Petrie, Royal Tombs II

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DT 62-

THE ROYAL TO MS

F+3C

OF

THE EARLIEST DYNASTIES PAET

1901.

II.

BY.

FLINDERS

W. M.

Hon. D.G.L., Litt.D., LL.D., I'h.D..

.OK "" EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSI'i

EDWARDS PEC"

MEMBER

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LLt

HE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL

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LONDON;

NS'C T T r*""E

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF SOCIETY OF ANTHROT

;

IN-

MEMBER OE THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF AHHS01. 01 THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN .'"I

MEMBER

With F.

Li.

Chapter

GRIFFITH,

by

M.A., F.S.A

TWENTY-FIRST MEMOLU

01

r UND

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE

LONDON SOLD AT This

OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, and

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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924020551267

4: 3

ABYDOS.

TOMB OF KING

ZER.

BRACELETS.

THE ROYAL TOMBS OF

THE EARLIEST DYNASTIES n

PART

1901.

II.

BY

FLINDERS PETRIE

W. M.

Hon. D.C.L., Litt.D., LL.D., Ph.D., Hon. F.S.A.

(Scot.)

EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, nNIVERSITT COLLEGE, LONDON MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

;

;

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN

;

MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES. ;

With F.

Chapter

by

GRIFFITH, M.A.,

Ll.

F.S.A.

TWENTY-FIRST MEMOIR OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND PUBLISHED BY OBDEB OF THE COMMITTEE

LONDON SOLD AT

The OFFICES OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, and

and by B.

59,

37,

Great Russell Street, W.C.

Temple Street, Boston, Mass., U.SA.

KBGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road, W.C. QOARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ASHER & Co., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C. ;

1901

:

LONDON riUNTED BY GILBERT AND JUVINGTON, LT ST.

JOHN'S HOUSE, OLE It KEN WELL.

EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. ©resident.

SIR

JOHN EVANS,

K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., P.R.S.

H)lce=ipresi5ent6.

Sie E.

Maunde Thompson,

K.C.B., D.C.L.,

LL.D. Lt. - General

Sie Feancts G.C.M.G., G.C.B.

The Hon. Chas.

L.

Hutchinson

(U.S.A.).

Peof. G. Maspebo, D.C.L. (Prance).

Geenfell,

The Eev. Peof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D. The Rev. W. C. Winslow, D.D., D.O.L.

Peof. Ad. Eeman, Ph.D. (Germany). Josiah Mullens, Esq. (Australia).

M. Chaeles Hentsch

(Switzerland).

(U.S.A.).

1bon. treasurers.

P. C. Postee, Esq. (Boston, U.S.A.).

H. A. Geuebee, Esq., E.S.A.

1foon.

J.

S.

Secretaries.

The Rev. W.

Cotton, Esq., M.A.

Winslow, D.D. (Boston, U.S.A.).

C.

,/IBembers ot Committee.

T. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D. Miss M. Beodeick, Ph.D. (for Boston).

The Rev. W. MacGbegoe, M.A.

Majoe E. B. Cassatt, B.A.

The Mabquess of Nobthampton.

(for

Phila-

delphia).

Somees Claeke, Esq., P.S.A. W. E. Oeum, Esq., M.A. Louis Dyee, Esq., M.A. (for Chicago). Aethue John Evans, Esq., M.A., P.R.S. P. Ll. Geiffith, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.

Mes. P. Ll. Geiffith. T. Paemee Hall, Esq. P. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., Litt.D.

Mes. McCluee.

A. S.

Mueeay, Esq., LL.D., P.S.A.

Pbancis P. G.

Wm.

Peecival, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.

Hilton Peice, Esq., Die.S.A.

Mes. Tibabd.

The Rev. H. G. Tomkins, M.A. Emanuel M. Undebdown, Esq., K.C. Sie Heemann Webeb, M.D. E. Towey Whyte, Esq., F.S.A. Majoe-Geneeal Sie Chaeles W. Wilson, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., P.R.S.

CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. SBCT.

1.

Details of publication.

2. Previous

wreck of tombs

CHAPTER

.

I.

Site of the Royal Tombs. 3. 4. 5.

6.

The The The The

groups of tombs

.

order of tombs

kings before the 1st Dynasty kings of the Ilnd Dynasty

.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

VI.

The

The Vases.

By SECT.

SECT.

PAGE

36. Condition of the material

41

37. Method of classifying

41

38. Restoration of forms

42

39. Igneous rocks

42

.

40. Sedimentary rocks

43

4 1. Secondary examples

44

42. The Aegean pottery

46

43. The marks on pottery

47

VII.

Inscriptions.

F. Ll. Griffith, M.A., F.S.A.

LIST OF PLATES (WITH REFERENCES). The plates

i.



lxiii.,

without

The plates for Students,

iiiA.

letters,

are given



with

IviA.,

Plate I.

PAGE

III.

IIIa.

IV.

Mena

Mena

Tablets of

Mena

of

21, 49

Inscriptions of Zer

23, 49

Objects of Zer

VIA. VII.

...

11

Inscriptions of Zet

Den

Objects of

VIII.

Inscriptions of Mersekha,

XII.

XIII.

XV. XVI.



of



of

164—177 XXII.

of

Khasekhemui

,,

of

Khasekhemui

191—201

50

XXIV.

27

Copper objects

28

XXVIII.



XXIX. XXIXa. XXIXb.



19/51 28, 51

XXX.





120—132 Den 133—146 Den

30, 51

XXXa. XXXI.



Perabsen

Tablets of

,,

Narmer and

Tablets of

Mena

.

.20.

Painted inscriptions

Ka and Nar89—96 mer of Aha Mena 97—104 of Zer— Ta 105—113 of Zer— Ta 114—124

21,51

Sealings of





XXXII. 30, 52

31, 52







.

Inventory

of

54 32

32, 54

.

.

33,

54

Mena

.

Inventory of

31,

.

49—94 Key 95—146 Key 49—60 Zer 61—71 Zer 72—82 Zer 83—94 Zer

period

XXXIII. 30, 52

Signs on vases Steles

31, 53

31, 53

202—216

Objects of Khasekhemui

27, 51

31, 53

Perabsen



XXIII.

31, 52

Perabsen

XXV. XXVI. XXVII.

.

XIV.

XXI.

31, 53



178—190

Inscriptions of Merpaba,

Mena

XL

of

,,

31, 52



26, 50

Qa, and Perabsen

X.

24, 49

25,

Qa, and Perabsen

IXa.

XX.

136—145 Den Setui, 146—155 Den Setui, 156—163

23, 49

25, 49

VIIa.

IX.



of

and

Den

VIIIa.

of

XIX.

31, 32

Den— Setui



22, 49

.

125—135

Merneit

XVIII.

and

Zer

of

and

Va. VI.

page Sealings

49

21, 49

11

11

19, 48 20,

earlier

V.

Plate

17

Inscriptions before

Objects

Subscribers.

are issued in a Supplement, which can be ordered,.

XVII.

Jewellery

Frontispiece.

of Zer II.

to all

letters,

Tomb

.

36

M.I.

36

XXXIV.



of Zer, ivory

37

XXXV.



of Zer, ivory

37

XXXVI.



of Zer,

wood.

37

8 7 1

LIST OF PLATES. PAGE

PLATE

XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLT. XLII. XLIII.

XLIV.

Inventory of Zet of

n

.

Cemetery

ofMerneit

>i

W

38

LIh.

.

38

LII.

11

.

38

Lilt.

11

.

38

LUIa.

11

1 1

,,

of

Mersekha

of

Mersekha and

11



.

.

.39 .

.

Qa

XLV.

Vases

of

Quartz

XL VII. XLVIIa. XLVIIb. XLVIII. XLVIIIa. XLVIIIb.

XLIX. XLIXa. L.

Basalt,





Porphyry,

11

Volcanic, „

La. LI. LIa.

LIb. LTc.

LId.

Serpentine, Slate,

Dolomite



LIe.

LIf.

LIg.



coloured limestone

LIIIc.

399—425 426—445 446—458

39 39

LIIId.

39

Alabaster

39

LIIIe.

ii

11

Vases

of

grey

limestone



459—474 475—484

1—26 27-50 51—68 69—83 84—106

107—121 122—128 129—136 137—150 151—160 161—175 176—190 191—206 207—230

LIV.

43

43

LV. LVa. LVb. LVc. LVd.

43

LVI.

Views

of

LVIa.

Views

of

43

43

.

LVII.

44

LVIII.

LX. LXI.

44

LXII.

44

LXIII.

44

44

44

44 44 44

1

Views of

44 46

.

— 62

47 47



25'J— 354

47

355—491 Tombs, Mena to Den Tombs, Den to

47

47

7—9

— 11

Tombs, Perabsen and Khasekhemui 11

LIX. 44

.

Perabsen 9

43

43

44

63—160 161—258

43 43

44





43

43

44

485—502 Aegean pottery Marks on pottery,

42

43

44

white limestone

,,

42

marble

231—252 253—266 267—288 289—311 312—328

LIIIf.

LIIIg.

Crystal

329-344 345—360 361—377 378—398

LIIIb

of Perabsen and



Khasekhemui

XLVI.

Vases of Alabaster

.

Den ofDen ofAzab of

PAGE

PLATE

General Plan

Plan of B tombs

... .

.

Plan of Zer tombs

.

Plan of Zer and Perabsen

Plan of Den tomb

.

Plan of Khasekhemui tomb

— 12 3

.

3

.

3

.

— — 1

.

9

.

12

KINGS MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME.

THE

ROYAL TOMBS OF THE

1st

DYNASTY.

INTRODUCTION. 1

The present volume describes the continu-

.

ation and conclusion of the

Tombs

of Abydos,

begun

work on the Royal It has not

last year.

been practicable to include every result in

this

arranging

material.

Miss

Orme's

was

help

more valuable than ever, as she developed

my of

all

photographs, and inked in fifty-seven plates

my

pencil drawings, beside drawing

marks

account, as some classes of objects require more

on pottery and helping in sorting the stone vase

study, such as the carved slate fragments and

Without her doing such a great mass of work, this volume could not have appeared till many weeks later. Miss A. Urlin sorted much of the vase fragments, and joined

the

worked

Nor

flints.

there

is

virtue in comprising the whole of

two volumes, when

site

now

is

But

Paris awaiting publication. is

my

special

results in

an amount of the

so large

material from the same

any

still

lying in

at least there

issued every inscription, and almost every

class of objects,

this final

which have been obtained

work of rescue

by my

careful

in

work-

many complex

The production

of ninety-eight plates

is

a

matter requiring time, both for digesting the material into order from rough heaps of frag-

ments, and for the merely mechanical labour of

To carry out this, several workers were needed. Mr. Mace superintended the excavations, and so left me free to work out the drawing.

of sealings, stone fragments, and small

objects.

part of the daily marking of objects.

The general course of work was, that I photographed in the morning, sorted and drew stone vases in the afternoon, and sorted and

saw the digging,

I only occasionally

general interest in the subject, divide the

Dendereh.

Perabsen, the central chamber of Zer, and the

graphs.

of

Khasekhemui

planned by Mr. Mace. plans,

besides

doing

My much

;

the

wife in

rest

drew

were

all

sorting

the

and

plates

The

as

in

the

we have had

to

publication of

large edition presented to all

subscribers contains sixty-three plates, of fifteen

half

;

drew

though each kind of

work was also taken at other times. The importance of the material for study makes it needful to thoroughly publish every But as much of it will only be fragment. wanted by specialists, and would not add to the

mainly for planning the tombs of Den and

south

fractures, besides doing a great

sealings in the evening

men.

piles

fragments.

which

are photographs and forty-eight litho-

Besides this the supplementally plates

which are not of general interest number thirtyfive, of which ten are photographs and twentyfive lithographs.

These are

all

distinguished B

by

ROYAL TOMBS OP THE added to the numbers, and are

letters

DYNASTY.

1st

the

most

perience "

(Fouilles,

described in the text of this volume.

interesting

remains of the wooden tomb chamber

be procured either separately or

of Zer, a carbonized mass 28 feet

whole

Avith the

2

fully

They can bound together

Again a rich harvest of history has come from the site which was said to be exhausted ;

and in place of the disordered confusion of names without any historical connection, which Amelineau, of kings

Mena

known from

that was

all

we now have

the

Mission

the complete sequence

from the middle of the dynasty before

to probably the close of the Ilnd Dynasty,

and we can trace in

detail the fluctuations of

The 166 plates need some twenty

art throughout these reigns. results

from our work

will

of

or

thirty to be yet added to record the whole of

the information, which no one could hope to

recovery

this

;

by

3 feet,

not only after

is

the

removal of everything that was thought of value, both by the Mission, and

also

by the

Abydos who did the work, but

it

is

tomb we read "

disappeared, and of another

j'y

rencontrai environ deux cents kilos de charbon de bois" (Fouilles, 1896, p. 15), which has been

The ebony

removed.

all

—the most

Mena

— were

tablets of

priceless historical

Narmer and monuments

broken up in 1896 and tossed aside

all

whence we have rescued them and rejoined them so far as we can. In every

in the rubbish,

we can but apply

direction his

own words

to

the destroyer

who

concerning the Copts

" tous

the remains,

brises

.

left

de la maniere la

plus sauvage " (Fouilles, 1896, p. 33).

Of new methods employed

may

have recovered two years ago.

And

18)

p.

studded with copper fastenings, have entirely

series.

.

was

1896,

in this

work some

be Avorth future use, such as the restitution

of the forms of the stone vases

frame, the

clearing

thieves of

by a

in spite of

of a complete

the weathered

of

sand on the

filling of

mode

by an adjusting stones

and the adoption

face,

of registering every

wrought

the determined destruction of the remains on the

fragment from a tomb by inventory sheets of

were smashed, avowedly

outlines (plates xxxii. to xlv.), Avhich enable a

spot.

The pottery

jars

any one

to prevent

obtaining them.

else

stone vases, broken anciently by

fanatics,

The are

referred to thus, " ceux qui 6taient brisks et que j'ai

reduits

en miettes

1897, p. 33), and to

chips

the

;

"

(Amelineau, Fouilles,

we indeed found them stamped

stacks of great jars which

are

recorded as having been found in the tomb of

Zer

(Fouilles,

destroyed

we read,

;

1898,

p.

42) were

entirely

the jars of ointment were burnt, as

" les matieres grasses brulent pendant

des journeys entieres,

comme

j'en ai fait l'ex

general idea to be obtained of the contents, and the trial of any union with pieces

elseAvhere

preserved.

As most

of the

tombs are diagonal to the

points of the compass,

upper

it

may be

stated that the

sides of all the plans here are called the

north in the descriptions, except top of Avhich

shape

it

plan, pi.

the top.

is

called

lviii.,

which

is

lxii.,

the

as oAving to the

east,

could not be turned

pi.

;

and the general

placed with the west at





CHAPTER

I.

THE SITE OF THE ROYAL TOMBS. 3.

The general

periods

the

of

different

groups of tombs can be readily distinguished

X

by the change

U.

in the character of the objects

found in them. there

is

a class of animal-figure seals which are

work these

only found commonly in the

B

r

in that of

On

V

still

T)

the IVth Dynasty

rerabsen latest,

:

like those of

and those of Perabsen are

intermediate between the earlier style and that

Y are

From

Avest of

U

Khasekhemui.

therefore,

it is

which the

objects

which are the

clear

latest

the

tombs

;

alone,

earliest

and

while the relative posi-

on the ground show

most cases the

in

It is evident that

order betweeen these limits.

the earliest royal tombs are the easternmost of

the larger ones, and that the progress was to the west, planting the tombs alternately north and

south of the middle

Even without any

line.

internal evidence of the order of certain kings,

we should

groups in

the

place

general

this

When

tive order

we"

examine the

more

is

closely fixed

of re-used vases of a king in .

So that

later king. lists

we can

if

we

details,

the rela-

by the presence the tomb of a

ignore

all historical

restore the order of the

tombs

in

the following manner, referring to the letters

shown

in

pi. lviii.

B by

:

style of

sealings,

Qrder

B

)

by re-use

Z

)

of vase.

z

Y

the

/

sealings.

by

sealings,

between Z and T.

;

B

to

Y

;

X, and

T,

and then,

is

in a line

then alternate on each

U Q

placed further

is

;

after a pause,

opposite side, and then

V

comes P on

again opposite

to P.

In this order we have not fixed the place of

B

the separate kings of the

group, nor that of

Hotepahaui, except that he

But

Perabsen.

so

far

pendent of the historical 5.

In the

first

have already shown

shortly before

inde-

lists.

volume

how

is

we have been

Royal Tombs we

of

this order of the

tombs

agrees with those which can be identified in the lists.

succession.

4.

by

of vases.

|

Hence the order of the tombs westward from side of

tions

r

i

the other hand, the seals of Perabsen

and Khasekhemui are more nearly

of

/by re-use J

,

group of tombs,

few in the tomb of Zer, fewer

\

,T JN eteren r.

of vases.

position after U.

Raneb

are

;

by re-use

Q by

In the sealings, for instance,

closely like the later prehistoric

Zet.

}

Two more

be added

;

for

such identifications can

on seal 109 we read Zer

and similarly on

seal 2 (vol.

i.)

now

—Ta,

we read Zet

Ath, thus corresponding to the Teta and Ateth of Sety's

list.

Of the tombs placed

in order

above we can then identify

Zer— Ta=Teta, 2nd king, Z Zet— Ath = Ateth, 3rd,

Y T Den — Setui=Hesepti,

5th,

— Merpaba=Merbap,

X

Azab

TJ

Mersekha

6th,

— Shemsu=Semempses,

7th,

b 2



EOYAL TOMBS OF THE and

bave sbown bow tbe early form of the

I

second

Qebb

name

(vol.

of

—was

Qa — Sen :

mistaken for

23), and so stated in tbe

i.

It is evident

named

kings

then that

in the 1st

to the

must look is

Aha

for

Mena and

Hence

B

that

his predecessors;

it

we

and

it

abundant objects of King

with Mena, entirely apart from the evidence

of the ivory tablet from Naqada, on which that identification has hitherto rested. arises,

How

is it

that objects

Aha

should be so abundant at Abydos when tomb has been already found at Naqada ? Where was his tomb ? at Naqada or Abydos ? Now at Naqada were found many ivory labels of necklaces, mentioning the number of stones, and with the name Neit-hotep on the back. These probably belonged to a queen of Mena. And if we must fix on one tomb as that of Aha, and one as that of a connection of his, it would be the Abydos tomb which would be that of Aha, where several ebony tablets record offerand it would be the tomb with ings to him Neit-hotep's necklaces which would be that of a queen. Also it is far more likely that a tomb of

his

;

in the great series of royal

of the king,

tombs should be that

and that a tomb apart in another

cemetery should be

for a

queen of

his.

Hence it seems that the facts as now known would show that Aha Mena was buried in the and that the tomb at royal series at Abydos

— ;

Naqada was

that

of

his

queen

Neit-hotep,

naturally buried with vases and objects belong-

ing to

the king.

Further,

it

seems not im-

probable that one of the sealings there found to be

559),

consider this group of

B

tombs

We know

of this age several

Mena, and who therefore must be presumed to

identified

are found.

Here a question

in detail.

fig.

Dynasty are

Hence Aha must be within a reign or two of Mena. Looking at the sealings, is it clear that the seals of Aha are more like those of Zer than are any of the other earliest sealings. Hence Aha would come to be identified

We may now

ii.,

seal.

kings whose works are ruder than those of

group of tombs marked

in this group that

Becherches

five or six of the eight

here in the right order of the tombs. is

De Morgan,

and was the queen's own

more

Sety.

DYNASTY.

hotep (see

of

list

1st

is

read " the spirit of Neit-hotep," ba Neit-

have preceded him in that rapidly rising

But unhappily

zation.

B

tombs have been

the contents

civili-

of these

so ruthlessly confused

and

destroyed by recent digging that the chance of recovering their history has been almost

The

list

tombs

of

is as

named

©bjects associated with certain

follows (see pi. lix)

Ka, pottery

lost.

