Philosophy of Marxism by Yebaw-San-Thu.pdf

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ausmif;wdk@tay: "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u qef@usifvm=uwJhtcgrSm ±kyf0g'[m tawG;tac:vufeufaumif;tjzpf tvkyfau|;jyKcJhygw,f? ,ck u|efawmfwdk@acwfrSmawmh ±kyf0g'[m ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;eJ@ wdk; wufwJh tiftm;pkawGu e,fcsJŒorm;eJ@ azmufjyefa&;orm;wdk@udk qef@usif wdkufcdkuf&mrSm pGrf;yum;}uD;rm;wJh vufeuf}uD;wckyifjzpfw,f? 'geJ@ajymif;jyefyJ pdwf0g'uawmh odyHy` nmudk qef@usifwt Jh jrif jzpf+yD; ‚[m bmoma&;eJ@ waygif;wpnf;wnf; jzpfw,f? urBmavmu}uD;&JŒ wu,fyh u kH m;csyfudkvnf; ±kyyf sufqif;ysuf rrSerf uef &Sif;jywmvnf; jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh pdwf0g'[m trSefwu,ftm;jzifh azmufjyefwJh tiftm;pkwk@d udk tvkyfau|;jyK+yD; wdk;wufwt Jh iftm;pkw@dk ukd qef@usif&mrSm bmoma&;eJ@ w qufwpyfwnf;vufwGJum vkyfom;jynfolwdk@&JŒ pdwf"mwfudk u|efjyKzdESdyf xm;ygw,f? azmufjyefwJh vlwef;pm;awG/ tiftm;pkawG&ŒJ tkyfpk;d r_ukd tm;jznfh ay;wJh ud&d,mwcktjzpfvnf; yg0ifaew,f? tkyfpdk;wJh vlwef;pm;bufuvnf; olwdkŒtm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf pdwf0g'udak xmufcH+yD; pdwf0g'tjrifawG wae@wjcm; us,fjyef@a&;twGufvnf; }uKd;pm;=uygw,f? qdk&, S fvpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm qd&k ifawmh aoG;pkyfwJh vlwef;pm;vnf; r&Sdawmhv@kd pdwf0g'v$r;f rkd;a&;twGuf vlrla&;tajccH r&Sad wmhyg? ody`Henf;us tjrifrsm;uom (±ky0f g'uom) v$rf;rdk;wJh t&mjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfwk@d [m tbd"rRmq&mwd@k udk =unf±&_ mrSm tbd"rRm &J@ tajccHjy\emtay: olw@dk b,fvko d abmxm;&SdovJqw dk Jh tcsuu f dk tajc jyK+yD; ±kyf0g'eJŒ pdwf0g'wdk@udk cGJjcm;=unfh±_&rSm jzpfygw,f? vlwef;pm;&Sw d Jh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm vlwef;pm;toD;oD;[m tjrifrwl =uygbl;? rfrd dwdk@vlwef;pm;&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;bufu &yfwnf+yD; jy\emawGudk =unfhwmomjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;usawmh rdrdvlwef; pm;vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf urBmavmueJ@ ‚&JŒ jy\emawGukd rSerf eS u f efuef em;vnfzdk@qdk&if pdwf0g'udk udkifpGJvdk@r&Edkifyg? ±kyf0g'udk udkifpGJ&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh vl@ tzG@J tpnf;twGif;rSm rwlwJh vlwef;pm;awG[m rdrv d lwef;pm; tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf jy\emawGudk =unfjh rif&mrSm &yfwnfcsuaf wGrwl=uyg? 15

'ga=umifh ±ky0f g'tbd"rRm[m vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJtwGuf udkipf J&G r,fh xufjrufwJh vufeuf jzpfvmygw,f? 'ga=umifh vlwef;pm;&Sw d hJ vltzGJ@tpnf;rSm tbd"rRm [m vlwef;pm;vuQ%m &Sdae&jcif;ygyJ? b,fvlwef;pm;jzpfjzpf tod&do S nfjzpfap r&So d nfjzpfap ra&Smifvo $J m bJ tbd"rRmtjrifwckckukd udkifpJx G m;wmcsnf;ygyJ? 'Duae@ avhvm=uawmhr,fh rmhupf ftbd"rRmqdw k m ypPn;f rJhvlwef;pm;twGuf tifrwefxufjrufwJh tawG; tac:vufeuf jzpfw,f? 'Dvufeufukd &Jabmfwdk@ udkipf J&G vdrhrf ,f? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;eJ@ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ygwDu udkifpJw G Jh tbd"rRmudk tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g' vdk@ac:ygw,f? 'gudk rmhu fpfeJ@ tde f*,fwdk@u &SmazG awG@&Sd=uvdk@ rmhufpf0g'tbd"rRmvdk@ ac:wmjzpfw,f? tEk y Ëd a vmr ±k y f 0 g'qd k w mbmvJ obm0tjcif;t&mrsm;udk csOf;uyf&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ avhvmokH; oyf&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ oabmayguf&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ awG;ac:r_ enf;em wGif tEkyËdavmr enf;t&jzpf+yD; obm0tjcif;t&m (Phenomina)udk t"d y`m,fzGi&fh m/ =unfh±q _ ifjcif&mrSm ±ky0f g't& jzpfwJhtwGuf tEkyËdavmr ±ky0f g '[k ac:jcif;jzpfw,f? tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'rSm tydik ;f ESpfydkif; yg0ifw,f? wcku tEkyËd avmr/ wcku ±ky0f g' jzpfw,f? tEkyËdavmr ±ky0f g'udk 'Dtydik ;f ESpyf ikd ;f eJ@ aygi;f pyfxm;w,f? tEkyËdavmrqdw k m enf;emjzpfw,f? ±kyf0g'qdw k m tjrifjzpfw,f? Dialectic qdkwm *&dbmompum; Dialego qdkwhp J um;u qif;ouf vmwmjzpfw,f? t"dy`m,fu aqG;aEG;jiif;ckjH cif;rS trSefw&m;ud&k SmazGjcif; jzpf w,f? a&S;tcgu tjiif;yGm;=uwJhtcgrmS wzuf&ŒJ jiif;qdkcsufrsm; twGif;xJu yËdyuQrsm; jzpfaewmawGukd qGJxkw+f yD; ok;H oyf ausmef if;jcif;tm;jzifh trSefudk a&mufatmif vkyfaqmifjcif;ygbJ? tJ'D tEkynmudk tEkyËdavmrvk@d ac:w,f? awG;ac:r_twGi;f yËdyuQawGukd azmfxw k jf cif;eJ@ qef@usizf uf xifjrifcsuf rsm; twdu k t f cHjyKjcif;wd@k [m trSeu f akd &mufz@kd taumif;qkH;enf;yJv@dk ,kH=unfol tbd"rRmq&mrsm; a&S;u &Scd hw J ,f? 16

'DtEkyËdavmr awG;ac:enf;udk aemifumvrSm obm0avmu&Sd tjcif;t&mrsm;tay: wkd;csJŒvdkufwJhtcg obm0udk oabmaygufa&; tEk yËdavmrenf;tjzpf wdk;yGm;cJhw,f? tJ'DtEkyËdavmrenf;uæ obm0tjcif;t&mrsm;[m tpOfojzifhv_y&f Sm;aew,f? ajymif;vJae w,f? obm0&JŒ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_[m obm0twGi;f &Sd yËdyuQrsm; jzpfay: wdk; yGm;r_&JŒ tusKd;qufomjzpfw,fvk@d ,lq=uw,f? 'ga=umifh tEkyËd avmrenf; eJ@ ±kyf0g'tjrifwdk@udk aygif;pyfxm;wmvdk@ ajym&jcif;jzpfw,f? tESpfom& t&ajym&if tEkyËdavmrenf;[m wuUaA'eJ@ ajzmifhajzmifh}uD; qef@usifae w,f? urB m ht jrif qd k w mbmvJ urBmhtjrifqkw d m urBmavmu}uD;wckvH;k udk =unf±h w _ Jh tjrif pepfjzpf w,f? vlom;[m ‚&J@ywf0ef;usif&Sd wu,fhtajctaersm;udk csOf;uyf =unf±h _&mrSm/ wu,ft h ajctaeudk &Sif;jywJhtcgrmS vufawG@ jyKr_vy_ &f Sm; =u& wJh tcgrSm ±ky0f g'tjrifudk vrf;!¸efozG,f tokH;cs=u&ygw,f? obm0e,f y ,f toD ; oD ; twG if ; rS m b,f a vmuf y J =uD ; rm;wJ h &SmazGawG@ &Sdr_yJjzpfjzpf jynfhpHkwJhtjriftjzpf ray;Edkifyg? urBm@tjriftjzpf rzGJ@pnf;Edkifyg? Oyrm - "mwkaA'bmom&yfwk@d [m udef;jynf@tjriftjzpf ray; Edkifwm[m "rRwmyJjzpfw,f? ta=umif;uawmh ‚wd@k [m b,fvdkyJ ta&;}uD; apumrl usOf;ajrmif;+yD; tuef@towf&dw S hJ twdik f;twmtwGi;f (qdv k kw d mu) "mwkaA' tjcif;t&me,fy,ftwGi;f rSmom cdkifvykH gvrd hrf ,f? 'gayrJh ajrmufjrm; vSwJh tjcif; t&mrsm;&JŒ twGif;oabm (tESpo f m&) udkawmh ay:vGiaf tmif rzGifhjyEdkif=uyg? 'g[mvnf; tjcm;ody`Hynm&yfrsm;twdkif;yJ jzpfygw,f? ordkif;±kyf0g' qdkwm[m tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'rlawGudk vl@tzGJ@tpnf; tjcif;t&mrsm;tm; avhvm&mrSm wd;k csŒJ oH;k vdu k w f mjzpfw,f? vltzG@J tpnf; t jcif;t&mawG/ vltzG@J tpnf;eJ@ ‚&JŒ ordik ;f udak vhvm&mrSm tEkyËdavmr ±ky0f g' rlawGeJ@ aygif;pyfvdkufwmjzpfw,f? rmhufpef @J tdef*,fwk@d u t&ifay: aygufcJhwJh 17

