Physical Education Project File

Physical Education PROJECT FILE

ON COMMONWEALTH GAMES

SUBMITTED TO

SUBMITTED By

Mrs.Rekha Sharma

YASH CHATURVEDI R. NO. 41

Contents 1.Acknowlegment 2.Certificate 3.Introduction of Commonwealth Games 4.Introduction of 2010 Indian Commonwealth Games 5.Introduction of 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games 6.Bibliography

History of the Games A sporting competition bringing together the members of the British Empire was first proposed by the John Astley Cooper in 1891, when he wrote an article in The Timessuggesting a "PanBritannic-Pan-Anglican Contest and Festival every four years as a means of increasing goodwill and good understanding of the British Empire". The John Astley Cooper Committees worldwide (e.g. Australia) helped Pierre de Coubertin to get his international Olympic Games off the ground fast.In 1911, the Festival of the Empirewas held at The Crystal Palace in London to celebrate the coronation of King George V. As part of the festival, an Inter-Empire Championships was held in which teams from Australia, Canada, South Africa, and the United Kingdom competed in events such as boxing, wrestling, swimming, and athletics. In 1928, Melville Marks Robinson of Canada was asked to organise the first British Empire Games; these were held in 1930, in Hamilton, Ontario, and women competed in the swimming events only. From 1934, women also competed in some athletics events. The first Commonwealth Paraplegic Games were held alongside the Commonwealth Games from 1962 to 1974. Athletes with a disability were then first included in exhibition events at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria, British Columbia, and, at the 2002 Commonwealth Games, they were included as full members of their national teams, making them the first fully inclusive international multi-sport games. This meant that results were included in the medal count. The Empire Games flag was donated in 1931 by the British Empire Games Association of Canada. The year and location of subsequent games were added until the 1950 games.

Total Commonwealth Games by country Place

Country

Continent

No. of times

Years hosted

1

Australia

Oceania

5

1938, 1962, 1982, 2006, 2018

2

Canada

Americas

4

1930, 1954, 1978, 1994

3

1950, 1974, 1990

New Zealand Oceania 3

5

Scotland**

Europe

3

1970, 1986, 2014

England**

Europe

2

(1911*), 1934, 2002

India

Asia

1

2010

Malaysia

Asia

1

1998

Jamaica

Americas

1

1966

Wales**

Europe

1

1958

6

Notes * The 1911 Inter-Empire Championships held in London is seen as a precursor to the modern Commonwealth Games, but is not normally considered an official edition of the Games themselves. **The United Kingdom competes as its separate Home Nations, Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies and has held the games 6 times, 7 including the precursor 1911 Inter-Empire Championships in London.

Approved sports There are a total of 22 sports (with two multi-disciplinary sports) and a further seven para-sports which are approved by the Commonwealth Games Federation. They are categorised into three types. Core sports must be included on each programme. A number of optional sports may be picked by the host nation, which may include some team sports such as basketball. Recognised sports are sports which have been approved by the CGF but which are deemed to need expansion; host nations may not pick these sports for their programme until the CGF's requirements are fulfilled. Sport

Type

Years

Archery

Optional

1982, 2010

Athletics

Core

1911–present

Badminton

Core

1966–present

Basketball

Optional

2006, 2018

Billiards

Recognised Never

Boxing

Core

Canoeing

Recognised Never

Cricket

Recognised 1998

1911–present

Sport

Type

Years

Cycling

Optional

1934–present

Diving

Optional

1930–present

Fencing

Recognised 1950–1970

Football

Recognised Never

Golf

Recognised Never

Gymnastics (Artistic)

Optional

1978, 1990–present

Gymnastics (Rhythmic) Optional

1978, 1990–present

Handball

Recognised 1930

Hockey

Core

1998–present

Judo

Optional

1990, 2002, 2014

Lawn bowls

Core

1930–present (except 1966)

Life saving

Recognised Never

Netball

Core

1998–present

Sport

Type

Years

Rowing

Optional

1930, 1938–1962, 1986

Rugby league

Recognised Never

Rugby sevens

Core

Sailing

Recognised Never

Shooting

Optional

Softball

Recognised Never

Squash

Core

1998–present

Swimming

Core

1911–present

1998–present

1966, 1974–present

Synchronized swimming Optional

1986-2006

Table tennis

Optional

2002–present

Taekwondo

Optional

Never

Tennis

Optional

2010

Ten-Pin Bowling

Recognised 1998

Sport

Type

Years

Triathlon

Optional

2002, 2006, 2014

Volleyball

Recognised Never

Water Polo

Recognised 1950

Weightlifting

Core

1950–present

Wrestling

Optional

1911–1986, 1994, 2002, 2010present

Participation Only six teams have attended every Commonwealth Games: Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland and Wales. Australia has been the highest scoring team for twelve games, England for seven and Canada for one.    

