Phrases and Clauses

 

Phrases and Clauses ...the basic components of writing Phrases and clauses — along along with parts of speech and parts of sentences — are are the basic components of sentences. Welike fit these things together in infinite waysentertainment to create an infinite variety of sentences  — rather rather parts of a highly complicated h ome home system. Phrases  All about Phrases

A phrase is two or more words that lack some semblance se mblance of both a subject aand nd verb. This rather vague definition will be clearer when you see the definition of clauses and examples of them. Noun phrase. A noun and all its modifiers (articles, adjectives, adverbs modifying those adjectives). Some grammarians include prepositions that modify the noun.

 Noun phrase: An entirely new culture emerges when people can work together to build a wiki. Verb phrase. The parts of the verb that function as the grammatical verb of an independent or dependent clause.

Verb phrases: People have said that creating a standard for wikis would be a good idea, and many proposals have been made for standardizing various aspects of wikis, but none have taken hold.

Anybody can recognize a one-word verb. The verb phrases in this compound sentence (yes, three independent clauses) show you a nice range of examples. Prepositional phrase. A phrase made up of a preposition, and the phrase or clause that acts as its object.

 Prepositional phrase: One of the best ways wa ys to understand wikis is to see how wikis are different from many other tools for Internet-based communication such as e-mail, e -mail, blogs, bulletin boards, forums, content management systems, and Web publishing p ublishing systems.

Three prepositional phrases here. (The dictionary doesn't want to commit whether such as is a  preposition; it certainly functions like one). Notice that the phrase to see how wikis are different... is not  a  a preposition; it is an infinitive because it contains cont ains the verb see. Infinitive and infinitive phrase. An infinitive is a phrase in its own right: to plus a verb, for example, to read . However, an infinitive phrase can also be the infinitive plus any phrase o orr clause associated with it.

 

 Infinitive phrase: One of the fastest ways to get an understanding of wikis is to see how wikis are different from many other tools for Internet-based communication such as e-mail, e -mail, blogs, bulletin  boards, forums, content management systems, and Web publishing systems.

The second infinitive phrase contains an adverb clause: how...systems. Gerund and gerund phrase. A gerund is an - ing   form form of a verb functioning as a noun in a sentence. A gerund phrase is the gerund plus any phrase ph rase or clause associated with it. Gerund: Between 2004 to 2006, entrepreneurs noticed the market opportunity for providing hosted wikis (also known as wiki farms) that that would allow people to create wikis without needing their own server or special skills.

Both these gerund function as objects o bjects of the prepositions for and without. Appositive.  An appositive is a noun phrase along with any phraes or clauses associated with it, the composite of which "renames" a noun or pronoun. In the sentence Joan Doe, our mayor, dedicated the new school, the appositive is our mayor.

 Appositive: United States federal intelligence agencies —— the the CIA, the NSA, the Defense Department, and others —— use use a wiki to help gather, share, and analyze information.

Particularly complex appositives — for for example, ones with their own internal punctuation, often use dashes as in this examples. Parentheses can also be used to set off appo appositives. sitives. or -ed  form  form of a verb — not  not  functioning  functioning as a noun. Participial phrase. A participial is an -ing   or Instead, it and the phrases or clauses associated with it function as a modifier in a sentence.  Participial phrase: Instead of physical objects, pages in a wiki are electronic virtual objects created by the wiki engine. Sentence predicate. It's hard to know where to put the predicate. It is simply everything after the subject and its modifiers.

 Predicate:  Before 2006, the only way wa y that you could use a wiki was to first set up a wiki engine en gine on a server. also Thus, to use a wiki, you had to have access acc ess to a server that was available through the Internet as well as the skills to set up and run a wiki engine.

 the subject, why Sentence "subjecticate." This is made up! If the predicate is everything after  the isn't there a term for everything before the predicate? In other words, the subject and all its modifiers. This includes introductory elements. Before 2006, the only way wa y that you could use a wiki was to first set up a wiki engine en gine on a server. If you are confident that you can c an identify the different types of phrases, use these two sets of exercises to test yourself:

 

 

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Identify   different types of phrases Identify

 All about Clauses

A clause is a group of words that contains the elements of a complete sentence — specifically, specifically, something acting as a subject and something acting as a verb. The two basic categories of clauses are independent clauses and dependent clauses. no matter how brief. It works is a complete Independent clause. A complete sentence — no sentence! something about the subject or the verb is not Dependent clause. Almost a complete sentence — something complete. Dependent clauses cannot stand on their own as complete sentences.  Dependent clauses: A sandbox is a practice page on a wiki where you can become familiar with how wikis work.

