Physical Education and Its History

 

PHYSICAL EDUCATION EDUCATION  AND ITS HISTORY

SUBMITTED BY: JURILLA, MARK KC B. BPED 2A SUBMITTED TO : MS. MIA BALISTA

 

TOPIC CONTENT ▪

Early cultural and primitive society

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Physical education in Greece

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Physical education in ROME

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Physical education IN INDIA

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Physical education in CHINA

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Physical education during Dark ages

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Physical education during The age of feudalism

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Physical education during renaissance Period

 

IMPORTANCE OF HISTOTY IT ENABLES US TO UNDERSTAND THE PRESENT STATUS STATUS OF PHYSICAL PHYSI CAL EDUCATION

TO BE AWARE OF THE INFLUENCES THAT HAVE SHAPED IT AND LED TO EACH STABLISHMENT

IT CAN BE USED HIS KNOWLEDGE TO HELP VERIFY AND CLARIFY PRINCIPLES FROM THE BEHA BE HAVIORAL VIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

 

PHYSICAL PHYSI CAL EDUC EDUCA ATION AMONG AMONG PRIMITIVE

PRIMITIVE PEOPLE

MAN MOVED IN ORDER TO SATISFY A FELT NEED A  NECESSITY

THE

PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES FOR PRIMIIVE MAN WERE NOT ORGANIZED

HIS

MOTIIVES FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES WERE MAINLY TO SEARCH FOR FOODS AND TO PROTECT HIMSELF

FOR

PEOPLE WHOSE WH OSE LANGUAGE WAS WAS LEES LE ES ADEQUATE ADEQUATE DANCE DA NCE WAS WAS MEAN OF EXPRESSION, PARTICULARLY IN A CERTAIN TRIBAL SOCIETIES

PLAY

AND GAMES WERE AN IMPORTANT PART OF LIVING FOR THESE PRIMITI VE. IT BECAME PRIMITIVE. BECA ME A RECOGNIZED WA WAY TO IMPROVE IMPROV E STRENGHT STR ENGHT,,

 

PRIMITIVE DANCE  DANCE

IS THE OLDEST AND LIVELIEST OF ARTS, REFLECTING MAN’S AGE OLD USED TO TO COMMUICA COMMUICATED TED JOY OR GRIEF BY USING THE MOST IMMEDIATED INSTRUMENT OF HIS DISPOSAL AND HIS BODY FOR PRIMITIVE MAN, DANCE IS A WA WAY OF THINKING AND LIVING LIV ING PRIMITIVE MAN DANCED WHEN: I. CHILDREN WERE BO BORN II. OLDE OLDER R ENOUGH TO TO BE ACCEPTED ACCEPTED AS ADUL ADULT T MEMBER MEMBER OF THE TRIBE III. THEY WWERE MERRIED MERRIED IV.. THEY DIED IV V. TO GA GAIN IN COU COURAG RAGE E FOR FOR BATTL BATTLE E VI. THE ENEMY WAS BEATEN BEATEN VII.PRA VII. PRAY Y TO THEIR GOD TO DRIV DRIVE E AW AWAY EVIL SPIRIT SP IRIT

 

PHYSICAL EDUCATION EDUCATION IN GREECE GREECE SP SPART ARTA, A, PELONN PELONNESUS ESUS PHYSICAL EDUCATION WAS PRACTICED TO DEVELOP STRONG POWERFUL ARMY. THE SP S PART ARTANS ANS WERE WE RE SUBSERVIENT SU BSERVIENT TO THE STATE AND REQUIRED TO HELP DEFEND IT AGAINST ENEMIES. WOMEN AS WELL AS MEN WERE REQUIRED TO BE IN PHYSICAL CONDITION. A MAJOR TRAINING TRAINING CONSISTED OF SUCH PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AS , WRESTLING, JUMPING, RUNNING , THROWING THE JAVELIN JAVELIN AND DISCUS, HORSEBACK RIDING AND HUNTING. ONL ONLY Y THE STRONG S TRONG AND VIGOROUS VIG OROUS BABIES WERE ARE ALLOWED TO LIVE IN THIS MILITAR MILITARY Y LIFE.