:





;

THE SITE OF THE ROYAL TOMBS.

we

are Jed to place

Sma

immediate pre-

who married

decessor of Mena,

The

Neit-hotep.

as the

extreme

rudeness

Ka

sealing and pottery inscriptions of

point to his being before Narmer.

have the

series

daughter

his

and hence they seem to have been added in reign as tombs of his domestics.

certainly

Hence we

probably a queen or daughter of Mena

The whole

Ka,

gether

Narmer,

thrown,

Mena,

B

Hence Mena; and it

west.

joining

it (15, 17,

probably the tomb of

is

and the tombs ad-

18) that the objects of

Mena

such have doubtless

been

And

found.

are

19

in No. 19

is

scattered in throwing the contents of No.

19

B

into tombs already opened.

B

15,

who found

but on the surface, so that their place

is

not

xl. 8)

Sma

objects of

There would be nothing against the being B 15, next to Mena. tomb of The objects of Narmer are found in B 6, 17,

certain.

Sma

The large

18.

been thrown turned out of

jar in

far,

B

B

tomb

so small a

is

as

B

17 or

B

18,

where only

So that

B

10

19

14

Bener-ab

16

Domestics of

and a

Mena

i.,

xxxix.

2,

bit of a bracelet

Aha roughly

with what

is

So pro-

cut.

bably these were of sons or brothers of Mena.

Thus we have reconstructed the list ofThinite and perhaps

not likely to have had

Narmer

Sma Mena

there pottery (see B. T.,

kings before

is

10 15

ascertain

Mena

The

fused by the previous

The

we

are

allow,

ever likely to

would have been had these tombs not been so con-

them.

very different

6.

so far as the facts

so far as

facts

case

work

here.

about the second dynasty, the

now be studied. In the tomb of Perabsen we found that there were buried with him vases of three other kings, kings after Qa, must

Ka is certain, as it was still full jars, many of which bore his name

The tomb

of

;

the only other things of his

And

Zeser

10 in throwing the contents

of Narmer.

on either

9



with rough figures of a hawk like that on

sealing 96,

has a better claim than any other to be the tomb

and

B B B B

probably the name

not likely to have

small objects of his were found.

of cylinder

Ka

and might well have been

So great a king

back.

6

7

The two tombs Unnumbered to the north of 14 were cleared last year by Mr. Maclver,

are found about

The

:

B

B B

lay near by.

from the order of the kings, where their objects have been

thus

with Zeser probably before Sma, and yet after Ka. How far can the tombs be identified with these kings ? The general order is from east to

and

can,

sites is

name

;

result of this inquiry, piecing to-

we

all

and the

Sma,

14, in-

cluding three with Bener-ab, " sweet of heart,"

other pieces with this same

:

B

Moreover objects of Mena were in

the

of

his

side, at

as Zeser

were found some

11 and 15.

which

—by the

unbroken rule here — are there-

fore his predecessors.

was probably

B

after

Ka

it

is

9 was his tomb,

ahaui, Raneb,

Their names are Hotep-

and Neteren

;

Raneb preceded Neteren,

and

it

is

certain

as the latter

had

the only dated object in which was a sealing of

defaced and re-used a vase of the former

(pi.

Narmer, who was probably his successor. The whole of the three rows of private tombs

As on statue No. 1 (Cairo Museum) 2). these three names are in the above order, and

more

likely than not that

to the east of these great

name on

tombs contained no

the sealings but that of

Aha— Mena

that

viii.

the succession of two of is

them

is

now

proved,

it

only reasonable to accept them in this order,

ROYAL TOMBS OF THE The only

link to the

of Sety

list

these are the immediate successors of

(who closed the

the king Baneteren of the

may

list.

As

if

King Qa

Dynasty), then Neteren

1st

contrary fact this

that

I. is

there

is

is

no

1st

DYNASTY.

The length of the Ilnd Dynasty in the copyists of Manetho would at first sight be longer. But in the version of Africanus, which is

usually the best, Syncellus, his copyist, intro-

duces two more kings from Eusebiiis

be accepted.

After these comes Perabsen, and therefore he

now

see

that this

emendation. There

however, a King Khaires,

would be the Uaznes of Sety's list. Before Khasekhemui must probably be placed

who may

Khasekhem, whose statues and vases were found

Mr. Quibell found at El

at Hierakonpolis (Hierakonpolis, pis. xxxvi. to

From all we ought to

xli.)

;

if so

he w»uld be the Senda of the

list,

well be the king

Sethenes of Manetho.

Then there remains but one name dynasty, Zaza, according to Sety's

Now

that of Khasekhemui. for this

king being the

dynasties, as there

is

than his at Abydos.

in this

list,

to 'be

there seems reason

last ruler of the Thinite

no royal tomb known later Moreover we meet in his

tomb with sealings naming the " king-bearing mother " Hapenmaat. She seems to have been throughout

the

Illrd

thus appears to be

the

deified

adored

Dynasty, and ancestress

of

that dynasty.

Also a sealing of Perabsen was found in the

tomb

king

of

Neterkhet

working

Grarstang,

for the

(opened

by Mr.

Egyptian Research

and this king is the same as Zeser on the Seheyl stele, the 2nd king of the Illrd Dynasty according to Sety. This shows that there was no great interval between Perabsen

Account)

;

and the Illrd Dynasty.

Tombs.

and we

probably an erroneous

is is,

;

Kara whose cylinder

Kab

(El

these available facts

Kab it

restore the dynasty thus

xx. 29).

seems that :



;

CHAPTEE

II.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMBS. The

7.

assign of

is

tomb that we can definitely marked B 7 (pi. lix.), the tomb

posts on each long side, and probably one in the

This

This tomb was never burnt.

oldest

that

King Ka.

about 20 feet by 10 brick walls

is

is

a pit with sloping sides, 1

The

middle of each end, to carry the wooden

thickness of the

9.

that of the length of one brick,

Sma

feet.

about 11 inches; and the

thrown the longer never been burnt.

the

soft footing of

wall and pressure of sand behind

it

has over-

The chamber has The broken pottery mixed sides.

with the sand, which

filled

it,

largely consisted

The tomb

B

15

thick, beina;

probably that of King

is

Its walls are

(see pi. lvi. 2).

roof.

not quite so

50 inches at the end.

about 26 feet by 16 feet

;

and there

The

size is

is

a large

batter of 14 inches in the sides, and 12 inches in the ends.

The depth

is 13-| feet.

holes in the floor suggest that there

The post

were

five

on

of cylinder jars, like the later prehistoric form

the long side, and one in the middle of each

W

end, as in the

80 (see Naqada,

many

pi.

xxxii.)

;

and these had

inscriptions on them, written in ink with

a brush, most of which showed the in the usual panelled frame

.

name

of

Ka

There can therefore

tomb of Narmer. But along the sides are holes for roofing beams near the top of the wall (lower sides at 149 from the floor, the wall being 160 to 170 inches high)

;

they are drawn

be no doubt of the attribution of this tomb.

here on the east side, but others on the west were

The tomb B 9 is perhaps that of King Zeser, who seems to have been a successor of Ka. It

mostly broken away and inaccessible.

is

of the

same construction

about 18 by 10

feet.

The tomb

8.

B

It

as that of Ka,

and

10 appears to be the oldest

by point to this as his Narmer of objects and the tomb (see pi. lvi. 1). The brick walls are 5 feet of the great tombs,

and

this proves

all

These

accord with the posts

;

that, here at least, the posts

were for backing a wooden chamber inside the

never was burnt.

its

roof beams do not at

easternmost position

thick at the end, and 7 feet on the long The batter is 9 inches at the end, and 12 inches side.

brick chamber.

If this be the case here

probably also true

in

Narmer's tomb

it

was

;

and

hence these brick tombs were only the protective

around a wooden chamber which conThis same system is known tained the burial. shell

in the 1st

Dynasty tombs, and we

see here the

and

source of the chambered tombs of Zer and Zet.

the batter of the walls there is a care shown in proportioning the strength of the ends and the

Before the age of Mena, the space around the

Thus

in the sides.

The

sides.

floor,

side

;

feet.

feet

one being at the middle of each long and two other holes between these and the

south corners i

by 16 feet, and There are two holes in the

about 26

size is

the depth 10|

in both the thickness

The

:

so

it

seems that there were

five

details of exact dimensions are placed together

for comparison at the

end of

this chapter.

wood chamber was used for dropping between the framing posts

;

in offerings

and then,

after

Mena, separate brick chambers were made around

wooden chamber in order to hold more This chamber was burnt offerings. and is the

;

apparently that mentioned by M. Amelineau Fouilles, in extenso, 1899, p. 107.

10.

The tomb

B

19,

which contained the

;

EOYAL TOMBS OF THE best tablet of Aha-

we bave

for, as

at INaqada

—Mena

probably his tomb

is

tomb with

noticed, the

more probably that of

is

;

his vases

queen

his

The length

it

mud thus

have had

It appears to side, like the

As both

about 26

feet,

five posts along each

B

tombs

17 and 18, to the

contained objects of Mena,

this,

it

is

the triple

row

of the

Royal tombs

here no

name was found

the jar sealings

of

tombs

to the east

34

tombs

beside that of

Aha on

in

;

all

the

and the two tombs

;

B

6,

14,

seem to be probably of the same age. In B 14 were only objects of Aha, and three of them with Bener-ab, probably the name of a wife or

daughter of Mena, which other tomb.

In

B

6

is

not found in any

was a vase of Narmer, pro-

bably turned over from his tomb

same group

is clearly of the

as

B

B

10, as

B

6

tomb

14, the

of Bener-ab. 11

(pis. lx., lxi.),

has an important secondary history as the of the

shrine

of

XVIIIth Dynasty offered there

is

Osiris (for

earlier

;

established

none

of the

in

site

the

pottery

than that of Amenhotep

and visited with offerings from that time

III.),

the

until

XXVIth

Dynasty, when additional

sculptures were placed here. especially despoiled

worship

of Osiris.

by But

Afterwards

it

was

the Copts in erasing the of this later history the

main remains were collected already by Amelineau, and it is the early state of the place as the tomb of King Zer that we have to study here.

The tomb chamber has been and the brick sequently

cells

against

around the

it

built of

wood

were built sub-

wooden

chamber,

as

their rough unplastered ends show (pi. lvi. moreover the cast of the grain of the 3, 4) ;

shallow grooves in the

for

There are also long a wide one (10

floor,

cross groove

all

:

and a short

to that

(2 inches across) parallel

these there was, of carbonized

probably the places of beams

X

331

floor,

Besides

four years ago, a great mass

till

wood along the north and

Avhich were copper wire

side of the

X

36 inches, or 28

3 feet

nails.

;

destroyed after M.

has entirely been lineau uncovered

The

floor

in

This was

probably part of the flooring of the tomb, but

it

Ame-

it.

tomb, beneath the wood-

of the

work, was covered with a layer of bricks 3 inches thick, which lay on

But

sand.

all

size

over

tomb had been

marl for building the

which some fragments of sculp-

ture in hard limestone are

The

inches of clean

5

the middle of the

cleared to the native Osiris shrine, of

The Tomb of King Zer—Ta

.

and leaving 4 inches wide

which supported the wooden chamber.

the great cemetery of the domestics of is

inches,

5

inches across) near the west wall, 3 narrow ones

other tombs.

of the

;

and the

mortar stood out 2 inches more, covering

the footing of the planks.

probable that they were tombs of his family.

age

9x5 inches

planking of the sides rested were

and

is

walls like that of the other tombs.

But

mortar adhering

The beams on which the wooden

to the bricks.

17 feet; with a batter of the

tomb

of the

the breadth of

this

mud

seen on the

wood can be

of the 9 inches the Avail end covered 3,

Neit-hotep.

north of

DYNASTY

1st

all

of the

have been about 28

now

all

that remain.

wooden chamber must

feet

square

;

the whole

space including the cells around being about 43

x

feet

38

feet.

The

best preserved parts of the

wall are 9 feet high, and

A

strange feature here

recesses,

the

it is 8-|

that

is

such as I have described

tomb

of Zet.

The

of the red last

year in

large ones are on the

west wall, and in the second wall.

feet thick.

cell

on the north

Beside these, there are very shallow ones

on each side of each of the

cell walls

on the

north and south, except the eastern narrow

cell

on the north, and the two most eastern ones on the south there is also one niche in a cell on ;

the east.

No meaning

can yet be assigned to

these, except as spirit-entrances to the cells of offerings, like the false doors in

Kingdom.

tombs of the Old

DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMBS. In the north-west corner of the tomb, a

way

was roughly inserted

of bricks

stair-

in later

times in order to give access to the shrine of

That

Osiris.

manifest

an original feature

this is not

is

the walls are burnt red by the burn-

:

ing of the tomb, while the stairs are built of

mud brick with

black

fresh

over the reddened wall

tomb are 9^ inches

mud mortar

long, those of the stairs are

14 inches long.

we found

(base of pi.

several jars of the

remaining perfect, with car-

liv.)

bonized cloth

these

;

are noticed with pi.

The later stairway was recover the

to

entirely

removed

which was under the

liv.

in order

including the

early remains,

beautifully engraved ivory box, 13,

Aegean type

xxxv.

pi. v. 4,

took place before the re-use in the XVIIIth

Dynasty

;

the tomb

also seen

as

is

of

Den

by the rebuilt doorway of 6), which is of large

(pi. lvi.

black bricks over smaller red burnt bricks.

mark

therefore quite beside the

burning to the Copts. great ranks of graves of domestics around

The tomb had been nearly

this

plunderers of the past

;

vi.

34) in

in

31

;

all

cleared out

as the ivory lions (pi.

the copper tools

;

(pi. vi.

the gold pin and tablet

7), etc.

The tomb

12.

of

by the

and only a few objects

were found in them, such 29

King Den

(pi.

pletely examined.

how some

invented.

The

;

indeed

it is

difficult

tion;

(1)

(2) the great

The

sur-

rounding rows of graves are probably later than the setting out of the great chamber, later, that

by some hours or perhaps days.

bearing

it

the

two stairways having the same

of the

fact

From

seen that their direction

is

It seems

a stray error.

most

not

is

likely that the

marked out by pointing to an object on the horizon, and the pit dug for the chamber. The error arose in making the stairways were

south side

side,

of

first

pit

this

not

the

to

parallel

the building was started on the south

;

the north had then to

follow

that

the

;

north and south rows of graves followed the sides of the

chamber

;

while the east row had to

be square with the entrance passage.

The length Its

of the passage

is

78 feet over

all.

general appearance in relation to the pit

is

shown on pi. lvi. 5, and a nearer view in fig. 6. The great brick chamber is about 50 feet by 28 feet, and 20 feet deep. The recess at the east end of it is 15 feet by 5 feet. The astonishing feature of this chamber is its pavement,

such

quite

considerable

unknown

until

use

the

of

step

pyramid of Saqqara, early in the Illrd Dynasty. At first sight it might here be connected with the repairs of this

tomb under Aahmes

II.

;

but

I found that the casts of stone vases (of the 1st

Dynasty forms) yet remained upon the granite, proving that it was a part of the original tomb.

Of

this

paving but few blocks remain

;

one at

of his imaginary details were

the west end, three at the north side, three or

of the building,

four lying loose, one threshold, and three small

irregularities

the varying angles, and the curvature of the entrance and sides of the chamber, are all carefully verified.

is,

can this error have arisen?

granite being

seen to differ considerably from that

published by M. Jequier to see

How

va. 6,

pi. lxii.

the other system

to the west.

granite

— Setui was par-

The plan given on

;

—26)

23

tially cleared last year around the smaller graves on the N.E. and S.W. ; it has now been com-

will be

and those

It is

to attribute this

it

chamber, the north and south rows of graves,

north

stairs.

burning of these tombs

It is notable that the

great

of the

and the south-west step passage and

;

chamber by

is,

In the narrow chamber at the head of this stair

chamber

the north side of

it,

brickwork

the excavation and

smeared

also the bricks of the

;

chambers on either side of

There are two systems of direc-

the entrance passage,

the

eastern

blocks in the south-west chamber.

The western it, is shown in Around the sides

block, with a groove cut along

photographs, of the

pi. lvi a.

chamber

is

1,

2.

a flooring of bricks, bordering

EOTAL TOMBS OF THE

10

the granite are

laid

seen in

as

floor,

and

three lengths

as

making up 27 inches width

At

Some

thick

;

X

other

thin

the north side are (1)

blocks

clear

is

by the

X

53

the

hammer-

of

(2)

;

like

pavement on the other

stele,

but

is

;

it

is

6

X

remaining

The all

The

clearly a paving stone.

10

stele

like those of

back of a limestone is

stele

lying in

the tomb of Den. is

left

of the

we turn to the traces of the structure over it. Upon the three northern granite blocks traces remain of the wooden structure, casts of granite,

two beams, two planks, and seven post

ends.

It will be best if I describe the structure

which

they prove to have existed, rather than state

timber

side, of

planks laid horizontally, the outer

skin 3 inches thick, the inner 2 inches

it

;

is

possible, however, that one cast might be due to

a plank dropping out of place, so that there

have been only one skin 2 or 3 inches

may

thick.

These horizontal planks were fastened to upright posts to maintain them

;

the posts were on the

much

like

3x10 inches, with the narrow planks

;

modern

joists,

edge against the

and they were at intervals of about 35

Having thus faced the brick wall, much like a modern timbering of an earth face inches.

outer and

between the

joists stood

inner plank facings was 38

wide.

This space, partially divided

upright

joists,

and

was

inches

by the

floored over with brickwork

And

in the

In the burning of the tomb, the

vases.

resins, ointment,

&c, which were in

these,

melted

and ran out, forming a paste with the mud, and so the vases

became bedded.

stone vases were

Afterwards these

removed, probably at the

all

Aahmes

a piece of a stele of

On

Amelineau.

II.,

is

dated by

found here by

tomb there

the east side of the

appears to have been only a single screen of planks, as a foot joists

beam

7 inches

of the wall.

wide

may

It

is

placed at the

be noted that the

were roughly hewn at the lower end, of

and every

Avas left in the

mud brick

;

had twisted on the base where it had no attachment, showing that it was firmly joist

attached at the top. in the wood,

is

This twist, due to winding

about 20°, and

is

exactly like

that often seen in the posts supporting railway

platform roofs.

The

handed screw in

all cases.

Against the north wall was a

inner side, and were

which the

in

which the impression

Having now described what

details.

The space

the door jambs, a restoration which

block lying in

+ x X 47 X

with rounded top, 21* 6 inches wide,

the

uprights towards the other joists, and the 'Smooth

plank face forming the inside of the chamber.

A

55

has been called an uninscribed

as the

joist

time of clearing out the tomb and rebuilding

of Den was probably of limestone,

Zer and Zet,

with the

side,

bordering of the

sides.

the middle of the chamber inches thick

the

form the chamber

space were placed large quantities of stone bowls

98

eastern recess of the chamber was, however,

paved with brick,

built to

28, running

of blocks.

line

such timbering was

excavations, a second

in

on the granite, 5 inches thick.

cast of a block

side of this

DYNASTY.

The blocks on

28; (3) That there were other

27 inches.

against the

masses,

slabs are

inches under the east wall

x X

16 inches

is

64 inches, and only

dressed massive pink granite.

+

breadth,

of brick bordering.

into

splits

western slab being 111 inches

these

;

of the slabs are of grey gneissic

which

granite,

52

one

the north side the brick border

wide.

5

pi. IviA. 1

1st

twist

was that of a

The height of the chamber

The thick wall has a

is

quite

left-

unknown.

definite flat top, plastered

over 259 inches (21-J feet) above the granite floor. This top has a sharp outer edge, which I carefully searched for, regarding it as a

wall like that of Zet

;

but when

it

dwarf was defined

proved to be in line with the outer face of the thick wall where broken down and hence it is it

;

which was smooth plastered

the wall

itself

on the

top, while a coat of

also spread out eight inches

on the native marl,

far

outer rows of graves.