The highlighted dependent clause contains still another dependent clause within it: how wikis work. Adjective clause. A dependent clause that functions as an adjective and modifies a noun or  pronoun. In other words, it adds extra information about that noun or pronoun.

Two independent clauses: Ward Cunningham was interested in solving problems pro blems and sharing his ideas using his wiki creation, but he generously did not patent his creation.  Adjective clause: A wiki is a collection of Web pages that anyone can edit.

fun ctions as an adverb and modifies a verb (or possibly Adverb clause. A dependent clause that functions an adjective or adverb). Adverbs — including including adverb clauses —   provide how, when, where, why information to a sentence.  Adverb clause: When Ward Cunningham created the first wiki engine in 1994 and then released it on the Internet in 1995, he set forth a major revolution. Noun clause. A dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence. Noun clauses can act as subjects, direct objects, and objects of prepositions.

 Noun clause: People get involved with this technology when they learn how to solve their  problems with wikis.

This noun clause functions as the direct d irect object of the verb learn. It doesn't matter that this noun clause is located within an adverb clause. If you are confident that you can c an identify the different types of clauses, use these two sets of exercises to test yourself:

 

 

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Identify   different types of clauses Identify

Exercises

Links to these exercises are provided at the end of the sections where the they y are relevant. But here they all are in case you read the text straight through:    

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Identify  different types of phrases Identify Identify different types of clauses Identify 

Resources  Additional Resources

  Definitions of Basic Sentence Parts: Word Functions & Usage Notes Notes.. From the Guide to

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Grammar and Writing  made  made available by Capital Community College (Norfolk, Connecticut). Followed by quizzes! Phrases.. Absolute phrases, appositive phrases, gerund phrases, infinitive   Garden of Phrases  phrases, noun phrases, participial phrases, prepositional phrases. phrases. From the Guide to Grammar and Writing  made  made available by Capital Community College (Norfolk, Connecticut).

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subordination.. Use this resource to practice determining whether Coordination and subordination  phrases and clauses are coordinate or subordinate.   Word, phrase, clause transformations transformations.. This related chapter focuses on getting g etting more verbal room to express ideas or using fewer words to achieve ach ieve more succinct writing. Both are achieved by transformations between words, phrases, and clauses.

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Daftar pustaka https://www.prismnet.com/~hcexres/style/phrases_clauses.html  https://www.prismnet.com/~hcexres/style/phrases_clauses.html 

 

Derivative words PERUBAHASA DARI KATA KERJA MENJADI KATA BENDA   Kecuali dengan bentuk GERUND (infinitive + ing) yang mengandung arti hal perbuatan/cara perbuatan itu dilakukan, misalnya : swimming is good for our health, collecting stamps is my hobby, reading French is difficult, parking here is forbidden f orbidden dsb.  dsb. – kata kerja yang dijadikan kata benda bisa dibuat dengan memberi berbagai akhiran selain “ing”. a. Infinitive + TION  

to to to to to to to to to to to

inform – information artinya: penerangan reform – reformation pembaharuan solve – solution larutan, l arutan, pemecahan pemecahan repeat – repetition ulangan produce – production hasil/produksi attend – attention perhatian pronounce – pronunciation pengucapan suara administer – administration pengelolaan educate – education pendidikan elect – election pemilihan invite – invitation undangan