                

Aden1 1962 Anguilla2 1998– Australasia 1911 Antigua and Barbuda 1966–1970, 1978, 1994– Australia 1930– Bahamas 1954–1970, 1978–1982, 1990– Bangladesh 1978, 1990– Barbados 1954–1982, 1990– Belize4 1978, 1994– Bermuda 1930–1938, 1954–1982, 1990– Botswana 1974, 1982– British Guiana3 1930–1938, 1954–1962 British Honduras4 1962– 1966 British Virgin Islands 1990– Brunei Darussalam 1990– Cameroon 1998– Canada 1911– Cayman Islands 1978– Ceylon5 1938–1950, 1958– 1970 Cook Islands 1974–1978, 1986– Cyprus 1978–1982, 1990–

                         

Montserrat 1994– Mozambique 1998– Namibia 1994– Nauru 1990– Newfoundland15 1930–1934 New Zealand 1930– Nigeria 1950–1958, 1966–1974, 1982, 1990–1994, 2002– Niue 2002– Norfolk Island 1986– North Borneo14 1958–1962 Northern Ireland11 16 1934–1938, 1954– Northern Rhodesia18 1954-1958 Pakistan 1954–1970, 1990– Papua New Guinea 1962–1982, 1990– Rhodesia 1934–1950 Rhodesia and Nyasaland17 1962 Rwanda 2010– Saint Christopher-NevisAnguilla2 1978 Saint Helena (with Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha)19 1982, 1998– Saint Kitts and Nevis2 1990– Saint Lucia5 1962, 1970, 1978, 1994– Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1958, 1966–1978, 1994– Samoa20 1998– Sarawak14 1958–1962 Scotland 1930– Seychelles 1990–

                          

Dominica 1958–1962, 1970, 1994– England 1930– Falkland Islands 1982– Fiji6 1938, 1954–1986, 1998–2006, 2014Gambia7 1970–1982, 1990– 2010 Ghana8 1958–1982, 1990– Gibraltar 1958– Gold Coast8 1954 Grenada 1970–1982, 1998– Guernsey9 1970– Guyana3 1966–1970, 1978– 1982, 1990– Hong Kong10 1934, 1954– 1962, 1970–1994 India 1934–1938, 1954– 1958, 1966–1982, 1990– Ireland11 12 1930 Irish Free State11 1934 Isle of Man 1958– Jamaica 1934, 1954–1982, 1990– Jersey9 1958– Kenya 1954–1982, 1990– Kiribati 1998– Lesotho 1974– Malawi13 1970– Malaya14 1950, 1958–1962 Malaysia 1966–1982, 1990– Maldives 1986– Malta 1958–1962, 1970, 1982– Mauritius 1958–1982, 1990–

                   

Sierra Leone 1958, 1966–1970, 1978, 1990– Singapore14 1958– Solomon Islands 1982, 1990– South Africa 1911–1958, 1994– South Arabia1 1966 Southern Rhodesia18 1954-1958 Sri Lanka 1974–1982, 1990– Swaziland 1970– Tanganyika21 1962 Tanzania 1966–1982, 1990– Tonga 1974, 1982, 1990– Trinidad and Tobago 1934–1982, 1990– Turks and Caicos Islands 1978, 1998– Tuvalu 1998– Uganda 1954–1974, 1982, 1990– Vanuatu 1982– Wales 1930– Western Samoa20 1974–1994 Zambia13 1970–1982, 1990– Zimbabwe13 22 1982, 1990–2002

2010 Indian Commonwealth Games Organising committee The organisation of CWG 2010 was beset by delays: in January 2010, the Indian Olympic Association vice-chairman Raja Randhir Singh expressed concern that Delhi was not up to speed in forming and organising its games committee and, following a 2009 Indian Government report showing twothirds of venues were behind schedule, Commonwealth Games Federation president Mike Fennell stated that the slow progress of preparations represented a serious risk to the event. Singh also called for a revamp of the games' organising committees: Jarnail Singh, a former Secretary of the Government of India, was appointed as the chief executive officer and Indian Olympic Association presidentSuresh Kalmadi was appointed as head of the committee. In spite of delays and the corruption cases levied on the organisors, commentators stated that they were confident that India will successfully host the games and do so on time. At the launch of the Queen's Baton Relay in October 2009, the Business Club of India (BCI) was formed through the partnership of the organising committee, the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI). The BCI was formed to both market the Games and promote Indian business interests internationally.