tbd"rRme,fy,frSm&SdwJh t,ltqawG/ odem;vnfcsufawGudk avhvmokH; oyf+yD; usKd;a=umif;qDavsmw f mawG (Rational reasoning) aumif;wmawG,l r aumif;wmawGudky,f/ tqDtESpu f , dk l tumudky,f+yD;rS tEkyËdavmr ±ky0f g'eJ@ ordkif;±kyf0g'ukd &cJh=uwmjzpfw,f? tJ'gawGudk tcdkiftrmazmfjy&mrSm rmhufpf0g' ay:aygufvmcJhwJh a& aomufjrpfokH;oG,fxJrS a&aomufjrpfwckjzpfwJh a&S;a[mif; *smreftbd"rRm q&m [D;*Jvf (a*smh-[D;*Jvf/ 1770-1831)udk udk;um; ajymavh&Sdw,f? [D;*Jvfu tEkyËdavmr&JŒ t"dut*Fg&yfawGudk azmfxkwfol jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh [D;*Jvf&ŒJ tEkyËdavmrenf;eJ@ rmhupf f&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;[m wu,fawmh rwlygb;l ? rmhufp[ f m [D;*Jvf&ŒJ tEkyËdavmrenf;emxJu tqDtESpfudk,l+yD; pdwf0g'ygaewJh tumudk ypfy,fvu dk w f ,f? rmhufp&f JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;em[m ydkrdkacwfrD+yD; ody`Henf;usatmif aemufwqifh wdk;yGm;apvdkufwmjzpfw,f? rmhufp&f JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;em[m [D;*Jvf&JŒ enf;emeJ@ jcm;em;±krH u ajzmifh ajzmifh}uD; qef@usifvsuf&Sdw,f? [D;*Jvfu yuwdpdwf0g' orm;wa,muf jzpfw,f? ol@&JŒtjrift& yxrqkH; ay:aygufvmwJh (Absolute Idea) tºuif;rJh usdK;a=umif; oabmw&m;qkdwJh wefc;dk awmfteE©w&yfu urBm avmu}uD;udk zefqif;vdkufwmjzpfw,f? tºuif;rJhoabmw&m;qkdwm wu,fh urBm}uD;&J@ tyrSm&Sw d hJ tjcif;t&mom jzpfw,fvk@d olu ,lqw,f? rmhufpef @J tdef*,fwk@d u 'geJ@ajymif;jyefyJ oabmw&m;qdkwm[m vl&JŒpdwfxJrSm xif[yfvmwJh ±kyfurBmavmu&J@ a&mifjyef[yfjcif;omjzpf+yD; odjrifro _ ¿mefrsm; tjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;omjzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqw,f? rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwdk@ tjrift& obm0avmu}uD;u t&if&Sdvm+yD; ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGm =um+yD;wJhaemufrS vlqw dk mjzpfvmwm jzpfw,f? yxr obm0avmu ay:vmw,f? tJ'aD emuf rS ouf&do S wW0g wpwp ay:vmw,f? ouf&SdowW0gawGxJrmS yxr uvmyf pnf;wckwnf;&SdwhJ trD;bm; (Amoeba) qdkwmu pjzpfw,f? 'Daemuf ouf&Sd owW0gawG tqifh toD;oD; jzwfoef;+yD;aemufrS vljzpfvmwmjzpfw,f? vl&JŒ OD;aESmuf[m wjznf;jznf;zGH@+zdK; &ifhusufvm+yD; pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_&,fvkd@ ay:vmwmjzpfw,f? ±kyf0g'tjrifrmS vnf; rmhufpf/ tdef*,fwdk@[m *smreftbd"rRm q&m 18

wOD;jzpfwJh vl;0pfpf zsL;0g;bwfcsf (1804-1872)udk udk;um; avh&Sd=uw,f? 'gayrJh rmhufpf-tdef*,fwdk@&JŒ ±kyf0g'tjrif[m zsL;0g;bwfcsf&JŒ ±kyf0g' tjrif xJu twGif;ydik f; tqDtESpaf wGuk, d +l yD; tumudyk ,fvu dk fum odyHe` nf;uswJh ±kyf0g' tbd"rRmqdkif&m oabmw&m; jzpfvmatmif jzpfay:wdk;yGm;apvdkuw f m jzpfw,f? zsL;0g;bwfcsf&JŒ tjrifxJu pdwf0g'uswmawG/ bmoma&;qefwm awG/ udk,fusifhw&m;qefwmawGudk y,fvdkufwmjzpfw,f? zsL;0g;bwfcsf[m “tajccHt&”±kyf0g'orm;wa,muf jzpfaomfvnf; ol@tjrifxJrmS pdwf0g't aESmiftzGJ@rsm;udk xif&Sm;pGmawG@&w,fvdk@ tdef*,fu t}udrf}udrf ajymcJhzl; w,f? ±k y f 0 g'tEk y Ëd a vmr&J Œ t"d u vuQ % mrsm;uawmh æ yxrvuQ % mrS m obm0tjcif;t&mawGrSm woD;wjcm;wnf&aSd ewm r[kwf? =o*Jepf t& tjyeftvSef qufpyfaew,f? tjyeftvSef rScD adk ew,f? tjyeftvSef qkH; jzwfjyÏmef;aew,fv@dk ,lqw,f? wuUaA't&awmh ‚eJ@qef@usipf mG yJ obm0tjcif;t&mawG[m a&Smif wcif pkpnf;aewmjzpfw,f? wckeJ@wck rqufpyf? oD;jcm;pD jzpfaew,f? trSDcdk uif;w,fv@kd ,q l w,f? 'kwd, vuQ%mrSm obm0tjcif;t&mawG[m +idrfouf+yD; rv_yfr&Sm;jzpfaewJh t&m/ r ajymif;vJwht J &mr[kwb f J tqufrjywf v_y&f mS ;aew,f? ajymif;vJaew,f? wd;k yGm;aew,fvdk@ tEkyËdavmrenf;emt& ,lq=uw,f? wuUaA'u 'geJ@ajymif;jyefyJ? obm0tjcif;t&mawG[m +idro f ufae w,f? ajymif;vJrl r&Sdbl;vdk@ ,lqw,f? 'ga=umifh tEkyËdavmr ±laxmifhu =unf&h if umv=umpGm wnf+rJae w,fxif&ayr,fh +yKduGJysufp;D aewJh tjcif;t&meJ@ tcsKdŒtcsed frSm =um&SnfpGm wnf+rJr,f rxif&ayr,fh pwifjzpfay:wdk;yGm;ae+yDjzpfwJh tjcif;t&mawGqk+d yD; tjcif;t&m ESpcf k&dw S Jhteuf tEkyËdavmr enf;emt& 'kwd,tjcif;t&mudk tav;xm;w,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh-t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ@ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;/ Armjynf tcdkiftrmeJ@ ajym&&if vuf&t Sd m%m& azmufjyefwpJh pftpdk;&eJ@ Arm 19

jynfuGejf rLepfygwDu OD;aqmif+yD; wdu k fyGJ0ifae=uwJh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm; udk qufpyfo;Hk oyfEikd w f ,f? azmufjyefwt hJ iftm;pkawG[m vuf&dt S ajctaerSm wnf+rJoa,mif &Sdaeayr,fh +yKduGJysufpD; qkwf,kwfaewJh tiftm;jzpfw,f? awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkawGuawmh vuf&SdtajctaerSm rwnfEdkifbl; xif &ayr,fh jzpfay:wd;k yGm;aew,f? 'Dtiftm;pkawGukd tav;xm;&r,f? ta=umif; uawmh topfay:xGufvmwJht&m/ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aewJht&mwdk@[m ra=u jyKef;Edik fwJh twGufa=umifyh J? rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmrenf;emu topfjzpfay:wdk;wufr_qw dk m t&m&mjzpfay:wd;k wufrw _ @kdukd rqdv k ykd g? wu,ft h opf(reality) jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ wdk@uko d m qdv k kw d mjzpfw,f? Oyrm- 'kw, d urBmppftwGif;u zufqpf*smreDu ol&JŒ &ufpuf =urf; =uKwfwJh tkyfp;dk r_udk Oa&myacwfopfqdkwJh pum;vkH;eJ@ zk;H uG,fcJhw,f? olwdk@ udk,folwdk@ trsKd;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g'vdk@ emrnfwyfcJhw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvkdac:qdk avhh&SdwJh “topf” qdkwm[m azmufjyefwJhtopfjzpfw,f? 'grsKd;udk ra=ujyKef; Edkiw f t Jh &mvdk@ rwGufqEdik fbl;? rkcsrvGJa=ujyKef;&r,f? twkta,mif topfjzpf vdk@yJ? wu,fh vufawG@uawmh olwk@d [m rkcsusqkH;cJh&+yD r[kwyf gvm;? 'geJ@ ywf o uf + yD ; td e f * ,f u -“obm0tjcif ; t&mawG [ m tao;i,f q k H ; tpd w f t ydk i f; av;rS t}uD; qk H; cE< m udk , ft xd jzpf o G m ;w,f? oH r _ e f a v; uae+yD ; aep=um0Vmtqk H ; / uvva&=unf r S v l t xd tquf r jywf / r&yf r em; v_ y f & S m ;ajymif ; vJ a ewJ h jzpf p Of t wGi f ; xm0pOf ay:xG u f a e w,f? a=ujyKef;aew,f”vdk@ajymcJh w,f? (tdef*,f- obm0tEkyËdavmr - rS) 'ga=umifh tdef*,fu“ tEkyËdavmr&J@ aumuf,lcsuf[m t&m 0wˆKrsm;eJ@ ‚wd@k &JŒ a&mifjyef[yfr_ t"dutm;jzifh tjyef tvSef qufo, G fr/_ aygif;pnf;r_/ ay:xGufvmr_/ aysmufuG,foGm;r_ jzpfw,f” vdk@ ajymcJhw,f? (tdef*,f - 'l;&if; qef@usihaf &; - rS) wwd , vuQ % mrS m obm0&J@tjcif;t&mawG jzpfay:wdk;yGm;wm[m ta&twGuf t& ajymif;vJr_rS t&nftcsif; ajymif;vJro _ dk@ ul;ajymif;aewmomjzpfw,f? 20

