Physics Investigatory Project

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Nisha Borah of class XII-B of science of Roll no. …………………… of Army Public School Basistha has successfully completed and submitted investigatory project entitled “To investigate the dependence, of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence, using a hallow prism filled, one by one, with different transparent fluids” to the department of physics for AISSCE practical examination 2015-2016 as set by Central Board of Secondary Education and it wholly fulfilled the standard set by Central Board of Secondary Education. This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge any kind of plagiarism. The reference taken in making this project has been declared at the end of this project.

Signature of Principal Teacher-in-charge Mrs. Purnima Mehra Kumar Jha

Signature of Mr. Amarendra

(PGT) Department of Physics

ACKNOWLEDGMENT It is my proud privilege to offer my sincere thanks to the Central Board of Secondary Education who has given me this opportunity to make a project on this subject successfully. I would like to offer my sincere thanks and gratitude to Madam Purnima Mehra, the principal of my school to complete this in time. I am extremely indebted to our physics teacher Mr. Amarendra Kumar Jha for his able guidance, timely help and constructive encouragements towards the completion of this project. And at last, I would like to offer my sincere thanks to our lab assistance for guiding me on a step by step basis and ensuring that I completed all my experiments with ease.

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT TOPIC: To investigate the dependence, of the angle

of deviation on the angle of incidence, using a hollow prism filled, one by one, with different transparent fluids.

Submitted to the department of physics, Army Public School Basistha for the fulfillment of AISSCE - 2015-2016, SCIENCE.

Submitted by:-

Nisha Borah Class: XII-B Roll no. –

INTRODUCTION In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refracts light. The exact angles between the surfaces depend on the application. The traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with a triangular base and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use “prism” usually refers to this type. Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from any material that is transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials include glass, plastic and fluorite. Prism can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow). Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with different polarizations. Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light was colorless, and that the prism itself produced the color. Newton’s experiments demonstrated that all the colors already existed in the light in a heterogeneous fashion, and that “corpuscles” (particles) of light were fanned out

because particles with different colors traveled with different speeds through the prism. It was only later that Young and Fresnel combined Newton’s particle theory with Huygens’ wave theory to show that color is the visible manifestation of light’s wavelength. Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the red color from one prism through second prism and found the color unchanged. From this, he concluded that the colors must already be present in the incoming light and white light consists of a collection of colors. As the white light passes through the triangular prism, the light separates into the collection of colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. This collection of colors formed by the prism is called the spectrum. The separation of white light into its spectrum is known as dispersion. Dispersion occurs because each color travels through the prism at different speeds. Violet travels the slowest through the prism; hence we can see it refracting the most. On the other hand, red passes through at a much fast rate which makes its angle of refraction less, hence red is too scarce to be seen.

Experimental setup AIM: To investigate the dependence, of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence, using a hallow prism filled, one by one, with different transparent fluids. APPARATUS: Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow prism, different liquids (water, kerosene oil, etc), drawing pins, pencil, half meter scale, thump pins, graph papers and a protractor. THEORY: Refraction of Light through a Prism –

Diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken by a vertical plane, perpendicular to the edge. BC is the base of the prism and AB and AC are its two refracting surfaces.

DIAGRAM: Refraction through a prism. RQ is the incident ray. QS is the refracted ray. ST is the emergent ray. RQN1 = i = angle of incidence SQN3 = r1 = angle of refraction inside prism QSN3 = r2 = angle of incidence inside prism TSN2 = e = angle of emergence BAC = A = angle of prism SFK = D = angle of deviation In

QFS, KFS = FQS + FSQ D = (i – r1) + (e – r2)

D = i + e – (r1 + r2) … (1) In QS1N3, r1 + r2 + QN3S = 180⁰ … (2) The quadrilateral AQN3S is cyclic quadrilateral, then A + QN3S = 180 … (3) From (2) and (3) A = r 1 + r2 … (4) Eq. (1) become D=i+e-A D+A=i+e … (5) Angle of Minimum Deviation  Definition: The minimum value of angle of deviation is called angle of minimum deviation. It is represented by the symbol Dm.  Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D) there are two values of angle of incidence. One value equals ‘i’ and other value equals ‘e’. As angle ‘i’ is increased from a small value, ‘e’ decreases from large value and angle of deviation decreases. When angle of deviation is minimum (Dm), then, ‘i’ and ‘e’ becomes equal.