.

mud

plaster

flat

was

lower than the wall,

beyond the

wall, to the

;

DESCEIPTION OF THE TOMBS.

The outside of the west wall was not found, is left in open outline. The spaces left

11

The tomb appears

to have been cleared out

XX Vlth Dynasty

so it

with a view to repairs in the

white as chambers on the west wall were the remains of chambers built on the wall, which is continuous below them.

the door jambs were renewed with thicker bricks

At the south-west corner is a strange annex, the irregularity of which gave some trouble.

bricks burnt red were thus replaced

A

down from

stairway leads

turns to the north

;

At

in pi. IviA. 3, 4.

of steps

this

lower end of it

the foot of the

a space for

is

brickwork to

the west and then

close the

like the block-

ing of the door of the tomb of Azab (R.T. This

In the chamber

One

three blocks of granite.

was

embedded

still

(see cross shade

was the

X

itself

were

29 inches)

in the floor on the west side

on plan)

and

;

in the wall above

wood

of 12

X

14

floor,

and a block of granite (20 it, which fitted, and is

23 inches) lying by

drawn here

therefore

in place (see cross shade).

brick paving covered the north half of the

chamber

;

the square hole in this has blocks

of limestone foundation beneath, apparently to

support a slab of grey granite (23

X

43 inches)

of suitable thickness, which lay displaced near it.

It

seems then that there were three slabs of

granite in a line, one of which certainly was the footing for a great

wooden

post, so

others were for a similar purpose.

probably the

These three

posts thus indicated must have carried a great weight, as there would be only 6 or 7 feet space

the old bricks,

;

which has never been

there

is

crumbling

the

-

brick,

by black But since.

fired

no sign of such repair having been

carried out around the chamber, the sides of

which are much crumbled away. dated example of late work here

Aahmes

is

The only the stele of

II.

The tomb

13.

lxi.).

the east wall, opposite to this, was

a hole in the

A

(20

cast of a large post of

At

inches.

X

i.,

small chamber below was therefore in-

tended to be closed.

it

shown

planks and

inserting

chamber,

is

first flight

X 7 X 5 inches, in place of X 4 8 X 2'9 inches and

14 9-7

of Perabsen shows a great

change in form since the earlier

series.

A new

dynasty with new ideas had succeeded the great founders of the monarchy

and three reigns had

;

passed by before we can again see here the system of the tombs. Even the national worship

was changed, and Set had become prominent. The type of tomb which had been developed under Azab, Mersekha, and Qa seems to have given

In

way

this

to the earlier pattern of Zer

tomb

of Perabsen

by

of small cells separated of the early kings central

;

same row

cross walls, like those

is

a brick chamber, and a

around

left

is

see the

but in place of a wooden

chamber there

free passage

we

and Zet.

communicating

it

What was

the

form of the

south side of that chamber cannot

now be traced, now entirely

with the

if

as,

cells.

any wall existed,

destroyed.

The

entirely

it

is

new

feature

is

the

continuous passage around the whole tomb

;

reminds us of the continuous passage around

this

that splendid rock-cut

known

tomb

of the Old

Kingdom

between them and over to the walls. Whether this small chamber was for the burial of one of

in

the royal family, or for the deposit of offerings,

plunderers entering by digging sideways into

we cannot now

the tomb.

say.

Of the various rows of graves around the great tomb there is nothing to record in detail. In two places, one in the north and one in the east row, a large block of limestone came in the

way

;

round

it it.

was

left

where

it

stood,

and walls built

at Grizeh,

both

the

as Campbell's

object

The same

Amarna where

was

Tomb. guard

to

principle

is

Perhaps against

seen at Tell el

a passage thus runs round the

royal palace in the thickness of the wall.

The

central

chamber

is

24

and the outside passage around feet.

The views

given in

pi. IviA.

feet is

of corners of the ;

by 9J

feet,

53 feet by 42

chamber are

the view looking west along

;

ROYAL TOMBS OP THE

12

the north passage

is

in pi.

lvii. 1

end of the central chamber

is

;

and the north

shown

in

lvii. 2.

The many holes in the wall there have been made by plunderers seeking for hidden treasure.

We

did not find anything of importance in

position

been recorded with

stone vases being only loose in the

filling,

and

summary

a

give

Chambers



1

the passage

on the west he

found a great quantity of pieces of stone vases,

The

but neither are these published.

which I found

tomb

in this

series, pis. xxi., xxii.

sealings

218

different

known.

Khasekhemui is very from any of the other royal tombs yet The plan on j)l. lxiii. is divided in two of

other plans

make

the

;

numbering of the chambers

the junction of the two parts clear.

The length from chambers

2 to 32

is

103 feet

from 32 to 46, the central block, is 39 feet and from 46 to 58 is 81 feet, making a total of 223

The breadth

But the whole to

add

was

in

the middle

structure

is

is

40

very irregular

and

to the confusion the greater part of

built

of freshly

made mnd

it

which

bricks,

have yielded with the pressure and flowed out sideways, until the walls are often double their original breadth.

Nothing could be taken

as

certain except the bottom inch or two of the walls, or the points of

walls to the side walls.

attachment of the cross It

was only owing

to

this flow of the walls over the objects in the

chambers, that

we succeeded

many Where

in finding so

valuable things perfect, and in position.

the whole of the original outline of a wall had

disappeared,

the

form

is

given in the plan

As

nearly

all

tomb were 1897, and have

the contents of this

removed by the French work

in

any of the

and pottery.

tools, flint tools,

Copper vases

(as

ix.

pi.

table of

13);

Vases of syenite

plan), red marble,

(see

blue veined with white, porphyry, &c. 17.

Large vases of red and white breccia, 200

vases in

all.

18. In

two great

corridor opposite,

De Morgan,

alabaster (see

Recherches

jars of ii.,

figs.

822, 823), marble and alabaster vases, table in

two

steps,

19.

and fragments of

Copper needles,

handle (Bech.

Two

20.

vase with

chisels, axes,

827).

fig.

ii.,

inscriptions.

copper

had

which

axes,

been

wrapped in cloth (pi. xlv. 76). Cylinders of limestone, and spherical vases of breccia and of,

granite. 21.

In corridor opposite, a complete deposit

of copper dishes

and model

tools,

see descrip-

tion of pi. ixA.

Near these were

six vases of

dolomite marble and one of carnelian, with gold covers (see

and ewers

pi.

ix.

(pi. ix.

3

13

— 10)

;

and copper bowls

— 15).

22. Flint knives, scrapers, axes,

594

&c, in

all

objects.

29 and onward, pottery jars 32. Five perfect jars,

filled

with grain.

like canopic

jars, in

a

wooden box. 34

with wavy outline.

fit

offerings.

feet. ;

alabaster,

Also sealings in black and yellow clays,

vases.

.14.

and

58),

and covers of lime-

however, would not

metal



In 1897 were found

xxv.).

xxiv.,

stone, which,

;

feet.

clay

drawings 211, 216, 217,

in

parts in order to preserve the same scale as the

will

(pis.

16.

The tomb

yellow

end of the tomb (55

coarse vases

in pi. xlv.

14.

of

found here are of different types from those found

are given in this

and the few small objects

;

of 1901.

Sealings

12.

are distinguished in

In

remains whose

the

all

my own

and

tions of 1897,

sand to the S.W. of the tomb.

published.

will be useful here to

positions are known, from the French excava-

at the opposite

chamber Amelineau found vases of copper, of stone, and glazed objects, none of which are

it

of

the two great steles lying under a few inches of

In the central

than was the case

less loss

with the other tombs,

the names of three earlier kings on

;

DYNASTY.

1st

que

—36. je

"

Ne

n'eusse

contenaient absolument deja trouve"

fois" (Fouilles; 1897; p. 42).

rien

des centaines de

DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMBS.

Many hundreds

37.

carnelian beads

of

of

spheroidal form, found under the wall in 1901. 38. Stone chamber.

13

courses vary two or three inches in different parts

but these, and

;

the exact dimensions,

all

Fragments of vases of dolomite marble, beads and small objects of

are given in the next section.

glazed ware.

dragging under the

Fragments of vases

40.

breccia, nearly all chisel in

of

alabaster

wooden

in

cases.

and

Copper

doorway.

41. Skeleton

43. In passage

two bowls or cups of copper,

ixA. 2, 3.

and diorite bowl,

chisels of copper,

pi. ix. 11.

45. 46.

47



jars of offerings.

;

jars placed in

grain stored in large boxes.

Of the gold and sard

48.

by the radius of curvature of the and the cutting edge was of flint and not cuts of copper, as seen by examining the marks of The internal joints dressing with a magnifier. ;

doubtless

it

the

stone

being

0,

The

chamber.

(pi. ix. 1)

the

floor

of

the top of the stone wall

the south gallery

is

is

preserved

It

doorway.

One

57.

Basket work, from

A

or two packets of reeds. seats, &c.

great quantity of sealings of yellow clay

few chambers, and they

were found in the

last

had probably been

all originally in

55



Black clay

58.

Hapenmaat (No.

of

other

chambers

210), were

45

— 54

found in 1897 had nearly

the chambers

mainly of the

seals,

but

;

all

official

found in the the

pottery

been removed or

chamber

central stone

tant part of the whole, as struction yet known.

north the

is

given in pi.

work

dressing in

and that of

chamber 161 inches. But these latter have lost, both by wear and by The top of the west outer wall sinking bodily. is 172 inches, and this is the highest and best part.

seems

then,

that

the

chambers were about 7^ high, and the stone chamber sunk 6 feet

generality of brick feet

below the general

floor.

The arrangement of the brick walls around the central chamber is strange but it was very carefully verified by cutting back the masses of ;

crushed brick to reach the original

faces,

of

which only a few inches remained at the base.

scattered.

The

stone

69 inches,

81 inches, the top of the

is

stone

shorter part lay near

the

78 inches, the floor of

the walls by the

55.

are

walls are at a higher level around

having been passed over within an inch or two this in the

but

square,

all

There is no sign of any was of wooden beams, and

frequently skewed. ;

not

are

stones

walls in the south gallery 160 inches,

The

and the

The adze had a short

larger part lay close to the wall of the chamber,

by previous work.

;

All of the adze-dressed

the floor of chamber 41

sceptre

The

dressed.

face will be a cleavage,

hammer-dressed.

The brick

objects of copper.

some

when

and

soft,

has been entirely destroyed.

54. Pottery jars with clay sealings con-

taining grain and fruits

tool,

being

;

handle, as seen

roof

Large pottery

Some

47.

and often half a

of the

Model

44.

fresh quarried

faces are entirely dressed.

These two bodies were doubtless those of domestics, like those found around other royal tombs.

pi.

all

of

natural cleavages were used as far as possible

rest

broken up by plunderers.

Contracted skeleton.

42.

stone were

The blocks

in

fig.

fig. 6.

5,

it is

is

the most impor-

the oldest stone con-

The general view looking 4

the closer view of and the mode of stone

lvii.

;

The chamber

is

207 to 211

The

cross walls of

brick wall between

also verified.

cross walls

nearly 6

feet.

The

and the chamber.

Remembering that the chamber

was probably roofed over

17 by 10 feet

is

them

The very thick wall east of the chamber was

level

the depth

were traced forward

chamber, and leave no room for a

close to the

inches long, and 121 to 128 inches wide, roughly :

— 36

34

around

it, it

may be

flush with the floor

suspected that perhaps

were put over the chamber opposite

EOYAL TOMBS OP THE

14

those of 34



36, so as to hide it

a part of the chambers

On

1



and make

it like

32.

the east side of the chamber a hollow has

been cut out of the stone

at 15 to

40 inches from

the north end, for three courses from the top

4 inches have been cut away

maximum. cutting away of

at the

This was probably, like the

some brick walls elsewhere, done some large wood which was too tight a for

The southern end

:

coffin or

to find place

other furniture

fit.

of the

tomb was walled up But it was clear

anciently at chambers 53-4.

that there were two doorways through the wall

between 31 and 34, which were merely with fallen earth and bricks. 1

5

.

The

filled

principal measurements of the royal

tombs are here stated in inches in the same order which has just been given.

as the description

B

Ka. E. 247,

N. 128,

7.

W. 246

B

Zesek.

inches.

S.

126 (118 at base),

Probably

6x12

cubits.

9.

Top

.

N. 118

Base

.

109

S.

127

E. 223

W. 240

120

218

223

This seems to be only a bad copy of the previous tomb in

Narmer.

its

dimensions.

1st

DYNASTY.



.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMBS. 16.

The mean dimensions

of the bricks of

the tombs are as follow, in inches

B B

:

15

Mersekha

Qa

.

Perabsen 15 (Sma?)

19 (Mena?)

Zer

.

Merneit

Den. Azab

8-9x4-5x3 9-6x4-9x3 9-6

X 4-8x2-5

8-8x4-5x2-4 9-7x4-8x2-9 9-8x4-7x2-8

.

Khasekhemui

9-2x4-4x2-5 9-9x4-9x3-0 9-5x4-6x2-8 10-5x4-9x2-9

There seems in these fluctuations to be a slight lengthening, the latter five

first five

averaging 9 "4, and the

averaging 9'8 inches.

;

EOYAL TOMBS OF THE

16

CHAPTEE

DYNASTY.

1st

III.

THE INSCRIBED TABLETS, Pls.

The account

17. in the

tombs

will

II.— XII.

of the various objects found

be stated in the order of their

publication in the plates, as that enables the

way between

reader to refer most readily either the plates and text.

C Plate

I.

tomb

The most important

is

that of the jewellery in

King Zer, which belonged to his While my workmen were clearing the

queen.

of the

verification

my

magnifier,

When

hour

an

occupied

threading

exact order of or

two,

working with a

and Mr. Mace

wife

assisting.

recorded, the gold was put in the scales

and weighed against sovereigns before the work-

(Frontispiece).

discovery of this year the

&c.

of

man, who saw everything.

Rather more than

the value of gold was given to the men, and thus

we ensured

and honesty

their goodwill

The sequel

future.

is

for the

Though

instructive.

all

tomb they noticed among the rubbish which they were moving a piece of the arm of a

several other finds of gold, yet the willing separa-

mummy

tion

in its wrappings.

It lay in a

hole in the north wall of the

seen in the top of the in views pi.

found

it

cell

tomb

broken

—the

hole

next to the stairway,

between our workmen (who came from Koptos, fifty miles away) and the local natives

was

second bracelet.

They

rosette in the

did not yield

to

but laid the arm down where they found

Mr. Mace should come and verify

it.

it

after I

had

left

Egypt,

the neighbourhood, and huge tales of the

it

gold and treasures rent the hearts of the local

until

Nothing

who

plunderers,

till

the valuables that

could not be a more

workmen than

it

On

seeing

it

to our huts intact,

quite undisturbed.

Mr. Mace told

and

I received

In the evening the most

intelligent of the party

was summoned up

as

whole

The

then were in ignorance of

my men

workmen, and paying them for all they find, could ever make them deal with valuables in it

caused a great ferment

in

but obtaining the complete confidence of the

manner.

it

the

natural wish to search further or to remove

them to bring

tales of the gold got

When the Arabic papers The party of four who 3, 4. in to the end of the wrappings copied the discovery from my letter in the Times,

and saw a large gold bead, the

this careful

no

so complete that

about the country.

lvi.

looked

our camp of workers knew about this and about

had found.

that which

is

proved by

history

inferred.

It

by any one

of the

arm can be somewhat

certainly had not been looked into since the first

plunderer, or the

obvious lump of gold would have been taken.

who broke up

And

that there should be no suspicion that I had not

the queen must have been

dealt fairly with the men.

hacked the holes in the walls in

linen bandages,

and found,

then cut open the

to our great surprise,

the four bracelets of gold and jewellery, in the

order in which they are shown upon the

arm

the central photograph of the frontispiece.

in

The

this

affair.

a witness of the opening of the wrappings, so

I

There

satisfactory hold over the

the plunderers

treasure.

the body of

later than those

who

search of

So we may reconstruct the history in

this fashion.

decayed and

The roof let

of the

tomb had become

the sand pour through, over the

queen's body, before the

first

plunderers broke

— —

;

THE INSCRIBED TABLETS, in to ransack the king's treasures.

They made

holes

in the walls while probably standing on a sand heap, high up, in search of hidden

When

valuables.

building

the

Amenhotep

the

Osiris

tomb was

time

the

of

III. (for the oldest offerings are of

and none even

his age,

cleared out for

in

shrine,

Tahutmes

of

III.),

then

17

&c.

order was

outward, the photograph.

showing

this

forearm in the hole in the wall, and then either got so

much more plunder

that he ran away, or

perished in a squabble.

else

This hole never

81),

the gold are to be understood as part of the

rough rendering of the spaces

panelling, or as a

of turquoise,

put

xxxv.

rectangles on

Whether the punched

existed.

broken

hastily

(pi.

lazuli

that other jewellery of this design also

in the sign Zer,

One workman

of

pieces

and of ivory have been found loose

central

the

in

as

Similar single

probably the body of the queen was found and up.

;

On

not certain.

is

which are the

the plaques the

older,

holes

generally conform to the three grooves below,

but on the gold plaques there

and

this points to their

is

no conformity,

being copied from the

seems to 'have been disturbed when building the

spaces in the zer sign.

stairway close by

and for more than a

system of numbering on the bases beginning

thousand years offerings continued to be made

with the largest, and proceeding in gradation

and

here,

the

it

;

visitors passed within a

arm without looking

at

destroyed the shrine and

feet

of

The Copts then

all

that they could

The Mission the arm

but never touched the arm.

find,

few

it.

Amelineau cleared the tomb, but

still

Lastly

lay in the hole in the wall.

eyed the gold, and preserved

with

it

my men care

all

to the smallest

;

The plaques have a

numbered with upright

half are

strokes for one half of the

bracelet,

and the

But

5 of gold

other half with sloping strokes.

and 4 of no

lazuli are missing

strokes,

the places still

and these bracelets will now be preserved in the Cairo Museum, until some future convulsion when they may share the fate which denies more

but by their marked with

preserved are

;

size (?)

and 4

lazuli

have

probably belong to

The numbers

here.

:

GoldUpright

lines

Sloping lines

..

2

1

2 3

..

4 5 6 ..

..

5 6 7

8 9 ..

9

than a few centuries of existence to any known treasure.

18.

G

Turquoise

1

We now

turn

to

the

details

Upright

of the

Sloping lines

bracelets.

The hawk

bracelet (pi.

1)

i.

consists of 13

gold and 14 turquoise plaques in the form of the facade with the hawk, which usually encloses

name

the

lea

up

for

lines 1

of the king.

The

photographing with

strip

the

was

inner

set

side

..

2 3 4 (?)....(?) (?)

3 4 5 6 7 8

..

(?)

The gold hawks have been cast in a mould with two faces, and the junction line has been They are carefully removed and burnished. alike in the height of the bird,

but

differ in total

and the width

;

height from the varying depth

which the mould was filled at the base. The two horizontal threading holes were probably cast, as there is no tapering and no burr to to

1

last century has seen Napoleon's raids

The

on

artistic

wealth, thefts from at least three national museums, the attempted burning of one great museum, the destruction of the gold in two provincial

museums, and the

entire

wreck of every thing in another important museum, without counting the looting and burning of the Summer Palace

Such are the chances that valuables suffer when known. The printed description distributed in all tbe longer than most of the libraries of the world will last far at Pekin.

objects themselves.

any diffused record their destruction.

To is

leave important remains without

a crime only exceeded by that of

them but they are not all on the same level. The gold was worked by chisel and burnishing no grinding or file marks are visible. The chisel used for surface work Avas "035 inch wide ;

;

X

'016.

pieces are

made

the punch Avas "026

The end

as a beaten cone,

flatted to an oval, and closed at the open end

c

ROYAL TOMBS OF THE

18

by a

plate soldered in.

afterwards drilled

in

holes were

Four thread the

burr of

the

plate,

The turquoise was cut with a saw, and worked over with a drill and a graving point. The drill holes for threading are conical, up to "024 inch wide.

drilling

still

showing.