t&nftcsif; ul;ajymif;wm[m omrefajymif;oGm; wmr[kwb f J ckeful; ajymif;vJwmvdk@ jrifw,f? 'gayrJh wuUaA't&awmh ta&twGufajymif;vJr_[m t&nftcsif; ajymif;vJomG ;wmrsK;d r[kwb f ;l wJ?h tJ'D ajymif;vJra_ wG[m puf0ikd ;f vdjk yefvnf+yD;/ jzpf+yD;wm jyefjzpfwJh ±k;d ±kd;ajymif;vJwmrsKd;vdk@ ,lqw,f? tEkyËdavmrenf;t& tjrifuawmh t&nftwGuf ajymif;vJr_ tqifhrSm ajymif;vJr_[m rodom rxif&Sm;ao;bl;? wjznf;jznf; ajymif; vJaewJh jzpfpOfjzpfw,f? tJ'Dvdkajymif;vJ&if; qufxkH;wckudk a&mufwJhtcg tifrwef vsifjrefpGm ckeful;ajymif;vJoGm;wmrsKd;jzpfw,fvdk@ jrifw,f? tEk yËdavmrenf;t& jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_[m a&SŒodk@jzpfay:wdk;yGm;w,f? tjrifhodk@ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;w,fvdk@,lqw,f? t&nftcsif;ta[mif;uae t&nftcsif; opfok@d ajymif;vJaew m jzpfw,f? ±kd;±k;d uae ±_yf axG;aewJh jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_ok@d tqifeh drrfh S tqifhjrifhok@d jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_jzpfw,f? tJ'Dawmh obm0 avmu rSmyJjzpfjzpf ouf&o Sd wW0gavmurSmjzpfjzpf vlowW0gtxd 'Denf;eJ@ ajymif;vJ vmwmjzpfw,f? tyifavmurSmvnf; tedrfhqifu h ae tjrifhqifho@dk ajymif;vJ vmcJhw,f? a&S;ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmu tyifrsK;d awG[m ,ae@&SdaewmeJ@ rwlcJhbl;? [dka&S;a&S;u tyifjzpfpu tyif&ŒJ rsK;d aphawG[m tcGrH &SdcJhbl;? aemifrmS wjznf; jznf; &moDOwk'%fcHEdkifatmif rsK;d aphrSm tcGHjzpfvm/ toD;rSmvnf; ajymif;vJ vmwmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh wuUaA' tbd"rRmq&mrsm;uawmh e*dktwdik f;yJ r ajymif;bl;vd@k &yfcH=uw,f? Oyrm- emrnfausmf qGD'ifjynfom; obm00dZ…m ynmonfwOD;jzpfwJh csm;vf vif;aemh (1717 -1778)u tyifavmurSm rlvzefw;D xm;wJh twdki;f yJ bmr#rajymif;bl;vdk@ ajAmif&yfcH ajymqdrk _ &Sdchw J ,f? tvm;wl jyifopf tbd"rRmq&m *dkbdeuf (1735-1821) uvnf; vl}uD; jzpfvmayr,fh ol&JŒ uvva&=unfb0eJ@ bmr#rjcm;bl;wJh? olu vljzpfvm wm[m ±k;d ±kd;}u;D xGm;vmwmom jzpfw,fvk@d qdw k ,f? tyifavmurSm tqifh edru fh ae tqifhjrifo h k@d ajymif;vJvmw,f? a&!‡duae tyif}uD;rsm; aygufzmG ; vmw,f? ouf&o Sd wW0grsm; ajymif;vJr_rmS (ZD0aA') trD;bm;vdk uvmyfpnf; wckuae tqifhjrifh wd&p>meftxd wppajymif;vJ+yD; aemufqkH; vltxd jzpfvmw,f? 'g[m ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGm jzwfoef;jy;D rS jzpfvm=uwmjzpfw,f? 21

±lyaA'rSm a&cdk;a&aiG@/ a&/ a&cJtjzpf ajymif;wmawG&Sdw,f? 'g[m ta&twGufuae wpwpajymif;vm+yD; qufxkH;trSwfa&mufawmh ckeful; ajymif;vJomG ;wmawGygy?J pwkwˆvuQ%muawmh t&mcyfodrf;eJ@ obm0 tjcif;t&mrsm;rSm twGif;yËdyuQrsm;[m yifuk, d f uwnf;u &Sad ew,f? bmha=umifhvJqkad wmh t&mcyford f;eJ@ obm0 tjcif;t&mwd@k rmS treJ@tzd/k twdwef @J tem*wf/ ysupf ;D aewJh t&mwcsKŒd eJ@ jzpfay: wdk;yGm;aewJh t&mwcsKŒd wdk@ yg0ifae=uygw,f? qef@usifbufwdk@ wcke@J wck wdu k f cdkuaf e=ujcif;/ ta[mif;eJ@topfwk@d wdkufcku d fae=ujcif;/ ysuq f D;aewJht&meJ@ topfjzpfay:wd;k yGm;aewJt h &mwd@k qef@usiw f u dk cf u dk af ejcif;ygy?J 'gawG[m ta& twGufajymif;vJr_rS t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr_odk@ ajymif;vJjcif;wdk@ yg0ifaewJh twGif;o±kyfrsm; jzpf=uw,f? wduswt Jh "dy`m,ft&qd&k if tEkyËdavmr±ky0f g'[m t&mcyfodrf;wdk@&ŒJ tESpfom&twGif;&Sd yËdyuQrsm;udk avhvmjcif;jzpfw,f? jzpfay:wdk;yGm;jcif; qdkwm qef@usifbuf tjcif;t&mwd@k &ŒJ twdu k ftcHjzpfjcif;wd@k &ŒJ wdkufyJyG J jzpfyg w,f? vlr_b0eJ@ vltzG@J tpnf;wd@k &ŒJ ordki;f avhvm&mrS tEkyËdavmrenf;&JŒ rloabmrsm;udk wd;k csŒJ vdu k &f ifæ urBmay:rSm oD;jcm;uif;uGmaewJh toGio f ¿mefrsm; r&SEd dik fwma=umifh tm;vk;H aom o¿mefrsm;[m wcke@J wck qufo, G af ejcif;/ rScD t kd m;xm;ae=ujcif; jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh ordki;f rSm vltzGJ@tpnf;pepfwkid ;f eJ@ vltzGJ@tpnf; vlyf&Sm;r_ wdki;f udk tuJjzwf&mrSm ordkif;q&mawGu r=umc% ajymavh&do S vdk “xm0& opPm”odk@r[kwf tjcm;wif}uKd,q l xm;wJh xifjrifcsufeJ@ tuJrjzwf&? vltzGJ@ tpnf; v_y&f Sm;r_udk jzpfay:apwJh qufoG,fapwJh qufoG,rf _&SdwJh tajctae rsm;t& tuJjzwfokH;oyf&ayvdrhrf ,f? 'kwd,tcsufuawmh-urBmavmu}uD;[m tpOfojzifh v_yf&mS ;I jzpf ay:wdk;yGm;aew,fq&kd if ta[mif;rsm;aysmufuG,af e+yD; topftopfawG ay: ayguaf ew,fq&kd if“rajymif;vJEidk fwJh”vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepfrsm; r&SdEkid af =umif;/ yk*~ vduypPnf;eJ@ v$rf;rdk;a&;&JŒ“xm0&rloabmrsm;”vnf; r&SdEdkifa=umif; xif 22

&Sm;ygw,f? v,form;rsm;[m v,fyidk f&Sif ajrydkif&iS fatmufrmS xm0pOf aoG; pkyfcHae&r,f? tvkyform;rsm;[m t&if;&SifawG&JŒatmufrSm xm0pOf tcpm;t vkyform;jzpfae&r,fqdkwJh“xm0&pdwful;”rsm;vnf; r&SdEdkifa=umif; xif&Sm; ygw,f? 'ga=umifh wcgwkef;u ya'o&mZfajr&Sifpepfudk t&if;&Sifpepfu z,f &Sm;cJhovdk t&if;&Sifpepfudkvnf; qd&k S,fvpfpepfu rkcsz,f&Sm;ygvdrhrf ,f? 'g awG[m ra&SmifvE$J idk fwJh tjcif;t&mawGygyJ? 'gha=umifh vlwef;pm; yËdyuQawG udk ajz&Sif;Edkifzdk@ vlwef;pm;wdu k fyaGJ wGukd }uHh}uHch dkicf dkif qifEJ&G ayvdrhrf ,f? vlwef;pm;wdkufyJG rkcsvkyf&r,fq&dk if tajccHwdkufyJo G ¿mef (3) rsKd;udk qkyfudkifxm;&vdrfhr,f? (1) EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ (2) pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJ (3) tawG; tac:wdu k yf w JG @kd jzpfw,f? vlwef;pm;wdu k yf &JG ŒJ tjrifq h ;Hk Ekid if aH &;o¿mefqw kd mvnf; vufeufuidk f wdkufyJjG zpfw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd [m vltzG@J tpnf;a[mif;/ azmufjyefwphJ epfawG&ŒJ yËd yuQ udk rzk;H uG,b f J azmfxw k af y;&r,f? vlwef;pm;wdu k yf u JG kd wm;qD;rxm;bJ rSeu f efwhJ tjrifenf;emawGe@J tqk;H wdkif qifEJaG &;udk cdik fcdkifrmrmpdkufxx l m; &r,f? r,drf; ,dik &f bl;? 'Dae@ ArmjynfrmS qifEaJG ewJh jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDawmfveS af &;[m obm0 uswhJ a&SmifvrJ$ &wJh tjcif;t&m jzpfw,f? 'Dae@ vufeufuikd w f u dk yf u JG kd atmify&JG onftxd qifEo J$ Gm;&ygvrd rhf ,f? ay:vpDrrSm;bl;qd&k if u|eaf wmfw@kd [m &efole@J vlwef;pm;wdkufyJu G kd }uhH}uHhcdkifckid f qifE$JoGm;Ekid w f ,f? &efol&ŒJ r_id f;wdu k fr_/ pdwful; ,Ofr/_ vSnhpf m;rl rSeo f r#udk owd&d&S SdeJ@ qef@usifwdkufcku d f&vdrhrf ,f? tvkyform;vlwef;pm; acgif;aqmifra_ tmufrmS tvkyform;-v,f orm; r[mrdwfzGJ@r_ tajccHay:rSm wjcm;awmfvSefwJh vlwef;pm;toD;oD;/ vl@tv$m toD;oD;wdk@eJ@ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf+yD; bkH&efoludk atmifyGJ&wJhtxd tqk;H wdkif qef@usif wdkuyf GJ0if=u&vdrrhf ,f? 'k w d , jy\emrmh u f p f 0 g'&J @ tbd " rR m tjrif rmhufp&f ŒJ ±ky0f g'tjrif[m t&if;cHtm;jzifh pdw0f g'eJ@ ajzmifah jzmifh}uD; 23

