Philippine Architecture

1

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION The Philippines is located in the southern part of Asia north of the equator. In terms of latitude and longitude, the Philippines lies between 4 23’ and 20 00’ north and longitude 116 00’ and 126 30’ east. Immediately to the north of the Philippines is the island republic of Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa. Immediately to the west is communist Vietnam which, together with Laos and Cambodia, make up or comprise the Indochinese peninsula. Further west beyond Vietnam is Thailand. Immediately to the south of the Philippines is the republic of Indonesia. To the southwest are Malaysia and Republic of Singapore. These countries ----- Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam and Indonesia together with Brunei and the Philippines---- comprise the 2

seven - nation Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN. An insular or maritime country, the Philippines is separated from her nearest Asian neighbors by several bodies of water. Our shores are washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean in the east, by the South China Sea and the coastal waters of Borneo on the South. The strategic location of the Philippines has affected her history. Magellan accidentally stumbled upon our country while searching for a sea route to the Moluccas, which is a part of a modern Indonesia, our closest neighbor to the south. Because of its desire to have an economic and military outpost in Asia, the United States decide to take over the Philippines from Spain in 1898. Since an American ruled Philippines stood in the way of Japan’s desire to obtain the oil and rubber of British-ruled Malaya and Dutch-controlled Indonesia, the Japanese had to invade and occupy our country during World War II. Prior to 1992, the Philippines used to form an important part of America’s defense line against communist aggression in Asia. With the collapse of communism in what used to be the Soviet Union, the importance of American military bases in the Philippines diminished dramatically. In September 1991 the United States formally returned Subic Naval Base to the Philippines.

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES The Philippines is an archipelago of 7,107 big and small islands with a total land area of 300,000 square kilometers. The five biggest islands are Luon (105,000 sq. Km), Mindanao (95,000 sq. Km), Palawan (14,896 sq.km), Negros (13, 672 sq.km) and Samar (13,429 sq. Km). As an archipelago, the Philippines has an irregular coastline that extends to more than 17,000 kilometers. This coastline is dotted with many fine bays and harbors, the finest and most famous of which is Manila Bay with a circumference of 193 kilometers. Another well - known bay is Subic Bay in Zambales where the U.S Navy once maintained one of the its biggest bases in Asia. The landforms in the Philippines include mountains, hills, valleys, and plains. Possessing a rugged terrain, the Philippines has seven major mountains ranges, the largest and longest of which is the Sierra Madre which faces the Pacific Ocean in the eastern coast of Luzon. The highest peak in the country is Mt. Apo, a volcano in Davao del Sur, with an elevation of 2, 953 meters. Besides Mt. Apo there are several other volcanos in the Philippines, some of which are still active. The two most famous volcanoes in our country are Mt. Mayon in Albay and Taal in Batangas. Mt. Mayon is famous for its perfect cone, while taal is reputed to the world’s smallest volcano. Bith are still active. The most recent volcanic eruption in the Philippines is that of Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales. This volcano erupted in June 1991, causing hundreds of deaths and rendering tens of thousands homeless. In addition, Mt. Pinatubo caused billions of pesos in damage to public and private properties in Zambales, Bataan, Pampanga and Tarlac. Also Mt. Pinatubo damages the Clark US Air Force Base in Pampanga, leading to its early closure by the United States. 3

The largest valley and one of the most economically important is the Cagayan Valley in northern Luzon. It is considered one of the greatest tobacco producing regions in Asia. Known as the rice granary of the country is the great Central Plain in Luzon. It is the country’s largest plain.

GEOLOGY The Philippines is rich in natural resources that are yet largely undeveloped as compared to other asian countries. Indigenous materials which was used in the pre-spanish architecture such as bamboo, coconut trees, palm, cogon grass, rattan, nipa are still very abundant. About 44% of the land area is covered with forests. There are many kinds of trees which are used for building construction. The sturdiest are molave, yacal, and guijo which could with stand the weather and dampness used for posts and structural parts, as well as for exposed balconies for framing, tanguijle and apitong is preferred. In Baguio City and Benguet, and Mountain Province there is an abundance of pine trees which are used for panelings. In the lowlands, the reddish narra wood is popular as paneling and for furniture. In the Ilocos and Pangasinan towns are found the clay, which is used to manufacture sun dried and oven baked red bricks. This was introduced by the spaniards in the 16th century. Limestone, adobe stone, marble, gypsum, granite and many volcanic rocks and prevalent everywhere in the country. Limestone is found in Baguio, Bulacan, Laguna, La Union and Bicol. Marble is found in Antipolo, Bulacan and Romblon. Marble quarried from Romblon is comparable to italian varieties. Coral stones are much used in the Visayas. The riverbeds, which abound in the Philippines as a rich source of white and gray riversand as well as riverstones. The Philppines, although small in area also yield a rich source of metals such as gold, silver, tin, iron nickel and copper, and also coal, asbestos, chromite, manganese and lead.