ATHENS, CITY STATE IN EASTERN GREECE ATHENIANS BELIEVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOT TOTAL AL INDIV INDIVIDUAL IDUAL IN ALL LIFES ASPECT. THEIR OBJECTIVE OF O F PHYSICAL EDUCATION EDUCATION WAS FOR PHYSICAL PERFECTION WITH EMPHASIS ON BEAUTY OF PHYSIQUES GYMNASTICS WAS BELIEVED TO CONTRIBUTED TO PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MUSIC WAS ALSO CONSIDERED IMPORTANT TO THE INTELLECT. GYMNASTICS FOR THE YOUTH WAS PRACTICED IN PALAESTRA. PAIDOTRIBE, THE PROPRIETOR IN THE PALAESTRA AND WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR DERICTING THE EXERCISE FOR THE YOUTH. GYMNASIUM WHICH WAS THE SOCIAL, INTELLECTUAL, PHYSICAL CENTER OF GREECE LED BY THE OVER ALL IN CHARGE CALLED

 

GYMNASIARCH

THE ANCIENT OLYMPICS OLYMPICS IN GREECE IN KEEPING WITH THE CLOSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE P.E AND THE RELIGION, EACH GYMNASIUM

RECOGNIZE D A PARTICULAR RECOGNIZED PARTICULARL LY DEITY, SUCH AS THE ACADEMY FOR ATHENA , LYCEUM LYCEUM FOR APOLLO AND KYMOSARGES FOR HERCULES GREECE HAD A NATIONAL FESTIVAL EVENTS WHICH WHERE MOST IMPORTANT IN THEIR LIVES. FOUR OF THEM ARE OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE AND ATTRACTED THE NATIONAL ATTENTION I. OL OLYMPIA YMPIA FESTIV FESTIVAL AL – THE MOST MOST FAMOUS FAMOUS OF THE THE FOUR, IN HONOR HONOR OF ZEUS, ZEUS, THE SUPREME SUPREME GOD GOD AND WAS HELD IN WESTERN PELOPONNESUS DISTRICT. II. PYTH PYTHIAIA- FESTIV FESTIVAL IN HONOR OF APOLL APOLLO O , GOD OF LIGHT LIGHT AND TRUT TRUTH H AND WAS HELD AT AT DELPHI III. NEME NEMEA A FESTIVALFESTIVAL- IN HONOR HONOR OF OF ZEUS ZEUS AT AT ARGOLIS ARGOLIS NEAR CLEPN CLEPNAE AE IV.. ISTHMIA FESTIVALIV FESTIVAL- IN HONOR OF POSEIDON, THE GOD OF THE SEA AND WAS HELD AT ISTHMUS OF CORINTH  THE FIRST OLYMPICS OLYMPICS WAS HELD IN 776 B.C AND CONTINUED EVERY FOUR YEARS THERE AFTER  THE CONTISTANT CONTISTANT HAD TO UNDERGO TEN TEN MONTHS TRAINING AND RIGID SCREENING. HE HAD TO BE FREE MAN WITHOUT ANY CRIMINAL RECORD. RECORD. HE HAD TO TO BE IN PERFECT PHYSIQUES AND OF GOOD CHARACTER  HE HAD TO COMPETE IN ACCORDANC ACCORDANCE E WITH THE RULES  THE VICTORY DID NOT RECEIVE ANY MATERIAL BUT A WREATH OF OLIVE BRANCHES AS HIS CROWN  DURING THE GAMES , A TRUCE WAS DECLARED BY ALL THE CITY STATES STATES IN GREECE, IF THIS TRUCE WERE BROKEN, BROK EN, THE WRATH OF GODS WOULD BE VISITID UPON THE GUILTY GUILTY

 

THE GREEK PHILOSOPHERS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

RECOGNIZE D THE USE OF P.E IS AS AID TO MEDICINE

H E R  O D O T U S

 

GALLEN

STATED THAT P.E IS A PART OF HYGIENE AND SUBORDINATE TO MEDICINE.