On examining plaques there

is

the

edges

the turquoise

of

seen on some of them a wear

distance from the threading holes,

at a little

DYNASTY.

1st

front

group has the gold rosette in the middle

this is copied

made

from

;

the centre of the lotus flower,

hollow, and pierced with three holes at

The middle

each side for threading.

plate has

been soldered halfway down the cup of gold, and the edges then turned inward over it. The turquoises are irregular in form, but polished

and

The

pierced.

separate them,

hammered

are

which

balls

gold

three

out,

and then

can only have been caused by a large bead with

but so finely that no trace of soldering can be seen and the only evidence

a wide conical hole (such as the amethyst ball

of

beads in bracelet 2) wearing on the turquoise.

askew.

And

holes next to the amethysts

leaving a rise of stone around the hole.

be seen that the hawks on the

will

it

This

Mena

turquoise are like those of

(see pi.

iii.

1,

soldered together

it

piece

is

;

The

little

Zer

of deep colour.

fHence the history of the (1)

bracelet seems to be

an armlet or bracelet of turquoise plaques

and amethyst

(?) ball

beads,

made

of Mena's reign or beginning

at the close

of that of Zer,

very probably at the queen's marriage

(2) the

;

hawks cast of a later style when the permanent type was almost developed, and the armlet threaded with gold and turquoise altergold

nate

(3)

;

nine of the plaques

lost,

and the

threaded to the smaller size of a bracelet

rest

for

;

is

slightly

three

spacer pierced with

hammered

is

in one

spacer in the middle of

like a similar

the back group.

&c).

axis of one ball

that the

&c), while those on the gold are like those of (see pi. v. 1,

;

large ball amethysts are

The The

fastening of the braclet

This button

was by a loop and button.

is

a

hollow ball of gold with a shank of gold wire fastened in it no trace of solder can be seen ;

on examining the inside with a magnifier but the perfectly tight union of the wire and the ;

inside of the ball

The

shows that

third bracelet

is

it

must be

soldered.

formed of three similar

groups, one larger, and the other smaller on either side.

The middle

of each

group consists

of three beads of dark purple lazuli, a bint that

Egyptian

had the diminution been intentional the plaques

I

would have been removed

These beads are carved in a spiral imitating the

in

and not

pairs

irregularly.

(The

by

of

this

beautiful

bracelet

is

embodying the turning point of the crystallization of Egyptian style, containing, as

its

does, the archaic

it

which

is

use.

The long gold beads are made by a gold wire, which is wrought thicker at

gold beads.

interest

increased

have never seen before in

work along with

that

the barrel form of the whole bead.

same form

as the large gold

Mena found by

almost fully developed^]

^The second

coiling

the end than' in the middle, to harmonize with

bracelet, with the rosette,

is

en-

The two groups

pure and

the

is

bead of the age of

De Morgan.

soft that

This

The gold

on parting the

is

coils of

so

one

of

bead with the finger-nail to see whether they

beads are united at the sides by bands of gold

were soldered, the gap could be closed again by

wire and thick hair, probably from

a simple pressure on the end.

tirely different in design.

The

plait

hairs,

hair

)

tails

was made with three gold

wires, three

and three wires, interwoven is

now

so brittle that

of oxen.

some of

]J

it

but the is

lost.

The wire has been carefully wrought to just the same thickness as the hair, "0L3 inch. The

are

all

The gold

balls

wrought hollow, and the groups of three

are soldered together. turquoise.

The

The smaller beads

are of

fastening of this bracelet was

by a loop and button. The fourth bracelet, with the hour-glass beads,

THE INSOEIBBD TABLETS, again entirely different from the other three.

is

The groups on either

of hour-glass beads are each of gold

and of amethyst

side,

in the middle,

brown limestone. Each bead has a double ridge around the middle of it, with a deep groove between. Two hairs were passed through the pierced beads, and then or in one case of dark

on either

parted one

of the

side

hour-glass

and lodged in the groove.

The hairs were kept in place by binding them close on each side of the bead by a lashing of very fine gold wire. The turquoises are lozenge-shaped, with gold caps on the ends to prevent wear beads,

;

'

19

&c.

photograph will be seen how small impression that

we

mud, and seems

to

have.

the sole

is

on hard black

It is

have consisted of only a row

of enclosures containing the name.

A

2.

fragment of a name appears on close

A fine jar of

3.

— Mena.

Aha

examination to be that of

alabaster (see pl.

liii.),

partly

broken, was found in the most south-western of

B

the small

graves, and

The forms

here.

inscription

its

like that

curved top

shown

are coarser than on the slate

carvings, but are very distinct

much

is

on the great

hawk

the

:

slate

the deeply

;

usual under Narmer, though only

is

the caps in the middle being each a double cone

occasional under Mena, and then flatter, and

in one piece.

never seen under later kings.

\Such

known, some two thousand years

oldest jewellery

Dahshur.

from

that

before

crystallizing point of

unlimited

and

variety

and

fertility

with

interchangeable

free

Each from

art,

we

design.

not a

is

all

of independent design, fresh

And

convention or copying.

yet not any one of these would be in place

among the

jewellery of the Xllth Dynasty

all belong to the taste of their age,

;

they

—the purest

handwork, the most ready designing, and not a suspicion of merely mechanical polish and

The

"litter.

technical perfection of the solder-

ino- has never been excelled, as the joints show no difference of colour, and no trace of excess.

Happy

is

it

that the exact order of the beads

so different

from the

and collection, which has been Dahshur fate of the gathered together all confused, owing to being original design

;

by ignorant workmen, and

the value of

thus

it

19. Pl. that of

1.

II.

The earliest

King Ka, which

the others in

were found recently broken in tomb

and unfortunately the remainder

18,

it

the fish nar

;

mer

chisel

its

differs

simplicity.

with the sealings on

pl.

sealing found

much from

was

all

of

It will be noticed

xiii.

;

but from the

clear,

is

is

lost.

enclosure contains the sign is

new

The

fortified

and another which

s,

The vase with wavy

to us.

lower piece

and the top of the

preserved.

just

is

on the

line

apparently intended for a stone

is

drawn on a

vase of water, similar to that

tablet,

pl. xii. 4. 5.

A

6.

A

it.

name

high peak like that on No. 7.

piece

of

scratched upon 8.

A

;

Sma

known

Tombs,

with

jar

i.

a

sign

" ;

9

name

of

shows the same on

and 10 the same on an ivory rod. title is rare,

than King Zer

also

3.

alabaster

piece of a basalt jar bears the

an ivory jar

is

of Narmer, with the

it.

the " double lord,

later

of

fragment of an alabaster jar has the

front corner of the

A

name

small piece of ivory has the

Narmer engraved on

This form of the

partly lost^

drawing

(see

The name was not seen until it was cleaned, owing to the coat of burnt resins which clogged

was fully observed, so that we can replace their effect

fish is well

the true mer with

is

ebony tablet

pieces of an

B

another

in

Two

4.

in pl. x. 1)

of

chisel

The

is

excentric blade.

see the

balls, there is

those

and the

figured,

the

at

any one braclet which would

single bead in

bracelet.

Here,

Egyptian

Excepting the plain gold be

group of the

extraordinary

this

is

is

(see v. 13,

as the title of

iv. 3).

and does not occur

But

14

;

xii. 1)

;

it

King Zeser (Royal

in later times

has the vulture and uraeus upon

it

it,

always

as in the

c 2

;,

.

ROYAL TOMBS OP THE

20

many examples

of

King Qa

Apparently the same name irregular in form the sign

sects.

11, for

though

closely like the

is

in

that Neit-hotep was

King Sma, and

as she appears

have been the wife of Mena,

this suggests

closely related to to

on the

As we have pointed out

9.

9, this indicates

4,

viii).

pi.

placed

is

No.

ivory lid of Neit-hotep,

example No.

(see

Sma was

that

her father, reigning next before

Mena.

An ivory jar of Neit-hotep found, with 1 1

2

1

in a grave of a domestic of

King Zer

DYNASTY.

1st

The king is said to be ones Anpu, "born of Anubis " just as on the other ebony tablets, iii. 4, iiiA. 5, 6=x. 2 and xi. 2, he is said to be born of Horus and Amiut (a form of Anubis). Then follows the name of a town or palace. bow."

;

3.

An ivory label apparently belongs to objects

from Khent-ta, or Nubia.

condition,

is

probably been a handmaid of Queen Neit-hotep,

half, 6, of

a label

and so had received the disused

the

13, 14.

toilet articles.

These inscriptions, as

are on hard

si,

pottery and alabaster, and should be compared

with other early groups, up as (Royal Tombs, 5

iv.

;

15.

An

irregularly cut

piece

of serpentine

from the group of three birds on the vases of the Naqada Mena-tomb, as those always have small wings above the back. .

has the

III.

hawk

1.

The large thick

label of ivory

developing toward the later form,

tail sloping down and a separate wing The name of Aha is followed by the palm and heart, which often occur on small

with the tip.

tree

objects of this reign, see

iii.

De Morgan,

ii.,

Becherches

20

;

figs.

iiiA. 9, 11,

or

name Bener-ab very probable all

;

is

daughter of Mena;

— "sweet

13

813, 814.

has been well suggested that this of a queen

of heart''

;

It

name

the

and

this

—would

be

moreover, as these objects are

small pieces of ivory, they are likely to be

from 2.

toilet articles.

(See also the drawing,

tablet of

Aha

of

Aha

now is

Next

receiving

(captives)

In front of

carbonized.

a building with the khaJcer res

is

tneh

perhaps

shep,

south and north.

of the

a superintendent standing, and a

is

man

seated, apparently stabbing a seated captive in

bowl seems to have a part of the same group as on the sealing No. 113 (pi. xv.). These differ

20. Pl.

name

apparently duplicated in the lower

ornament.

Below

i.

here, xxv. 2).

might further

Pa-sha, a town of

Upper Nubia (Br. Geog. 767), or Shat, a district of Nubia (Br. Geog. 774). This is from B 10. 4. The upper half of an ebony label, in good

she had

;

It

"wood from Sha,"

refer to

the breast.

This suggests a scene of sacrificing

captives at the royal funeral. " born of 5.

A

An

ebony

—Mena was broken in pieces in the

is

the

title,

Horus and Amiut " (Anubis).

well-cut piece

bowl, with the

name

of

of

a dolomite marble

Aha

followed by

pa

t.

Compare the fragment of a porphyry cup from tomb of Den (B. T. i. xi. 7) with the same

the

bird after the name. 7.

The name

Aha on

of

another piece of

dolomite marble. 8.

A

ebony

piece of the top of an

tablet,

showing the horns and ear of an ibex, and a branch (Jchet) bowl (neb) and numerals 23. 9



18.

Small ivory

labels,

with signs incised,

and, in one instance, painted (17).

numbers ("100" on

9,

16) like the labels with

tomb

"6"

on

numbers

Three bear 14,

in the

"8" on Naqada

of Mena, though here these are too few

numbers the Naqada labels. to be the

pl. xi. 1.)

Lastly

on No. 11,

of beads

on a necklace

like

The hippopotamus occurs and the elephant on No. 18. The

previous excavations, and only the upper two

birds can hardly be identified in view of the

parts have been recovered.

diversity of drawing of well-known bird hiero-

This seems to have

been an enumeration of captives, of which the is lost below, but the name remains,

glyphs at this time.

apparently Khent-ta or Nubia, " the land of the

scorpion holding a pick, like the scorpion tribal

number

19.

An

ivory

slip

from an inlay with the

THE INSCEIBED TABLETS,

emblem on the lower part

of a carved slate at

showing the capture of towns. 20. An ivory comb, probably of Bener-ab Jm-ab), a queen or daughter of Mena. Cairo,

Pl.

IIIa.

1

The ivory

slips

figures of captives, probably of

with these compare

Libyan

and

pl. iv. 3 to 6,

twist pattern of border

2,

1,

(or

bear

race,

and

painted signs

12.

The

sign with

crescents below

The

An

which even appear down to

name

of

Aha. See the drawing,

much

in xi. 2.

broken,

work

B

Mena

is

The lower

complete of his works.

of

and a drawing

in No. 6,

is

This ebony tablet of

found in tomb

A duplicate

pl. x. 2.

the most half

was

18,

and at the

close of all the

the upper half

came from

B

19.

In the

top line after the name of Aha, with the title, " born of Amiut," there are two sacred barks,

and a shrine and temenos of

The resem-

Neit.

:

in No. 6,

a spindle

(pl.

x.

3),

and the whole

Near the top

name

that the

and a men

Aha

of

fig. 7.

carefully

is

a hole, and below

is

At

incised.

the lower

a close cross hatching, and the same

entirely unguessed.

it is

It

on

is

The purpose

the under side near the upper end. of

not

is

the backs of these tablets are

sides are even,

is

is

drawn

two ends of which are shown in

18, the

end

5.

this,

A

7.

of such that

first

two kinds of gaming pieces (pl. xi. 3). curved bar of gold was found in tomb

wrought.

126-132).

ii.

ivory hemisphere with the

On

3,

essential.

a continuous

is

shows that the second sign

in pl. xi. 2,

B

4.

the

The second version

known.

here seen on No. 1 to be as old as Mena, having the same mysterious it

In the fourth line

line of hieroglyphs,

is

the Xllth Dynasty (L. Denk.,

Fayum.

the

21

&c.

weighs 216 grains,

a heavy example of the old standard for gold,

known

as early as

Khufu.

An ivory figure of a girl was found in tomb B 14, possibly of the deceased Bener-ab, The to whom this tomb apparently belonged. 8.

dress

is

long, to the ankles,

on the breast.

It differs

known of this age

and the hands placed

from any other figure

blance of this to a shrine on a cylinder, copied

yet

on

In the next line

with the mantle folded across the arms, being

with two signs

most

a

is

be noted.

this plate, should

man making an

offering,

above, possibly uaau, " alone."

a bull running over

Behind him

wavy ground

is

into a net

stretched between two poles, exactly the same position

of the

net as seen on the far later

Vapheio gold cups. stork standing on a

At

the end

a crane or

is

Compare with

shrine.

this

the stork on a shrine, above an enclosure of

wild

cattle,

Iconpolis,

on the mace head of Narmer (Hieraxxvi. B).

pl.

The

third line shows

three boats on a canal or river passing between certain places.

It is

tempting to see in these place

Pa

Memphis (Br. Geog. 184), " dwelling of the lake," capital of She, the

the

Fayum,

names Bin, a

district of

and the canal of

Mer

or

Bahr Yusuf

(B. G. 278), divided in two, above

and below

9.

like

volume. given in

The more important enlarged drawings on

tablets of this plate are also pis. x., xi.

those from Hierakonpolis,

(Hierakon. x.

it.

A polygonal slip

7, 8, 11.)

on one

of ivory, flat

side,

and with three faces on the other side, seems to imitate a flint flake.

It bears the

name

of xAha,

and pieces of other such models were found.

A piece

10.

of an ivory

from the Mena tomb Rech&rches, 11.

An

ii.,

figs.

fish,

similar to those

Naqada (De Morgan, 702—707). at

ivory handle of a fan

(?)

cut along the widened end, has on of Aha,

having a the

it

slit

name

and Bener-ab.

An

12.

ivory rod, bearing also the

name

of

Aha.

A

13. lid,

panel of ivory, probably from a box

with the name of Aha, and Bener-ab.

Pl. IV.

known All plates with lettered numbers are issued only as a supplement, which can be also had bound together in the 1

;

3,

4,

1, 2.

Pieces

of alabaster with un-

signs. 5.

Pieces

of ivory with

subject race doing homage.

may

The

not belong together, but

figures

of a

pieces 4 and 5

are

clearly of

.

EOYAL TOMBS OF THE The long spotted robe

similar nature.

is like-

that belonging to a conquering people on the slate palette 6.

with giraffes

of a

subject

bearing a stone vase on the head. 7.

Part of an ivory bracelet.

8.

9.

so different in

Pieces of ivory with parts of a figure

They seem to name " Hathor in the marshes of King Zer's city of Dep" or Buto (Br. Geog. 939-41). The figure of Hathor with the between the horns

box with name

of Aha,

and

Bener-ab.

The sides appear to be of reeds bound together and the roof was probably of palm ribs interlaced and covered

name can be disproved, it Buto far down in the marsh of the

Delta was already established at the beginning of the 1st Dynasty, and

or maize-stalks

as the farms

with palm-leaf mats,

like the Bisharin tents of

the present day at Aswan.

These huts are

like

named

named

after the kings

who founded them.

2,3. Small ivory labels, burnt.

commander

a subject bearing a branch, as in

tion on either side, the better of

5

(see

A figure

of a

Libyan captive on

ivory,

arrow-heads

tomb

from

B

18.

A

5.

Mer-neit

unfortunately not one of them

16.

is

now to be found

Museum. of

bringing vases as

subjects

on an ivory panel. projected holding a

mace, possibly part of the group Aha.

which

is

ivory with

of

site,

as

on the

slate

Narmer, " the prince of the lake," 18. 19. Pieces of

bound together

;

i.e.

from

Below palette

is

of

Fayum.

an ivory cup.

20. Slip of ivory with a

much

like

row of five captives the work of groups

of captives from Hierakonpolis. 21, Pl. V.

1.

Two

is

shoAvn

one of the best examples of the

pieces of an ivory tablet

tomb

of Zer.

piece of an ivory ;

for

names a man

wand

bears the

name

may, of course, have strayed over

it

from the tomb of that

kina-.

Several ivory cylinder cups were inscribed

King Zer

example shows how complete of drawing the royal hawk had become ;

this

The conventions are fixed in the final form which lasted down to Roman times.

at this early date,

8

a standard,

an arm holding a cord.

perhaps ua

in the

the style

Piece of ivory with a part of a standard,

17. Piece

A

6.

7.

from which an arm has

she.

two length-

which

piece of a limestone vase

already removed in the French work, though

15. Figures

and 3

and was found with other objects

sign,

Neit-her.

offerings,

in

;

xxxv. 13), has a similar inscrip-

It gives

Some dozens of these were found in the filling of the pit. Some hundreds had, however, been

in the Cairo

Fayum, ur

box of ivory divided

(see pi.

Dynasty

Unexplained fragment of ivory.

14. Flint

zer

names the

covered over by the brick steps of the XYIIIth

with the feather in the hair. 13.

A long

4.

here.

Fouilles, in extenso, 1899, pi. xlii.). 12.

refer to the ruler of the

ways

2

of Zer's palace, Zer-hor-ab

may

fig.

after Zer, just

and towns of the Old Kingdom were

shown on the mace head of Narmer, and on the long slate palette. The upper part of this ivory slip has the dome top of the hut and

those

Unless the

tomb.

at the royal

early huts.

;

an offering

to

continuity of the

shows that

Piece of ivory decoration with figures of

already known.

is

may have been attached

This label

made from Buto

10. Piece of ivory

appearance that their con-

nection was not seen until they were photo-

feather

and of a dog.

11

were

graphed.

(Brit. Mus.).

of ivory with figure

Piece

DYNASTY.

1st

a small ivory label with a

is

unknown 9,

ram and an

sign.

wooden

10, are

labels,

respectively for

arrows and for clothing. o 11.

Only a piece of one ebony cylinder for was found, although thousands of im-

sealing

pressions were placed in the tombs, from

over

two hundred

have been copied. of a cylinder

;

it

different

seal

This piece

is

which

inscriptions

about a third

bears ankh and mid around the

THE INSCRIBED TABLETS, top, and below that repetitions of a

written with Neit,

A

12.

piece of

petals carved in

and

Jch,

or

relief

These

14.

vases to have

two

of crystal has

on the surface

Other

fragments

strangely carved

found

last

year (B.

Among

16.

flat

the

T.

found

of

the

xii. 10).

unique

clay

with

of

King Zer

a is

on a stone bowl, similar pi. va.

shown

3, 4.

to the jar outline

on

24.

Va.