CLIMATE The Philippines has a tropical climate with two distinct or pronounced seasons - the dry season from March to June and the wet season from July to October. The period in between is 4

neither hot nor dry but is generally cool. December is usually the coldest month while May is the hottest. The country’s tropical climate is usually characterized by high temperature and humidity and abundant rainfall. Typhoons are regular annual occurrence in the Philippines. They are generally spawned in the region of the Marianas and Caroline Islands in the Pacific. They greatly influence the climate and weather conditions of the Philippines.

GOVERNMENT The Government of the Philippines, also known as the Philippine Government is the national government of the unitary state of the Republic of the Philippines. It is a presidential, representative, and democratic republic where the President of the Philippines is both the head of state and the head of government within a pluriform multiparty system. From the time when the Philippines declared itself a sovereign state in 1898, the nation has had four major constitutions: (1) the 1899constitution, which established the first republic in Asia; (2) the 1935constitution, which served as the basic law during the period of selfgovernment while the Philippines was still under American rule and after it became independent in 1946; (3) the 1973 constitution, which allowed Ferdinand Marcos to continue to hold office as president; and (4) the 1987 constitution, upon which the present government is based, which essentially restored institutions and processes dismantled by Marcos during his regime

 The Executive Branch  As chief executive, the president has the power to execute laws.  The president is assisted by a cabinet, which currently comprises twenty-three departments.  Among the more important departments are Foreign Affairs, National Defense, Finance, Interior and Local Government, Justice, and Trade and Industry.  Both president and vice president are elected at large for a six-year term with no possibility of reelection.  The executive branch consists of the President and his Cabinet. The Senate and the House of Representatives make up the bicameral legislature. The Supreme Court heads the systems of courts under the judicial branch.

 The Legislative Branch  The Philippine Congress is a bicameral body, the upper house being the Senate and the lower house being the House of Representatives.  These two houses possess equal power, although budgetary bills must originate in the lower house, while treaty ratification rests exclusively with the upper house.  Congress consists of a 24-member Senate and a 250-member House of Representatives. The voters of the entire nation elect senators to six-year terms.  Voters from different districts elect 200 of the representatives to three-year terms. The remaining 50 representatives are selected from lists drawn up by the political parties to ensure representation of women, ethnic minorities, and certain economic and occupational groups.  The number selected from each party's list is about one-fourth of the number of the party's elected representatives. All Philippine citizens who are at least 18 years old may vote.

 The Judiciary  Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and in the lower courts. 5

Members of the judiciary are chosen by the president from a list of nominees provided by the Judicial and Bar Council, a constitutional body composed of representatives from the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, the legal profession, and the private sector.  Once appointed, judges have secure tenure and can serve until the age of seventy or until they become incapacitated. 

 Constitutional Commissions  The constitution also provides for independent constitutional commissions, namely, the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit.

 Islam Influence on the Political System Islam has a great influence on the political system of the natives in the Southern Philippines. The sultan of the Muslim community is still the sultan of Muslim provinces.

POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES PREHISTORIC PHILIPPINES   

DATUS, RAJAH’S, SULTANS SPANISH COLONY CROWN COLONY

PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

KATIPUNAN   

Andres Bonifacio Gregorio del Pilar Melchora Aquino

LA LIGA FILIPINA     

Jose Rizal Marcelo H. del Pilar Graciano López Jaena Mariano Ponce La Solidaridad

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR FIRST REPUBLIC (Revolutionary Government/The Philippines under Spanish rule)

General Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 – April 1, 1901) 

first president of the first republic



youngest president – he became the country’s leader at age 28



longest-lived president – he died when he was 94 (wow!)



one of the active leaders of KKK



signed the Pact of Biak na Bato



known as the President of the Revolutionary Government



he fought against the Spanish and American to retain our independence

PHILIPPINE AMERICAN WAR AMERICAN TERRITORY

Arthur MacArthur, Jr. 6

US MILITARY GOVERNOR

COMMON WEALTH PERIOD (American Period)