 

PROCLAIMED THE LAW LA W OF USE AND DISCUSE OF THE PARTS OF THE BODY HIPPOCRATES

 

PLATO CONSIDERED MUSICS AND GYMNASTICS AS THE TWO MOST IMPORRTANT SUBJECT IN THE CURRICULUM

 

ARISTOTLE

RECOGNIZED THE CLOSE INTERRELATIONS HIP OF THE BODY AND SOUL, AND THE MENTAL FACULTIES CAN BE AFFECTED BY POOR HEALTH

 

SOCRATES

GAVE ONEMPHASIS THE IMPORTANCE OF P.E IN ATT ATTAI AINI NING NG HEALTH IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE ONES PURPOSE IN LIFE

 

XENOPHON

THOUGHT OF P.E AS IMPORTAN T ON TERMS OF THE MILITARY

 

THE PHYS PHYSICAL ICAL EDUCATION IN ROME

 

OBJEC TIVE AND ITS NA OBJECTIVE NATURE TURE  ARMY LIFE WAS WAS CONSIDERED VERY IMPORTANT TO THE ROMANS AND

CONSIDERED CONSIDE RED HEAL H EALTH TH AS IMPORTANT IM PORTANT ONLY ONLY TO MILITARY LIFE.  A ROMAN SOLDIER HAD TO ENGAGE IN VARIOUS

PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES FOLLOWING A RIGID SCHEDULE OF TRAINING SUCH AS MARCHING, JUMPING, RUNNING, THROWING THE DISCUSS AND JA JAVELIN, VELIN, SWIMMING AMONG OTHERS AND BODY CONDITIONING.

 THE ROMAN WAS WAS NEVER FAMOUS AS AN ATHLETE ATHLETE BUT ADMIRED GOOD

PERFORMANCE IN OTHERS AND PROMOTED IT ON PROFESSIONAL BASIS LIKE CHARIOT RACING AND GLADIATORS GLADIATORS COMBAT WHERE THE LIFE L IFE OF THE CONSISTANTS WERE AT SAKE.  THE

MOST FAMOUS STADIUM WAS WAS THE

CIRCUS MAXIMUS

IN ROME, A HUGE

ARENA THAT SEATED 200,000 SPECTA SPE CTATORS. TORS. THE CHARIOT RACES R ACES WERE THE MAIN EVENT HERE.

 

OBJECTIVE NATURE TURE OBJEC TIVE AND ITS NA  THE GLADIATOR GLADIATOR COMBAT WERE HELD

IN THE COLOSEUM, AN ARENA 150 FEET HIGH SEATING 50,000 PEOPLE CAPACITY. CAPACITY.

 ANOTHER FA FACET CET OF

THE PUBLIC BATH.

ROMAN LIFE THAT RELATES TO P.E P.E WAS THE THERNMAE

 

SPORT T ROMAN AND SPOR

 

VERY LITTLE HAS H AS BEEN WRITTEN ABOUT THE STA STATE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN INDIA. MANY OF THE HISTORIAN HAVE DEVELOPED VERY LITTLE SPACE TO THE ASPECT OF INDIA HISTORY THROUGH INDUS I NDUS VALLEY CIVILIZA C IVILIZATION, TION, WITHOUT DOUBT, HAS BEEN THAT THAT THE PEOPLE NEVER NEVE R KEPT THE WRITTEN RECORDS OF THEIR CULTURE AND POLITICAL ADVENTURES . GAMBLING WAS INE OF THE MOST POPULAR SPORTS IN THIS PERIOD OF PREHISTORIC RECKONING. CHILDREN MOSTLY PLAYED PLA YED WITH BIRDS AND BEAST BEA ST MADE UP OF CLAY CLAY. WHEN THE T HE ARYANS ARY ANS OCCUPIED SP SPA AT SINDHU, SINDH U, THEY THE Y PUSHED DOWN THE T HE DRA DRAVIDIANS VIDIANS WITH THE ABORIGINAL TRI BES IN INDIA. TRIBES I NDIA. CERT CER TAINTHAT FACTS CONNECTED SUCH A TRANSITIONAL PERIOD SHOW DANCING WAS VIGOROUS VIG OROUS AND VER VE RY POPULAR POPULA R ACTIVITY AMONG THE INHABITANTS OF INDIAN CLUB CONTINENT. THAT IS WHY PEOPLE PE OPLE OF INDUS I NDUS VALLEY VALLEY CIVILIZA CIVIL IZATION TION WERE WER E VERY STRONG PHYSICALLY.