Pl.

—5

are

small

fragments ;

of

4 and 5 being

from ivory cups.

An

7

though not bright, there copper corrosion upon centric circles

is

it.

round a spot

as,

no trace of green

The pattern also occurs

early ivories, and therefore there

is

of con-

on the

no ground

for assigning this to a later age. 8.

A

with a standard.

— 12

Below

is

which do not

fit

12 seems to show the king on

a throne and a lesser figure perhaps,

of

upon

his knee,

an

Akhenaten's family

group. 13.

A

piece of

an ebony tablet

The three bound captives. legible.

14

is

jar.

iias alternately.

of a snake in

ivory, carefully

were found

lions carved in ivory

and the

;

by sliding worn off by

the bases

lines of the fur are

enclosure

contains

is

scarcely

apparently

it.

they were

playing pieces in some game, probably as the prehistoric

game

the

of four lions

and

Naqada vii. 2). The form of the more advanced than that of the lion found in the Naqada Mena-tomb (De Morgan, a hare (see is

Becherches

ii.

699)

;

but the

tail

turns up the

back with a crook at the end in the regular prehistoric mode.

The two

spots over the eyes

of the lesser lion are not usual

but are

Mesopotamian 5



10.

known,

I

am

on Egyptian informed,

on

figures.

Some

arrow-heads

of crystal

were

These do not bear the same regular and delicate

work

and they are

as the flint arrow-heads,

doubtless funerary offerings.

11



16. Flint

arrow-heads were also found

around the tomb of Zer, mostly of the same type Two are, however, of a form as those of Mena. entirely

The end

a square tipped rod of ivory, with the

sign of the same, engraved upon

It is evident therefore that

gravity.

found, and the handle end of a crystal knife.

a canal.

are ivory fragments

any yet' known. anticipation,

ast

fragment of an ivory bracelet,

much worn on

are

figures,

fragment of an ivory tablet shows the

king walking, and a small attendant following 9

about

lion

a metal pin, apparently of base gold,

is

Two

up

one of the private tombs around that of Zer.

They

same

ivory label bearing up-as, as on pieces

and an uncertain sign below.

22, 23,

roughly incised

is

long continued handling just at the centre of 1

inscription on stone and ivory

6.

The head

carved.

was engraved

figure of a corded jar

A

1.

bearing anlch and

in

The

18.

it

and the outlines of a corded

ast,

Pl. VI.

very

here.

of that king, as

up

khent,

sealing

piece of a stone

tomb

2.

A

17.

A

22, 23, 24. Pieces of stone bowls, bear

barley.

elaborate door pattern

(?) Ichent

like his other works.

carbonized

fragments was found a wooden carving of an ear of bearded

bowls with du

bowl inscribed Merneit may very probably have strayed from

dish of dolomite marble, i.

;

be found in some

Iwtep.

21.

the

were

may

19, 20. Pieces of stone

and

show the " the washing of

the hand of the double lord." 15.

Fragments of ivory disconnected

other collection.

it is

;

inscriptions

been used for

— 18.

23

possibly the -remainders

polished outside, but finely ground inside. 13,

15

title

ijwo yokes.

a thin vase

low

name

&r

unknown is

as yet in

any country

of the chisel form,

below into the pointed form.

and

It

(13, 14).

this passes

might be made

with a view to a second use of the arrow after

.

ROYAL TOMBS OF THE

24

the tip had broken off in some

animal

;

the

detached arrow shaft would then retain enough be quickly trimmed into a pointed

to

flint

The

arrow.

capable

flint set in

bearing

of

tatuing

my

by

explained

wood

the

any

but

friend Prof.

instrument of the

was

it

As

form.

there

nothing surprising in finding such a

is

signs that are not yet read.

—26.

A set of three chisels and a graver in

tomb

of the graves around the

tombs

The

forms are such as we should expect then

;

the

and that of the Illrd Dynasty.

signs on a chisel are given enlarged in

The

tools

— 21.

19

23—26

are on scale

18.

were found, which from the uniform dead black colour seem to have been intentionally stained, and not merely burnt

by

9.

Part of a figure of a hunting dog

Part of an ivory

Deshasheh (Desk.

22.

A piece

a bull's head,

13.

from

Top

of a chair

Naqada

14.

A

27.

form

is

15.

pattern in Pl. VIa.

covered with a carved

net

of ivory label

with

the royal hawk, and ha signs. 2.

that 3.

Part of a label so similar to that on

pl. v. 1

might be from the same source. Sign on a panel of ivory. For such signs

it

on stone vases

;

of these are half

all

Upper part

of a

chair

leg

foil,

row of nail holes. Lower end of a wooden

staff,

16.

17.

Slip

as

of wood,

shown by

also covered

foil originally.

of

highly-polished

cloudy

agate,

white.

18.

Clay sealing of King Zer,

16.

Hollow frame of gold, forming a cap

it.

It is closed at the top

carefully 20.

Fragment

of a dwai'f

to

some woodwork, which remained carbonized in

relief. 1.

(De Morgan,

originally covered with copper

a style very different

small pink marble vase of the usual entirely

Mena-tomb

689, 690).

figs.

Humerus

leg in ivory, like those

scale.

of ivory cup has a bold relief of

from usual Egyptian work.

wand with animal's head.

xii.).

the

brown and

full face, in

lions, pl. vi. 2.

12. Bull's leg in ivory.

;

detailed.

pro-

This bent form appears in the dancers' wands at

with copper

more

;

Piece of an ivory vase with plaited pattern

.

21 have patterns somewhat like those cut on the ivory slips (see pis. xxxiv. 53 55 xl. 56), but far

found in most of the royal

ivory wand, complete.

the



is

An

19 has a twisted net pattern over it, and shows a trace of the name of Kino- Zer. 20 chance.

stool or

8.

11

Pieces of elaborately carved broad

bracelets of ivory

from a

leg

bull's

(see pis. xxxii. to xliv.).

Berherches,

|-.

11.

in bands.

The

fig.

a slate palette for kohl,

bably a game piece, like the

adze 23 being intermediate between the late prehistoric type

ii.

one of the most perfect examples

is

which

of this type,

31, one

of Zer.

This

casket.

1

of copper were found together

lid of

Carved ivory

7.

82, 83.

23

The ivory

6.

similar to that in pl.

17.

18,

wooden wand, now carbonized,

An ebony label with veryroughly scratched

5.

tool.

Model ears of corn carved in ivory were found, and other pieces are shown on pi. xxxiv.

piece of a

hieroglyphs, aitpu, tep.

tatuing was used in prehistoric times (as shown

on figures then), and in the Xllth Dynasty (as shown by the body of a priestess at Cairo),

A

4.

Giglioli as a

usual

DYNASTY.

with the name of Zer, and the jackal and dagger

did not seem

strain,

1st

see pl. xxv. 6, 7.

rounded

Handle

21.

Cap

to a saucer of ivory

and

;

others of the

in carbonized wood. is

sunk, and a groove

side.

of electrum, on

engraved the sign

Abydos.

flat plate,

at the ends.

same pattern are found The end of the handle runs up the

with a

which

ab, the Osiris-wig

is

minutely

standard of

.

THE INSCRIBED TABLETS, Pieces

22, 23.

of the

dish with reliefs, in

dolomite marble, like that in 24. Piece

marble,

inscribed

" libation to Anubis." 25, 26. Pieces

of

brown

schist,

elaborately carved with basket pattern.

King

1.

Piece of serpentine bowl of

King

of

Zet.

about

Scale

one

third.

The

this year.

The

Den

Piece of dolomite marble bowl, inscribed

probably in the whole.

King Den. to be, (1)

above. (2)

The whole design of the seal appears The lea name Den with the hawk The king standing. (3) An inscrip-

....

se ab en

hooked a crocodile

is

uebti.

Den having

(4)

drawing him up out of the

water, and preparing to

spear him.

king's personal name, Setui or Semti.

wrestling with a hippopotamus.

such an impression was found object which

a

cylinder

the goddess Mafdet and the

an

is

name of Den.

This

of

an ivory plaque shows around

the edge the line of a fortification, implying that the whole subject

is

with khalcer ornament in the walls

and a

is

shrine,

within a is

city.

seen at the

above which

is

The gate

left.

a sacred enclosure with a

With-

ram

in

it,

a bucranion, similar

doorways on an ivory carving from with bucrania surmounted Hierakonpolis, to

the

(Hicralcon. xiv.)

;

note the use of animal skulls

for hanging up, by the " pan-grave " people In 9 we see a part of (Diospolis Parva xxxix.). a duplicate of No. 8, showing the king's name

and

title,

and the head of a man.

latter

These plaques

were smashed up in the general wreck of these

there

reign.

the uraeus of

is

instructive, as hitherto that

is

finger ring, but such a ring

and the base of it

quite

is

unknown

far too

is

at

long for a

It is clearly the figure of a

signet cylinder rolling on the clay.

This group

box had contained the golden of judgment of King Den.

suggests that the seal

A

cylinder of ivory has the lower end

polished quite

flat,

and the upper end

slightly

coned and pierced with a small hole in the axis.

It

adapted for the handle of

exactly

is

On

a measuring cord.

the only such relief inscription yet found.

A portion

The

seal.

bezel of any period.

jar

Den

bears the

this

hieroglyph has been taken to be a figure of a

Den

showed that Den was the

alabaster

of

of

judgment, the sign of gold, and the sign of a

13.

tall

name

Beside the

(6)

and was

tablet of

a duplicate of that

it is

cutting

fine

this age,

A small part of

last year,

most crisp and

The

inscription in high relief, with the standard of

8.

title

4 and xv. 18, in part, and

xi.

i.

(5)

of Setui.

On

the

is

A small ivory panel from a box

12.

5^6. The only impression of the royal seal of

7.

Mafdet is standing

does not seem to join any of those already

4.

for Zet.

name

was

group can now be

Another fragment of a Avooden

11

figured in B. T.

first

vii. 4,

i.

holding an uas sceptre, beneath her

Piece of ivory rod of King Zet.

the

Tombs

lioness goddess

published last year, but

em

many

of the finely- engraved

Avhole

3.

tion,

like so

" mistress of the house of life."

Zet.

limestone

is

found

restored.

Piece of a large and thick bowl of rough

2.

The upper part

10.

crystal vase, figured in Royal

of a tray

22. Pl. VII.

tombs by the Mission Amelineau, other precious records.

pi. v. 15.

dolomite

of

25

&c.

it

the

is

measuring cord, and the

of a

hieroglyph

name,

king's

Setui.

Pl. VIIa.

]

Fragments of an ivory

.

tablet,

with the king holding turns of cord on his arm his

name

above, Setui

in front.

year 2.

(Z?.

A

It

T.

i.

may xi.

;

be part of one found

the same as on the tablet

A

fragment which

piece in B. T.

mes Tehuti, 4.

An

i.

like

last

8 and xiv. 8).

piece of an ebony

tablet.

signs in the fortified enclosure

3.

;

and the jackal standard

xi. 5

pl. is

may

The three perhaps be

va. 13.

a duplicate

of the

and xiv. 12, with the

title

mes Anpu, &c.

ebony fragment which seems

to be a



ROYAL TOMBS OF THE

26

duplicate of the left-hand side of tablet B. T. xi.

King Mersekha

14 and xv. 16.

A fragment

5.

B. T.

A

6.

same

style as

and

A

i.

xi. 5.

i.

one of the private graves west of that of Den.

together

fastened

plug of wood in the cores

;

by

a tapered

doubtless binding

round the horns secured them from

Inscription on stone bowl

published in B. T.



bowls.

These show that the signs are not seh-

hem, as was supposed from the engraving on the

Museum but from

The wooden plug is seen just below the two top horns. The arrows are long bone points set in

tops these

must be aha.

reed shafts, with a notch for the bow-string cut

xxiv.)

— 13.

Fragments of carved wood now

bonized were found in the tomb of Den.

car-

T.

10.

ix.

i.

1,

8

compare B.

;

10. Inscriptions of Hotep-ahaui on stone

8

statue No.

below a knot in the reed.

a duplicate

on stone bowl, joining that

Inscription

splitting.

just

is

viii. 9.

7.

are formed of two long straight horns

of the oryx,

as it

xvii. 26.

6.

group of bows and arrows was found in

The bows

— Semempses,

of that found last year, figured in B. T.i. xii. 1

fragment which might by the work

belong to B. T. 7.

of tablet of the

xl. 6.

i.

This piece of a tablet appears to be of

5.

i.

DYNASTY.

1st

sealings is

Cairo

;

the open

In no case on the

showing the selchem sign (pis. xxiii., The the top divided in this manner.

name of the tomb is given as " the house Ka of the Horus Hotep-ahaui."

No. 13

On

11.

this piece

— found

of the

like the Nos. 8

— we

shows the shoulder and arm of the king grasp-

13 in the tomb of Perabsen

ing a group of emblems, including a ring and a

tomb name, which

dad sign or possibly the hand held a staff, and a group of lotus flowers stood before the king as on the slab of Men-kau-hor in Paris.

that above named, but which might belong to

:

A piece

14.

upon

of which half the

it,

bow and one end

A

bull's

leg in ivory shows a clumsier

A

T

5,

has two signs upon

to those 17.

baster

A

it,

in

grave

which are similar

scratched

upon

ala-

is

of the

by

his



loose

rubbish that had been thrown out of

this

4.

Four of these are of King Qa, No. 3 being repeated in drawing in pl. xii. 6. It will tombs.

be seen

how

the

name

sen on these has the sign

of breath (the nose) as a determinative.

From

a comparison of these tablets the separate groups can be cleared up, when the serious

study of these inscriptions

is

undertaken.

.

.

palace .

."

;

the

of

This

name

as those of the palaces of

and king Hotep-ahaui

This inscription has been

in use

labels

1

approaching the

is

" the

for

(Sa-ha-iieb),

successor

inscription

Pl. VIII.

-This

showing that

erased

was not

this

inscribed for the tomb, but for the palace,

Some weathered ivory were picked up by our workmen from the

23.

called Neteralchet "or

.

.

called Sa-ha

same type

Qa

kings

so left

be read.

.

reads " the

bowl of grey volcanic rock,

inscribed

originally

(So -ha-ha).

a group of three neter signs can alone

:

piece of a

Horus Ra-neb

(via. 7).

on the pottery.

Several signs are :

Zer

perfect jar of slate, found

of

it

:

type of the pyramid names of the Old Kingdom. 12.

style than that of the reign of 16.

of

Ka

" the divine glory."

remain.

the tie 15.

of ivory inlay has the sign anlch

probably a fuller form of

is

either of the following kings

house of the

see another

is

till

the next reign.

The

and

later

of the king Neteren, the third of

those on statue No.

From

1.

bowl was used

for

this we see that the king's " washing

every day," like the bowls and jars for the king's hands, pl. v. 13, 14, xii. 13.

Another

inscribed

for

piece

of

1,

xxv.

1.

bowl was carefully

king Neteren.

The presence

of

the boat here alone, and the instances of specific

use of bowls which

we have

just noted, suggests

that the boat inscriptions on bowls

show that

THE INSCBIBED TABLETS, such objects belonged to the king's travelling outfit.

It

would be quite

detailed account keeping,

in character with the

and the

strict

personal

could not be a handle for a fan, as

cylinders is,

own weight

its

own 1,

Pieces of inscriptions

of

Merpaba. " royal

the

for

Piece of an inscription of king Qa, fitting

name

5.

Piece with

6.

Piece with a royal

ginning with a bird.

of king Qa.

Unfortunately,

The

7.

sealing

finest

of

8.

Sekhem-ab

pl.

gold

Each

her,

For adjusting the fragments of stone

the forms and draw the restored outlines.

This

tie

fixed.

bracelets, one perfect,

12. Pieces of a dish of dolomite

— 15.

Two

;

from the longer, but was not complete at either end it was 5 inches long. In the photograph each piece but it is is shown one end of ;

;

to

represent

the

whole of such a long slender object on any From this plate can be seen the useful scale. double bands of thick gold which encircle the sceptre at every fourth cylinder, the cylinders of polished sard which form the body, and the

corroded rod of copper which binds the whole As to the purpose of this object, it together.

copper pans, two copper ewers,

and a vase of dolomite marble were under

together

chamber

24.

double spouts.

piece was complete at the thinner end and 23 the shorter had been broken inches in length

marble were

found carved in imitation of basket-work.

tomb of king Khasekhemui were found two pieces of a The larger sceptre (see chamber 48, pl. lxiii.). In the

impossible in a book-plate

lump

is

by the yielding of the wall. bowl of diorite was also found

A perfect

together as in

I.

Over the

of sealing clay

two gold

these were

is described in the account of stone bowls, chap. vi.

IX.

over the top and secured with a

foil fitted

covered over by the collapse of one of the walls,

13

Pl.

24,

the other crushed

khent.

bowls a frame was employed in order to obtain

24.

chamber

(near

of these has a cover of thick

of the wire a small

style.

12.

to say, the royal sceptre.

Khasekhemui

of

11.

Probably of the time of Merneit, by the rough



is

between chambers 40 and 44.

Part of an inscription, Neit,

10

seems

It

can only have been a ceremonial

double turn of twisted gold wire.

xxi.

in ochre on a

piece of an alabaster vase. 9.

complete at

is

vase of carnelian were found together in the

With

king

The jackal standard written

so

belongs to a

it

Perabsen, drawn in seal No. 164,

be-

is

it

it

it

its

Six vases of dolomite marble and one

10.

pl. lxiii.).

name apparently

much sand -worn that whether new name cannot be decided.



tomb

viii. 3.

i.

it

rod of the king, that 2

the piece published in B. T.

Again,

safely.

shows no sign of any attachment.

palace." 4.

in fact,

clear that

Base of vase inscribed

3.

;

only just strong enough to carry

the thinner end with a plain cap of gold, which

canteen and furniture.

2.

too

is

any weight bent the copper rod

if

royal service, for the palace, for travelling, &c,

Pl. VIIIa.

it

far too liable to fracture of the sard

and

long,

responsibility for things, that each branch of the

should have

27

&c.

may

form

worship of ings 191

a

One fig;.

of each kind 13.

perhaps

Set and Horus

— 205)

;

opposite

were grouped

The ewers both have

The motive

be seen

wall

collapsed

for so

strange a

the

in

co-equal

in this reign (see seal-

the simultaneous offering of

libation to both gods could be secured

double spout.

Similarly there

co-equal temple of

Ombo,

of

found

Set

is

the

and Horus

which the foundation seems

by

this

double at

Kom

likely to

belong to this age. 16.

A

piece of dolomite marble was inserted

damaged bowl, and held in place by a lining plate, to which it was fastened by long

in

a

pins of gold.

The photograph shows the inner

side of the patch with the gold pins projecting.

17



18. Pieces of ivory

which seem

to

have

belonged to a carving of a panelled doorway, as

ROYAL TOMBS OF THE

28

they have bands of the usual

ornament

in

relief.

Pl. IXa.

1

— A 3.

dish and

two vases of

copper were found near together, in the doorway

between the south and middle parts of the tomb of Khasekhemui. 4



11.

A

large

mass

ol

funeral models in

copper were found stacked together, the tool

models inside of the large pan, and the

lesser

The whole group had been covered by a collapsed wall. The dishes turned

models are copper 1

;

all

over them.

roughly cut out of thin sheet

they comprise the following forms

pan, 15 inches across, riveted

:



1st

DYNASTY.

THE INSCRIBED TABLETS, chamber fortified

as

generally

supposed, but it is the gateway, as in the Shunet ez Zebib at

Abydos, and elsewhere. This was suggested by Maspero in Proc. Soc. Bib. Arch. xii. 247. 4.

A

part of a very thick tablet of ebony

shows traces of signs in red and black. 5.

A

wooden

cylinder, found last year near

tomb

the

29

&c.

of Qa, has

written inscription on of

Anpu and

funerary

model

the of

remains of the ink-

the it,

alternately the shrine

king's

an

name.

incised

It

was a

cylinder

for

sealing. 6.