Manuel L. Quezon (November 15, 1935 – August 1, 1944) “Father of National Language” (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa) 

first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines



first president elected through a national election



first president under the Commonwealth

Sergio Osmeña (August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946) (Assumed the presidency upon the death of Quezon while the Philippine Commonwealth government is in exile in the U.S.) 

he was 65 when he became president– making him the oldest president to

hold office 

he was the first Visayan to become president



he joined US Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 starting the freedom of the Philippines from the Japanese during World War II



during his time, the Philippine National Bank has been rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary Fund



on his time, the Bell Trade Act was approved by the US Congress

SECOND REPUBLIC (Japanese Occupation)

Jose P. Laurel (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945) 

he was considered as the legitimate president of the Philippines



he organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas).



he declared Martial Law in 1944



he and his family developed the establishment of Lyceum of the Philippines

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES THIRD REPUBLIC

Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948) 7

fifth president of the Philippines, but he was considered as the third and last president under the Commonwealth and the first of the Third Republic of the Philippines. 

was inaugurated as the new and first president of the new Republic because the Philippines was finally free after the WW II



in his time, the country has started reconstruction from war damage and the Philippines started breathing without foreign rule



under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by the congress

Elpidio Quirino (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953) He was the vice president at Roxas time. He became president when the latter died in 1948.  under his term Hukbalahap movement was active  he created Social Security Commission 

he also created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption



in 1948, Quezon City was the capital of the Philippines



peso and dollar exchange rate at his time was 1 US = P2

Ramon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957) 

was a chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs



was the first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog in his inauguration



his presidency was referred as the Philippines’ Golden Years for it was the cleanest and zero-corruption



the Philippines was ranked 2nd in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries



he established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among his agrarian reforms

Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961) 

he was known for “Filipino First Policy” 

he established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce



was known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “bard from Bohol”



cultural arts was revived during his term



was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani

8

Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965) 

he established the first Land Reform Law



he placed the Philippines currency – peso, on the currency exchange market



he made June 12 1898 as the Philippines’ Independence Day

Ferdinand Marcos

(1965-1972)

he was the first president to win a second term 

he declared Martial Law on Sept. 22, 1972



he increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces



in 1980, GNP was 4 times greater than 1972



in 1986, the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia



he built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals and infrastructures than all former presidents did combined



is the only president whose remains interred inside a refrigerated crypt

FOURTH REPUBLIC (Martial Law, "The New Republic" & Parliamentary Government)

Ferdinand Marcos (1972-1986) 

(unseated by the People Power Revolution)

(Marcos died in exile in Hawaii on September 28, 1989 of Lupus complications)

FIFTH REPUBLIC (Under the new "People Power" Constitution)

Corazon Aquino (February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992) 

was named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 by Time magazine



first woman president of the Philippines and Asia



she’s known to bring back democracy in the country

Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998) 9



during his time, the Philippines was cited as Asia’s Next Economic Tiger because he brought back economic growth



he’s the only Filipino who received British Knighthood from the United Kingdom, bestowed by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George)



his “Philippines 2000” vision made the Philippine Stock Exchange one of the best in the world in the mid-90s

Joseph Estrada (June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001) 

during his time, the MILF’s headquarters and camps were captured



he joined other leaders and politicians who supported against the Charter Change



was cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989



was among the “Magnificent 12” who voted for the termination of the Philippines and US Military Bases Agreement from Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010) 

second female president of the country



first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far (to date)



first president to had oath taking outside Luzon



she regained higher economic growth than the past 3 presidents before her



Peso became the best performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007

Benigno Aquino III (June 30, 2010 – present) 

he created the no wang-wang policy and this was practiced on his inaugural address



he assigned the notable Jesse Robredo as the secretary of DILG in 2010.



he initiated the K-12 education in the Philippines



he renamed the Office of the Press Secretary into Presidential Communications Operations Office and appointed new officers



he signed an EO about suspension of allowances and bonuses of GOCCs and GFIs board members



has paved peace in Mindanao thru the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement 10



in 2012, the Philippine economy grew 7.1% besting other South East Asian countries