qef@usiw f ,f? rmhupf f0g' ±ky0f g'tjrif&J@ t"dut*Fg&yfawGrSmæ (1) yxrt*F g &yf u awmh urBmavmu}uD;[m vuQ%mt& =unf@r,fqk&d if ±kyv f uQ%m jzpf w,f? urBmavmu}uD;&J@ ajrmufjrm;vSwJh tjcif;t&mawG[mv_yf&Sm;aewJh ±ky0f wˆKrsm;&JŒ rwlujJG ym;wJh o¿mefawGomjzpfygw,f? 'gawGukd ±lyaA'/ "mwkaA'/ ZD0aA' bmom&yfwk@d u oufaotcdkiftrm jyaew,f? ±lyaA'e,fy,frmS ±ky0f wÎKawG&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_o¿meftrsdK;rsdK;ukd azmfjy =uw,f? Oyrm-tvif;a&mifeJ@ v#yfppf[m v_yf&Sm;aewJh tDomvd_if;awG&JŒ o¿mefrsm;jzpfw,f? ±kyf0wˆKjzpfwJh tDomvd_if;awG[m u|eaf wmfwdk@&JŒ rsuf pdt*Fg tpdwftydik f;rSm vm+yD;xdawG@wJhtcg tvif;a&mifudk jrifawG@&jcif;ygyJ? tDomqdkwJh ±kyf0wˆK v_yf&Sm;r_r&SdbJ tvif;a&mifudk rawG@Edkifyg? tcdkiftrm t&ajym&&if teDa&mifwckudk jrif&zkd@qdk&if tDomvd_if;[m wpuUef@ (450) x&Dv, D H z&DuiG fpDEe_ f;eJ@ v_y&f Sm;+yD; rsufpdt*Fgudk vmxdawG@rS u|efawmfw@dk u teDa&mifukd jrif&wm jzpfw,f? tjyma&mifu 626 tri- frequency§sec &Sw d ,f? 'gudk v#yfppfoHvku d f oabmw&m;t& oufaojyEdkifw,f? 'ghtjyif ±lyaA'qdkif&mrSmvnf; 'Dvkyd J ±ky0f wˆKawG[m &Sdoif&h x Sd u dk fwJh tyl"mwf/ tat;"mwf &&Srd Som wpkw H ckaom zdtm;atmufrSm ±kyf0wˆK tajc tae[m rlveJ@rwlawmhbJ ajymif;vJomG ;ygw,f? Oyrm - a&uae a&aEG;/ t&nf uae tpdkit f cJtjzpf a&mufvmwm[m 'DoabmyJ? "mwkaA' e,fy,frmS awmh ±kyf0wˆKawG[m v_y&f Sm;aewJh tEkjrLawG&JŒ aygi;f pnf;r_o¿meftrsK;d rsK;d u azmfjyaew,f? Oyrm-atmufqD *sif (O2) rSm tufwrf (2)ck &Sw d ,f/ atmufq*D sif tufwrf wdk;vm&if tdZk kef; (O3) jzpfomG ; w,f? 'g[m rlvatmufqD*sifeJ@ rwlawmhbJ tjcm;t&mopfjzpfvmwmygyJ? a&qd&k if ol@&ŒJ zG@J pnf;r_[m (H2O) jzpfw,f? [du k +f 'dK*sif tufwrf (2)cke@J atmuf qD*sif tufwrf (1)ck aygi;f vdku&f if a&jzpfw,f? "mwkaA'e,fy,frSm =o*Jepfr[kww f hJ zG@J pnf;r_o¿mefe@J =o*JepfzJ@G pnf; rlo¿mefq+kd yD; &Sad o;w,f? =o*Jepfz@JG pnf;r_rmS "mwftcsKŒd [m =o*Jepft& zG@J pnf; vm=uw,f? 'Dxuf tqifhjrifhvmawmh umAGef/ [dkuf+'dK*sif/ atmufqD*sif/ Edkux f ±kd*si/f qmvzm/ azmhpfz&yf [C.H.O.N.S.P ] pojzifh aygif;vmwJt h cg 24

omrefz@GJ wnfr_ r[kwaf wmhbJ ouf&t Sd &mjzpfwJh uvv a&=unfjzpfvmawmh w,f? 'Denf;eJ@ ±ky0f wˆKo¿mefawG[m tqifherd rfh S tqifhjrifhodk@ jzpfay:wd;k yGm; vmw,f? ruUif;epfe,fy,frS ±lyaA'e,fy,fodk@ wdk;wufvmw,f? "mwkaA' e,fy,frS ZD0aA'e,fy,fodk@ wqifhwufvmw,f? ZD0aA'e,fy,frS tEkjrL aygif;pyfr_r#om r[kwfawmhbJ uvmyfpnf;awG&JŒ aygif;pyfr_jzpfvmw,f? uvmyfpnf;awG&JŒ aygif;pyfre_ J@ uvmyfpnf;awG&JŒ ysufp;D r_qkw d hJ v_y&f mS ;r_jzpf vmw,f? uvmyfpnf;wckwnf;&SdwJh trD;bm;qdw k Jh ouf&Sdt&mu pw,f? uvmyfpnf;wckwnf;u tjrKaw ESpfcu k GJoGm;+yD; qJvf (Cell)ESpfck jzpfvm w,f? 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ qJvftrsm;tjym;yg0ifwJh ouf&Sdt&mawG wpwp ayguf yGm;vmw,f? ZD0aA' v_y&f Sm;r_jzpfpOfrmS tqifh (8) ck &Sw d ,f? Phylum, Class, Order æ ponfjzifh? tJ'D tqifhtoD;oD;udk jzwfausmf+yD; Edk@wdkufowW0g/ tJ'Du aemufydkif;rSm vl0Huae vlodk@ jzpfay:vmw,f? vlawGuae pkaygif; aexkdif&if; vltzGJ@tpnf;xd jzpfay:vmw,f? 'gawGtm;vkH;[m urBmavm u}uD;twGi;f rSm ajrmufjrm;vSwJh ±kyf0wˆK&J@ tjcif;t&mawG/ zGJ@pnf;r_awGjzpf w,f qdw k m awG@Eidk yf gw,f? 'Dtjcif;t&mawG[m tjyeftvSef rSDcq dk ufoG,fae w,fqdkwJhw&m;t& jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aewm jzpfw,f? 'gha=umifh 'DjzpfpOfxJrSm pdwf0g'tjrifeJ@ wuUaA'enf;t& wifjyovdk wavmuvk;H qdki&f m 0dnmOfu urBmavmu}uD;udk zefwD;aewm r[kwfyg? w avmuvkH;qdkif&m 0dnmOfrvdb k J wnf&aSd ejcif;omjzpfw,f? tjcif;t&mawG[m xm0pOf rajymif;vJbJ jzpf+yD; wm jyefjzpfwm r[kwfbJ xm0pOf v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJ+yD; topftopfjzpfay: wkd;yGm;aewmjzpfw,f? (2) 'kw d, t*Fg &yf ±kyfobm0avmu[m u|eaf wmfwdk@tod&JŒ tjyifbufrmS trSDcku d if; pGm wnf&SdaewJh yuwdbm0 wu,fhjzpf&yfjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh ±ky0f g' tjrift& ±kyf[m yxr/ pdw[ f m 'kwd,/ ±kyf[mt&if pdwf[m aemufjzpfw,fv@dk ,lq ygw,f? pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_[m tqifhjrifhrsm;pGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aewJh OD;aESmuf 0wˆK&JŒ txGuyf pPn;f jzpfw,f? owW0g p+yD;jzpfvmcgpu OD;aESmufr&Sdao;bl;? tm±kcH Hpm;Edik fwJh t*Fg 25

awGawmif r&Sdao;bl;? wajz;ajz; tm±kHt*Fgav;awG ay:vm+yD; OD;acgif;rSm tm±kHukd wpkw H &m cHEikd af vmufatmif taqmufttku H av;awGjzpfum 'Dxuf wqifhwufjyD; wjznf;jznf;eJ@ OD;aESmufeJ@ tm±kHa=umpepf jzpfvmcJhw,f? pOf;pm;awG;awmEdkiw f Jh tqifhjrifo h @dk a&mufvmcJhw,f? 'Dawmh pOf;pm;awG;ac: r_[m ±kyf0wˆKjzpfwhJ OD;aESmuf&JŒ txGuyf pPnf; jzpfygw,f? OD;aESmuf[m pOf;pm; awG;ac:r_ udk jzpfapwJh ±kyf0wˆK taqmufttkH jzpfygw,f? pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_udk ±kyf0wˆKeJ@ cGJjcm;xm;vd@k rjzpfEkid fyg? awG;ac:wwfwhJ ±kyf0wˆKrS tawG;tac:udk cGJxkwfjcif;[m rjzpfEdkifyg? “urBmavmu}uD;. ykHum;csyfonf ±kyf b,fvdk v_ y f & S m ;I ±k y f u b,f v d k a wG ; awmonf [ l a om yk H u m;csyf j zpf onf?”(vDeif -±kyf0g' tawG@ t}uKH a0zefa&;) (3) wwd , t*D g &yf urBmavmu}uD;eJ@ ‚. w&m;rsm;udk u|efawmfw@dk odem;vnf Edik f w,f? prf;oyfvkyaf qmifcsuef J@ vufawG@tawG@t}uHKt&vnf;aumif;/ rSefuef a=umif; ppfaq;xm;+yD;om; obm0w&m;wdk@t&vnf;aumif; urBmavm u}uD;eJ@ ywfoufwJh u|efawmfw@dk &ŒJ todynm[m yuwdbm0 trSefw&m; udkaqmif=uOf;wJh tckdiftrm rSeu f efwJh todynmjzpfvmw,f? urBmay:rSm rodEdkifaomt&m r&SdbJ/ rodao;aom t&mrsm; om&Sdygw,f? ody`HynmeJ@ vufawG@w@dk u azmfxw k f+yD; od&daS tmif vkyfygvrd hrf ,f? xkwfvyk fa&;/ vlwef; pm;wdkuyf eGJ @J odyHy` nmprf;oyfr_qkw d Jh v_r_vufawG@ vkyf&if;/ vlawG[m urBm avmu&J@ tjcif;t&mrsm;eJ@ ‚&J@w&m;awGudk em;vnfvmw,f? tJ'D em;vnfcsuaf wG rSefovm;/ rSm;ovm;qdw k m odzdk@q&dk if vlra_ &; vufawG@eJ@bJ jyef+yD; prf;oyf&ygvrd rfh ,f? tJ'gudk rmhufpf0g' odjrifjcif;w&m;vdk@ ac:ygw,f? 'Doabmw&m;t& vufawG@[m trSew f &m;&JŒ pHxm;csufyJ jzpfw,f? 'gawGe@J ajymif;jyefyJ pdwf0g't& =unf@jrifyu kH awmh urBmavmu}uD;eJ@ ‚&JŒw&m;rsm; udk rodEidk fyg? vlawG pOf;pm;awG;awm+yD; &&SdwhJ todynm[m wu,fawmh rSefwJhtod r[kwyf g? yuwdbm0 trSefw&m;udv k nf; todtrSwfrjyKyg? urBm avmu}uD;[m odyyH` nmu b,fawmhrS odprG ;f Edkirf mS r[kwb f ;l ? ‚wd@k bmom ‚wdk@wnf&daS ewJh t&mrsm;eJ@ jynfEh Sufaew,fvk@d pdwf0g'u ,lqw,f? txufygtcsufawG[m rmhupf f0g' tbd"rRm±ky0f g'&JŒ xl;jcm;wJh t*Fg 26