The

ivory

tablet

drawn here

already mentioned in the account of

is

that

pi. viii. 3.



EOYAL TOMBS OF THE

30

DYNASTY.

1st

CHAPTER

IV.

THE SEALINGS AND STELES. 26.

Pl.

Royal

in

alone

The

XIII.

Part

Tombs,

I.

;

the

of

number

thus the

any

distinguish

to

suffices

numbers

from those described

are continuous

sealings

published

The form sign

94.

Only a

single impression of the seal of

King Ka was found the

of

reality

writing of

it

(see

name

pl.

ii.

1)

by

enforced

is

here figured, and by the ink writing of

many

jars

of

published

be

it

on

found together in one tomb, which

was probably that will

the

on the unbaked clay of several jars

king Ka.

after

being

These

latter

cleaned,

but

them prevent their being yet photographed. The ka arms are turned downward more usually than upward in this name. incrustations on

90.

A

stood,

small piece of sealing cannot be under-

but

it

may have some

— 92.

Several

sealings

and that

mer

is

of

Narmer

Nar alone

is

were

the true

an epithet separately

applied. 93. This seal, of sions remain,

the

is

word men.

which fragmentary impres-

Narmer alternating with Were it not for the clear

of

evidence of the ivory tablet from the Naqada-

Mena tomb, we should see in this perhaps a reason for Narmer being the name of Mena.

There

is,

however, a possibility that

may have been two kings named Mena, with ha names Narmer and Aha. If so, it is nevertheless Aha who is the first king of the there

1st roll

Dynasty, because of his position in the of

;

xxxv.

5,

6

;

in xli.

the

74

;

Narmer by the

Two seals may be

either of the time of

Mena or a little before that. 97—104. Sealings of King Aha-Mena. these 98 and 99

Mena tomb

were

also

(Becherches,

is

associated sealings.

Of

found in the Naqadafigs.

556,

557);

the

Naqada The seal 100 is the only example of the sign men that we find in this reign, except tbat on the back of the wooden tablet, pl. xi. The objects figured on the animal other six are new, and four found at are

unknown

at

Abydos.

probably traps.

seals are

105—107. Sealings

27.

of

King

Zer, with

only his name.

found, which show that

name,

34

with a repetition of lake signs

seal

94, 96.

connection with

King Ka. 91

A

of the age of

but the

;

found actually

that

xxxii.

(pis.

men

xlv. 46).

sealing.

89.

exactly

is

tombs

playing pieces on the

of the

eight

kings

recorded

whose

tombs

can be identified in that order on the ground.

The most advanced sealing of the early time is the royal seal of King Zer, showing him seated, wearing the crown of Upper and that of Lower Egypt. The work is final as regards 108.

the position, the crowns, and the throne

;

and

type might belong equally to any subsequent

its

age down to

Roman

times.

109. This seal, with the

ing with Zeren and

Ta

is

name of Zer alternata valuable link.

a seal of Zet published last year (B. T.

name

i.

On

xviii. 2)

Ath which I suggested might refer to Ateth, his name in the list of Sety I. Now we can place together his

[a

alternates with

name

;

;

THE SEALINGS AND STELES.

From these

seems that we have the original

it

name

the

Zer, as

Narmer



a fuller form of

is

Nar.

duplicate in sed nebui

(?)

un nebui

(?)

arrangement, the series running nebui;

jackal standard; selchet

;

zef

uaz nebui jackal standard

;

and another standard, making a six-group

Ill

the

is

latest

of

seal

style

with groups of animals

here

is

an

anticipation

Merneit and the 112. There

work

steles of

are

of these

down

from

101—104, of Zer;

the

of

Mena,

sealings

of

Den. or

a

;

even

&c.

coarse

figures

come

scale

time

see

;

of

96,

111, 113,114, 122, 123, after

;

which

The common hieroglyph

28.

Den

sealings of

are solely of

and language, and so need

of Zet.

very delicate work, which

The

164, &c.

Perabsen name in

and

might have

this

some

sealings

many cases

unique sealing (F.P.

from the tomb

of

a king Sekhem-ab,

led to difficulties, but for a coll.),

Avhich Avas found at

unknoAvn, some years ago, Avith the

site

form Sekhemperabsen, showing the

tAvo

names

combined.

seals

105—107, 116, 124 of Zer; 1—7, But an entirely different

;

The

interest for titles

very

three,

separately; see 91, 92, 97, 98, 99 of

— 127

— 163.

136

not be noticed in this chapter.

128, 132, of Zet

8, 9, 10,

;

seal

altogether.

but the alchu ha the

of

prehistoric

Mena,&c.

such disappear.

may rank

prehistoric

The rough

seals.

men on

and

animals

tAvo,

;

the

running on concurrently in the

different styles

125

loAver lines are perhaps

The upper and

135.

forms of the personal names that were modified by Sety I. Zeren is perhaps a fuller form of

31

It

be seen that the haAvk of Horus

Avill

always over the Sekhem-ab name,

Avhile Set is

always over the Perabsen name on the

on

is

seals, as

These are then the Horus

his stele, pi. xxxi.

was probably on stone rather than on wood

and Set names of the king. The seals of the Ilnd Dynasty are generally

see 108, 109, 112, 118, 119, 120 of Zer; 135 of

of a smaller style

class is that of the

Zet.

It

is

not

till

the time

of

Den

that a

and more elaborate than those

The sharp

of the 1st Dynasty.

detail of those

general coarse uniformity of style was fixed

best preserved points to their being

upon, though even then the royal seal was of

stone or metal rather than in Avood.

the delicate class 113. See pi.

ii.

The

(pi. vii. 5, 6).

account of stone vase inscription,

first

figures of deities are found

The haAvk -headed god,

seals.

made

in

on these

Avho has some-

times the feather on the head (No. 199), and the

15.

— 117.

with a shrine should be

goddess of vegetation (No. 176), Avith growing

compared, though none of them are duplicates. On 116 seems to be the earliest form of sah.

plants on her head, and probably the same Avith

The leopard and bent bars on his back recall The genei-al form of the the panel of Hesy.

On

114

shrine

is

The

seals

like the early huts, Avith reed sides

palm rib roof. the same design

and

123

is

but a different 121

is

as the seal 10 of Zet,

case Set

The

and Horus placed together

full-length

seal.

the same design

in Avhich

'

;

name

as

the

seal

20 of

zet in

the

194. is

very

of the

as co-equal.

king expressly

the appearing of the dual poAver

the two gods

Maspero, Rev. Grit., 15

Merneit, but differs in having du for

The appearance surprising,

are

at

peace"

The group

of four bars in this, as in Nos.

shown in seal they are distinguished in two forms. 122, 143,

is

better

142,

where

be explained as

(see

Dec, 1897). of the

but

if

a

name Amen here more

impression could be obtained, perhaps

fortress.

129.

the seals of

refers to this,

interAvoven

hand (Nos. 191, 192, &c). Khasekhemui Ave see in every

lotus sceptre in the

complete it

Avould

Amenti, or otherAvise.

The impressions of this seal are perhaps the commonest of all they are entirely on flat 210.

;

ROYAL TOMBS OF THE

32

The name of" the royal mother occurs on the tomb of Amten,

DYNASTY.

1st

caps of black clay.

that

Hapenmaat " who made daily

localities,

the lea-house, or

offerings in

funerary chapel, of this queen (see L. Denk.

queen of one of the

the

was

Illrd

only proves that her worship

Dynasty," but

it

was continued

to the

It

kings of

last

6).

ii.

This has been quoted as evidence that she "

end of the Illrd Dynasty.

seems not improbable that Khasekhemui

the same as Zaza of the

of Sety, last king

list

of the

Ilnd Dynasty (see

might

well be

is

sect. 6)

;

queen

his

" king-bearer

"

of

Nebka, the founder of the Illrd Dynasty, and

so

the

called

sealings

we

Illrd Dynasty, as

Aahmes

Nefertari was vene-

XVII Ith Dynasty.

rated in the

from Thinis to Memphis in the

The change

title

of the Illrd

fresh start to have taken place

then.

Hence

this

be practically

all

shall have for the restoration of the first

two

Dynasties.

29. Pl. with

XXV.

1,

2 have been already noticed

13 and va.

pis. v.

6,

On

4—11.

the bases

of stone bowls are occasionally very delicately-

drawn signs, which are not hieroglyphic in some Such signs are here shown on enlarged cases. 13

12 will be noticed with

—27.

Many

pl. liv.

stone vases bear signs written

These can scarcely be

in ink with a brush.

photographed, owing to the slightness of the ink-stain on dark slate

and such

Some

stones.

Of these 1 = drawing 17, 2 = drawing 21, 3 = drawing 19, 5 = drawing 26, 6 and 7 4 is sufficiently clear Only two of these are are sufficiently clear. are

Dynasty shows a

will

dry

bureaucracy and organization of the

scale.

she might be venerated as the foundress of the

216 sealings

less

in

such as the temple area.

collection of

that

preserved

be

will

shown

in

B.

T.,

pl.

x.

;

The greater part

of the

sekhemui are on yellow

sealings

clay,

of

Kha-

and very frag-

a king's name, the Setui

brushed broadly on

mentary, as the area of each originally was only a small part of the whole

Hence

seal.

by comparing dozens of fragments of each seal that

it

is

slate dishes in figs. 17, 18. it is

only

of impressions

possible to

reconstruct

even the broken views here given.

From

the character of the sealings above,

it

would be clear that Perabsen was intermediate between the 1st Dynasty and Khasekhemui, and

this accords

with the general features of the

It is also clear that these

long precede King Neterkhet

Dynasty, as

two kings cannot

— Zeser of the Illrd

an impression of a

was found in

his

seal of

Perabsen

tomb.

have drawn now

ful to

it is

only need-

quote the number in order to define any

of the 146 steles

forty steles or so, published

all

sealings found in our

the figures of seals that

work

in the

Royal Tombs

;

and, after going over the collection made in past

now

in the Cairo

Museum,

I

found that

only the completion of a few signs could be obtained from that material.

Hence

likely that other sealings will

add any serious

amount

to this corpus,

them, B.

lines of

The

discovered in 1900-1.

by M. Amelineau,

my out-

T., pl.

xxxii.

It is to

be hoped

that

whenever those are properly published

their

numbers

will begin 147,

and

so avoid

any

ambiguity in quotation.

can possibly be obtained from the thousands of

years,

those published last year, so that

have no numbers except those added in

tombs.

I

30. Pl. XXVI. The steles drawn here are all shown in photograph in pis. xxviii.,xxix.,xxixA., xxixB. The numbers are continuous from

and also

it

is

it

is

un-

unlikely

The

pieces of the stele of

published

next

photographs of

The

steles

it

year,

were

as

King Zer

unfortunately

the

lost.

from around the tomb of Zer are

mostly so deeply weathered that trace the original relief; see

it is difficult

fig.

In order to draw the outline, or

photograph

will be

it,

the only

method

is

the weathered hollows with sand.

to

50, pl. xxviii. still

to

more, to

fill

up

all

Accordingly,

THE SEALINGS AND STELES.

33

handfuls of sand were thrown over each stone,

rainstorm, and

and then the raised

photographed.

and

figures

signs

wiped

This was done twice, once for drawing

Besides the Zer steles

and once for photographing, and hence the drawing is quite an independent interpretation

finishing the excavations

apart from the preparation for photographing.

pl.

How much is gained

The most

clear.

in clearness

by comparing figs. the same stone, unsanded. seen

by

this sanding

Of course the photographs were taken looking almost vertically down-

occur on No.

21,

notable that the king

ward, the stone being only inclined enough to

never Den, in this

obtain a shadow to the

carefully erased

were made to

scale

The drawn

by using a frame

outlines

of threads

over the stone, and a card ruled in squares

beneath the thin drawing-paper. are ignored, the object being to

The damages show the best

material that can be obtained for reading, while

the photograph

No

shows

the

actual condition.

comparison has yet been made between the

of

interesting titles,

relief.

in

around the tomb of

These are drawn in the lower half of xxvii., and photographed in pis. xxx., xxxa.

with uniform

49,

many were found

Den.

sanded, and 50,

is

be preserved or

so could not

120

six

the

are

these

125, which also

to

published last year.

It

is

always named Setui, and

is

Two

title.

steles

had been

but by examination in sun-

;

shine each sign could be tolerably restored (see

Nos. 131, 132). It

may

be noted that Nos. 128, 129 seem to

contain only a

as

title,

occurs on

same

the

No. 96 with the addition of a name, Ketka. Pl.

XXXI. Two steles of king

Perabsen were

found lying in the sand to the south of his

They seem

been

have

photographs and the drawings, which are en-

tomb.

tirely independent.

placed near the entrance to the tomb, which

be noticed that out of 70 stones with from around Zer, 16 have names com-

It will

signs

pounded

with Neit

;

one

The

king

Libyans,

dynastic race

the 1st Dynasty.

mentioned.

pact syenite, and

relief inscription

deity

the

belonged rather

59

is

is

domestics and to

than

the to

Neit the

inscription 102, written on less than half the size of the other,

stone.

The

with red paint on a smooth

differences

between the two forms

of the signs are instructive.

Pl. XXVII.

They

much

are cut in very com-

rather askew view, which reduces the largest of

strongly shows that

worshipping

may name Horus

duplicated by the

This

the

was at the south corner, and not on the east of the tomb, as seems to have been the case in

which specially adored Hathor.

100), but no other

of

to

by sand wear, It was there, so that no sharp edges are left; fore not satisfactory to photograph them in front, by the shadows and the best result was from the side, by reflections. This makes a

(No.

harem

therefore

Several of the steles last found

polished

;

the two steles to an equality with the

The

plate here

lesser.

an enlargement of a ^-plate

is

snapshot with a hand camera, as

it

was

difficult

to fix a stand at the exact angle for the reflections r-

and

I

doubt

if

any better result could

were not photographed owing to lack of time caused by illness, but all were drawn, and the

have been got by using a stand.

drawings of these, together with some of the steles which were too much damaged to be

worn masses of grey syenite

about 5 feet high

;

the hieroglyphs

to flakes since being drawn, owing to the great

in later times.

Set above the

steles are

cut from natural long water-

hammer-dressed down to a

worth photographing, are given in the upper Some had entirely crumbled half of this plate.

The

left

in

;

flat

relief.

with one face surface,

The

and

figure of

name has been hammered away

;

EOYAL TOMBS OP THE

34

1st

CHAPTER

DYNASTY.

V.

THE INVENTORY PLATES.

XXXII.— XLV.

Pls.

31

In examining a period so

.

little

known,

and so important, as that of the development kingdom, nothing should be slighted

of the

its

original

Changes can be seen in the historic

design.

of this form disappears in the

The use

time.

from

remote

and

conventional,

and in even the smallest matters of decoration

reign of Qa, last of the 1st Dynasty, and no

every fragment should be recorded and added to

such

To

our knowledge.

describe objects in detail

useless without figures,

inventory useless

merely a tedious legal formality,

is

practical

for

record

efficient

is

and therefore a written

is

archaeology

and

:

the

such an outline of every

decoration

different

fragment in wood

idea revived, as

L. Denlc.

lion's legs,

in future, can be recognized

as joining pieces

form

comparing

one tomb with

as a whole,

another.

This

have given on the fourteen plates named above

I ;

there every object (not given already in photo-

graphs)

is

outlined, or sufficient

shown of any large and uniform

samples class,

make some

to

notes

class

;

on the plates

time

prehistoric

one grave at Naqada (No. 3) had a couch

;

supported on

bull's legs

carved in wood about

they had been entirely eaten 1 5 inches high by white ants, but yet the form could be traced. The date of this is about s.d. 66 (see Diospolis ;

Parva

for this

mode

of dating), or perhaps five

or six centuries before the 1st Dynasty.

there

is

Hence

a long past in the history of this form,

and the use of

it

in the royal

tombs

is

and

became

(L. Denlc.

Roman

so

;

highly

it is

the

;

time (L. Denlc.

ii.

usual

128,

in

129),

ii.

the Xllth

and on

in the

and

of Hatshepsut),

time.

only from the remains here that

we can glean

the

The wavy

changes.

line

around the leg appears under Mena (xxxii.

and continues which

supports begin in

bull's-leg

109)

86,

have been removed to Paris, and their history

such changes as

first

Medum

such as

separately.

The

the

(see

however, began to supplant the older

XVIIIth Dynasty (throne till

Yet the

Unfortunately most of the perfect examples

can be traced from tomb to tomb in each

and then

110),

90,

Kingdom

10, 84, 85,

ii.

one

6).

the constant type of the

in the latter part of this

Dynasty

lost

be best to notice

is

(xlv.

of

very

are

the arrow points. It will

it

of seats in the Old

legs xiii.,

can be identified

already known, and can be studied

tombs

the

in

Perabsen and Khasekhemui except

it

intelligible fragment, that

seen

is

on

;

ceases.

it

divisions

the

to

under the

maximum

Merneit

(xxxix. 2),

The number of feet decreased as

in each reign

is

:

9),

after

or

discs

time went

—29 under

Mena, 19 under Zer, 18 under Merneit, and 14 under Den and Mersekha. The general size diminished, as the (xxxii. 5),

and the

largest

leg

Dynasty

found in the tomb of Qa or

Sma fit

to

seats.

The arrow points of ivory are earlier part of the 1st

from

seem only

later ones

support caskets and not actual

is

later.

;

common in

the

but none were

They are

often

;

THE INVENTORY PLATES.

35

unknown

but

tipped with red ochre, which has been supposed

origin of this pattern

to be a poisoned tip,

mainly appears in representations of the hollows

though iron oxide would

is

quite

be the worst substance to maintain a poison

of panelled

probably the red colour was put on with the

plaited cord used to close shutters high

draw

idea of sympathetic magic, in order to

the arrow to the blood of the animal at which it

was

The ivory

shot.

were probably

tips

the tomb

of

Den

viiA. 7)

(pi.

;

but the ivory

has better survived the destruction by

by

so the

insects,

In the tombs of the

separate.

earlier only iv.,

vi.)

Under

into

full

period and (pis.

any other

in

of

them with reddened

quadrangular barbed

tips),

The pattern Zer

under Zet (xxxvii.

style

under Den the old

Only the plain circular

tips

down

to

Mersekha, except an example of the oval form

The inlay patterns are scarcely known in the Mena period, the strips with a diagonal cross beginning then (xxxii. 19), and continuing in 99), after which the time of Zer (xxxiv. 94



The twisted cord border begins

under Mena (xxxii. 35 ; iiiA. 1 iv. does not recur till Merneit (xxxix. ;

become common

till

Den

lines beneath the twist

35

(xxxii. (iiiA. 1

Den

;

;

46

xl.

iv. 17),

(xli.

(xlii.

72),

(xliii.

41).

xxvii.), the

;

xli.

(xl.

are

16,

37), nor

45—48).

straight

17),

(xl.

56

— 43), yet very rough imitations occur — 69 4 — 6). Such are continued Azab (xliii.

(xl.

11, 26, 27,

10,

(xlii.

54, 55),

Qa

34

(xliv.

57

under

xli.

;

xli.

;

61—65), Mersekha 37), and even till



work, such

The mat pattern

is

Sma

the reed tray of

as

and the mat of bound rushes

(xxxii. 54),

on a

flat slip of

(62).

Zer (xxxiv.

Plain ribbing occurs under Zet (xxxvii.

— 66). A

mat

Merneit (xxxix. 58



bound rushes under

of

61).

Plain ribbing

(xl.

85—90, 105—106 xli. 48—50) and bound matwork (xli. 52—54, 65, 69) under Den. The The woven flat mat under Azab (xlii. 68 69). mat of rushes carved in wood under Mersekha ;

at

30), or curved

ii.

Plain ribbed ivory inlay,

(29—33). probably from a woven

Qa

rush mat pattern, under

But

in the Ilnd

Dynasty

this

(xliv.

27



down

The

31).

seems to have

disappeared.