Costs The initial total budget estimated by the Indian Olympic Association in 2003 for hosting the Games was 16.2 billion (US$260 million). In 2010, however, the official total budget soon escalated to an estimated 115 billion (US$1.9 billion), a figure which excluded non-sports-related infrastructure development. Business Today magazine estimated that the Games cost 600 billion (US$9.7 billion). The 2010 Commonwealth Games are reportedly the most expensive Commonwealth Games ever.

Transport

Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway with Toll Tax Gate, Gurgaon

Delhi Metro A four-lane flyway, 2.2 km stretch from Lodhi Road to trans-Yamuna, linking the Games Village to the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium was constructed which reduced the travelling time between thevillage and the Stadium to six minutes. In response to concerns over the large number of trains that pass by the Delhi metropolitan region daily, construction of road under-bridges and over-bridges along railway lines have been completed. To expand road infrastructure, flyovers, cloverleaf flyovers, and bridges were built to improve links for the Games and city in general. Road-widening projects were finished with an emphasis being placed on expanding national highways. To improve traffic flow on existing roads, plans were made to make both the inner and outer Ring roads signal free. To support its commitment to mass transport, nine corridors have been identified and were constructed as High Capacity Bus Systems (for example, one from Ambedkar Nagar to Red Fort). Six of these corridors were expected to be operational in 2010. Additionally, TheDelhi Metro was

expanded to accommodate more people and boost the use of public transport during the 2010 games. The metro has extended to Gurgaon and the Noida area. For this large increase in the size of the network, Delhi Metro had deployed 14 tunnel boring machines. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) was used to tag vehicles in venue parking lots to help organise mass parking and increase security. Indira Gandhi International Airport was modernised, expanded, and upgraded. Costing nearly $1.95 billion, Terminal 3 has increased airport passenger capacity to more than 37 million passengers a year by 2010. A new runway has been constructed, allowing for more than 75 flights an hour. At more than 4400 metres long, it is one of Asia's longest. The airport has been connected to the city via a six-lane expressway (Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway) and the $580 million Delhi Airport Metro Express line.

Other preparation In preparation for an influx of English-speaking tourists for the Games, the Delhi government implemented a program to teach English, and the necessary skills for serving tourists, to key workers—such as cab drivers, security workers, waiters, porters, and service staff. In the two years prior to the Games 2,000 drivers were taught English. In addition to Delhi, the Indian Government plans to expand the program to teach people in local tourist destinations in other parts of India.

HOHO Delhi Bus Inauguration in Delhi To facilitate hassle-free sightseeing in Delhi, Delhi Tourism undertook the launch of India's very first Hop on Hop Off bus known as HOHO DELHI, modelled on popular concept of transport facilities in Western countries. The bus, which is equipped with state-of-the-art technologies like digital video screens and GPS systems, also had trained guides who were responsible for giving information about the sites. To prepare for the energy-usage spike during the Games and to end chronic power cuts in Delhi, the government undertook a large powerproduction initiative to increase power production to 7,000 MW (from the current 4,500 MW). To achieve this goal, the government streamlined the power distribution process, direct additional energy to Delhi, and constructed new power plants. In addition to physical preparation, free accommodation for all athletes at the Games Village, as well as free transport and other benefits, such as a free trip to the famed Taj Mahal and a reserved lane for participants on selected highways was provided. The Games Villagewill house over 8,000 athletes and officials for the Games. Indian states will train state police forces to handle tourist-related issues and deploy them prior to the Games. A large-scale construction and "beautification" project has resulted in the demolition of hundreds of homes and the displacement of city dwellers—at least 100,000 of New Delhi's 160,000 homeless people have removed from shelters, some of which have been demolished. Bamboo screens have

been erected around city slums to separate visitors from the sights of the slums, a practice which human rights campaigners have deemed dishonest and immoral. The Delhi High Court implemented a series of "mobile courts" to be dispatched throughout Delhi to relocate migrant beggars from Delhi streets. The mobile courts would consider each beggar on a case-by-case basis to determine whether the beggar should be sent back to his/her state of residence, or be permitted to remain in government-shelters.

