hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. It also contains receptors that monitor blood osmotic pressure and neural input from reproductive structures. Integration of this input leads to production of ADH and OT by neurosecretory cells. These hormones are then transported through the hypothalamohypophyseal tract to be secreted by exocytosis from the posterior pituitary in response to nerve impulses. Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.6

43. Enuresis, or bedwetting, may be caused by psychological, anatomical or physiological factors. In the latter case, vasopressin is often prescribed and is a very effective treatment. What is vasopressin? How can it prevent enuresis? Ans: Vasopressin is also called antidiuretic hormone or ADH. In addition to its vasoconstrictive effects, ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water. Someone who does not make enough ADH may not be able to contain all of the urine produced while they are sleeping. If they are not awakened by the pressure in their urinary bladder, they may wet the bed instead of getting up and going to the toilet. Since vasopressin helps the body reabsorb more water, a person’s bladder should not get so full that they end up wetting the bed while sleeping. Difficulty: medium Feedback: 18.6

44. Describe and explain the similarities between starvation and diabetes mellitus.

Ans: A starving person is lacking energy-providing nutrient sources, and so, must use structural components of the body as energy sources. The diabetic consumes adequate nutrients, but due to the lack of insulin, is unable to move glucose into cells, and so, cannot use the nutrients. In both cases, energy generation is dependent on non-glucose sources, such as fatty acids and amino acids. Mobilization and metabolism of fats and proteins for energy production purposes leads to ketoacidosis, weight loss, and hunger. Difficulty: hard Feedback: 18.10