 

IN FACT, EDUCATION IN I N INDIA CAN NOT BE FACT, THE HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDIED ALONG WITH THE CLASSIFICATION OF VARIOUS PERIODS OF POLITICAL HISTORY OF INDIAN WHICH IS DIVIDED INTO AGES I. VI VID DEC AGE AGE (20 2000 00-1 -100 000 0 B. B.C C) II.. EP II EPIC IC AG AGE E ( 100 10000-600 600 B. B.C) C) III. HIST HISTORIC ORICAL AL AGE ( 600 B.D) IV.. NALA IV NALANDA NDA PERIO PERIOD D ( 300 A.D) A.D) V. RA RAJP JPUT UT PE PERI RIOD OD ( 300 300 to 12 1200) 00) VI. MUSLI MUSLIM M PERIOD PERIOD ( 1200 to 1750) 1750) VII.BRITISH PERIOD ( up to 1974)

 

VEDIC PERIOD MUCH OF THE DESCRIPT DESCRIPTION ION ABOUT THE ARYANS ARYANS WHO WH O MIGRA MI GRATED TED TO INDIA FROM CENTRAL ASIA, COME FROM VEDAS. THE VIDAS ARE NOT ONLY THE RELIGIOUS BOOKS BUT THEY ALSO CONTAINS REFERENCES TO THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL LIFE OF THE PEOPLE OF INDIA INHABITANTS OF INDIA, AT THIS PEERIOD, WERE VERY VERY STRONG AND STURDY. THEY GENERALLY LOVED PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL AGRICUL TURAL LIFE. YOGA SEEMS TO HAVE HAVE ORIGINA ORIGIN ATED IN THIS PERIOD. PRANAYAMA WAS CONSCIOUSLY AS A SACRED DUTY.. PRANA DUTY P RANAY YAMA IS YOGIC EXERCIS EXERCISE E BY WHICH WHI CH ONE ON E BALANCE BA LANCE THE RES RESPIRA PIRATORY TORY CIRCLE IN SUCH A WA WAY THAT THAT THEIR THE IR COMPLETE

 

EPIC AGE THE EXPLOITATION OF THE INDIANS CAN BE GATHERED FROM “ RAMANAY RAMANA YANA AND MAHABHARA MAHABHAR ATA” WHICH W HICH WERE COMPOSED DURING THIS PERIOD. BOTH BOT H THE EPICS REVELS THAT THAT THIS PERIOD WAS WAS APERIOD OF GREAT TURMOIL AND WARS . THIS SYSTEMAS HAD , AOF PART SCRIPTURAL STUDIES PHYSICAL EDUCATION ONE THEFROM COMPULSORY ITEMS. ARCHERY, ARCHERY, JAVELIN JAVELIN THROW THR OW , SWORD FIGHTING, F IGHTING, CLUB FIGHTING, WRISTLING WRISTLING,, HORSE RIDING HA HAVE VE BEEN ELABORA ELABORATL TLY Y REFERRE REFE RRED D TO IN RAMAYANA RAMAYANA AND MAHABHAR MAHA BHARA ATA. THERE WERE NO SEPARATE SEPARA TE PHYSICAL EDUCATION EDUCATION FOR TEACHERS BUT B UT THE KNOWLEDGE IN ARMS AND ARMAMENT ARMAMENTS S WAS WAS GIVEN BY THE SAME TEACHERS TEAC HERS WHO WERE WELL-VERSED IN SCRIPTURAL STUDIES TOO. THERE USED TO BE GURUKULS ( school) WHERE THE PUPILS LIVED CELEBRATE CELEBRATE LIFE UP TO THE AGE OF 25 YEARS AND LEARN ALL PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND ENGAGED IN MENT MENTAL AL ACTIVITIE ACTIVITIES. S.