SOCIAL / CULTURAL The Filipino people are not pure Malay. They are a mixture of races. This came about when foreigners came to these shores either to trade or to conquer the natives. Thus, some natives intermarried with the Chinese, a few with the Japanese. Some with the Indians from India, many with the Spaniards and later, with the Americans. The mixture of native or Malay and foreigner, whether Chinese, Spanish or American, is called mestizo. In spite of this mixture of races in the present Filipino people, the majority belongs to the Malay race. The social and political organization of the population in the widely scattered islands evolved into a generally common pattern. Only the permanent-field rice farmers of northern Luzon had any notion of territoriality. The basic unit of settlement was the barangay, formerly a kinship group headed by a datu (chief). Within the barangay (Malay term for boat; also came to be used for the communal settlements established by migrants who came from the Indonesian archipelago and elsewhere. The term replaces the word barrio, formerly used to identify the lowest political subdivision in the Philippines), the broad social divisions consisted of nobles, including the datu; freemen; and a group described before the Spanish period as dependents. Dependents included several categories with differing status: landless agricultural workers; those who had lost freeman status because of indebtedness or punishment for crime; and slaves, most of whom appear to have been war captives.    

The Filipino people have many common traits. Perhaps the most important trait of the Filipino is his hospitality. The Filipino has close family ties. Respect for the elders is one of the best Filipino traits. The Filipino is sentimental.

Several values of the Filipinos are those of life, such as customs, usages, traditions, etc. which the people regard as necessary and important in their dealings with one another.

11

SYNOPSIS OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY According to an old scientific theory, the Philippines .was once a part of the Asian continent during the prehistoric times. About 25,000 years ago, the level of the seas rose up and flooded the lower regions on the earth. The land-bridges connecting the Philippines and Asia were submerged. Thus, it came to pass that the Philippines was separated from the big mass of land that is Asia. The Filipinos are virtually a race of races. They are the product of the mixture of various races.of the world. Three and a half centuries of foreign rule-first by Spain and then by the United States-superimposed a Western-style culture on the Muslim way of life in this outcrop of islands. Spain gave the Philippines its main religion, Roman Catholicism. American influence shows in the country's bustling, skyscraper cities, such as Manila and Makati and in the use of English as the main language

Early History or Pre-Colonial Period The Philippine archipelago was settled at least 30,000 years ago, when migrations from the Indonesian archipelago and elsewhere are believed to have occurred. Additional migrations took place over the next millennia. Over time, social and political organization developed and evolved in the widely scattered islands. The basic unit of settlement were the barangays (a Malay word for boat that came to be used to denote a communal settlement). Kinship groups were led by a datu (chief), and within the barangay there were broad social divisions consisting of nobles, freemen, and dependent and landless agricultural workers and slaves. Over the centuries, Indo-Malay migrants were joined by Chinese traders. A major development in the early period was the introduction of Islam to the Philippines by traders and proselytizers from the Indonesian islands. By A.D. 1500, Islam had been established in the Sulu Archipelago and spread from there to Mindanao; it reached the Manila area by 1565. In the midst of the introduction of Islam came the introduction of Christianity, with the arrival of the Spanish.

Pre-Spanish Times There are two theories on the origins of the first Filipinos, the inhabitants of what will later be called the Philippine Islands and eventually the Republic of the Philippines. See the Early Inhabitants of the Philippine Islands. In the beginning of the 3rd century, the inhabitants of Luzon island were in contact and trading with East Asian sea-farers and merchants including the Chinese. In the 1400's the Japanese also established a trading post at Aparri in Northern Luzon. In 1380, Muslim Arabs arrived at the Sulu Archipelago and established settlements which became mini-states ruled by a Datu. They introduced Islam in the southern parts of the archipelago including some parts of Luzon and were under the control of the Muslim sultans of Borneo. They had a 12

significant influence over the region for a couple of hundreds years. The Malay Muslims remained dominant in these parts until the 16th century.

Spanish Colonization The Spanish set up their capital at Manila in 1571, and they named their new colony after King Philip II of Spain. The reason why they want to colonize the Philippines is because of the '3Gs': (1)Glory- to rule Philippines, (2) Gold- take advantage of Philippine resources so they can earn and, (3)God- to spread Christianity. After 333 years (1521-1898), Spain surrendered the Philippines to the Amercians after the Battle of Manila Bay. The Treaty of Paris, at the end of the Spanish–American War, transferred control of the Philippines to the United States.