to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to

intend – intention niat invent – invention penemuan (baru) demonstrate – demonstration demonstrasi alter – alteration pengubahan (ganti) altercate – altercation pertengkaran fabricate – fabrication pembuatan act – action perbuatan appreciate – appreciation penghargaan assume – assumption sangkaan/dugaan sangkaan/dugaan corrupt – corruption (korupsi) classify – classification (jenis/klasifikasi) circulate – circulation (peredaran) combine – combination (gabungan/kombinasi) (gabungan/kombinasi) mwounicate – communication (perhubungan) confirm – confirmation (penetapan/pengesahan) (penetapan/pengesahan) decorate – decoration (dekorasi ruangan) declare – declaration (pernyataan) devote – devotion (ketaman/kepamhan) (ketaman/kepamhan) expose – exposition (pertunjuka/pameran) (pertunjuka/pameran) except – exception (bantahan/kekecualian (bantahan/kekecualian frustrate – frustration (kekecewaan dan bingung;frustasi) hesitate – hesitation (kebimbangan) inject – injection (suntikan) interrupt – interruption (pemulusan/penentangan) (pemulusan/penentangan) interpret – interpretation (penafsiran) intervere – intervention (campur tangan) narrate – narration (penceramah) observe – observation (pengamatan) operate – operation (pembedahan ;kedokteran ;gerakan ;militer

to present -presentation (presentasi) to register – registration (pendaftaran)

pengerjaan)

 

to to to to

relate – relation (perhubungan) restore – restoration (perbaikan/pemugaran) (perbaikan/pemugaran) satisfy – satisfaction (kepuasan) translate – translation (penerjemahan) 

b. Berakhiran SION  to permit –  permission  permission (izin)

 –  omission to   –  omission (penghilangan/penanggalan) to omit secede  secession  secession (pemisahan) to succeed –  succession  succession (pewarisan) to apprehend –  apprehension (pemahamam, keprihatinan,pengertian, to decide –  decision  decision (keputusan) to discuss –  discussion  discussion (perundingan) to suspect –  suspicion  suspicion (kesangsian, kecurigaan) to explode –  explosion  explosion (ledakan, letusan) c. Berakiran URE  to please –  pleasure  pleasure (kesenangan) to press –  pressure  pressure (tekanan) to depart –  departure  departure (keberangkatan)

to sign –  signature  signature (tandatangan) to seize –  seizure  seizure (perampasan) d. Berakhiran AL  to arrive –  arrival  arrival (kedatangan) to try –  trial  trial (percobaan) to approve –  approval  approval (pernyataan setuju) to remove –  removal  removal (perpindahan) to rehearse –  rehearsal  rehearsal (pengulangan) to acquit –  acquittal  acquittal (pelunasan/kelepasan) to dispose –  disposal  disposal (pengaturan/kecondongan) to edit –  editorial  editorial (tajuk rencana) to continue –  continual  continual (kesinambungan) e. Berakhiran MENT  to govern –  government  government (pemerintahan) to equip –  equipment  equipment (perlengkapan) to agree –  agreement  agreement (persetujuan) to improve –  improvement  improvement (perbaikan) to enlarge –  enlargement  enlargement (perluasan) to pay –  payment  payment (pembayaran) to invest –  investment  investment (penanaman modal) to punish –  punishment  punishment (hukuman) to arrange –  arrangement  arrangement (tatanan, susunan) to settle –  settlement  settlement (penyelesaian, perkampungan)

to entertain –  entertainment  entertainment (hiburan)

kecemasan)

 

to manage –  management  management (pengelolaan) to develop –  development  development (perkembangan) f. Berakhiran CB/ANCE  to perform –  performance  performance (pertunjukan) to resist –  resistance  resistance (perlawanan) to assist –  assistance  assistance (bantuan) to appear –  appearance  appearance (kemunculan, penampilan) to enter –  entrance  entrance (jalanmasuk) to guide –  guidance  guidance (tuntunan, panduan) to serve –  service  service (pelayanan) to accord –  accordance  accordance (persesuaian/persetujuan) to maintain –  maintenance  maintenance (pemeliharaan) to defend –  defense  defense (pertahanan) g. Berakhlran ESS  to succeed –  success  success (keberhasilan) to proceed –  process  process (perkembangan/kemajuan) to exceed –  excess  excess (kelebihan) h. Berakhiran TH  to grow –  growth  growth (perturnbuhan) to die –  death  death (kematian) to deepen (memperdalam) –  depth  depth (kedalaman) t. Ada pula kata-kata yang diberi bentuk tersendiri dan berubah suara/bunyi   to see –  sight  sight (penglihatan) to fly –  flight  flight (penerbangan) to receive –  receipt  receipt (tanda penerimaan) to draw –  drawing  drawing (gambar) to drink –  draught  draught (tegukan/minum (obat)) to give –  gift  gift (pemberian)

to speak –  speech  speech (pidato) to loose –  loss  loss (kehilangan/rugi) to choose –  choice  choice (pilihan) to live –  life  life (kehidupan) to conquer –  conquest  conquest (penaklukan) to pray –  prayer  prayer (persembahan/doa) to sing –  song  song (nyanyian) to know –  knowledge  knowledge (pengetahuan) J. Ada pula kata-kata kerja yang tidak berubah sama sekali bentuknya   to walk –  walk  walk (perjalanan/jalannya) to ride –  ride  ride (pengendaraan) to dance –  dance  dance (tarian)

to play –  play  play (permainan)