 

HISTORICAL AGE

THE ANCIENT RELIGION RELIG ION ( THE HINDU DHARMA) HAD THE FIRST JOLT JOLT IN THIS PERIOD. THERE WAS A GREAT E REVOL REVOLT T AGAINST THE EXISTING SOCIAL DISPARITIES, CAST SYSTEM , RIGID BRAHMANICAL ATTITUDE AND ORTHODOX ACCEPTANCE OF THE SCRIPTURAL AUTHORITY. AUTHORITY. BOTH JAINISM AND BUDDHISM EMPHASISED THE WA WAYS OF PEACE AND DID NOT N OT ENVISAGE ANY BODY BUILDING ACTIVITIES FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES. HOWEVER MEGASTHENES VISITED CHANDRAGUPTA’S CHANDRAGUPTA ’S MAURA MAUR AWHO ’S PERIOD HASINDIA BEENDURING REFERRED TO A VERY ELABORATED ELA BORATED SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL AND WEAPON TRAINIG FOR THE ARMY. A RMY.

 

 NALANDA PERIOD  NALANDA WAS A GREA GREAT T SEAT SEAT OF LEARNING WHERE MORE THEN 6000 STUDENTS, NOT ONLY FROM VARIOUS PART OF COUNTRY, BUT ALSO FROM FOREIGN LANDS, USED TO STUDY. ALONG WITH RELIGIOUS, SCRIPTURAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOURSES, PHYSICAL EDUCATION WAS TAUGHT TO THE STUDENT FOR KEEPING GOOD HEALTH. WALKING, SOME CONSIDERED CONSID ERED TO BE ATONIC FOR HEALTH. HEALTH.

 

RAJPUT PERIOD

THERE WAS REVIVAL OF HINDUISM DURING THIS PERIOD. THIS PERIOD MAY BE KNOWN AS THE CHIVALRY. THE RAJPUT WERE VER VERY PROUD AND WERE DIVIDED IN TO HUNDREDS OF CLANS. TTHEY DID  NOT BELIEVE BELIEVE IN A CENTRAL

 

MUSLEM PERIOD  NO DOUBT, DOUBT, THIS PERIOD PERIOD IS ALSO MARKED BY MUCH OF STRIFE IN WHICH BOTH THE HINDUS AND THE MUSLIMS TOOK PART FOR THE SUPREMACY OF THE ONE OVER THE OTHER. IN WHATEVER FORM PHYSICAL EDUCATION EXISTED DURING THIS PERIOD. IT EXISTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF PREPARING PREP ARING THE INDIVIDUAL FOR WAR. WAR. MANY M ANY OF THE TRADITIONAL TRADITI ONAL ACTIVITIES LIKE YOGA WERE GIVEN ASSET BACK DUE TO THE FACT THE MUSLIMS WANTED TO UNDO WHA WH AT THE HINDUS HAD DONE DURING THE LONG PERIOD OF THEIR MUNDANE EXISTENCE. HUNTING SEEMS TO BE VERY POPULAR SPORT OF THIS PERIOD . FOR THE PURPOSES OF GITTENG, THE FOLLOWING SPORTS WERE PRACTISED VERY COMMONLY

 