American Colonization The Philipines has established a government and Aquinaldo as President. Also declared independence on the 12th of June, 1898. The Treaty of Paris was not recognized by the insurgent First Philippine Republic Government which, on June 2, 1899, proclaimed a Declaration of War against the United States. The Philippine–American War which ensued resulted in massive casualties. The U.S. had established a military government in the Philippines on August 14, 1898, following the capture of Manila. U.S. had established a military government in the Philippines on August 14, 1898, following the capture of Manila.

Japanese Invasion Commonwealth status was granted in 1935, preparatory to a planned full independence from the United States in 1946. Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by the Japanese occupation of the islands during World War II. After the end of the war, the Treaty of Manila established the Philippine Republic as an independent nation.

The Philippine Republic On July 4, 1946, Manuel Roxas of the Nationalista Party was inaugurated as the first President of the Republic of the Philippines. Roxas died in April 1948. He was succeeded by Elpidio Quirino. Both Roxas & Quirino had to deal with the Hukbalahap, a large antiJapanese guerrilla organization which became a militant group that discredited the ruling elite. The group was eventually put down by Pres. Quirino's Secretary of Defense, Ramon Magsaysay. Magsaysay defeated Quirino in the 1953 elections. He was a popular president and largely loved by the people. Magsaysay died in an airplane crash on March 17, 1957 and was succeeded by Carlos Garcia. Diosdado Macapagal won the 1961 presidential elections and soon after he changed history by declaring June 12 as independence day - the day Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence in Cavite from Spain in 1898. Aguinaldo was the guest of honour during the fist Independence Day celebrations in 1962. 13

Philippine History During the Martial Law Regime Ferdinand E. Marcos won the presidency in 1965 and was the first president to be re-elected for a second term in office. Marcos He embarked on an ambitious public works program and maintained his popularity through his first term. His popularity started to decline after his re-election due to perceived dishonesty in the 1969 campaign, the decline in economic growth, government corruption and the worsening peace & order. He declared Martial Law in 1972 near the end of his second & final term in office. Staunch oppositionist, Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino (later went on self exile to the U.S.) & Senator Jose Diokno were one of the first to be arrested. During the Martial Law years, Marcos held an iron grip on the nation with the support of the military. Opposition leaders we imprisoned and the legislature was abolished. Marcos ruled by presidential decrees.

Philippine Independence The Philippines became an independent republic in 1946. The country repaired the devastation of the second world war, notably under Ramon Magsaysay, President from 1953 to 1957. It survived a rebellion by communist guerrillas, the Hukbalahaps (People's Liberation Army) popularly known as " HUK's. The country also made slow but steady progress in developing its economy. This was aided by large-scale American investment. Under President Ferdinand Marcos, re-elected to a second terms of office in 1969, discontent again grew. Students allied with workers in mass anti-government demonstrations over the issues of political corruption, poverty and continuing American influence. In the provinces, Huk guerrilla activity flared up again. Marcos placed the country under Martial Law, and in 1973 announced a new constitution which enabled him to rule with unlimited powers for an indefinite period. February 1986 is a date of people power. Due to discontent in the dictatorial type of presidency, a snap election was held. With the opposition to the present ruling party winning according to Namfrel, an independent body to protect and Quick count the polls and votes, the people were divided as the present administration insists through its legal election arm body or comelec. That it was the winning party. In the end, the opposition initiated a Civil disobedience to boycott peacefully all government crony businesses. Then Minister of National defense Juan Ponce Emile and Gen. Fidel Ramos supported by thousands of common people' and sanctioned by the Catholic Bishops staged a peoples power rally. This forced President Marcos to Flee the Philippines. The new President, Madam Corazon C. Aquino, became the first woman President.

TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY

● 1380 - Muslim Arabs arrived at the Sulu Archipelago. ● 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan "discovers" the islands and names them: Archipelago of San Lazaro. ● 1542 - Spanish expedition commandeered by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos claims the islands for Spain; names them "Philippines" after Prince Philip, later King Philip II of Spain; the Philippines becomes part of Spanish Empire. ● 1872 - Gomburza (Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jocinto Zamora) were executed by the Spaniards. 14

