Physics Project Class-XII (2021-22) - Investigatory Project

 

 

 Physics  Project Session : 2020-2021  A Project Report On lectromagnetic Induction

 

Submitted by Samuel Kumar Class –  XII   XII th  (Science) Roll no. (cbse) –  ______  ______ Under the Guidance of Mr. Avinash Sir PGT (Physics)

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Table of Contents  

Certificate

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Declaration Acknowledgement   Aim of Project   Introduction   Theory   Apparatus Required  

Law   Conclusion   Bibliography

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Kendriya Vidyalaya Khagaria Certificate This is to certify that SAMUEL KUMAR student of class XIIth (Sci.) has successfully prepared the report on the Project entitled “Electromagnetic “Electromagnetic Induction”  under the guidance of Mr. AVINASH (PGT Physics). The report is the result of his efforts & endeavours. The report is found worthy of acceptance acc eptance as final Project report for the subject Physics of class XIIth (sci.).

Signature of Physics Teacher

Signature of External Examiner

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Signature of Principal -----------------------------

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Declaration I hereby declare that the project projec t work entitled “ Electromagnetic Induction ” , submitted to Department of Physics, Kendriya Vidyalaya Khagaria is prepared by me me..

SAMUEL KUMAR Class: XIIth  Science)

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 Acknowledgement I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude to my project guide Mr. Avinash sir for guiding me immensely through the course of the project. He always envinced keen intrest in my project. His constructive advice & constant motivation have been responsible for the successful completion of his project. My sincere thank goes to our principal sir for his co-ordination in extending every possible support for the completion of this project. I must thanks to my classmates for their timely help and support for completion of this project. Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those who had helped directly or indirectly towards the completion of this project.

SAMUEL KUMAR th Class- XII   Science)

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 AIM “ To determine the Faraday’s law   of Electromagnetic Induction using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a strong magnet. ” 

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Introduction Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism that predicts how a magnetic field will interact i nteract with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating operating principle of transformers , inductors, and many types of electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using using a concept he called lines of force. These equation for electromagnetic are extremely important since they provide a means to precisely describe how many natural physical phenomena in our universe arise and behave. The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a host of technological innovations that define modern society. Understandingg Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction Understandin I nduction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our daily da ily life function because of the principles behind Faraday’s Law. From natural phenomena such as the light, we receive from the sun to 7

 

 

technologies that improve our quality of life such as electric power generation, Faraday’s law has a great impact on many aspects of our lives.

Faraday’s law is the circuit of the experiments of the English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday. The concept of electromagnetic induction was actually discovered simultaneously simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph, an American scientist working in New York, but Faraday is credited for the law since he published his work first. An important aspect of the equation that qualifies Faraday’s law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist who made his contribution to F araday’s araday’s law, now known as Lenz’s law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry). Chemistry).  

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic field. Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to develop an understanding of the fields, as well as the related concept of potentials. 8

 

 

Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induction (August (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around aro und opposite sides of an iron ring or “torus” (an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal transformer) to induce current.

araday’s First Experiment:-  Experiment:- 

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday’s law is a single equation describing two different phenomena :The motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire (see Lorentz force), and the transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field (due to the Maxwell-Faraday equation). James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his 1861 paper on o n physical lines of force. In this latter half part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a separate physical explanation for each of the two phenomena. A reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic electromagnetic induction is made in some modern textbooks.

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Theory Magnetic flux :-

flux (often denoted  or B ) through a surface is The magnetic flux (often the component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber Wb) (in derived units :- voltsecond), and the CGS unit is the Maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux-meter, f lux-meter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the ,magnetic flux passing through a surface of vector area S is

B = B ∙ S = BS cos    Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the surface, and  is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S.

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For a varying magnetic field, we first consider co nsider the magnetic flux dS,, where we may through an infinitesimal area element dS condiser the field to be constant d B = B ∙ d  dSS 

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and the fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic flux may also be defined as :

B =   ∙ d   Where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S, which is denoted d S .

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 Apparatus Required 1. Insulated copper wire 2. An iron rod 3. A strong magnet, and 4. A light emitting diode (LED)

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Law . The most widespread version of Faraday’s law states :states  :“The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through throug h the circuit.”  

This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds only o nly when the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid in i n other circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all circumstances. When the flux changes –  changes –  because  because B changes, or because the wire loop is moved or deformed, or both Faraday’s law of induction says that the wire loop acquires an EMF   , defined as the energy available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit and attaching a voltmeter to the leads. According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units), F=qE+V

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×

 B))  B

 

 

The EMF on a wire loop is :  =   ∙d   =  +  ×  ∙  

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic flux density, magnetic induction), i nduction),  is an infinitesimal arc length along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along a long the wire (along the curve the coincident with the shape of the wire). The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time-varying magnetic field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, nonconservative electric fields, and vice-versa. The Maxwell-Faraday equation is :-

 ×=−    Where  is the curl operator and again ag ain E(r,t) is the electric field and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be functions of position r and time t. The four Maxwell’s equation (including the Maxwell Maxwell-Faraday -Faraday equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient foundation to derive everything in classical c lassical electromagnetism. Therefore it is possible to “prove” “pr ove” Faraday’s law starting with these equation. Faraday’s law could be taken as the starting point and used to “prove” the Maxwell Faraday equation and/or other laws.

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Conclusion Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed ob served and published by Michael Faraday in i n the mid-nineteenth century, describes a very important electromagnetic electro magnetic concept. Although its mathematical representations representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp : it relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many farreaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways : from the shining of the sun to the convenience of mobile communications, communication s, to electricity to power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound Faraday’s law has on us. us.  

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Bibliography  https://en.wikipedia.org  https://en.wikipedia.org   https://www.google.co.in  https://www.google.co.in 

 Class

12 Physics Lab Manual  Class 12 NCERT Textbook  https://www.vaibhavkandwal.com https://www.vaibhavkandwal.com  

Thank You!! -Samuel Kumar

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