(3)&yfyJjzpfygw,f? &JabmfvDeifu rSefovm;/ rSm;ovm; qdkwm yuwdbm0 vufawG@eJ@ csed x f ;kd &r,f? trSew f &m;udk (2)rsK;d cGEJ ikd w f ,fv@kd qdw k ,f? 1? Edi_ ;f ,SOcf sut f rSew f &m; (Relative truth)2? wavmuvH;k qkdif&mtrSefw&m; (Universal truth )&,fvdk@ (2) rsK;d cGJ=unfhygw,f? trSefw&m;udk umva'o ywf0ef;usif tajctaeeJ@ qufpyf=unfh &r,f? tajctae ta=umif;tcsu[ f m rjywfajymif;vJaewJt h wGuf pOf;pm;csuf w&yf/ rlw&yf[m wcsed frSm rSefaeayr,fh aemufwcsdefrSm rSefcsifrS rSerf ,f? 'gudk Ed_i;f ,SOfcsuf trSefw&m;vdk@ ac:w,f? rmhupf f0g' tbd"rRmusawmh tm;vk;H +cKHirkH datmif aygif;csLyfvdkuf wmrdk@ wavmuvk;H qdkif&m trSew f &m;jzpfvmw,f? olu umvydik f;wcktwGuo f m rSefwmr[kwb f l;? ae&mra&G; rSefuefwmjzpfygw,f? e,fcsJŒpepfrwdkifrD jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aewJh t&if;&Sifpepfw&yf &SdaewJh atmufrSm t&if;&Sifvl@tzG@J tpnf;&JŒ vlwef;pm;yËdyuQ/ vlr_a&;yËdyuQawG[m }uD;xGm;vm+yD; txGwftxdyf a&mufvmwJhtcg vlr_awmfvSefa&;awG jzpfvm vdrhrf ,f? t&if;&Siv f lwef;pm;tay: atmifyGJcHz@dk qdk&if a&SŒwef;a&mufaewJh wdkif; jynftm;vk;H (odk@r[kw)f wdik ;f jynftrsm;&Sd ypPn;f rJv h lwef;pm;&JŒ pkaygi;f v_yf&mS ;r_ [m vdt k yfw,fv@kd ,lqcJ=h uw,f? wenf;ajym&&if wdik ;f jynfwjynfcsi;f awmfveS f a&; atmifyJG rcHEkid b f l;vd@k ,lqcJ=h uw,f? 'gayrJh e,fcsŒJ pepfjzpfay:vmwJh tcgrmS vDeifu e,fcsŒJ pepf&ŒJ tajctaeudk tcdik t f rmuspmG cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm+y;D aemuf e,fcsŒJ pepfuGi;f quf tm;tenf;qk;H ae&muae awmfveS af &;awG aygux f u G fvmr,f? wdkif;jynfwjynfcsi;f qdk&, S fvpfawmfvSeaf &;[m atmifycJG HEdkifw,fv@dk okH;oyf cJw h ,f? 'g[m t,ltqwcku acwfumvtcdkiftrm tajctaew&yf atmufrSm rSefuef+yD; tjcm;tcsdefumvrSm rrSefuefawmhbl;qdkwm azmfjy w,f? 'Dtcsufudk Edi_ ;f ,SOfcsut f & trSew f &m;vdk@ ac:w,f? Edi_ f;,SOfcsut f & trSefw&m;awGukd pkpnf;+yD;aygif;csKyfvdkuf&if tºuGif;rJh trSefw&m; jzpfvm w,f? ae&mtm;vkH;twGuf rSefuefwhJ wavmuvkH;qdkif&m trSefw&m; tjzpf ay:vmw,f? 27

pdwf0g'ta=umif;ajym&mrSmy uwdbm0pdwf0g'eJ@ twWbm0pdwf0g' vdk@azmfjycJhovdk ±kyf0g'rSmvJ tEkyËdavmr±ky0f g'eJ@ puf,EW&m;±kyf0g' qdkwm vnf;&Sdw,f? puf,EW&m; ±kyf0g'u ±kyf[m yxr/ pdw[ f m 'kwd,qdkwmudk vufcH w,f? 'gayrJh ol@enf;emu tEkyËdavmrenf;em r[kwfb;l ? puf,E©&m;qefwJh wuUaA'uswhJ enf;emjzpfw,f? t&m0wˆKawGudk =unfh&mrSm wckjcif; oD;jcm; jzpfae+yD; t&mwcke@J wckqufpyfr_r&Sq d w dk Jh tjrife@J =unfhw,f? t&m0wˆKawG [m rv_yrf &Sm; +idro f ufaew,fvdk@ jrifw,f? t&m0wˆKawG&JŒ jzpfay:wd;k yGm; r_[m twGif;ydkif;ta=umif;t&if;a=umifh r[kwfbl;? jyifyta=umif;t&if; a=umifh jzpfw,fvdk@,q l w,f? 18 &mpkESpfrmS jzpfay:vmcJw h Jh puf,E©&m; ±kyf0g'[m pdwf0g'udk qef@ usif&mrSm wpkHw&m aumif;r_ðycJhw,f? puf,E©&m;±kyf0g'rSm t*Fg&yf (3)&yf &Sdw,f? 1? puf,E©&m;qefw,f?2? wuUaA'usw,f? 3? vl@tzGJtpnf; udk=unfjh rif&mrSm ±ky0f g'tjrifeJ@ r=unfhbJ pdw0f g' tjrifeJ@ =unfhw,f? (1958) ckEpS fu &efukef zqyv nDvmcHrSm OD;Ek rde@f ceG f;ajymcJhw,f? olu ±ky0f g'udk t}uD;tus,q f ef@usifwJh pum;awG ajymcJhw,f? wu,fawmh ol±_wfcsaewJh ±kyf0g'[m tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g' r[kwf? puf,E©&m;±kyf0g'om v#ifjzpfw,f? OD;Ek[m ol@vlwef;pm;tusKd;udk taotvJumuG,f+yD; 'Dvdk vdrfnmvSnzfh sm;um ±ky0f g'udk qef@usifchw J ,f? ol[m ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; ygwD eJ@ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&J@ tbd"rRmudk ±kyfysufqif;ysufjzpfatmif t}uH,kwfeJ@ }uKd;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhw,f? u|efawmfwdk@udkifpGJ&rSmu tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'jzpfw,f? puf,E©&m;±ky0f g'udk y,f&r,f? ordik f;rSm=unf&h if puf,EW&m; ±kyf0g'D awG[m t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;udk tvkyftau|;jyKolawGjzpfw,f? puf,E©&m; ±kyf0g'rSm ordkif;qdkif&m tuef@towf&Sdw,f? ol@acwfol@tcgt&qdk&if (ruUif;epf) ody`HynmxGef;um;aewJh umv? t&m0wˆKwckcsif;udk wckeJ@wck qufpyfrr_ &SdbJ avhvmokH;oyfwJhenf;emu v$rf;rdk;aewJh umvrsm;jzpfw,f? onf;acsu cg;wJt h &nfnp‡ fxkww f ,f? tvm;wlyJ OD;aESmufuvnf; t,ltqawGudk n‡pfxkwfw,fvk@d wcsdK@ynm&Siaf wGu wifjywm&Sdw,f? 28

'Dvdk wifjy olawGudk vDeifu ±kyf=urf; ±ky0f g'orm;awGvk@d ac:w,f? rmhupf f0g' tEkyËdavmrenf;em[m ±ky0f g'uswJh tEkyËdavmrenf;em jzpfw,f? 'Dvkd tEkyËdavmrenf;tjyif ±ky0f g'rusbJ pdw0f g'uswhJ tEkyËd avmr enf;vnf; &Sdao;w,f? Oyrm- [D;*Jvf&JŒ tEkyËdavmrenf;em[m pdwf0g' uswJh tEkyËdavmr enf;emyJjzpfw,f? 19 &mpk tuke/f 20 &mpkumvrSm odyHy` nmuvnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm; vmwmeJ@twl/ wuUaA'uswhJ puf,EW&m;qefwJh ±ky0f g'tjrifa=umifh ±lyaA' odyy`H nmonfawG tusyftwnf;qdkuw f m ay:cJh&w,f? 'guawmh "mwkaA' e,fy,frmS tao;qk;H ±ky0f wˆKtpdwt f ydik ;f [m tEkjrLjzpfw,f? tEkjrLudk xyf+yD; cGJr&bl;vdk@ xifc=Jh uw,f? 'gayrJh acszsufvdk@ r&awmhbl;vdk@ xif=uwJh tEkjrLudk xyf+yD; tr(tDvufx&Gef)/ tzdk(y±kdwGef)eJ@ EsLx&Geftjzpf cGJEdkifvmcJhw,f? 'gha=umifh avmu"mwfq&m wcsKŒd uyif ajymaewJh ±ky0f wˆKqdkwm r&Sad wmhb;l / uG,faysmufoGm;+yD? 'ga=umifh ±kyf0g'}uD;csKyf+idrf;oGm;+yDvdk@ qd=k uw,f? vl@pdwu f l;u t&m&mwkd@udk zefwD;Edik fw,fvdk@ qdk=ujyefw,f? olw@dk u 'Denf;eJ@ ±kyu f rBmtjrifudk xdk;ESuw f ku d cf u dk f=uw,f? tk yf pd k; ol t&if; &S if vl wef; pm;uvnf; ±ky f0 g'qef@ usif ol awGu dk tokH;cs+yD; ±kyf0g'urBmhtjrifudk xdk;ESufwd kufcdkufvm=uw,f? 'ga=umifh &JabmfvDeifu ordkif;±kyf0g'tjrift& ody`HynmrS &SmazGawG@csuf topfudk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm+yD; “±kyf0g' ESihf tawG@t}uKHa0zefa&;” qdw k Jh pmtkyu f kd a&;om;um ‚wdk@udk wdkuf cdkufchw J ,f? vDeifu“oifwdk@ajymaewJh tEkjrLudk acszsufvdk@r&bl;vd@k qdkwm puf ,E©&m;±kyf0g'DawG&JŒ t,ltqjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'u tusyt f wnf;qdkufwm r[kwfbJ puf,E©&m;±ky0f g'om tusyt f wnf; qdu k f wm jzpfw,f”vkd@ axmufjyvkdufw,f? odyy`H nmrS &SmazGawG@&cSd suftopfawG[m tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g' rSefuef a=umif;/ puf,EW&m;±kyf0g' rSm;a=umif;udk oufaojywmomjzpfw,fæ pojzifh ynm&SifwcsKdŒ&JŒ rSm;,Gif;azmufjyefwJh t,ltqrsm;udk xufjrufpGm acsy+yD; tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'eJ@ ypPnf;rJv h lwef;pm;&JŒ tbd"rRmudk vDeifu jywfom;pGm umuG,fcJhygw,f? 29

rmhufpf0g' tbdf"rRmykd@cscsuf a[majymcsuf (2) rmh u f p f 0 g'vD e if 0 g' tjrif q d k i f & mrl a wG & J @ vufa wG@ t"d y ` m ,f &Jabmfwdk@ æ yxr a[majymcsufxJrSm rmhufpf0g' tEkyËdavmr qdkif&mrlawGudk ok;H oyfwifjycJ+h yD;jzpfw,f? rmhufpf0g' tbdf"rRmbmom&yf&JŒ oabmw&m;rlawGudk oabm w&m; oufoufr#om avhvmr,fq&dk if/ tbd"rRm tjrifqkid &f mrSm touf 0ifvy_ &f Sm;wm awG@&vdrrfh ,fr[kwfbl;? 'ga=umifh tbd"rRmtjrifukd vufawG@ tcdkiftrmawGeJ@ aygif;pyfrSom ±kyf0wˆKtiftm;tjzpf ay:xGufvmrSm jzpfyg w,f? 'grS &Jabmfwdk@&J@ avhvma&;&nf±G,fcsuf atmifjrifxajrmufvmrSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dae@ ±kyf0g'tjrifqdkif&mrlawGudk vltzGJ@tpnf;b0 vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ordkif;avhvm&mrSm wd;k csJŒvdu k fwm[m tifrwef ta&;ygwhJ udpjP zpfygw,f?vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;b0 tjcif;t&mawG[m tjyeftvSef qufoG,faew,f? tjyeft vSefrSDcdkaew,f? 'g[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_qdkif&mw&m;rsm;jzpfw,f? 30