● 1892 - Jose Rizal founded the civic organization La Liga Filipina. ● 1896 - Katipuneros tear their cedulas & shout in contempt of the Spaniards in what is called the Cry of Pugadlawin. ● 1897 - General Emilio Aguinaldo establishes the a new republic at Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan. ● 1886 - José Rizal publishes anti-Spanish novel, Noli Me Tangere (The Lost Eden); and seers up independence sentiment. ● 1896 - Spanish execute Rizal for instigating insurrection; public outrage spawns rebellion. ● 1898 - American warship Maine was blown up in Havana harbour, triggers the the Spanish-American war, the battle of Manila Bay ensues. ● 1898 - Emilio Aguinaldo assembled the Malolos Congress in Bulacan, then declares independence in Kawit, Cavite ● 1899 - Treaty of Paris ends Spanish-American War, cedes Philippines to U.S. after payment to Spain by U.S. of $ 20 million. Emilio Aguinaldo declares independence then leads a guerrilla war against U.S. ● 1901 - U.S. captures Aguinaldo; William Howard Taft arrives as first U.S. governor of Philippines. ● 1902 - Insurrection ends; Taft improves economic conditions, settles disputes over church ownership of land, establishes "Pensionado" program, allowing Filipinos to study in U.S., which helped modernize and westernize the country. ● 1916 - U.S. congress passes the Jones Law establishing elected Filipino legislature with house and senate. ● 1934 - U.S. congress approves the Tydings-McDuffie Law promising Philippine independence by 1946; transition to independence begins. ● 1935 - Filipino people approve constitution creating the Philippine Commonwealth with Manuel Quezon y Molina as president. ● 1941 - Japanese invades the Philippines, and defeats Gen. Douglas MacArthur at Bataan and Corregidor; Quezon establishes government in exile in the U.S. ● 1944 - Quezon dies in exile; Vice President Sergio Osmeña assumes the presidency; MacArthur returns to the Philippines and lands in Leyte with little resistance. ● 1945 - Gen. MacArthur liberates Manila and President Osmeña establishes government. ● 1946 - The U.S. gave the Philippines independence and Manuel Roxas y Acuña is elected as the first president of the new republic. ● 1965 - Ferdinand E. Marcos is elected by a big majority as president. ● 1972 - Martial Law was declared by President Marcos. ● 1981 - Marcos lifts Martial Law. ● 1983 - Opposition leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino returns from exile and is assassinated on arrival at Manila International Airport; Aquino's widow Corazon leads the "People Power" protest movement. 15

● 1986 - Marcos was declared winner in a presidential election beating Corazon Aquino amid charges of fraud; demonstrations erupt; Marcos flees to Hawaii; Aquino is declared president and forms a new government. ● 1992 - Endorsed by Aquino, her Secretary of Defense Gen. Fidel Ramos wins presidential election. U.S. Philippine congress rejects a new treaty with the U.S. and Subic Bay naval base and Clark Air Field returns to Philippine government, ending American military presence in the Philippines. ● 1996 - The government of Ramos agrees to greater autonomy for southern island of Mindanao. Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) ends the guerrilla war with the government. ● 1997 - Asian financial crisis grips Asia and the Philippines escapes the crisis despite series of currency devaluations. ● 1998 - Former movie actor Joseph Estrada is elected president. ● 2000 - On charges of corruption, the lower house impeach Estrada. ● 2001 - Estrada was forced to step down due to public outrage over corruption allegations. Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo assumes the presidency. ● 2004 - Presidential election takes place. Arroyo's closest rival (a dear friend of Ex-President Estrada) is film actor Fernando Poe, Jr. Arroyo narrowly defeats Poe, taking 39.5% of the vote to Poe's 36.6%. ● 2005 - A taped conversation between President Arroyo & an election official surfaced during the 2004 elections implying she influenced the official election results. Calls for her resignation and demonstrations followed soon after. In September 2005, Congress voted down the filing of an impeachment against Arroyo. ● 2007 - Former President Joseph Estrada is convicted of plunder, the first ever in the history of the Philippines. ● 2010 - First automated national elections in the Philippines. ● 2010 - Benigno "Noynoy" Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III wins the Presidential elections and sworn in at Manila's Rizal Park on June 30, 2010.