BRITISH PERIOD  A FLESH BACK TO PRE-INDEPENDENCE PRE-INDEPENDENCE TO DAYS. PHYSICAL EDUCATION EDUCATION HAS ALWAYS EXISTED IN THE INDIAN SOCIETY IN ONE FROM OR THE ANOTHER, BUT HAD NEVER N EVER BEEN CONSIDERED AS A PART PART AND PARCEL OF SCHOOL CURRICULUM. CURRICULUM. THE ENGLISH  ARE THE SPORTS LOVING LOVING PEOPLE AND PIONEERS IN EDUCATION EDUCATION BUT IN INDIA AS RULER, THEY ALSO NEVER PAID ANY ATTENTION TO THE INCLUSION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROGRAMME. IN 1833 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA SHOULDERED THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE EDUCATION AND 1870, THE SUBJECT OF EDUCATION WAS MADE A STATE SUBJECT-ONLY THE CENTRE RETAINED THE SUPERVISORY POWER.

 

GYMNASTIC, DRILL AND OTHER EXERCISE SUITED TO EACH CLASS OF SCHOOL. SPURRED THE INTEREST IN THE SCHOOL CHILDREN TO TAKE TAKETHE P HYSICAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AS ENJOY E NJOYABLE ABLE ACTIVITIES. IN 1894, THE QUESTION OF MAKING PHYSICAL EDUCATION EDUCA TION AS A COMPULSOR COMPULSO RY SUBJECT SUBJE CT WAS WAS CONSIDE CONSIDERED RED BUT  NO DIFINE POLICY CAME OUTBECOMING OF THIS, WESTERN GAME ON ESPECIALLY CRICKET, WERE VERY POPULAR VOLUNTARY BASIS. PRIVATE ORGANIZATION FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION LIKE GYMNASTICS, VYAYAM, SCHOLAR AKHADA AND KREERE MANDAL CONTRIBUTED APPERIABLY TO THE SPREAD OF TRADIONAL INTEREST IN DEVELOPMENT AND CONDITIONING ACTIVITIES.

 

In the past, China’s physical education experienced a development process of growing out of nothing, and from imitating to mirroring. Up to now, it has found a right road of development embodied with China’s characteristics, and the development theory of sports education has been gradually mature. The essay analyzed the present situation of the development of physical education in China by inspecting the development trace in the past one hundred years, on the purpose of establishing a new system of physical education. When investigating a thing’s thing’s development process, we’ll have to  pay attention to its past, now, now, and future, and the development of physical education is not an exception. The different stages of the development of China’s physical education covered up to one hundred and a half. Every China’s stage will abandon something old and a nd create something new, producing a scroll effect, which consisted of the history of China’ China’ss development of  physical education. Investigating the development development of physical education in China in the past one hundred years is conducive for us to grasp the overall development of the physical education in China.

 

The situation of the physical education from the Opium War War to the May 4th Movement

Since the Opium War, War, sports had been into the New School and become a class as a “western art”, and the Military School has also started the gymnastics classes. Meanwhile, all kinds of gymnastic activities were carried out with  priority to western modern gymnastic activities. activities. Westernization Westernization Movement exerted a positive effect to the modern physical education objectively in China. During the process of Reform Movement, the bourgeois reformists whose leader is Kang You You well imagined a preliminary complete education system, emphasizing the role of the sports in the school education, which  produced an enlightenment effect to the development of physical education in China in both theory and practice. In the late nineteenth century, century, American American and Britain sects stated plenty of church schools, which attached great importance to the after-class sports activities, although they didn’t have formal sports classes.

 

They established various sports organizations and track and field teams, carried out the wonderful athletics and sports activities and held sports competitions, by which they spread western gymnastics. In 1904, the Qing Government issued the set up some standard to the sports curriculums in the schools of different identities and ranks. After the Xinhai Revolution, in 1902 and 1903, the government of the republic of China made a correction to the school education system in China. After the execution of the new educational system, schools at all levels started the gymnastic classes, by which, the modern sports education obtained an extensive development, ending the two-thousand-year history without fundamental fundamen tal sports classes .