 

to visit –  visit  visit (kunjungan) to escape –  escape  escape (kelepasan/kelolosan) to laugh –  laugh  laugh (tertawa) smile –  smile  smile (senyuman) to sleep –  sleep  sleep (tidurnya) to plant –  plant  plant (tanaman) to change –  change  change (perubahan) to look –  look  look (pandangan) to show –  show  show (pertunjukkan) to drink –  drink  drink (minuman) to love –  love  love (cinta) to aid –  aid  aid (bantuan) to help –  help  help (pertolongan) Daftar Pustaka https://bahanajar.wordpress.com/grammar/derivative-words/  https://bahanajar.wordpress.com/grammar/derivative-words/ 

 

Types of Phrases A phrase is a group of related words wo rds (within a sentence) without both subject and verb. For example, He is laughing at the joker.  A phrase functions as a noun, verb, adverb, adjective or preposition in a sentence. The function of a phrase depends on its construction (words it contains). On the basis of their functions and constructions, phrases are divided into various types i.e. noun phrase, verb phrase, adverb

 p  phras hrase e, adje ject ctii ve phra hrase se,, appositiv sitive e phra hrase se,, infi nite phra hrase se,, par tici icip ple phra hrase se and ge gerund rund  p  phras hrase e. 

Noun Phrase A noun phrase consists of a nounlike andaother words (usually modifiers and determiners) which modify the noun. It functions nounrelated in a sentence. A noun phrase consists of a noun as the head word and other words (usually modifiers and determiners) which come after or before the noun. The whole phrase works as a n noun oun in a sentence.  Noun Phrase = noun + modifiers (the modifiers can be after or before noun) Examples. He is wearing a nice red shirt. She brought a glass full of water. The boy with brown hair is laughing. A man on the roof  was shouting.

(as noun/object) (as noun/object) (as noun/subject) (as noun/subject)

A sentence can also contain more noun phrases. For example. The girl with blue eyes bought a beautiful chair.

Prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, object of preposition(noun or pronoun) and may also consist of other modifiers. e.g. on a table, near a wall, in the room, at the door, under a tree   A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition and mostly ends with a noun or pronoun.

 

Whatever prepositional phrase ends with is called object of o f preposition. A prepositional phrase functions as an adjective or adverb in a sentence. Examples. A boy on the roof  is singing a song. The man in the room is our teacher. She is shouting in a loud voice. He always behaves in a good manner.

(As adjective) (As adjective) (As adverb) (As adverb)

Adjective Phrase. An adjective phrase is a group of words that functions like an adjective in a sentence. It consists of adjectives, modifier and any word that modifies a noun or pronoun. An adjective phrase functions like an adjective to modify (or tell about) a noun or a pronoun in a sentence. Examples. He is wearing a nice red shirt. (modifies shirt) The girl with brown hair is singing singing a song. (modifies girl) He gave me a glass full of water. (modifies glass) A boy from America won the race. (modifies boy)  Prepositional phrases and participle phrases also function as adjectives so we can also call them adjective phrases when they function as adjective. In the above sentence “The girl with brown hair is singing a song”, the phrase “with brown hair” is a prepositional phrase but it functions as an adjective.

Adverb Phrase An adverb phrase is a group grou p of words that functions as an adve adverb rb in a sentence. It consists of adverbs or other words (preposition, noun, verb, modifiers) that make a group with works like an adverb in a sentence. An adverb phrase functions like an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Examples He always behaves in a good manner. They were shouting in a loud voice.  She always drives with care. He sat in a corner of the room. He returned in a short while.

(modifies verb behave) (modifies verb shout) (modifies verb drive) (modifies verb sit) (modifies verb return)

 

A prepositional phrase can also act as an adverb phrase. For example in above sentence “He always behaves in a good manner ”, ”, the phrase “in a good manner” is a prepositional phrase but it acts as adverb phrase here.