±kyf0g'tjrifudk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif; avhvm&mrSm wdk;csJŒvdkufwm a=umifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ordkif; todynm[m ody`Hynmw&yf jzpfvmcJhw,f? ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;ygwD&JŒ vufawG@vkyfief;awG[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay: wdk;yGm;r_ w&m;rsm;tay: tajcpdu k x f m;&r,f? 'Dw&m;awGukd avhvm+y;D vrf;!$ef tjzpf tok;H cs&r,f? oabmw&m;eJ@ vufawG@aygif;pyf&r,f? 'g[m odyfta&; }uD;wJh udpP}uD;yJ? tbd"rRmqdik f&m&JŒ tajccHjy\emjzpfwJh ±kyef @J pdw&f ŒJ qufqrH _ tjrifukd vl@tzG@J tpnf;b0rSm qufpyfr,fq&dk ifæ vlr_a&;b0[m yxr jzpf+yD; (±kyfb0)? vlr_a&;tod[m 'kwd, jzpfw,f (pdw)f ? vl@tzG@J tpnf; vlr_b0u vl@tzG@J tpnf; vlra_ &;todukd jyÏmef;w,f? vlr_a&;todu vlral &;b0udk tjyeftvSef =oZmoufa&mufw,f? vlr_a&;b0[m vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ ±kyfykid ;f qdkif&m b0jzpfw,f? vlra_ &;tod[m vltzG@J tpnf;&JŒ pdwyf idk ;f qdkif&mt&mjzpfw,f? vlra_ &;b0[m vlawG&@J pw d q f ENe@J trScD u kd if;pGm wnf&adS ewJh yuwd bm 0 wu,fjh zpf&yf jzpfw,f? vlra_ &;tod[m vlr_a&;b0&JŒ a&mifjyef[yfcsufjzpf w,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;qdik &f m t,ltqawG/ oabmw&m;awG[m tJ'D tcsed &f dS vltzGJ@tpnf;rSm&SdwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mb0 tcsuftvufrsm;u qkH;jzwfjyÏmef;wmjzpfw,f? Oyrm- aus;u|eaf cwf/ ya'o&mZfacwf/ t&if; &Siaf cwfw@dk rSmvnf; 'Dtwdik ;f yJjzpfw,f? u|efawmfwk@d [m ay:vpDt& trSm;rjzpf&atmif u|eaf wmfwdk@&JŒ vkyf ief;awGudk vltzGJ@tpnf; ±kyyf idk ;f b0qdik &f m tcdik ftrmtcsuf tvufawGay:rSm tajcjyK&vdrrfh ,f? qdkvdkwmu vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ wu,fv h ufawG@b0eJ@ b,f awmhrS ruif;uGm&bl;? rdrpd dwfqENtay:rSm tajcrwnf&bl;? pdwfqENt&ajym&&if reufjzef awmfvSefa&;atmifcsifwmyJ? tJ'Dvdk pdwfqEN &S±d keH J@ r&bl;? 'gtay: rlrwnf&bl;? wu,ft h ajctaejzpfwJh pD;yGm;a&;/ Edkiif Ha&;/ vlra_ &; pwJh tajctaeawGtay:rSm rlwnf+yD; vrf;pOfay:vpDawGudk csrSwfrSom/ vkyfief;ay:vpDawGudk csrSwfrSom/ vkyfief;atmifjrifvdrfhr,f? 31

vl@tzG@J tpnf; ±kyyf ikd ;f b0 tcsut f vufawGay: tajcpdu k &f vdrrhf ,fv@kd qdkayr,fh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm&SdwJh t,ltq/ oabmw&m;/ Edik fiHa&;taqmuf ttHkrsm;eJ@ ordik f;rSm ‚wdk@yg0ifwt Jh cef;udk rjiif;y,f±Ho k mru ‚wdk@&JŒ ta&; ygwJh tcef;udv k nf; todtrSwfjyKw,f? tav;xm;w,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm &Sw d h J t,ltq oabmw&m;awGrmS qd&k ifvJ trsK;d rsK;d &Syd gvrd rhf ,f? t,ltqa[mif;/ oabmw&m;a[mif;awG[m a=ujyKef;r,fhtiftm;pkawGudk tvkyftau|;jyK w,f? t,ltqopf a&SŒwef;a&mufwJh oabmw&m;opfawG[m wdk;wufwJh wu,fhtiftm;pkawGudk tvkyftau|;jyKaew,f? 'Dvdkt ,ltqtopf/ oabmw&m;topfawGudk vlxku csKyfudkifvmwmeJ@ w+yKdifeuf tifrwef pGrf;yum; }uD;rm;wJh ±kyf0wˆKtiftm;}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJvmw,f? vlxk[m vufawG@eJ@ udkun f DwJh wk;d wufwJhoabmw&m;opfawGudk qkyfukid v f mEdik fygu azmufjyefwJh tiftm;pkawGudk +zKdzsuyf pfz@kd tcGio fh mvmw,f? 'g[m xufjruf wJh vufeufudk &vmwmeJ@wlygw,f? vlr_a&;b0[m tqufrjywf v_yf&Sm;ae+yD; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aew,f? rajymif;vJbJ aewm&,fvdk@ r&Sdbl;? wae&mwnf;rSm &yfaejcif;r[kw?f xm0 pOf v_yf&mS ;aew,f? topftopf jzpfay:wd;k wufjcif;qdkwhJ xm0& jzpfpOfxJrSm wnf&daS ejcif;a=umifh t&m0wˆKopfe@J t&m0wˆKa[mif;/ ay:ayguf wd;k yGm;aewJh t&meJ@ a=ujyKef;csKyf+idrf;aewJht&m/ awmfvSefwJht&meJ@ wefjyefawmfvSefwJh t&mwdk@[m xm0pOfwnf&aSd ewmjzpfw,f? t&mtm;vk;H [m v_yf&Sm;ajymif; vJaew,fqdk&if u|efawmfw@dk rSDcdktm;xm;&r,fh vlwef;pm;[m jzpfay: wd;k yGm; ae+yD; a&SŒodk@wdk;wufaewJh tiftm;jzpfwJh ypPn;f rJhvw l ef;pm;yJjzpfw,f? (tem *wf&JŒ acgif;aqmiftiftm;opf[m ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;yJ jzpfw,f?) txufyg t,ltqt& vkyo f m;jynfoal wG[m eufew J Jh taumif; jrif0g'w&yfukd &vmw,f? qdkvdkwmu t&if;&Sif0g'udk rkcs wdkufzsuf+zKdcs ypfEkid w f ,fqw dk Jh ,kH=unfcsufukd &vmygw,f? yxr jy\emu - rmhupf 0f g' tbd"rRm&JŒ enf;emjzpf+y;D ?( tEkyËdavmr) 'kwd, jy\emu - rmhufp0f g'&JŒ tbd"rRmtjrif jzpfw,f?(±kyf0g') wwd, jy\emuawmh - ordki;f ±kyf0g'jzpfw,f? tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'rlawGukd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;odk@ wdk;csJŒvdu k w f t Jh cg o 32

rdki;f ±kyf0g'tjrif jzpfay:vmw,f? ordik f;±kyf0g'tjrift& vlra_ &;b0[m vlr_ a&;todudk jyÏmef;w,f? wenf;tm;jzifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mb0 ta=umif;tcsuaf wGu vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ pdwfydkif;b0qdki&f m ta=umif;tcsuf awGudk jyÏmef;w,f? 'gudktxufykid f;rSmvnf; ajymjycJh+yD? vlt zG J@ tpnf; ±k y f y d k if ; b0qd ki f& m tcsuf t vuf a wG [ m bmawG v J vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk 0ef;&HaewJ@ obm0yx0D ywf0ef;usifwdk@[m vltzGJ@ tpnf;&JŒ ±kyyf idk f;b0 tajctaersm;teuf rygr+yD;wJh tcsut f vuf jzpfw,f? ‚[m "rRwmtwdkif;yJ vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_tay: =oZmt&Sdef oufa&mufr_&Sdw,f? yx0Dywf0ef;usif[m vltzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ rsufESmtoGif tjyif/ vlwdk@&JŒ vlr_vuQ%mpepf wckrSwckodk@ ul;ajymif;jcif;udk jyÏmef;wJh t"du tiftm;pkvm;? ordkif;±kyf0g'tjrift& t"dutiftm;pkr[kwfygbl;? yx0Dywf0ef;usif[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_udk jrefqefapwJh odk@r[kwf aES;auG;apwJh =oZmt&Sed f oufa&mufayr,fh t"duta=umif;t&m/ jyÏmef;wJh ta=umif;w&m;awmh r[kwb f l;? ta=umif;u vl@tzG@J tpnf; ajymif; vJr_u yx0Dywf0ef;usif ajymif;vJr_xuf ydkrv dk sijf refwht J wGufa=umifh jzpfw,f? tESpf okH;axmiftwGif;/ Oa&myrSm pepfokH;rdsK; ajymif;vJausmfvGefcJhayr,fh 'Dumv tawmtwGi;f yx0D tajctaeuawmh rajymif;vJoavmufbJ? ta&;}uD;wJh yx0Dajymif;vJr_rSefor#[m ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGmvdktyf w,f? ta&;=uD;wJh vltzGJ@tpnf; ajymif;vJr_ qdw k muawmh ESpfaygif; ESpaf xmif/ okH;axmif twGif;rSmyJ jzpfEkid fw,f? aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom ESpftwGi;f rSm vk;H 0 rajymif;vJbJ aeoavmuf&SdwJht&m(yx0Dywf0ef;usif) [m ESpf&maygif; t enf;i,ftwGif;rSmyJ tajctjrpfuae+yD; ajymif;vJwJh t&mtjzpf vl@tzGJ@ tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&;twGuf t"du ta=umif;w&m;awmh r[kwfEdkifb;l ? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ ±kyfydkif;b0 tajctaersm;rSm vlOD;a&[m ta&; }uD ; wJ h t*F g tpd w f t yd k if ; jzpf w ,f ? tenf ; qk H ; &S d t yf w J h vl O D ; a&r&S d y gu vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. ±kyyf idk f;b0vnf; r&SEd idk fbl;? vl@tzG@J tpnf;pepf&ŒJ vuQ%mudk 33

