Physics Class 12 Project (Logic Gates)

PHYSICS PROJECT

SUBMITTED BY: ANAND BABURAJAN (XII

– A)

BLOOMING BUDS BETHANIA ENGLISH SCHOOL SENIOR SECONDARY

(AFFILIATED TO CBSE, NEW DELHI, NO: 930307) VELLITHURITHY, MARATHAMCODE, THRISSUR

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS CERTIFICATE Certified that this is a bonafide record of the project work in

PHYSICS Submitted for ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION OF CLASS XII held at Blooming Buds Bethania, for the academic year 2016-2017

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Submitted for Practical Examination and Viva-Voce held on _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___

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DECLARATION I, Anand Baburajan, hereby declare that this project work entitled “NAND GATE” submitted to Blooming Buds Bethania English School Senior Secondary, Velliturithy, Marathamcode, (Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi, and Affiliation No. 930307) is original record work done by me under the supervision and guidance of Mrs. Sangeetha P., Department of Physics.

Name of the candidate

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Register No

Signature of the candidate

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Countersigned By: Mrs. Sangeetha P. Teacher in Charge Department of Physics Blooming Buds Bethania English School Senior Secondary, Marathamcode. Place: Marathamcode Date:

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 NAND GATE

Submitted to Central Board of Secondary Education in  partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Senior Secondary Examination

By: Anand Baburajan (XII - A)

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS BLOOMING BUDS BETHANIA ENGLISH SCHOOL SENIOR SECONDARY

VELLITHURITHY, MARHAMCODE (PO), THRISSUR.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completions of my project work. Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and I would not forget to thank them I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted to my physics teacher Mrs. Sangeetha P. for her guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding regarding the project & also for supporting me in completing this project. I also thank our respected Principal Mrs. Remabai V.K and Vice Principal Mrs. Sathidevi Rajagopal for their support. I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from all teaching staff of Department of Physics which helped me in successfully completing this project. I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project. My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

CONTENTS 1.

INTRODUNCTION

2.

THEORY

3.

THE NAND GATE

4.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5.

PRECAUTIONS

6.

CONCLUSION

7.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through as stop, it is called a gate. The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in digital electronics to change change on voltage level (input voltage) into another (output voltage) according to some logical statement relating them. A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one output. output. The relationship between between the possible values of input and output voltage is expressed in the form of a table called truth table or table of combinations. Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input and output possibilities for the logic gate. George Boole in 1980 invented a different differe nt kind of algebra based on binary nature at the logic, this algebra of logic called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. The two values of logic statements one denoted by the binary number 1 and 0. The binary number 1 is used to denote the high value.

THEORY Logic gates or logic gate is an entity in electronics and mathematics Boolean that turns one or more logic inputs to a logic output signal. Logic gate is mainly implemented electronically using diodes or transistors, but can also be built using the arrangement of components that utilize the properties of electromagnetic (relay), fluids, optical or even mechanical. Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated with inputs and outputs represent the statements of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be constructed from three basic devices. We have three different types of logic gates. These are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate. BASIC GATES

The OR GATE is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result.

The OR gate has two or more inputs and one output.

In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is referred as the OR. The Boolean expression: A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B. The AND GATE is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result.

The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x or.) is referred as the AND. The Boolean expression: A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B. The NOT GATE is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT is a one input and one output.

In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (_) is referred as the NOT. The Boolean expression: Ã =Y, indicates Y equals NOT A.

The NAND gate  Aim: To design and simulate the NAND gate circuit.

Components: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R, an ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction: If we connect the output Y’ of AN D gate to the input of a

NOT gate the gate obtained is called NAND. The output Y is voltage C with respect to earth. In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed as Y=A.B, and is being read as ‘A AND B negated’. The following interference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: 

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If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1. If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1. If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.

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If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table: Input A 0 1 0 1

Input B 0 0 1 1

Output Y 1 1 1 0

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PRECAUTIONS  

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The circuit connections should be tight and gentle. Appropriate range of volts must be used in batteries or cells to perform the circuit connections well. The transistors and other apparatus must be handled carefully as they are very soft and brittle.

CONCLUSION The NAND Gate is now widely used for many commercial purposes like: Burglar alarm

When the switch is closed one input of the NAND gate is LOW. When the LDR is in the light the other input is LOW. This means that if either of these things happen, i.e. the switch is closed or the light is on one of the inputs is LOW, the output is HIGH and the buzzer sounds. An automatic watering system

This is designed to water plants only if the contacts, which may be buried in the soil, are too dry and it is night-time. night -time. The relay closes and starts the pump only if both these conditions are fulfilled. (Presumably somebody waters the plants in the daytime because if the switch is pressed the water pump works regard less.) A safety thermostat

The two contacts X and Y are near the top of the hot water tank and are normally covered with water so that there is a contact between them. The thermostat is also in the water. If the water is too cold and if the contacts are also covered the heater comes on. The temperature at which this occurs may be set by the variable resistor R.

BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS 1. Together with Physics (Lab Manual) 2. NCERT Physics Text Book

WEBSITES 1. http://www.dummies.com/education/scien ce/science-electronics/boolean-logic-andelectronic-logic-gates/