RELIGIOUS The average Filipino is deeply religious and dedicated to his church and faith. The Cathedral, mosque or chapel is the landmark of most communities; and although the constitution provides for separation of church and state, the advise and guidance of religious leaders remains influential in every area of social life, including politics. The Philippine Republic is the only catholic country east of the Mediterranean Sea, a legacy of Spanish Missionaries who begun teaching in the early 17th century, Catholicism has been fostered and expanded in the present century by U.S\German, and Belgian missionaries. The Catholic educational association includes two Universities (Santo Tomas in Manila and San Carlos in Cebu City), one hundred seminaries and colleges and more than 400 high and 200 elementary schools. The church runs 13 hospitals, 9 assylums and shelters, 3 lepers colonies 16

and many dispensaries. In recent years it has helped in the training of anti-communist leaders within these groups. . The Philippine independent Church, popularly known as the Aglipayan Church, was formed in 1902 under the leadership of Gregorio Aglipay, a Roman Catholic priest, and lsabela de los Reyes, a journalist politician. The doctrine was originally stated to be that of Roman Catholic Church, but essential departured have appeared. For example, the vernacular replaced Latin completely as the liturgical language and national heroes were added to the calendar of Saints. The Aglipayan followers is strongest in Northern Luzon. American Protestantism entered the Philippines after Spanish ceded the islands to the U.S, in 1898. The Pre- hysterians, Baptists, Methodist, Evangelical United Brethren, Disciples of Christ, Epis- copaliens, and Congregationalists were all represented by 1902. It is reported that 80% of the Protestant population belongs to denominations which are members of the Philippine Federation of Churches, which is similar to the National Council of Churches in the U.S. The association of Christian School and Churches includes Sillman University in Iloilo. There are several Protestants hospitals of which Mary Johnson Hospital in Manila Protestant is best known, and many clinics. In the field of social welfare. Protestant groups provide educational leadership, medical missionaries and agricultural missionaries. Islam was introduced to the Philippines shortly before the Spaniards arrived. Muslim Filipinos, called Moros, are concentrated in Sulu Archipelago, southern and western Mindanao, and southern Mindanao. Numbering more than 1,300.00 in 1960, the Moros are easily the largest Non-Christian group. They are culturally advanced and cohesive, and any planning that concerns the southern Philippines cannot ignore them.

RELIGIOUS DISTRIBUTION Most Filipinos (93% in 1960) are Christians. More -than 80% are Roman Catholics; 5% are Aglipayans, adherents of the Independent Church formed by some Filipino in the early years of this country as an expression of religion and political nationalism. About 3% belong to various Protestant churches. Muslims, who live· principally in Mindanao and the Sulu. Archipelago, constitute about 5% of the population about 1 o/o belong to the Iglesia ni Kristo, a Filipino church founded in 191 1.

17

ARCHITECTURE The architecture of the Philippines (Filipino: Arkitekturang Pilipino) is a reflection of the history and heritage of the country. The most prominent historic constructions in the archipelago are based on a mix of Indian, Japanese, Chinese, indigenous Austronesian, American, and Spanish influences. The pre-colonial architecture of the Philippines consisted of the Nipa hut made from natural materials but there are some traces of large-scale construction before the Spanish colonizers came but not well documented. An example of this is the pre-colonial walled city of Manila although later after the Spanish colonization, dismantled by the Spaniards and rebuilt as Intramuros. During three hundred years of Spanish colonialization, the Philippine architecture was dominated by the Spanish influences. During this period, Intramuros, the walled city of Manila, was built with its walls, houses, churches and fortress. The Augustinian friars built a large number of grand churches all over the Philippine Islands. During this period the traditional Filipino "Bahay na bato" style for the large houses emerged. These were large houses built of stone and wood combining Filipino, Spanish and Chinese style elements. After the Spanish-American war, the architecture of the Philippines was dominated by the American style. In this period the plan for the modern city of Manila was designed, with a large number of neoclassical architecture and art deco buildings by famous American and Filipino architects. During the liberation of Manila by the combined American and Filipino troops in 1945, large portions of Intramuros and Manila were destroyed. In the period after the second world war many of the destroyed buildings were rebuilt. At the end of the 20th century modern architecture with straight lines and functional aspects was introduced. During this period many of the older structures fell into decay. Early in the 21st Century a revival of the respect for the traditional Filipino elements in the architecture returned.

18

1.

Pre-historic Period

Caves (Natural Shelters) Caves and rock shelters like the Tabon Cave in Palawan served as shelters for the early Filipinos.

Banaue Rice Terraces the Banaue Rice Terraces are 2,000-year-old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by ancestors of the indigenous people. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to by Filipinos as the "Eighth Wonder of the World".It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1500 metres (5000 ft) above sea level. They are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps were put end to end, it would encircle half the globe.