 

The physical education after the May 4th Movement and before the foundation of the People’s Republic of China During the May 4th Movement, Militarism that was prevalent in one time increasingly declined, and the soldiers fuck lost the previous important role in the school sports education. In 1923, the Beiyang Government issued the aimed at the primary school and the high school students, and changed the “Gymnastics” to the t he “P.E.” “P .E.” formally, formally, which is a great change and reform in the school sports in China, symbolizing that the school sports education had been into a new stage of development. The school sports education in this period all abandoned a bandoned the soldiers fuck and athletics and sports activities became the main part. And American sports thoughts which adhered to naturalism widely in China and had a greatstrengthen influence the on the school sports education. In addition,spread the Kuomintang(KMT) Government management on the school sport education, issued some laws concerning the school sports and took some political actions, making the school sports start to develop systematically and regularly.

 

The sports education from the foundation of the People’s Republic of China to the Reform and Open up

In 1949, the People’s Republic of China is founded. As a result of the inuence of international political environment, the fate of China’s physical education has close relationship with that of our mother country. At the beginning the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, Chairman Mao put forward the guidelines “To be health is in the rst position, and to study is the second”, “Be in good health, study well and work well”. The Central People’s Government of the State Council issued later on. All of these had a great eect on the physical education. At the same time, under the inuence of the sports thoughts called “three foundatio foundations” ns” of the Former Soviet Union, China’s physical education formed a teaching system about physical education whose goals included imparting knowledge, motor skills and technology, pursuing the perfect and completeness of technology and emphasizing the technological details

 

The physical education in the new period After the Reform and Openseries up, undertakings of physical culture and sports had developed rapidly rapidly. . From of sports teaching outline and work rules set up by China’s China’s government, we can see that the physical education educa tion in the new  period increasingly adjusted to the demands of social development and students’ development. the Education Department complied comprehensive and issued , Work>, later on, which all strengthened the physical education, perfected the teaching system, offered a criterion of exploring the school physical education in the primary stage of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

 

In 2002, the Education Department and the General Administration of Sports issued together started to be implemented in most of the schools all over the country coun try,, further realizing the guidelines” To To be healthy is in the first position”. From what has been discussed above, series of laws issued and new corresponding measures taken by China’s government in the new period produced a deeply strategic meaning in order to promote the work of physical education in China.

 

The revelations from the course of the change of China’ China’ss physical education in the past one hundred years Local features are the foundation of the development of the physical education. In the  past one hundred years, China’s China’s physical education experienced such a process of development as imitating Japanese teaching systems, referring American teaching systems

and implanting the Soviet Union’ Union’ss model, showing strong foreign culture orientation and the exogenous characteristic. After the Reform and Open up, China faced a new situation of stable politics, booming economics and diversified culture, offering an unprecedented great environment to the development of the physical education in China. In order to reach the overall requirements of the quality education, we had to t o get rid of the shackles of the Soviet Union’s Union’s pattern which had characteristics of high centralization and dense technology.. Developing China’s local physical education and absorbing the technology t he mainstream all over the world is the foundation of the development of physical education in China.

 

Government’s attention is crucial for the development of physical p hysical education

From the several changes of the purposes of the physical education, we can see that the role of the physical education was rising and gradually developed into a dispensable part to cultivate students of sound development. Series of government’s provisions concerning the physical education standardize and guarantee its development and also reflected that the government attached importance to the physical education. As a matter of fact, it’s the government attention that facilitated the development of the physical education.

 

Students are in the first position in the process of the physical education

Since the modern times, the physical education developed into a diversified culture and got rid of instrumentalism gradually. gradually. In 1961, the government issued and emphasized the importance of strengthening the physical education on the  purpose of enhancing the physique. In 1992, it added that” that” we are aimed to strengthen the physical and healthy education and enhance the students’  physique and promote the students’ development on both physique and mentality and cultivate the socialist builders with high comprehensive quality on moral, mentality and physique”. We We can see that the aim of the physical education changed and adhered that the students are the center center.. The onehundred-year history of the physical education’s education’s development in China confirmed that only if the physical education conforms to the students’  physical and mental development, it will will have strong vitality to survive and develop.