jyÏmef;&mrSm vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;jcif;/ vlOD;a&rsm;jym;jcif;[m t"dutiftm;pkvm;? ordkif;±ky0f g'u t"dutiftm;pk r[kwfvdk@ jrifw,f? vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;jcif;[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;a&;udk "rRwm twdkif; jrefqefap odk@r[kwf aES;auG;apwJh =oZmoufa&mufayr,fh t"du tiftm;pk jyÏmef;wJh ta=umif;tcsuaf wmh rjzpfEkid fb;l ? pepfwckae&mrSm wpHk w&maom pepfwcku bmha=umifhqufcHtpm;xkd;ovJ? tJ'DpepfopfrsdK; r[kww f Jh wjcm;pepfwcku bmha=umifh rqufcHovJqkw d Jh ar;cGef;rsm;udk vlOD; a&wdk;yGm;jcif;u tajzray;Edkifyg? vlO;D a& xlxyfjcif;[m vl@tzG@J tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&;rSm t"du tif tm;pk/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pepf&JŒ vuQ%m (0g) vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ rsufESmoGifjyifudk jyÏmef;wJt h iftm;pk rjzpfEidk fbl;? jzpfvnf;rjzpfb;l ? (u) vl@tzG@J tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;a&;ukd wGef;aqmfwhJ t"du tiftm; pkuawmh vlowW0grsm; wnf&rdS t _ wGuf touf&iS af &;qkid &f m tok;H taqmifrsm; &,lenf;jzpfw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh touf&iS af &;eJ@ vl@tzG@J tpnf;b0jzpfay: wd;k yGm;a&;twGuf r&Srd jzpfwhJ pm;p&m/ 0wfp&m xkwv f yk af &;ud&, d mpwJh ±kyyf ikd ;f wefz;dk (tok;H taqmif) rsm; xkwfvyk fenf;jzpfw,f? vlw@dk [m touf&SifaeEdik fzkd@ pm;p&m/ 0wfp&mpwmawG&d&S r,f? tJ'D ±kyyf kid ;f tok;H taqmifawGudk &&SEd idk fzk@d 'gawGukd xkwv f yk f=u&r,f? 'gawGukd xkwf vkyfzkd@q&dk if xkwv f kyfa&;ud&d,mawG &S&d r,f? tJ'D ud&, d mawGudk xkwfvkyEf idk f &r,f? okH;pGEJ idk &f r,f? ±kyfydkif;tokH;taqmifawGudk xkwfvkyfwJh xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mawG/ xkwfvkyaf &;ud&d,mawGukd udkifpJ+G yD; ±kyfydkif; tokH;taqmifawGudk xkwfvky=f u wJh vlawG/ 'ghtjyif 'DvlawG&JŒ xkwfvkyfa&; tawG@t}uKHeJ@ tvkyfu|rf; usirf _/ 'Dtpdwf tydik f;tm;vkH;[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ xkwfvyk fa&; tiftm;pk awGvdk@ ac:ygw,f? 'gayrJh xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkawG[m xkwfvkyfa&; (xkwv f kyfenf;)&JŒ rsuEf Smwzufomjzpfw,f? xkwv f kyfenf; (xkwfvkyfa&;)&JŒ tjcm;rsufEmS wzufuawmh xkwfvkyaf &;jzpfpOfrSm vlwOD;eJ@wOD; qufqHa&; (xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr _rsm;) yJjzpfw,f? vltzGJ@tpnf;±kyyf ikd f; tok;H taqmifawGudk xkwv f yk zf @kd twGuf obm0 34

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txGufypPnf;rsm; tvGefw&mºu,f0rsm;jym;vm+yD; cGJa0a&;rlu (pGrf;tm;&Sd oavmufvky/f vdkoavmuf,l) jzpfvmw,f? (C) xkwfvkyfa&;. wwd,vuQ%mrSm-xkwfvkyfa&;&J@ wwd, vuQ%mrSm xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkopfawG ay:ayguv f mjcif;eJ@ ‚eJ@uu dk n f w D hJ qufqrH _awGay:aygufvmjcif;wdk@[m pepfa[mif;eJ@ oD;jcm;uif;uGm+yD; rjzpfymG ; bl;? pepfa[mif;uG,faysmuf+yD;rS jzpfyGm;wmr[kwfbJ pepfa[mif;twGif;rSm jzpfyGm;wmjzpfw,f? vlw@dk u tod&Spd mG eJ@ csifhcsdef+yD;/ okH;oyf+yD; aqmif&Gujf cif; wdk@a=umifh jzpfay:vmwm r[kwfbJ vlwk@d &J@qENeJ@ uif;uGmpGm tvdkvkd wpp jzpfyGm;w,f? vlwd@k &J@ qENe@J uif;vGwpf Gm tvdkvkjd zpfymG ;jcif; ta=umif;&if; (2)&yf &Sdyg w,f? (1) vlwdk@u xkwv f kyfenf; w&yf&yfudk }udKuf&ma&G;+yD; vkyfudkifcGihrf &Sd bl;? bma=umifhygvJ/ v@lrsKd;quftopfwkdif;[m vlvm;ajrmufwJhtcg ,cift qufqufwek f;u csefchw J hJ wnf&SdqJ xkwfvyk fa&;tiftm;pkawGe@J xkwfvyk fa&; qufqrH _awGudk awG@}uKH=u&w,f? vl@rsKd;quftopf[m ±kyfydkif;tokH;taqmif awGudk xkwv f yk Ef ikd &f ef xkwv f yk af &;e,fy,ftwGi;f eJ@ toifah wG@}uHKae&wJh t&m wkid ;f ukd yxrqHk;vufcH+yD; vkdufavsmnDpGm rvGo J mbJ cH,ltokH;ðy&awmhw,f? (2) wpkHwckaom xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mudk wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif vkyf&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ xkwv f kyfa&;tiftm;pk&@J wpkw H ckaom tpdwftydkif;udk wdk;wufaumif;rGeaf tmif vkyf&mrSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlwdk@[m Todk@ wdk; wuf aumif;rGeaf tmifvkyfjcif;rS b,fvv kd lr_ tusKd;qufawG oufa&mufvm vdrfhr,fvd@k odvnf;rod em;vnf;rvnf/ odk@r[kwf pOf;pm;jcif;vnf; r&SdbJ/ vlw@dk &@J tvkyfudk oufomap±kHeJ@ olw@dk twGuw f u dk f±u kd f/ rsufrsuu f av; cHpm; ±kHpwJh ae@pOftusdK;pD;yGm;avmufom awG;awmcJh=uw,f? a&S;ya'omyifacwfu (a&S;bkHtzGJ@) vltzG@J tpnf;twGif; tcsKdŒolwk@d [m wjznf;jznf; prf;w0g;0g;eJ@ ausmufvufeufukd tok;H jyK=ujcif;rS oHvuf eufukd tokH;jyKjcif;odk@ ul;ajymif;vmwJhtcg tJ'DvkdtopfxGif vkyu f idk jf cif;tm; jzifh b,fvdkvlr_tusdK;qufawG jzpfxGef;vmvdrfhr,fvkd@ awG;awm}uHqjcif; r&SdcJhay? owWKwefqmyvmrsm;udk udkiw f , G ftok;H jyKEdki=f u+yD; aemifwiG f puf±H/k 40

tvkyf±kH}uD;awG ay:vm+yD;/ t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ@ tvkyform;vlwef;pm; uGJjym;vmum ykefuefawmfvSefr_rsm; ay:aygufvmvdrrfh ,f qdw k mrdsK;udkum; ydkvkd@awmif olwd@k rod cJh=uay? a&S;bkHtzG@J ro S nf au|;u|efpepfok@d ul;ajymif;vm vdrfr,fqkdwmudkvnf; rodcJh=u? olwdk@&J@todrSm tvkyfayghyg; oufoma&; udkom vdkvm;wmyJ &Sdw,f? olwdk@ tod&SdpGm aqmif&Gufr_[m tvGefusOf; ajrmif;vSwJh ae@pOftusK;d pD;yGm;&&Sad &; abmifxrJ SmyJ vkyfudkifch=J ujcif;jzpfw,f? ya'o&mZfpepfrS t&if;&Sifpepfok@d ul;ajymif;&mrSmvnf; ao;i,fwhJ topfwD xGif vkyfudkifru _ av;awG[m vltzGJ@tpnf;&J@ tiftm;pkawG jyefvnfpk±H;k jcif;eJ@ awmfvSefa&; aygufzGm;jcif;pwmawGqD OD;wnfoGm;apvdrfhr,fvkd@ vltrsm; od˜em;vnfjcif; r&SdcJhay? tvm;wlpmG yJ vlawG[m aemifwiG f qd&k S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; atmifyGJ qifvrd rfh ,fvd@k vnf; od˜em;vnfjcif; r&Scd aJh y? olwk@d &J@ tod&aSd om aqmif±u G f r_[m omrefwkduf±du k f vufawG@tusKd;pD;yGm;&J@ abmifudk rausmfcJhygb;l ? xkwfvkyfa&;pGr;f tm;pkawG jzpfay:wdk;yGm;jcif;eJ@ xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_ e,fy,ftwGif;&Sd ajymif;vJjcif;awG[m wpkHwckaom tcsdeu f mvtxd vlwk@d &J@ pdwfqENeJ@ oD;jcm;uif;vGwfpGm jzpfymG ;cJw h ,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m xkwfvkyfa&; tif tm;pktopfawG aumif;rGefpGm &ifhrmvmwJhtcsdeftxdyJjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtcg vuf&dx S w k fvkyfa&; qufqHra_ wGeJ@ ‚wdk@ukd xde;f odrf;xm;wJh tkyfp;dk wJh vlwef; pm;[m taESmiht f ,Suf twm;tqD;}uD;rsm; jzpfvm=uawmhw,f? tJ'D wm; qD;r_awGudk vlwef;pm;topfawG&J@ tod&dw S Jh jyKrlv_y&f Sm;r_ awmfvSefa&;jzifo h m z,f&mS ;ypfEidk fygw,f? xkwfvkyaf &; tiftm;pktopfawGeJ@ xkwfvkyaf &; quf qHr_ ta[mif;awGt=um; twdkuftcHjzpfr_twGif;uae+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qkrd _topfe@J avsmn f w D Jh vlrt _ ,ltq/ pdwu f l;opfawGvnf; ay:xGufvmrSmjzpfw,f? vlrt _ ,l tqawG[m vlxkudkpnf;±k;H odr;f oGi;f um vlxk[m Edik fiaH &; wyfrawmfopfjzpfvm+yD; awmfveS fa&;tm%mopfw&yfudk zefw;D vkduw f ,f? vlxk[m ‚tm%mudk tokH;jyKum xkwf vkyfa&;qufqrH _ ta[mif;awGudk zsufqD;okwo f if+yD;v#if pepfopfudk cdik f+rJatmif wnfaqmuf ygw,f? ,cku|eaf wmfwdk@ awmfvSefa&;u Armjynf&Sd azmufjyefwJh tkyfpdk;ol vlwef;pm;awG usifhokH;aewJh xkwfvkyaf &;qufqHr_ta[mif; pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk 41