2.Classical

Period

Later on the invention of various tools allowed for the fabrication of tent-like shelters and tree houses. Early Classical houses were characterized by rectangular structures elevated on stilt foundations and covered by voluminous thatched roofs ornamented with gable-finials and its structure could be lifted as a whole and carried to a new site. Examples include the Ifugao House, Bahay kubo and the Royal NobilitiesTorogan.

Skills in Fortification[edit] The architecture of the early Filipinos are also the skills that were used at the time of war and on the battlefield. Due to the creation of variousthalassocratic states within the archipelago, trade began to flourish. Neighboring tribes would often wage war for territory and trade rights in certain areas, thids ultimately led to the fortification of villages and towns. Another reason for the development of these fortifications skills was that of prestige and intimidation, petty chiefs and Datus as they were called often built forts and fortifications to intimidate other chiefs in their area. The Muslim Kota[edit] With the arrival of Muslim scholars from nearby Indonesia, the native Filipinos were introduced to the concept of the Kota or fort. The Muslim Filipinos of the south built strong fortresses called kota or moong to protect their communities. Usually, many of the occupants of these kotas are entire families rather than just warriors. Petty chiefs often had their own kotas to assert their right to rule, it served only as a military installation but as a palace for the Datus and chiefs. It is said that at the height of the Maguindanao Sultanate's power, they blanketed the areas around Western Mindanao with Kotas and other fortifications to block the Spanish advance into the region. These kotas were usually made of stone and bamboo or other light materials and surrounded by trench networks. As a result some of these kotas were burned easily of destroyed. With further Spanish campaigns in the region, the Sultanate was subdued and majority of Kotas dismantled or destroyed. Kotas were not only used by the Muslims as defense against Spaniards and other foreigners, renegades and rebels also built fortifications in defiance of other chiefs and sultans in the area.[2] During the American occupation, rebels built strongholds and Datus and Sultans often built 19

and reinforced their kotas in a desperate bid to maintain rule over their subjects and their land. [3]

Many of these forts were also destroyed by American expeditions, as a result, very very few kotas

still stand to this day. Notable Kotas: 

Kota Selurong: an outpost of the Bruneian Empire in Luzon, later became the City of Manila.



Kuta Wato/Kota Bato: Literally translates to "stone fort" the first known stone fortification in the country, its ruins exist as the "Kutawato Cave Complex"



[4]

Kota Sug/Jolo: The capital and seat of the Sultanate of Sulu. When it was occupied by the Spaniards in the 1870's they converted the kota into the world's smallest walled city.

Batanes Castles[edit] Main Article: Ivatan people The Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes often built fortifications to protect themselves during times of war. They built their so-called idjangs on hills and elevated areas.[5] These fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers and could be kept away when invaders arrived. Igorot Forts[edit] The Igorots built forts made of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the width in height around 2000 BC. [6]

Torogan (The wooden palace)[edit] This Classical Filipino House have three types of house: is lawig the small houses, The mala-awalai the large houses and the torogan. The existing torogans were built by the community and the slaves for the King in 1800s. This house of the King has no partitions and it is a multifamily dwelling where all the wives and the children of the Hari (king) lived. The windows of torogan are slits and richly framed in wood panels with okir designs located in front of the house. The communal kitchen is half a meter lower than the main house is both used for cooking and eating. The distinct high gable roof of the torogan, thin at the apex and gracefully flaring out to the eaves, sits on a huge structures enclosed by slabs of timber and lifted more than two meters above the ground by a huge trunk of a tree that was set on a rock. The end floor beams lengthen as panolongs the seemed to lift up the whole house. The torogan is suffused with decorations. There were diongal at the apex of the roof, also an intricately carved tinai a walai, okir designs in the floor, on windows and on panolongs. There were also brightly colored weaves or malongs hanging from the rafters, it was hung up using ropes around a particular territory for privacy. The house was built to sway during earthquakes. Twenty-five post of huge tree trunks were not buried but are freestanding. Sometimes, if needed, wooden pegs were used to secure the wood members. These were all used to prevent the house from collapsing.

3.

Pre-Spanish Era 20

Architecture in the Pre-Spanish era was expressed in the bahay-kubo style of dwellings, which was cool and cozy and well adapted to tropical climate. Even before the Spanish colonial period, the Filipino lived in permanent homes and wore clothes and ornamental handicrafts. Their houses were constructed of wood, bamboo and pal~ leaves (nipa shingles). They were grouped into Barangays along river banl