The refracted ray QS goes parallel to base BC. Since i = e, we have r1 = r2. (

∵ n=

sin i sin r 1

=

sin e sinr 2

)

Hence, at minimum deviation, when r1 = r2 = r (say). We have

A = r1 + r2 = r + r = 2r ⇒

A 2

r=

Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and i = e From relation, We have,

A+D=i+e A + Dm = i + i = 2i ⇒

i=

A+ Dm 2

From Snell’s law, sin i sin r

n=

A + Dm 2 A sin 2

sin

We have

n=

This relation is useful for determination of n for Prism material.

DIAGRAM:

DIAGRAM: Refraction through prism at different angles PROCEDURE: 1.A white sheet of paper was fixed on the drawing board with the help of drawing pins. 2.A straight line XX’ parallel to the length of the paper was drawn nearly in the middle of the paper. 3.Points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4 were marked on the straight line XX’ at suitable distances of about 6cm. 4.Normal’s N1Q1,N2Q2,N3Q3 and N4Q4 were drawn on points Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4.

5.Straight lines R1Q1,R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 were drawn making angles of 40⁰,45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰ respectively with the normals. 6.One corner of the prism was marked as A and it was taken as the edge of the prism for all the observations. 7.Prism with its refracting face AB was put in the line XX’ and point Q1 was put in the middle of AB. 8.The boundary of the prism was marked. 9.Two pins P1 and P2 were fixed vertically on the line R1Q1 and the distance between the pins were about 2cm. 10. The images of points P1 and P2 were looked through face AC. 11. Left eye was closed and right eye was opened and was brought in line with the two images. 12. Two pins P3 and P4 were fixed vertically at about 2cm apart such that the open right eye sees pins P4 and P3 as images of P2 and P1 in one straight line. 13. Pins P1,P2,P3 and P4 were removed and their pricks on the paper were encircled. 14. Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with points Q2,Q3 and Q4 for i=45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰. 15. Straight lines through points P4 and P3 were drawn to obtain emergent rays S1T1, S2T2, S3T3 and S4T4.

16. T1S1,T2S2 ,T3S3 and T4S4 were produced inward in the boundary of the prism to meet produced incident rays R1Q1, R2Q2,R3Q3 and R4Q4 at points F1,F2,F3 and F4. 17. Angles K1F1S1,K2F2S2,K3F3S3 and K4F4S4 were measured. These angles give angle of deviation D1, D2,D3 and D4. 18. Values of these angles were written on the paper. 19. Angle BAC was measured in the boundary of the prism. This gives angle A. 20. Observations were recorded. OBSERVATIONS: Angle of hollow prism A = 60⁰ S.No.

1 2 3 4

Angle of incidenc e

40⁰ 45⁰ 50⁰ 55⁰

Angle of deviatio n for water

23⁰ 24⁰ 25⁰ 26⁰

Angle of deviatio n for kerosen e oil 36⁰ 33⁰ 34⁰ 35⁰

Angle of deviatio n for turpenti ne oil 32⁰ 33⁰ 34⁰ 35⁰

RESULTS:  The angle of minimum deviation for – Water Dm = 23⁰C Kerosene oil Dm = 33⁰C Turpentine oil Dm = 32⁰C  The refractive indices of theWater n = 1.32 Kerosene oil n = 1.46 Turpentine oil n = 1.44  Speed of light inWater v = 2.3x108 m/s Kerosene oil v = 2.05x108 m/s Turpentine oil v = 2.08x108 m/s PRECAUTIONS:  The angle of incidence should lie between 35⁰ – 60⁰.  The pins should be fixed vertical.  The distance between the two pins should not be less than 10mm.  Arrow heads should be marked to represent the incident and emergent rays.

 The same angle of prism should be used for all the observations. SOURCES OF ERRORS:  Pin pricks may be thick.  Measurement of angles may be wrong.

BIBLIOGrAPHY

The following sources were used for the appropriate information required to complete the project:  Comprehensive: Practical Physics Class XII  NCERT textbook of class XII  Google

CONTENTS

 Introduction

 Experimental setup  Bibliography

CONTENTS  Introduction

 Experimental setup  Bibliography