Pharmacology Chart

PHARMACOLOGY DRUG CHART – EXAM #2 ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS

Drug Name

NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents)

Salicylates

Disorder/Disease Treated

Affect inflammatory process Pain and inflammation Fever and headaches

Inflammation Used as an anti-platelet drug

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Side Effects and Contraindications

Relieve pain, reduce elevated body temperature, inhibit platelet aggregation Inhibit biosynthesis of prostaglandin

Gastric irritation if taken without food Sodium and water retention Alcoholic beverages should be avoided Peptic ulcers and gastric bleeding

Decreases inflammatory process by inhibiting prostaglandin Relieve pain by inhibiting enzyme COX

Should not be taken with other NSAIDs Risk for stroke and heart attack (makes blood thinner) so make sure not to take with other anticoagulants Do not take in last trimester of pregnancy Gastric irritation Sodium and water retention

Selective Cox-2 Inhibitors (Second Generation NSAIDs)

Decrease inflammation and pain Severe arthritic conditions Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis Relieves dysmenorrhea

Inhibits COX-2 (which normally promotes prostaglandin synthesis) but does not inhibit COX-1

Headaches, dzziness, sinusitis, nausea, flatulence, diarrhea, rash Peripheral edema

Corticosteroids

Antiinflammatory agents (prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone) used in arthritis and control of arthritic flareups (not drug of choice)

Suppressing various components of inflammatory process at injured site

Numerous serious side effects associated with prolonged use

Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)

Alleviate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis; palliative rather than curative effects; results may take up weeks or months to see

Gold Therapy – Depressed migration of leukocytes and suppresses prostaglandin activity Inhibits lysosomal enzymes contained in leukocytes

Dermatitis, urticarial, erythema, alopecia, stomatitis, pharyngitis, gastritis, colitis, hepatitis, severe blood dyscrasias, anaphylactic shock; contraindicated in hemorrhagic conditions and lupus

Inhibits migration of leukocytes to the inflamed site

Gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain; contraindicated in renal, cardiac or GI problems

Used for gout prevention Helpful for patients with uric acid stones or with blood disorders like leukemia and polycythemia vera

Lowers uric acid levels

Diuresis, alkaline urine, anorexia, nausea, vomitin, diarrhea, stomatitis, dizziness, headache, rash, pruritis, malaise, metallic taste

Used for gout

Flushed skin, sore gums, headache Increase the rate of uric acid excretion Avoid aspririn because it causes uric by inhibiting reabsorption acid retention

Antigout Drugs Colchicine

Treats acute symptoms of gout, not effective in decreasing inflammation occurring in other disorders

Uric Acid Inhibitor

Uricosurics

NONOPIOID AND OPIOID ANALGESICS

Drug Name

NSAIDs

Acetaminophen

Morphine

Disorder/Disease Treated

Pain Inflammation Transient ischemic attacks (preventative)

Nonprescription reliever of pain

Relieves severe pain

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by different forms of COX

Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition of hypothalamic heatregulator center

Depression of CNS and pain impulses because of binding to opiate receptor

Side Effects

Stomach and ulcer bleeding may occur because COX-1 inhibition decreases protection of stomach lining, severe GI problems may also occur, tinnitus, bronchospasm, urticarial (with hypersensitivity) Anorexia, nausea and vomiting as well as rash, severe hypoglycemia, oliguria and urticarial; could cause hemorrhage, hepatotoxicity, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia; contraindicated in severe hepatic or renal disease, alcoholism GI distress, drowsiness, dizziness, sedation, urinary retention, bradycardia, euphoria, hypotension

Meperidine

Hydromorphone

Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA)

Transdermal Opioid Analgesics

Adjuvant Analgesics

Opioid Agonists-Antagonists

synthetic opioid used for pain, used in pregnancy

CNS depressant

Decrease in blood pressure Contraindicated in patients with chronic pain, severe liver dysfunction, sickle cell, history of seizures, CAD and cardiac dysrhythmias

Relief of moderate to severe pain

Depressant

Make sure to watch respiration and provide adequate hydration

Self-administration of pain medication

Same as morphine

Oversedation

Treats chronic pain

Transdermal patch that is used during the skin, more potent than morphine

Irritation of skin, dependence, etc.

Relief of pain in neuropathy

Act on peripheral nerves and CNS by inhibiting spontaneous neuronal firing

Low dosages kept especially if in combination with other drugs

Pain relief

Used in the hopes of decreasing abuse

CNS toxicity from high doses

ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS

Drug Name

Phenothiazines

Nonphenothiazines

Atypical Serotonin/Dopamine Antagonists

Disorder/Disease Treated

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Side Effects

Treats psychotic behavior

Blocks dopamine receptors in the brain and controls psychotic symptoms

Sedation, dizziness, headache, dry mouth, nasal congestion, blurred vision, photosensitivity, nausea, constipation, urinary retention, polyuria and peripheral edema