Fluted patterns are important as being pro-

earliest is a

130, et seqq.),

the lines are curved upward at the ends.

and plain ribbing

28),

first

are

the Xllth Dynasty (L. Denlc.

27,

(xliii.

bably derived from the fluted columns;

but begin to curve up under

35),

kept

though

and

The

straight under Azab under Mersekha down and curve In the Vth Dynasty (Deshasheh, Vlth Dynasty (Dendereh, iii.), and in

32,

;



(xli. 41).

they cease.

46)

style is

of

becomes cheaper in

42

56, 62

under Den

this

;

row

always as a

55),

early

41,

there are the

reigns,



squares set diagonally

92).

succeeding

below are copied from

of diagonal lines begins under

53

(xxxiv.

46), and the flanged tips (47, 48), beside others

appear in the

in the

the surplus of the cord resting on the ground.

tips (43), the square tips (44), the oval tips, (45,

of ebony (50, 51).

up



(42), the pentagonal

tips

lines

represents a

it

reign.

Beside the plain circular points (xxxiv. 27

many

Possibly

it

Khasekhemui (xlv. 29, 32). Bibbed and mat-work patterns, imitating rush mats and trays, are elaborately wrought in the

were

hundreds

;

and the variety of

;

than

greater

Zer the ivory arrow-

use

gathered from his tomb is

all

excepting one specimen of Mena's

;

sprang

forms

nearly

arrow-heads are found

flint

reign (xxxii. 37). tip

now Mena

are

tips

man and

and the

panelling,

all

inserted in reeds, like those from a grave near

woodwork.

;

flutings

the

model column of Zer with sixteen (xxxiv. 73), and a flatter fragment (72).

The next

is

of

Den

(xl. 107).

Under Khase-

khemui, an ivory model column with eight lobes, or colonnettes,

is

seen (xlv. 23), probably also

of architectural origin.

Bracelets or bangles are found in most reigns,

sometimes bangles,

abundantly.

made

The

flint

or

chert

in prehistoric times, continued in

v 2



;

;

ROYAL TOMBS OF THE

36

Mena

use under

Zet

(xxxii. 42), Zer (xxxv. 60

(xxxviii.

The

(xlv. 14).

under Zer

and

45),

even

till



65),

Perabsen

greatest variety of material

(see pi.

is

are very rare, until

many

large marble bangles

wavy line or time of Den (xl. 39)

cord-pattern last until the the only surprising variety

is

row

that with a

of

(xxxiv. 71) under Zer, otherwise they

of ivory resemble those figured

on the men sign

(pi. xiii.

93),

and are usually

about the thickness of a finger or larger

xxxv.

xxxii. 34;

wrought with

(see

73; xli. 74; xlv. 46). Parts of an alabaster draught-board were found 5,

widely scattered in

6,

B

Silver is

joints like a reed,

is

and

time, and

the tombs (xxxii.

nails are usual in

65

(xlv. 18),

with

of

91

in early

under Zer (xxxv. 84

prehistoric use, appear

Zet

many 75,

74,

we know

Needles, which

xliii. 12, 16).

89),

xxxviii.

;

Den (93, xli. 86), Qa (xliv. 49), Perabsen

(xxxviii. 76), 13, 14),

(xliii.

and Khasekhemui

the second fang,

unknown

copper, were found under

Mersekha

Khasekhemui

in

prehistoric

Zer (xxxv.

well

(xliv. 12), as

Harpoons,

(xlv. 70).

92),

and

models under

as

(ixA. 5).

Small chisels continued to be

(xxxii.. 71).

(88)

not yet drawn.

rare in the prehistoric

is

it

gold,

not found in the Royal Tombs.

Mersekha

closely follow the forms in stone.

Draughtsmen

copper

another

with

rod plated

Copper wire and

(xlv.).

Cylinder jars of ivory with a

circles

gold with a socket and pin-hole to attach

xxxv), and after that bracelets

appear in the Ilnd Dynasty

DYNASTY.

1st

made from the

by Zer (xxxv. 91), 90 93), and Khase-

early prehistoric time, as

32.

Glazed pottery

known

first

is

the

in

form of beads, very early in the prehistoric time. It occurs here as a bead of Zer (xxxv. 75)

inlay of Zet (xxxvii. 42) 13,

20, 21, 25,

vases (55, 58) xli. 73,

75

glaze

— 62).

tile

Den

(xxxvii. 78

— 84,

Azab

— 43)

Qa (41

;

(xlii.

25

and beads of Khasekhemui

(xlv.

examples and

After such

;

and as a tall the

for the

doorway of glazed

Of metals we

69—75).

Pins like those of the prehistoric age are

92),

Mersekha

(xliv. 11),

The unusual objects

— 95), Den (xxxviii-

and Qa

(48).

are the tweezers

(xliii. 15),

which are admirably made with a wide hinge and stiff points; the rymer (xliii. 17), the bowl (xliii.

axe

18), the fish-hooks (xlv. 19, 20),

(xlv.

and the

For the great mass of copper

76).

models see the account of 33. plates

find gold, silver, copper,

and

lead in the prehistoric time, and their uses here

Dynasty are naturally continuous

from. that.

The gold bar

gold bracelets of Zer 7),

of

(pi.

Mena

i.),

(iiiA. 7),

gold-topped

vases,

gold

the

the gold pin of

the gold frame of Zer

mounted sceptre, and gold pins (ix.)

(xlv.



xli.

found under Zer (xxxv. 93

from

in the 1st

Zer (va.

khemui

Illrd

tiles

the step pyramid of Saqqara.

the

94;

(xxxviii.

pi. ixA.

found at Hierakonpolis there can be no

hesitation in accepting the date of the

Dynasty

as

and

as tile (52),

as decoration of

as beads of

;

stand, inlays,

50

;

;

as a vase of Mersekha (xliii. 24,

;

xliv. 10)

33)

as vases of

79, 81)

— 77)

35,

;

28, 29,

;

as beads (xxxviii. 11,

;

Den

(viA.

bangles,

19),

gold-

Khasekhemui have been already described. Of minor

objects there are here on pi.

We

will

now

note the objects on these

which are outside of the above which need some explanation. Pl.

XXXII.

10, a scratch

comb

classes,

of obsidian,

of the type of later prehistoric times.

model cylinder needles. legs.

seals.

40,

42,

26 43,

—28, bone

51, 63, portions of the tops of chair

59,

60,

parts

carved in imitation of

sycomore

38,

and

figs

of ivory

gaming

slips of reed.

strung on a thread.

sticks,

66, dried

67, 68, a slate

of

palette for grinding eye-paint, with ivory lid to

xli.

xxxiv. 23

a copper rod

plated thickly with gold (83), and a knob of thin

keep dust from Pl.

;

it

;

such were usual (see ii. 11-

xxxviii. 2, 50, 51).

XXXIII.

An

undisturbed

tomb was

;;

THE INVENTORY PLATES.

37

found by accident in the Osiris temenos last year. The soil was so wet that the bones were mostly

gether, so

and only fragments of the skull, crushed under an inverted slate bowl, were pre-

has a long division

The head had been laid upon a sandstone corn grinder. The beautiful ivory duck dish found by the head was figured last year

thin division, such as that in

dissolved;

served.

(B. T.

i.,

and

see pp. 27, 28, for

Around

the sides of the

xxxvii.

the pottery).

1,

And

of ivory.

7,. 8,

are

new to

(23),



pi.

151).

1.

—21), with

and a piece of

A few flint flakes

scraper (24).

The

scarcely

is

elsewhere, except in stone (see

few beads lay by the neck (16

bit of a shell bangle

Some

us.

a

shell

were scattered

As there is no museum in 35 ) England where such a complete tomb can be placed, it was sent to Philadelphia, in order that the whole series should be arranged as originally in the grave (26

The age

found.

reign of Mena,

pottery forms

.

of as

B.

it

certainly close to the

seen on

is

T.

is

pis.

i.,

comparing the

xxxix.,

on which everything from

xlii.,

marked Pl.

xl.,

xli.,

tomb

this

is

XXXIV.

from statuettes

19, ;

Carved ivory hands

20.

compare

pl.

This forepart of a dog

is

like

in the

one found by 56

Naqada Mena-tomb.



82, 83.

of corn, also photographed in pl.

vi.

An

17.

7,

9,

XXXV. 10,

15.

chair legs.

rod

;

78

— 79. A

80.

many such were

conical

bangles

of

of

the cloudy chalcedony (58) of these,

being highly

A

piece of the clear green ser-

is

frequent in prehistoric work.

Pieces of malachite cut for ornament.

serpent head of lazuli highly polished

one of the very few things that might be

this is

of uncertain age (pl. vi.

it

Fragments ;

work

may

;

and though the snake head

2) shows that is

much

so

this

might occur then, yet

like that of later times that

belong to some offering to

Osiris.

There

were a few distinctly late objects found, due to the Osiris worship here, which

volume

in this

;

we do

not notice

but scarcely anything found

age.

81.

A

lazuli

plaque

that other jewellery like that of pl.

i.

is

shows

here.

1 existed

83.

;

XXXVI.

Pl. sticks

were found,

and

gether,

observed. figs.

Many

1,

2,

any

It is

14,

all

of

wooden throwwhich I compared to-

pieces of

possible

connections

were

not certain that the pieces in

are really connected, but they

3

— 13.

Many

explain one another.

84,

pieces of

wooden wands were found carved

the form of shoots of a reed or rush

Parts of the heads of staves or of long

— 72.

pentine which

its

Fragments of thin bangles

52.

serve to

2,3,4. Portions of boxes of ivory.

11. Pieces



77.

the

Fragments of decorated bracelets

48.

the most striking

polished.

showing

bracelets,

40.

the curvature of the frag-

it

various stones, &c. is



ear

86, 91. Pieces of small bowls of ivory.

Pl.



24

holes.

small nails.

Rods of ivory with flat ends, but longer than these, were found in prehistoric tombs {Naqada 74. The carving of a bundle of reeds vii., lxi.). bound together is also in xxxix. 47, and xliii. 35—37. 81. An ivory spoon of the same form as the later prehistoric spoons.

A

20.

13.

61.

22.

also in pl. viA. 9.

box

De

21.

is

it

18. Parts of a

The overlaying of wood with thin sheet copper was a favourite manufacture the sheet is usually attached by a close row of very

xxxviii. 54.

This portion of a dog

Morgan

and below

section,

of doubtful

M.I.

ivory

of

53

strange three-sided pottery bowl, 22,

A

Fragments

49

of the forms, such as 3,

13

;

the middle of

show the cutting and

side to

of ivory.

in this pi. xxxiii.

boxes

hollowed-out base of ivory, drawn on the under

near the body were sixteen stone

drawn

down

for the inscription see pl. v. 4.

ment. 41

vases and bowls,

known

of

probable that there were several

12, 13. Portions of ivory

such rods.

tomb most of them

were over two dozen jars of pottery, large.

list

it is

ivory

found, but none fitted to-

all

;

in

nearly

have been burnt, and broken into small

pieces.

unknown objects Pieces of thin wood with

23, 24, 25. Pieces of

carved in wood. 27

— 30.

incised pattern, probably copied

from feathers

;

EOYAL TOMBS OF THE

38

31

like pi. xliv. 26.



34. Pieces of small boxes.

35.

Middle plug, of a bow made of two horns.

36.

Tip of a born bow.

A curious piece of

39.

a wooden cup, which has had a

and secured by twisting should catch in a

round

it

dropping

lid

in,

so that a stud

44. Part of a large conical

slot.

DYNASTY.

Tst

xxxiv. 19, 20.

pl.

A strange piece of inlay,

57.

apparently of green glass, partly decomposed,

with a dark strip

let into it

that of the piece on

the form

;

like

is

pl. xli. 82.

The lower division of plate should have been marked as being from the tomb of Den Setui.



85. Part of a mace-head of quartz covered with

cup of wood.

green glaze, like the glazed quartz of Hiera-

34.

Pl.

carved as a

underside

XXXVII. 19. A wand of wood human arm, with bracelet the ;

almost

is

from boxes.

column of

Small studs

18, 22.

flat.

32. Part of a fluted octagonal 33. Part of an ivory carving

ivory.

of a growing plant.

Two

39, 40.

fragments of

delicate ivory carving of feathers, probably

a

hawk

royal

ivory of

in

large

from 42.

size.

Pieces of glaze for inlaying, of two different

designs alike in outline.

57. Piece

many

Pieces of ivory tusk pierced with

purpose of which

pl.

is

unknown.

placed

below

smooth

light red pottery,

8.

each.

1.

Part

a

of

vase

of

marked with cordage

Part of an ivory

2.

kohl

lid of a

slate.

Ivory hair pin, with degraded form of bird

on the top

the bird top

:

common

is

in all the

prehistoric periods, see Diospolis Parva, p. 21 viB.

pl.

75 of

— 84

;

878

and

;

Naqada,

this is

lxiii.

47

— 50

grouped according to the graves 34. Tip of a

some of the copper

has

still

it,

and the

nails

at

the

foil

xv. 113.

of reeds.

kohl

;

50

29.

age,

staff

which

Piece of

34. after pl.

ii.

baking 15 and

48, 49. Portions of ivory carving

50, 51, 53. is



covering upon

side.

apparently the same signs as on

this

which they

in

wooden

on pottery, incised

inscription

pl.

9

Small

much hollowed by

slate palettes for

use.

54. Finely

carved ivory hand from a statuette, see also

is

tomb,

the second season of work.

pis. xl., xli. to

The dried sycomore figs strung together (as on pl. xxxii. 66) were found in great quantities such strings of figs are commonly 90.

;

Egypt

sold in

at present.

XXXIX.

Pl.

21—25. (see

carved on

a large

with

cordage

the vase

of a

copied

of separate staves

94),

like

it,

of

Pieces

xli.

26. Pieces

27.

pl. vi.

of Zer,

cylinder vase

of

from a bucket made

bound

together.

Small

32.

thin slips of ivory have been found, with a slot

running rather more than half through.

Fragments of decoration of uas and the bracelet

pl.

vi.

A

50.

1.

34.

anleh, like

thisk piece of

ebony with notched edge, perhaps part of an adjustable rack work.

ebony

51. Bull's leg in

attached to the side of a stool or casket.

;

probably the latest example

Examples of the various beads of were found.

and

still

lxiv.

;

at the close of the archaic period.

it,

a repeated order of the objects from

ivory, aparently

XXXVIII. The numbers of the tombs in cemetery W, where the objects were found, are

There this

as pis. xxxviii., xxxix. belong to the first season,

serpentine vase

See also

mace-heads

of dolomite marble, as on pl. xli. 95.

pattern

Pl.

pattern.

87. Pieces of fluted

— 61.

— 57.

xxxix. 55

86,

holes,

59

carved to represent a growing shoot.

the

wood

of

konpolis.

Wooden

54.

tablet

with

ink

writing

still

partly legible. Pl.

XL.

1, 2.

Plates of ivory,

burning of the tomb

known.

their

;

10. Parts of a large

warped by the

purpose

is

un-

bodkin of ivory.

A

fragment of a bone comb, like the prehistoric form (see Diospolis, ix. 22, or Naqada, 21.

lxiv. 70)

later

;

as this type entirely died out in the

prehistoric age,

it

seems most probable

an older object strayed here.

that this

is

Part of a

flat 'stand of

22.

ivory with rope border,

and part of the name of Den on the edge. 23. Piece of ivory with the bee from the royal titles.

24. Piece

of

ivory

with

part

of

a

THE INVENTOKY PLATES. deeply incised.

rekjiyt

39

The mouth

of a

those from Zet, Den, and Mersekha

leopard in ivory, front and side view,

with

have been scattered from one tomb.

drilled holes to

be

26.

with inlay.

filled

Pieces of the haunch of a lioness Pieces of ivory

boxes,

&c.

28, 29.

30

(?).



36.

of an

38. Piece

they

;

may

78.

A

piece of an ivory bracelet with a royal name. 83.

Block

use

sandstone,

quartzite

of

un-

known.

ivory thistle or corn flower

Pl. XLIII. 10. Apparently the two legs of an

87. Part of a (?). square of ivory inlay with dovetail on the back,

animal in ivory, from the support of some small

see xliv. 29.

object.

figure,

92. Piece of the

which must have been

material, as this piece

Horn cut

96.

is

thin.

wig

of a life-size

A

21.

highly finished piece of wood

built

carving, of unknown purport.

93.

mat- work in wood.

up of varied Top of a staff.

to imitate poles lashed together.

22. Finely-carved

wood with

23. Piece of

three finger- signs engraved on

26. Pieces of

it.

99. Probably part of a rope pattern inlay of

wood

different woods.

the middle pieces of the twist pattern,

Pl. XLI.

A piece

52.

of mat-pattern ivory,

with signs cut on the edges of the back, to mark the fitting of the next piece.

55. Part of a

cylinder of ivory, probably a small case, with recess for fitting in the bottom.

thick cylinder of ivory.

57. Part of an ivory

wood carved with

of carbonized

relief pattern, apparently of a net

hung on

spiral pattern

with copper

Piece of

70.

it. ;

pl.

is

wood with with weights

wood carved with

secured at the row of nail

holes along the side.

ware

mat

seems to have been coated

it

foil,

61. Piece

plaited

62. Piece of carbonized

pattern.

73, 81.

The blue glazed

like that found in the previous year,

xxxviii. 82, 83.

76.

The

flat

ribbed bead,

pierced to serve as a spacer in a necklace or bracelet, use.

on

77.

shows that such a form was already in

Fragment

pl. xl. 28, 29.

of a lioness, like the pieces

82. Inlay of

see pl. xxxviii. 57.

84.

banded limestone,

Fragment

cylinder seal, with ink inscription.

of a 87.

model

Appar-

now broken as this pattern is well known in the off XlXth Dynasty and onward, this may well be

ently a weight, with a loop top ;

later

than the tomb.

Pl. XLTI. Great quantities of ivory inlay from

a box were found in the grave X 62. 37. Handle 41. Piece of adze, the only early one yet found. of ink- written tablet of wood. 75-77. of

narrow ribbed

violet glazed

on a large

Some pieces

ware resemble

and of

traces of linen

have lain on the

Pl.XLIV. of reed.

2.

1.

probably fig.

40,

27, 28. Pieces of a large bier

scale.

carved with mat pattern

56. Part of a

box, with holes for lashing together.

for inlaying in coarse patterns,

upon such

;

pieces are

ornaments which

silver

bier.

Wood carving of a growing shoot

Part of wooden thro wstick. 22. Part 23. Piece of horn bracelet.

of another.

wood carved with net pattern. wood carved with a pattern which of

dark colour.

26. Piece

24. Piece

25. Piece of is

inlaid with

of elaborately-carved

feathering from a large figure of a bird in

compare the

finer ivory carving

on

wood

;

xxxvii.

pl.

The above objects were found in the earth which had been thrown over from the tomb of Qa and mixed with that of Mersekha, 39, 40.

their original place

so

Pieces of dovetails

is

uncertain.

27

— 31.

ivory inlay showing the system of

on the

slant,

by which each piece

could be keyed into a wooden base, without sliding

Pl. the

it

in a long groove.

XLV.

tomb

Scarcely anything was found in

of Perabsen,

and

been noted under their

all

these objects have

classes.

The same may

be said of the objects from Khasekhemui. While

work

Amelineau was going on I bought a copper axe of the same form as fig. 76, but with the numerals " 43 " upon it. the

35.

of M.

Some

analyses of the metals were

made

by Dr. Gladstone, F.R.S., who has kindly communicated to

The

me

the following results.

alloy of the gold

was always with

silver,



ROYAL TOMBS OF THE

40

and in about the same proportions. contained

The samples

1st

on the surface, which was seen with the micro-

There was no copper or

scope.

:

Gold

.

Silver

.

Zet.

Mersekha.

Qa.

.

79-7

84-2

84-0

.

13-4

13'5

12-95

.

93-1

97'7

9695

The

loss is

probably due to chloride of silver

iron.

This

proportion suggests the native electrum of Asia

Minor

as the source of the metal.