Verb Phrase A verb phrase is a combination of o f main verb and its auxiliaries (helping verbs) in a sentence. Examples. He is eating an apple. She has finished her work. You should study for the exam. She has been sleeping for two hours. According to generative grammar , a verb phrase can consist of main verb, its auxiliaries, its complements and other modifiers. Hence it can refer to the whole predicate of a sentence. Example. You should study for the exam. 

Infinitive Phrase An infinitive phrase consist of an infinitive(to + simple form of verb) and modifiers or other words associated to the infinitive. An infinitive phrase always functions as an adjective, adverb or a noun in a sentence. Examples. He likes to read books.

(As noun/object)

To earn money is a desire of everyone. (As noun/subject) He shouted to inform people about fire. (As adverb, modifies verb shout) He made a plan to buy a car. (As adjective, modifies noun plan)

Gerund Phrase A gerund phrase consists of a gerund(verb + ing) and modifiers or other words associated with the gerund. A gerund phrase acts as a noun in a sentence. Examples I like writing good essays.

(As noun/object)

 

 

She started thinking about the problem. Sleeping late in night is not a good habit. Weeping of a baby woke him up.

(As noun/object) (As noun/subject) (As noun/subject)

Participle Phrase A participle phrase consists of a present participle (verb + ing), a past participle (verb ending in -ed or other form in case of irregular verbs) and modifiers or other associate words. A  participle phrase is separated by commas. It always acts as an adjective in a sentence. Examples The kids, making a noise, need food. (modifies kids) I received a letter, mentioning about my exam. (modifies letter) The table, made of steel, is too expensive. (modifies table) We saw a car, damaged in an accident. (modifies car)

Absolute Phrase Absolute phrase (also called nominative phrase) is a group of words including a noun or o r pronoun and a participle as well as any an y associated modifiers. Absolute phrase modifies (give information about) the entire sentence. It resembles a clause but it lack a true finite ve verb. rb. It is separated by a comma or pairs of commas from the rest sentence. Examples He looks sad, his face expressing worry.  She was waiting for her friend, her eyes on the clock.  John is painting a wall, his shirt dirty with paint.  Sumber http://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-phrase.html  http://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-phrase.html 

 

Types of Clauses There are two major types of clauses main (or independent) clause and subordinate (or dependant) clause.

Main Clause and Subordinate Clause  –  Comparison  Comparison 

He is buying a shirt which looks very nice.

The above sentence has two clauses “He is buying a shirt” and “which looks very nice”. The is buying expresses a complete thought and can alone stand as a sentence. clause Such a “He clause is calleda shirt”   main or independent clause. While the clause “which looks very nice” does not express a complete thought and can’t stand as a sentence. It depends on another clause (main clause) to express complete idea. Such a clause is called subordinate or dependent clause.  

Main or Independent Clause “Main (or independent) clause is a clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand as a

sentence. Examples I met the boy who had helped me. She is wearing a shirt which looks nice. The teacher asked a question but no one answered. He takes medicine because he suffers from fever. He became angry and smashed the vase into peaces. In the above sentences each underlined part shows main clause. It expresses complete though and can stand as a sentence that is why a main or an independent clause is normally referred as a simple sentence.

 

Subordinate or dependent Clause Subordinate (or independent) clause is a clause which does not express complete thought and depends on another clause (main clause) to express complete thought. Subordinate clause does not express complete idea and can’t c an’t stand as a sen tence. A sentence having a subordinate clause must have a main clause. Example He likes Chinese rice which tastes good. The clause “which tastes good” in above sentence is a subordinate clause because it does not express complete thought and can’t stand as a sentence. It depends depend s on main clause (he likes Chinese rise) to express complete thought. Examples.  I met the boy who had helped me. I bought a table that costs $ 100. He takes medicine because he suffers from fever. The teacher asked a question but no one answered.

Subordinate (or dependent) clauses are further divided into tree types, 1. Noun Phrase, 2. Adjective Phrase, 3. Adverb Phrase Sumber http://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-clause.html  http://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-clause.html 

 

Different Phrase and Clause Comparison

Definitions A clause is defined as a group of related words that contains a subject and predicate (verb). e.g. he came. 