Medal table

Medalists of the Badminton mixed team competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi. From the left: India (silver), Malaysia (gold), and England (bronze).

Medalists of the 10-metre air pistol pairs women at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi. From the left: Dina Aspandiyarova, Pamela McKenzie, Heena Sidhu, Annu Raj Singh, Dorothy Ludwig, and Lynda Hare. Only the top ten nations by medal rank are shown in this medal table. Nations are ranked first by count of gold medals, then silver medals, then bronze medals. The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a "nation" is an entity represented by an NOC). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code. In Boxing two bronze medals were awarded in each weight class. Additionally there was a tie of three athletes for the third place in thewomen's pole vault in athletics meant that three bronze medals were

awarded. Therefore, the total number of bronze medals is greater than the total number of gold or silver medals. Host nation (India) Rank

Nation

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

1

Australia (AUS)

74

55

48

177

2

India (IND)

38

27

36

101

3

England (ENG)

37

60

45

142

4

Canada (CAN)

26

17

32

75

5

Kenya (KEN)

12

11

10

33

6

South Africa (RSA)

12

11

10

33

7

Malaysia (MAS)

12

10

13

35

8

Singapore (SIN)

11

11

9

31

9

Nigeria (NGR)

11

10

14

35

10

Scotland (SCO)

9

10

7

26

272

274

282

828

Total

Venues

The main venue of the Games, theJawaharlal Nehru Stadium. Events took place at 12 competition venues. A total of 20 training venues were used in the Games. Of these 20, one was used for archery; three for aquatics; two for lawn bowls; two for netball; eight for rugby sevens, including seven venues within Delhi University; two for shooting; one for squash; two for table tennis; one for weightlifting, three for wrestling and two for tennis. The Commonwealth Games Village provided accommodation and training for athletes of the Games, and was opened from 23 September to 18 October 2010. It is located along the east bank of the River Yamuna, in proximity to competition and training venues as well as city landmarks, and is spread over an area of 63.5 hectares (157 acres). Comprising five main zones—the Residential Zone, the International Zone, the Training Area, the Main Dining and the Operational Zone—the Games Village, which is a nonsmoking zone, is universally accessible particularly to accommodate parasport athletes. There were three main non-competition venues in the Games, besides the Commonwealth Games Village (see above); namely the Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games Organising Committee Headquarters (OC CWG Delhi 2010), the Main Media Centre, and the Games Family Hotel, Hotel Ashok.

Legacy One of the aims of hosting the Commonwealth Games was to build worldclass athletics infrastructure within the country, expose audiences to toplevel non-cricket competition and encourage the youth to "Come out and play" (the official theme of the games). Building a sporting culture that looks beyond cricket is seen as an important task for a country which won its first ever individual Olympic gold medal in Beijing 2008, despite having the world's second-largest population. Sebastian Coe, former Olympic gold medalist and chairman of the 2012 Summer Olympics Organising Committee, was at the stadium during the 4x400m women's relay and described the audience's cheers for the racers as "potentially the moment that could change the course of athletics in Asia, the moment that could inspire thousands of people who'd never even seen an athletics track before to get involved... To build a truly global capacity in sport, you have to take it round the world – out of your own backyard. That means taking risks and facing challenges, but it has to be done."

2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games Selection process

Special liveries in support of Glasgow's bid were applied to numerous subway carriages. Scotland was the first country to consider hosting the 2014 Commonwealth Games in 2004, with Scottish cities being invited by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland to consider making a bid. In September 2004, Glasgow was announced as the Scottish candidate city overEdinburgh (which hosted the Games in 1970 and 1986, and the inaugural Commonwealth Youth Games in 2000) following a cost-benefit analysis by the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland. The Scottish Executive under then First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell, with the support of the United Kingdom government and all main parties in the Scottish Parliament, formally announced Glasgow's intention to host the games on 16 August 2005. In March 2006, the bidding process began, with the Glasgow Bidding team presenting their case to the Commonwealth Games Federation at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, along with the other confirmed candidate cities; the Nigerian capital, Abuja and Halifax in Canada. In October 2006, the first voting delegates arrived in Glasgow, to inspect the

city's existing and proposed amenities and facilities. Glasgow announced on 16 January 2007, the 17 sports to be included should its bid be successful. Halifax later withdrew its bid on 8 March 2007, following the withdrawal of funding from the municipal government.