 

Since the modern times, the western physical education along with the invasion on culture and education of the Imperialism countries had been into and spread in China, taking roots, sprouting and growing up in the certain environment of China, which made the traditional Chinese physical education changed with the development of history gradually. gradually. After After the contradictions, conflicts and fusion with the western physical education, the modern Chinese physical education patterns have formed with Chinese characteristics. We We are required to analyze the present situation of the development of physical education in China by inspecting the development trace in the past one hundred years and absorbed the experience and lessons on the purpose of establishing a new system of physical education.

 

AS A RESUL RESULT T OF THE DECENTRALIZATION DECEN TRALIZATION OF GOVERNMENT DURING of the dark ages, the period of feudalism come into being between the ninth and fourteenth centuries. The feudalistic period appeared because people needed protection and since strong monarch and government that could supply this protection were rare, the people turned to noblemen and others who built castles had large land holdings and made themselves strong. Feudalism was a system of land tenure based based on allegiance allegiance and service service to the nobleman or lord. The lord who owned the land, called his assail, in return for the use of this land the assail owed allegiance and certain obligations to this lord. The largest part of the population however was made up of serfs, who worked the land but shared little in the prots. They They were bound to the land and as it was transferred from vassal they were also transferred.

 

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Two careers open were to sons of noblemen during feudalistic times. They might enter training for the church and became members of the clergy, or they might became knights. If they decided in favour of the church, they pursued an education that was religious an academic in nature if they decided in favour of chivalry the pursued an education that was physical social and military in nature. To the average boy, chivalry had much more appeal than the church. That training that a boy experienced in becoming a knight was long and through. Physical training played a major role during this period . at he age of 7 years a boy was usually sent to he castle of a nobleman for training and preparation for knight hood first, he was known as a page, and his instructor and teacher was usually on of the women in the lord castle. During his tenure as a page, a boy learned, court etiquette, waited on table an errandsforms and helped with household tasks. During rest ofas theknight time he participated  various of physical activity that would would servethe him well and strengthenin him for the arduous years ahead. He practiced for events such as boxing, running, fencing,  jumping, and swimming.

 

 At the age of 14 years the boy became a squire and was assigned to a knight his studies included keeping the knights weapons in good condition caring for his horses , helping him  with his armour attending to his injuries and guarding guarding his prisoners. During the time the boy was a squire, more more was placed in physical He scaling was continually required to and engage inemphasis vigorous sport and exercise suchtraining. as hunting  walls, shooting with bow and arrow, running, climbing, swordsmanship, and horsemanship. horsemanship. If the squire proved his fitness he became a knight at 21 years of age the ceremony was solemn and memorable. The prospective knight took a bath of purification, dressed in  white, and spent an entire night in meditation and prayer in the morning the lord placed his sword on the knight’s shoulder a ceremony known as the accolade this marked the conferring of knighthood. Jousts and tournaments were two special events in which all knight engaged several times during their lives and that were tests of their fitness. These special events served both as amusement and as training for the battle. In the jousts two knights attempted to unseat one another from another from their horses with blows from lances and by skill in horsemanship. Many knights participated in tournaments, programs designed to exhibit the skill and showmanship amid during their long period of training. They were lined up as two teams at each end of the list, as the grounds were called and on a signal they attempted to unseat the members of the opposing team

 

They were lined up as two teams at each end of the list, as the grounds were called and on a signal they attempted to unseat the members of the opposing team. These mele continue until one team was declared the victor, many knights wore their lady’s colours and their armour and attempted with all their strength and skill to uphold her honour. During these tournaments death often resulted for participants. In these exhibitions a knight had the opportunity to display his  personal bravery bravery,, skill, prowess, prowess, strength, strength, and courage. courage.