A phrase is defined as a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb. e.g. on the table. 

Consider the following example. He is laughing at a joker .

The above sentence has two  parts “he is laughing” and “at a joker ”. ”.

The first part of the sentence “he is laughing” is a clause because it has a subject (he) and a  predicate (is laughing). The second part of the sentence “at a joker” is a phrase because it does not contain subject and verb.

The difference between a clause and a phrase is that a clause consists of both subject and verb,  but a phrase lacks a subject and verb.

Examples.  The underlined part of each of following sentences shows a clause, while the rest part (nonunderlined) of each sentence shows a phrase.

 

 

He reached school in time. I was standing near a wall. They are singing in a loud voice. She made tea for the guests. He a bought a book for his friend. I will meet him in my office. You look handsome in this picture.

Sumber http://www.studyandexam.com/clause-phrase.html http://www.studyandexam.com/clause-phrase.html  

 

Clauses and Phrases Clauses and Phrases

Both clauses and phrases are basic components co mponents of writing sentences. When combined with o other ther  parts of speech and other parts of sentences, clauses and phrases help build an intricate system through which your words convey meaning. Understanding the difference between the two is vital to write grammatically correct and properly constructed sentences. What are clauses?

A clause is a group of words wo rds that can act as a sente sentence, nce, but is not necessarily a complete sentence on its own. All clauses contain both a subject and a predicate, which always contains a verb. A  predicate tells something about what the subject is doing. Some clauses can stand alone as a complete sentence; others cannot. Below are a few examples of clauses: Example 1: She danced. (“She” is the subject. “Danced” is both the verb and the predicate. Even though the clause is only two words, it functions as an independent clause because it can stand

alone as a sentence.) Example 2: While she is dancing, the audience cannot tear its eyes off her.

In Example 2, there are actually two clauses. The first “while she is dancing” contains a subject (she) and a predicate (is dancing), but it cannot stand alone as a sentence, making it a dependent clause. The second clause, “the audience cannot tear its eyes off her,” cont ains a subject (the audience) and a predicate (tear its eyes off her), and because it can function as a sentence on its own, it is an independent clause. What are phrases?

A phrase is a group of two or more words that does not have the subject and verb combination and does not form a predicate. It can contain a noun or a verb, but does not have a subject or  predicate. Essentially, a phrase provides some sort of additional information information or provides more context to the sentences you write. A phrase can never stand alone as a sentence; however, a  phrase can nestle itself inside clauses that are either complete sentences sentences on their own or ones that are dependent on the rest of the sentence. When a phrase is within a clause, it functions as a part of speech. Below are a few examples of a phrase: Example 3: The dance was held at the reception hall. (“At the reception hall” is a prepositional  phrase. It does not have a subject or predicate, and it cannot stand alone as a sentence.) Example 2 revisited: While she is dancing, the audience cannot tear its eyes off her.

 

In Example 2 revisited, “off her” is a prepositional phrase that is nestled within the independent clause identified earlier. It does not contain a subject/predicate, nor can it stand alone as a sentence.

Understanding the difference

It is vital to understand the main differences between clauses claus es and phrases to ensure your writing is clear in both construction and context. contex t. If you are unsure whether a group of words is a clause or phrase, break down the words wo rds into the parts of speech to help you decide. If there is a subject and a verb with a predicate, it is a clause. If there is a noun but no verb or a verb but no noun and does not have a predicate, p redicate, it is a phrase. Always keep in mind that sometimes phrases are built into clauses. Types of clauses

The two main types of clauses are independent and dependent. These are covered in a separate article on Write.com if you feel you need ne ed more help in d distinguishing istinguishing between the two. In addition, the following types of clauses are used in constructing sentences:   clauses   Adverbial Defining and non-defining clauses (also called adjective or relative clauses)   Independent and dependent clauses    Noun clauses

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Types of phrases

Phrases can take many forms and different constructions. They cannot however, ever function as a sentence on their own. The different types of phrases include the following:   Gerund phrases   Infinitive phrases    Noun phrases

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Participle phrases Prepositional phrases Verb phrases

Sumber http://www.write.com/writing-guides/general-writing/grammar/clauses-and-phrases/  http://www.write.com/writing-guides/general-writing/grammar/clauses-and-phrases/