Antipsychotic drug

Blocks dopamine receptors

Sedation and EPS may occur Drowsiness and anticholinergic effects

Interferes with binding of dopamine to dopamine (D2) and serotonin receptors

Weight gain, tremors, and occasional rigidity, orthostatic hypotension, EPS, ECG changes, convulsions, headache, dry mouth, photosensitivity, sexual dysfunction

Treat both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Anxiolytics

Treat anxiety and insomnia

Potentiate gamma-aminobutryic (GABA) effects by binding to specific benzodiazepine receptors and inhibit GABA neurotransmission

Drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, confusion, blurred vision, nausea, V, anorexia, sleep disturbance, restlessness, hallucinations

ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND MOOD STABILIZERS

Drug Name

Herbal Supplements

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Lithium (Mood Stabilizer)

Disorder/Disease Treated

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Side Effects

Treat depression, manage mild depression

St. John’s Wort – decrease reuptake of neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine

May interfere with SSRIs which cause serotonin syndrome—dizziness, headache, sweating, agitation

Treat major depression

Block uptake o the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin

Orthostatic hypotension, sedation, anticholinergic effects, cardiac toxicity and seizures

Major depressive disorders, anxiety, disorders like OC, panic, phobias, PTSD and other anxiety

Block reuptake of serotonin into the nerve terminal of CNS, do not block uptake of dopamine or norepinephrine

Dry mouth, blurred vision, insomnia, headache, nervousness, anorexia, N, D, suicidal ideation, sexual dysfunction

Treatment of depression

Inactivates norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine and serotonin

Hypertensive crisis from food-drug interactions, do not take with TCAs, CNS stimulation, agitation, orthostatic hypotension and anti cholinergic effects

Bipolar affective disorder

Calming effect without impairing intellectual activity, controls evidence of flight of ideas and hyperactivity, manic behavior may return of the person stops taking lithium. Alters ion transport in muscle and nerve cells and increases receptor sensitivity to serotonin

Headache, lethargy, drowsiness, dizziness, etc; urinary incontinence, hyponatremia, clonic movements, stupor, azotemia, leukocytosis, nephrotoxicity

ANTITUBERCULARS, ANTIFUNGALS, PEPTIDES AND METRONIDAZOLE

Drug Name

Antitubercular Drugs

Antifungal Drugs

Peptides

Disorder/Disease Treated

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Side Effects

Tuberculosis

Inhibits tubercle cell wall synthesis and blocks pyridoxine which is used for intracellular enzyme production

Drowsiness, tremors, rash, blurred vision, photosensitivity, tinnitus, dry mouth, constipation, N, V, psychotic behavior, peripheral neuropathy, etc.

Fungal infections; fungistatic or fungicidal depending on dose and susceptibility

Increase permeability of fungal cell membrane (fluconazole)

Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, headache, rash and burning sensation in vagina No adverse reactions known

Treat bacterial infections (Polymixin B)

Interfering with cell membrane of bacterium and cause cell death

High serum levels cause nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity and parasethesias, redness, rash, nausea and vomiting

ANTIVIRALS, ANTIMALARIALS AND ANTIHELMINTICS

Drug Name

Disorder/Disease Treated

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Side Effects

Antiviral Non-HIV Drugs

Prevent or delay the spread of a viral infection

Interference with the synthesis of viral DNA

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, tremors, lethargy, rash, increased bleeding at IV site, urticarial, anemia, gingival hyperplasia, neuropathy, seizures, nephrotoxicity and leukopenia

Antiviral HIV Drugs

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors

Prevents synthesis of DNA and allows T4 lymphocytes to increase initially

None noted

Antimalarial Drugs

Treats acute malaria; prophylaxis for malaria

Increased pH in the malaria parasite inhibits parasitic growth

Anorexia, N, V, D, abdominal cramps, fatigue, ECG changes, hypotension, psychosis

Antihelmintic Drugs

Treat parasitic worms

Expels them, I suppose

GI distress and neurologic problems like dizziness, weakness, headache and drowsiness

DRUGS FOR URINARY TRACT DISORDERS

Drug Name

Disorder/Disease Treated

Therapeutic Effects and Action

Side Effects

Treat acute and chronic UTIs

Inhibits bacterial enzymes and metabolism

Anorexia, N, V, D discoloration of urine, diarrhea, rash pruritus, dizziness, headache, superinfection, peripheral neuropathy, hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis

Urinary Analgesics

Relieves urinary pain and burning

Frequency and urgency of urination are relieved

GI disturbances, hemolytic anemia, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity

Urinary Stimulants

Helps with neurogenic bladders and when bladder function is decreased

Increase tone of detrusor urinal muscle which produces a strong enough contraction strong enough to stimulate urination

None noted

Urinary Antiseptics and Antiinfectives and Antibiotics

Urinary Antispasmodics/Antimuscarinics

Relief of urinary tract spasms resulting from infection or injury

Antimuscarinic – block parasympathetic nerve impulses Antispasmodics – direct action of smooth muscle of urinary tract

Contraindicated in urinary or GI obstruction or glaucoma Dry mouth, increased heart rate, dizziness, intestinal distension, constipation