zsufqD;okwfoifypf+yD; pepfopf (jynfol@'Drku d a&pDpepf) pD;yGm;a&;pepfukd csrw S f vkyfudkifoGm;&ef jzpfygw,f? Tenf;tm;jzifh tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:wdk;yGm; r_[m vlwdk@&J@ tod&SdwJh ðyrlvy_ f&Sm;r_tm; ae&mz,fay;&awmhw,f? +idr;f csrf;pGmjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_[m jyif;xefwJh xºuykefuefr_awGtm; ae &mz,fay;um vlw@dk [m jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aewJh xkwv f kyfa&;tiftm;pk topfawG eJ@ udu k n f Dr,fh xkwfvkyaf &; qufqHrt _ opfukd awmfveS fwJh vufeufukid w f u dk f yGJjzifh aqmif&GuftaumiftxnfazmfEdkifvmawmhw,f? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;[m "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;vufwiG f;rS t&if;tED;S tm;vkH; udk wxpf+yD;wxpf odrf;,l&ef tpdk;&vufwiG f; (0g) tkyfpk;d wJhvlwef;pm;tjzpf pnf;±kH;xm;wJh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&J@ vufwiG f;rSm xkwfvyk fa&; ud&d,mtm;vHk; udk pkpnf;csKyfudkifxm;&efeJ@ xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pktm;vkH;udk tvsiftjref wdk;wufap&ef rdrd&J@ Edik fiHa&;tm%mudk tokH;csoGm;&vdrhrf ,f? 'D trS m ud k (uG e f j rLepfy gwD a=unmpmwrf; -rmh u f p f &J @ vuf a&G ; pifusrf;) xJrmS azmfjyxm;w,f? “t=urf;zufr _onf vltzGJ@tpnf;opfu dk oaE< vG,fxm;aom vltzGJ@tpnf;a[mif;wdkif;. 0rf;qGJ q&mjzpfayonf?” ('DtrSmudk rmhufpf &J@ t&if;usr;f wGif azmfjyxm;+yD;jzpfw,ff?) (1859) ckESpfu rmhufpf&J@ ausmf=um;wJh “EdkifiHa&; abm*aA'”eJ@ ywf oufwJh a0zefcsuf pmtkyfed'ge;f rSm ordik f;±kyf0g'&J@ tESpfom&ukd xufjruf pGm azmfxkwfa&;om;xm;r_w&yfrSm æ “vl w d k @ . touf & S i f a exd k i f a &;twG u f vl t zG J @ tpnf ; xk w f vky fa&;wGif vlwdk@onf ‚wdk@. pdwfq ENESifh uif;uGm+yD; r&Sdv#if rjzpf onf h tckd if t rm qufq Ha &;twGi f; odk @ yg0if= u&uk e f o nf? T xkw f vkyfa&; qufqHr_rsm;onf vlwdk@. ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m xkwfvkyfa&;tif tm;pk rsm; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. tckdiftrmtqifhESifh udkufnD=uayonf? Txkwf vky fa &;qufq H r _r sm; pka ygif; xm;csufo nf vl@ tzGJ@ tpnf; . pD ; yGm ;a&; taqmuft tkH jzpfo nf? wu,fh tajccHt kwfjrpfjzpfo nf? TtajccH tk w f j rpf a y:wG i f w&m;Oya'ES i f h Ed k i f i H a &;tay:xyf taqmuf t tk H ay:xGufvmjyD;/ vlrla&;todqkdif&m tckdiftrm toGifo¿mef wdk@onf 42

Ttk w fj rpfE S ifhu dku f n Dp G m ay:xGu fv mayawmho nf ? ±k y fy d kif; b0 xkw f vkyfenf;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh vlrla&;/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh todynm b0jzpf pOf u k d jyÏmef ; ay;onf ? vl w d k @ . tod u vl w d k @ b0ud k jyÏmef ; onf r [kw fb J/ ajymif; jyefy if vlr la &;b0u vlw dk @ . todu dk jyÏmef; jcif; jzpf onf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mxkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm; onf wpkHwckaom jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_tqifhwGif vuf&Sd xkwfvkyfa&; quf qHr_r sm;ESifh vmI twdku ft cH jzpf=uayonf? (0g) xkw fv kyfa &; quf qHr_. w&m;Oya't& azmfjycsufom jzpfaom ydkifqdkifr_ qufqHa&;ESifh twdku ft cHj zpfv mayonf? ‚tcsde ftxd xkw fv ky fa &; tift m;pkr sm; taeESifhy kdifq kdifr _q ufq Ha &;rsm;. abmift wGif; wGif v_y f& Sm ;jyKrla ecJh& onf? TqufqHa&;rsm;onf xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm;tm; jzpfay: wd k; yG m ;apaom toG i f o ¿mef r sm;tjzpf r S taES m if t zG J@ rsm;tjzpf o d k @ ajymif; vJoGm ;ayonf? xdko dk@ aomtcgwGif vlr _a wmfv Se fa &;acwfo nf tpðyawmh o nf ? pD ; yG m ;a&; tajccH t k w f j rpf ajymif ; vJ o nf E S i f h t r# }uD;rm;aom txuf(tay:xyf) taqmuf ttkH}uD; wckvkH;onfvnf; taES;ESifhtjrefyif ajymif;vJ&awmhonf? Todk@ajymif; vJr_udk qifjcif&m Y rwlwJht &mESpfckukd t+rJwrf; cGJcGJjcm;jcm; odxm;&rnf? wcku pD;yGm; a&; xkw fv ky fr _ ta=umif; tcsuf rsufE S m pm&Sd obm0ody `H y nmuJho d k@ wduspGmqkH;jzwfEdkifaom ±kyfydkif;qdkif&majymif; vJr_jzpfonf? aemufwck u w&m;Oya'/ Ed k i f i H a &;/ bmoma&;/ tEk y nm/ tbd " rR m a&;&m twdkcsKyftm;jzifh tawG;tac: qdkif&m o¿mef rsm;jzpfonf? cGJjcm;r_udk ðyvk y f = u&onf ? vl w d k @ onf Ttwd k u f t cH j zpf r _ u d k tawG ; tac: o¿mefr sm;wGif od& Sde m;vnf v m+yD; wdku fy GJ q if ajz&Sif ; vm=ujcif; jzpf ayonf ? vlw a,mufE Sifh ywfo ufI u|efa wmfw dk@ . tuJj zwf& mY ol@ uk d , f o l tb,f u J h o d k @ ,l q onf [ l a om tcsuf a y:wG i f tajcrwnf ouJhodk@ Todk@aom ajymif;vJr _u mvrsKd;udk tuJj zwf&mYvnf; xdkp Of tcg. todtjrift& tuJrjzwfEdkifay? qef@ usifpGmyif xdkt od tjrif udk ±ky fy dkif; qdkif& mb0. yËdy uQr sm;rS &Sif; jy=u&onf? vl@ tzGJ@ tpnf; 43

qd k i f & m xk w f v k y f a &;. tif t m;pk r sm;ES i f h xk w f v k y f a &;quf q H r _ w d k @ t=um;&Sd wnfaeaom twdkuftcHjzpfr_rSaeI &Sif;jy=u&ayrnf? xkwf vk y f a &; tif t m;pk t m;vk H ; jzpf a y:wd k ; yG m ;&ef ae&musef a eao;or# umvywfvkH; rnfonfhvltzGJ@tpnf;pepfrS aysmufuG,foGm;onf [lI r&S d a y? wqif h j rif h a om xk w f v k y f a &; quf q H r _ t opf r sm;onf v nf ; vltzGJ@tpnf;ta[mif;. om;tdrftwGif;Y/ ‚wdk@. wnf&Sda&;twGuf vdk t yfa om ±ky fy dkif; ta=umif; tcsufr sm; r&ifh r mao;or# umvywf vkH ; rnfodk@r# ay:ayguf vmrnf r[kwfay? odk@jzpfI vlom;avmuonf rdr dajz&Sif; Edkifa vmufaom vky fief; wm0efr sm;udko m t+rJr suf arSm uf jyKwwf =uayonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf TudpPudk eD;uyfpGm =unfh ± _ qif j cif v #if tpOf o jzif h a wG @ &onf r S m vk y f i ef ; wm0ef u d k ajz&S i f ; &ef twGuf vdktyfaom ±kyfydkif; ta=umif;tcsufrsm; wnf&SdESifh+yD;jzpfaom tcgwG i f v nf ; aumif ; od k @ r[k w f tenf ; qk H ; tm;jzif h wnf & S d v mae aomtcgwG i f v nf ; aumif ; / Tvk y f i ef ; wm0ef yif u d k , f o nf v nf ; ay:xG u f v mayonf ? (TtrSm ud k rmh u f p f vuf a ±G; pif u srf ; rS m azmf j y xm;w,f?) 'gawG[m tEkyËdavmreJ@ ordki;f ±kyf0g'wdk@&J@ t"du vuQ%mawGygyJ? rmhu fp f0g' tbd" rRmjzpfwJh tEky Ëda vmr±kyf0 g'eJ@ ordkif;±kky f0 g' wd k @ [m urB m avmu}uD ; ud k vuf a wG @ =oZmouf a &muap&mrS m tif tm;}uD;rm;wJh ud& d,mwefqmyvm (0g) urBmavmu}uD;udk od&Sd em; vnf&efESifh ajymif; vJy pf&eftwGuf ud& d,mwefq myvm jzpfy g w,f? rmhufpfu ajymcJhzl;wmu ,cif tbd"rRmq&mrsm;[m urBm}uD; udk enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh t"dy`m,f&Sif;vif; azmfjyjcif;udk ‚wkd@&J@ vkyfief; wm 0efvdk@ rSwf,l=uw,f? awmfveS fwJh tbd"rRmopf&J@ vkyfief;wm0efuawmh urBm}uD;udk ajymif;vJypf&ef jzpfw,f? (18)&mpkESpfykdif;umvu tbd"rRm q&mawG[m tm;oabmynm&J@ w&m;awGudk obm0ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; tjcif;t&m tm;vkH;wd@k rSm tokH;cs&ef }uH&G,fch=J uw,f? (19) &mpkESpaf wGusawmh t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;&J@ tbd"rRmynmeJ@ vlr_ 44

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