Glasgow city centre. That left Abuja and Glasgow as the remaining bidders, with Abuja seen as a likely favourite due to the basis of its campaign that an African nation has never before hosted the Commonwealth Games. The deadline for formal submission of bids to the Commonwealth Games Federation, in the form of a Candidate City File, was set for May 2007. Both bids were highly recommended, though Glasgow's bid team had made use of extensive benchmarking against the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne and as a result, its bid was deemed technically superior according to the CGF Evaluation Report that was released in September 2007. The Commonwealth Games Evaluation Commission concluded that: "Glasgow has shown it has the ability to stage the 2014 Commonwealth Games to a standard which would continue to enhance the image and prestige of the Games." This put Glasgow ahead in terms of the technical comprehensiveness of its bid. The final decision on the host city of the 2014 Commonwealth Games was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka on 9 November 2007 at the Commonwealth Games Federation General Assembly, attended by all 71 Commonwealth Games member associations. Each bid city made a presentation to the General Assembly, the order of which was determined by drawing lots. Glasgow's delegation was led by Louise Martin, chair of the Commonwealth Games Council for Scotland, First Minister Alex Salmond, athlete Jamie Quarry and Leader of Glasgow City Council Steven Purcell. The presentation also included a promotional film narrated by Sean Connery. Abuja's delegation was led by General Yakubu Gowon, head of the Abuja 2014 Commonwealth Games bid team.

The CGF members later voted for their preferred candidate in a secret ballot. As there were only two bids, the winner was announced by the CGF President, Mike Fennel, after the first round of voting, with the winner only requiring a simple majority. The results of the bidding process were as follows: 2014 Commonwealth Games bidding results City

Country

Votes

Glasgow

Scotland

47

Abuja

Nigeria

24

Sports A total of 18 sports and 261 medal events were contested at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. A record 22 para-sport events were contested in five different sports (athletics, cycling, lawn bowls, swimming and weightlifting) and para track cycling was held for the very first time. Archery and tennis from the 2010 games were replaced on the sports programme with triathlon (for the first time since 2006) and judo (first time since 2002). Among sport disciplines removed from 2010 include the walking events in athletics,synchronised swimming and Greco-Roman wrestling, while mountain biking was contested for the first time since 2006. Shooting medal events also dropped from 44 in 2010 to 19. Among new disciplines on the Commonwealth Games programme for the first time were the triathlon mixed relay event, more shooting medal chances for women and the addition of women's boxing to the programme. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport.



   

Aquatics  Diving (10) (details)  Swimming (44) (details) Athletics (50) (details) Badminton (6) (details) Boxing (13) (details) Cycling (details)  Mountain biking (2)  Road (4)  Track (17)



      

Gymnastics (details)  Artistic gymnastics (14)  Rhythmic gymnastics (6) Hockey (2) (details) Judo (14) (details) Lawn bowls (10) (details) Netball (1) (details) Rugby sevens (1) (details) Shooting (19) (details) Squash (5) (details)

Medal table Only the top ten successful nations are displayed here. The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a "nation" is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three letter country code. Two bronze medals were awarded in boxing, judo and wrestling, except for Women's freestyle 75 kg as only five competitors were entered in the event. Additionally, two bronze medals were awarded in the men's 100 m backstroke and women's pole vault as a result of a tie between two athletes. No bronze medal was awarded in the men's synchronized 10 metre platform as only four teams competed in the event. Therefore, the total number of bronze medals is greater than the total number of gold or silver medals. Key * Host nation (Scotland) Rank

Nation

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

1

England (ENG)

58

59

57

174

2

Australia (AUS)

49

42

46

137

3

Canada (CAN)

32

16

34

82

Rank

Nation

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

4

Scotland (SCO)*

19

15

19

53

5

India (IND)

15

30

19

64

6

New Zealand (NZL)

14

14

17

45

7

South Africa (RSA)

13

10

17

40

8

Nigeria (NGR)

11

11

14

36

9

Kenya (KEN)

10

10

5

25

10

Jamaica (JAM)

10

4

8

22

Total

261

261

302

824

Drug testing and doping Nigeria's Chika Amalaha failed a doping test and was stripped of a gold medal in the women's 53 kg weightlifting. In the women's 400 metres final, Botswana's Amantle Montsho placed fourth; she was subsequently provisionally suspended pending the results of a B sample after failing a doping test. Montsho's B sample was reported as positive on 14 August 2014.

Bibliography 1.www.Google.com 2.Wikipedia 3.www.yahoo.com