The copper,

Percent.

DYNASTY.

copper

bands

were

practically

but containing about

manganese.

I

There was no trace of

pure

per cent, of tin.

:

41

CHAPTEE

VI.

THE VASES. 36

"When we began to accumulate thousands

.

fragments of

of

stone

vases

from the royal

I

mass of material became urgent.

To

merely photograph the fragments in front view place

we had

to

the problem.

classes,

exhaustively for possible join-

was

distinctive

less

clearly hopeless to deal

without bottom or edge.

tomb

and the great bulk was

slate,

marbles and limestones, saccharine marble, grey

Hence the

classes

slate

and

behind on the top

left

in future) or in heaps at our huts.

But every fragment

of

all

collected

was exhaustively

thousands of pieces have

other kinds of stone :

all

and these tens of been exhaustively

compared, so as to secure every possible joining: and nearly

to

the forms that

could be

now drawn, and are

given on

all

restored have been

liiic

much had been

Most

unfortunately

for

already carried away to

has lain there since, entirely useless

and unstudied. Whenever that mass of fragments is open to research it is obvious that most will fall into place along with the other

them

pieces

sorted into

which I have already

hundreds of separate bowls. such re-union of fragments

dolomite marble, alabaster, various coloured

limestone,

surface of our excavations (so as to be accessible

of

They were

worked up.

granite, volcanic ash, metamorphic, serpentine,

is

classified

At

into

present any

declined.

So the

The

and coarse white limestone.

were made as small as was compatible with

no piece being of uncertain class.

pieces as gave in themselves some distinct form

and

until

fragments of bowls

alabaster fragments were only searched for such

Paris,

place all the pieces

such as quartz crystal, basalt, porphyry, syenite,

with the

science

first

slate bowls, or the alabaster cylinder

it

xlvi.

In the

about two dozen different classes of materials,

very few that

pis.

and identify the varied

such as the

we searched

wanted

to separate

were treated without reference to any other

In

ings of the pieces from one tomb, but found so

if

How

37.

forms from each cart-load of broken scraps, was

abandon any hope of re-uniting

some of the most promising jars,

which

from any one tomb were kept together, and such

In the

study.

the pieces of broken slate and alabaster.

brims of

to publish the forms

first

absolutely useless for

is

is

have restored.

tombs, some practical method of dealing with so great a

now

only course

tomb

All the pieces of one class from one

were then laid out, often numbering hundreds

;

many

such as were of any peculiar stone

were put together, and the rest were laid with all

the brims together in lines along the top of

the table,

all

the middle pieces laid with the

axis vertical, and all bases together along the

A

brim was then compared with every other piece, and any of the same radius of curvature and profile lower edge of the table.

piece of

were put together. The same was done with the bases. The brims and bases thus sorted were then compared with the middle especially

noting

the

angle of

pieces,

the line

of

fracture

with the vertical, which

gives

quickest

means

Sometimes

of identification.

several different bowls

the

were so nearly alike that

only a complete and exhaustive

trial of fitting

each piece to every other would suffice to settle

ROYAL TOMBS OF THE

42

Such work

their real connection.

and exhausts the

;

and

would sometimes remain

full

tedious

the piece of brim

;

and

the pieces extend to

if

cannot be

the same radius of the bowl, they are merely

difficult tables-

adjusted to bring the outer surfaces into one

attention, so that

usefully continued for long

is

DYNASTY.

1st

for

it

many

days,

being attacked by different sorters whenever

line

or if there

;

an interval, yet

is

easily seen, within a very small

it

can be

amount, what

work allowed. The final condition of all these fragments now that there are some eight hundred paper

the height must be to render their outlines into

packets each containing the fragments of some

were taken: Height; radius, maximum; radius

one vase, each labelled with the name of the

of lip

;

and the number of the form.

radius

;

other

is

material, the tomb,

Whenever

may

fragments

fresh

be

available,

one curve.

For the drawings the following measurements radius

of base

of

angle of rise from base

of side with brim

angle

height

;

;

maximum if

needful,

sometimes also the

;

it is

only needful to look over the forms drawn,

angle at some intermediate point of the curve,

for

any that correspond,

or the height and radius of points along the

in order to at once

turn up the parcels of those forms, and see joining

a

In this way, after I had done

possible.

is

if

the greater part of our material, I frequently

from

identified the rest of a vase

ment

in a

a single frag-

minute or two.

After

curve, especially for pieces of large bowls.

marking

all

these dimensions and angles on half

a freehand outline was drawn, looking

scale,

Then the

closely at the character of the form.

thickness of the bowl was measured at two or

The restoration of the forms from the fragments was another question. Any piece of brim, or of base edge, gives two facts, (1) the

three points, and the inside curve was drawn.

radius of curvature, or distance from the axis of

drawing the inner curve.

the vase, and (2) the angle that the side makes

this

38.

with the

Hence

horizontal.

it

is

possible to

Lastly the drawings were all inked in

Orme, blacking the whole of the ground, and drawing

is

For dark materials

then photographically reversed,

so as to give a dark figure with a white line.

place a piece of brim and a piece of base into

The numbers and

approximate position without any intermediate

with white on the black ground.

The mode of doing this may be

parts or joining.

seen at the base

of pi. viiiA.

A

frame, like

three sides of a cube, has on the floor of

card ruled into

circles, half

piece of brim

set

is

on

this,

an inch apart.

it

a

A

mouth down, rocked

until the edge rests fairly on the card all along,

and,

wax

if

needful, held at that angle

stuck on to

the centre until circles.

Thus

Then

it.

it

it is

fits

by a to

leg of

and from

parallel to the nearest

put at the right angle, and

centred on the card. its

it is slid

Next the

piece of base has

curvature measured by a celluloid film ruled

with

circles.

And

it is

then stuck with

wax on

references

were written in

The forms are

from the most open to the most

all classified

closed.

39. Pis. xlvi., xlvii. Quartz Crystal. These vases were mostly of smaller size than those in

The colour varies a good deal, and serves to distinguish the vases into several other materials.

classes.

The chatoyant

tints in the sunshine,

quartz, often with opal

was used mainly

for thick

forms, and

is

yellowish or

smoky quartz was mainly of small The very thin, clear

size,

restricted

to

Den.

The

and used by Qa.

The fragments of No. 22 were scattered tombs

the rod moving in grooves exactly above the

it

is

;

in three

but they probably belong together, as

a peculiar oval bowl, of which the two

centre of the card.

sections are shown, one inside the other.

be

piece of base

slid

clear

quartz, like a watch-glass, belongs to Mersekha.

to the foot of a sliding rod centred to the axis,

Thus the piece of base can up and down on the same axis as that of

by Miss

is

The intermediate between the two

THE YASES.

Where an

axes.

inner curve

in these restorations, it

not continuous

is

means that there are no

fragments completing the whole that

it

is

carried out

by

pieces at top and base.

base

projection from the

Where

either top or

entirely missing, then a broken outline

is

is left,

but

outline,

as in Nos.

3,'

The thick

4c.

5, 6, 10, 13, 14,

probably the neck of a small

46

;

is

43

The large

jars,

Nos. .122 —127, are only found

otherwise in serpentine

they descend from the

;

types which were usual throughout the latter

The

half of the prehistoric age.

forms, Nos. 129-132, also have as long a history

descent from the prehistoric.

of

form, 129,

same

of the

is

48



The

fluted

class as the fluted bowl,

88, from the pattern of the base

bottle.

flattened ovoid

it is

evidently

basalt

The same type was in the Naqada Mena-tomb (De Morgan, Bechemhes, ii. fig. 684). The very large porphyry

of the same quality as that used in the fourth

with a dark grey base, like 133, seems to have

dynasty for building, coming from El Khankah near Bubastis. It is too soft to bear working:

been only worked in the age of Mena, as the

very thin in general, and most of the vases are

others

salt-cellar forms, Nos.

50, are

only found in crystal.

is

The

thick and heavy.

wavy

The brown

Basalt.

Pis. xlvi. a, b.

tall

cylinder vases, with

or rope lines (Nos. 76

— 83)

Most of

the other basalt forms also are akin to those in

and

alabaster,

belonging to the Nile valley

;

make

each vase felspar

is

shown by

is

impossible to

The general nature

where the

sy. for syenite,

surrounds the darker base

of

;

por.

for

porphyry, where the darker base surrounds the felspar

crystals,

large

for.

for large

porphyry, with detached big crystals of

and

di. for

looking,

speckled,

grained felspar,

meaning the rather soapy-

diorite,

translucent,

1a.,

1.,

very

is

difficult

have distinguished in the draw-

I

to classify.

The

Volcanic.

Ii.

variety of the volcanic material

sub-crystalline

Probably a petrologist would replace rock. each of these names by much longer, less known, but my object is to and more exact terms ;

by the obvious appearances which the ancients probably recognized. The fluted bowl of red porphyry, No. 88, is like some pieces found at Naqada, which were probably of the same age. The pink granite, No. distinguish the rocks

102, was published last year in B. T.

lavas,

&c.

includes

class.

Porphyry and Syenite. There are here classed together some very different materials, but they vary so impercepit

xlix a.,

Pis.

of varying grain such as volcanic ash, crystalline

Pis. xlviii. a, b, xlix.

a clear division.

603).

fig.

while the forms

eastern desert, are of a different

from another that

in

ings between vole, which includes all material

of the materials from the igneous rocks of the

tibly one

came from group B, and are like the Naqada Mena-tomb (Bech. ii.

all

materials

three

all

examples

are seldom

found except in basalt and alabaster. limestone

copied from basket work.

i.

vi.

8.

and

;

(metamorphic), which

met.

materials which have a uniform fine

all

grain of recrystallization

As

altered.

all

or

much

clearly

is

metamorphic rocks are included be in this

here, gneiss has to

It

class.

was

needful to wet most of the pieces and examine

with a magnifier before even this rough

The three -lobed bowl,

cation could be made.

No. 151,

is

very unusual

pottery

in

;

the same idea occurs

Mena

age of

the

of

classifi-

xxxiii.

(pi.

22).

PL Ha.

The colour

Serpentine.

varies greatly

some

;

is

jars

:

other

this

of the green translucent

kind usual in the prehistoric age with red veins

of

is

brown

;

;

other

is

green

and the large

are coarse yellow with black veins

much

decomposed.

40. slate

PI.

Kb.

Slate.

bowls are nearly

One bowl, 214,

is

all of

The

hundreds

the types 222

oval, the

of

—227.

drawing showing

the narrow view, and the wide view being

Two curious necked And besides the cylinder

about half as wide again. vases occur, 228, 229.

;

EOYAL TOMBS OF THE

44

vase, 230, there pi.

another in the photographs,

is

terial varies

much, but cannot be confounded

with any other

It

class.

hard, opaque, white,

is

sometimes the veining

:

This ma-

Dolomite Marble.

Pis. lie, d, e.

of clearer

is

white, but usually of grey, and sometimes of

The magnesia of the on the surface as a powdery

almost black.

quartz

dolomite

white

left

is

incrustation, if

solution

it

by weathering.

like those of the volcanic

No. 265 other

tombs

;

often of a pinky all

veined.

The

a plain ring of stone, perhaps an

Pis. Hf., g, h, Hi.,

Alabaster.

liii., liiiA.

the commonest material of

all,

and

used for cylinder jars, which are of to nine inches also

across.

is

This

mainly

all sizes

up

The bowls, which are

very common, are not fully represented

here, as illness during the last

flat

week

at

Abydos

my

working over a large quantity. saucers, Nos. 295 298, are like what

prevented

The



were found at Hierakonpolis, probably of the age

of

became more

cylindrical again (Dios. xxviii.)

and in the Xllth Dynasty

much

Narmer

again widened

it

to the top (Dios. xxix.)

;

which

after

Pis.

(Hierakon.

in nature, to

and none of them numerous enough

form a separate

pi.

xxxiv.).

The

They

class.

are

more usual

in the later reigns, as soft stone supplanted the

hard igneous rocks that were most used at

The forms are not

distinctive

;

types occur, such as 403-6, 412, 454, and the

The pendant form

in this dynasty. differs

Nos.

much from

129

— 131

which comes to

of this type

the spheroidal type given in so

:

far

as

have seen the

I

examples, both from the royal tombs and else-

made

where, the pendant form was only

and

breccia,

in a late period

form was the for the

earlier,

the spheroidal

;

hard rocks.

Pis. liiiE., e.

some

the examples are put in historical order.

age,

The

to the earlier part of this

and disappears altogether half-way through The most important example

the 1st Dynasty. of the rope

No. 359.

band

is

the great vase of Narmer,

The rope pattern

is

often

made with

wide cuts across the ridge at all periods of this age.

The

unusual.

double

band

(368,

Some examples

half view (381

are

369)

The very narrow

very

only given in

— 388), to save space

thus they give the general

is

;

but paired

effect of the size.

forms, 379, 392, belong to the

in

and was preferred always

Grey Limestone.

varieties in this class

There are

the grey and white

;

brown-grey limestone taking

;

end

its

band (336—344), with wavy band (345—355), with rope band (356 392), and with plain band (393 398) and in each of these classes



first.

but some unusual

saccharine marble, often with green tints

wavy band belongs

A

Coloured Limestone.

d.

c,

liiiB.,

cylinder jars are divided into those without a



it

seems to have become extinct.

old prehistoric form 455,

armlet.

is

;

are all grouped together here, as being similar

white colour, and scarcely at is

Vlth Dynasty, widened much to the top with in the Xth Dynasty it flat brim (Dios. xxviii.)

The forms are much vases. The spout in

is

it

lasted on to the

it

;

great variety of marbles, limestones, and breccias

met with in volcanic ash from The type No. 281 is a favourite

in the earlier

iii.)

has been exposed to

also

is

sites.

form 288

This type had begun early in the

later time.

prehistoric (Diospolis,

vik. 16.

with veins

DYNASTY.

1st

a soapy polish

the grey and white shelly limestone

earthy limestone

;

and

grey taking a high

soft

The forms are mostly usual types

the

ribbed saucer, 462,

oval jar with

wavy

;

the dull

;

polish. little

the

;

is

unique

;

;

but

and the

handle, 483, differs from

all

other examples. PI. liiiG.

Rough Limestone.

always coarse and thick

in

This class

the

material being unsuited to the finer

most of

it is

is

forms,

the

work

and

;

of the later period.

41. Beside the vase forms

drawn here there were many examples which were so closely like others already drawn that it was needless to repeat them.

directly

They need, however,

THE VASES. to be recorded in order to be able to identify

any fragments that may be elsewhere, and to show what are the forms known in each material. Also the statistics of the use different reigns,

of materials in

and the history

of the different

types, will require a complete record such as this,

whenever they are worked

following

lists

out.

In the

the materials are classed as in the

number of the form duplicated the tomb letter, and any needful detail

plates, the

is

given,

of

the material, or note of different

Crystal.

size.

45

ROYAL TOMBS OP THE

46

42.

Last

many

year

closely resembling

the

pottery

of

pieces

Aegean ware came

to

tomb of Mersekha, and a few in Den these are shown on pi. liv.

light in the

that

of

:

Before publishing

these

ascertain whether

known

in

thought

I

best

was

such pottery

any other connection, and

to

already

if

were

it

possibly due to any later offerings than those of

The opinion of Prof. FurtWolters was that the ware

the 1st Dynasty.

wangler and Prof.

most resembled the

earliest Island pottery

that the exact fabric soil. it

but

;

was yet unfixed on Greek

Mr. Arthur Evans, however, claims that

resembles some of the pottery of tbe Ilnd

Dynasty from El Kab, which

have not yet

I

had the opportunity of comparing with

it.

If

would only show that such pottery continued to come from the same source, wherever so, it

We

that might have been.

will

now

look at

the internal and external evidences.

The body of the ware is identical with that of the same later Aegean or Mykenaean pottery ;

soft,

Such

light-brown clay, decomposing in quite

is

unknown

flakes.

The face is a manner unknown

in Egypt.

finished with a finer clay, in

DYNASTY.

1st

The marks on the pottery are not Egyptian another example of such found this year is shown on pi. xxv. 12. The external evidence for the decorated common.

;

pottery

that the

is

found

the

in

Mersekha

all

—that

of

of one

ruins

and no

;

fragments are nearly

later

tomb

there beyond a small sprinkle of

XXIInd

of the

Dynasty.

not a single piece

—the

found on the tomb of Zer,

is

shrine

Osiris

—where

tons

XXVIth that

it

ings.

The evidence

Dynasties.

tomb of Den (the first three pieces on the plate and others this year) are of a ruder and less complete fabric, and might well precede the rest by a few generations. The evidence about the second class, the unpainted pottery,

N.-W.

small

now

is

the

of

cell

tomb

brick stair having been built over

XVIIIth Dynasty, In

Mykenaean pottery a colouring unEgypt until the Greek influence, and then very unusual. The patterns are those common on the Mykenaean pottery, such as

tunately

< < < ^

by a peculiar

followed

" ?)

("northern sign.

Mr.

measuring cord

form of the

staff

"

on

engraved.

vii. a.

1.

From

a hunting

scene.

The

jackal standard appears thus also in B. T.,i.,

PL

xxxii.

Note

2.

fig.

39.

^ jj^

o,

etc., as

on B. T.,l, xv.

"J

16 (see p. 41), xvii. 28. Cf.

B.

T., L, xi. 5

4.

Cf.

B.

T., L, xi.

5.

Cf. B. T., L, xi. 6.

1

as in Hierakonpolis, viii.

2.

ii.

Note the name of the king written

(?)

in B. T., L, xii. 2. A/WW\

PL

•£

with the det. of the nose, as a variant of

(,

/wwvs

left.

Note the emblems S passed through

13.

much PL I

= xiv. 12. L4 = xv. 16

3.

of

M. Capart has quoted some of

be affirmed

of Crocodilopolis, the capital of

10. See note

or in the

the fasces

name

the Faiyum, and

goddess of hunting

compare

may

Note that the shrine surmounted by a bucranium, as here shown, forms the hiero-

would

thus be very appropriate as a symbol of " attendants " armed to follow their lord in

Further

xxxii. 39, the

8.

a ceremonial combination of the instruments

(hooked

PL

and executioner in their employ.

|

for catching

I think that it

associated.

It scarcely

seems to be an instrument for use, but rather

i.,

that the jackal was the servant messenger and

consists of a taper-

curved over into a rather

T.,

S

symbol of Mafdet and the jackal symbol of Anubis or of Upuat (Ophois) are seen

broad hook at the top, and a handled knifeblade,

that in B.

is

feline

in texts of the

on the Palermo

as

we may note

determined by a

is

In the Pyramid Texts

cat. ;

name

the

This points to the same interpretation.

likewise accompanied

no indication of spots. Probably, therefore, Mafdet is a goddess. In a leopard, as there

depicted dangling from the hooked staff of

but the

and could hardly be

lioness,

tombs of the kings, in which a human head

attendant of the gods

not certain, and the

is

DYNASTY.

1st

suffix /,

;

,

,

51

THE INSCRIPTIONS. R.

5.

Cf.

6.

For another boat R.

see

Horus

PL

T., I, xii. 1

L,

T., is

viii.

= xvii.

26.

inscription of this king

The p^q

9.

under

sign

compared by Mr. Petrie with that

xxvi. 59, xxvii. 102, and B.

which he thinks may be a

T.,

in

x.

i.

fishing-net.

the bull and net (see Mr. Petrie's note), probably the ibis of Thoth on a shrine compare Eiera;

konpolis,

T

^L

followed

by

~^

R.

xv., etc.

__^

T.,

i

i.,

The legend

xxvi.B.

I.,

"

s=

with variations

,

PL PL

xi. 1

=

iii.

2.

xi. 2

=

iii.

6,

at this period in inscriptions of the earlier kings,

PL

xii.

The forked

8.

R.

L, xiii.

T.,

appears

later.

27, 50)

and

sign like i

xix.

2,

9,

%

dis-

appropriately red, as

must be admitted that the differences are striking, and that there seems some distinction between the two in their it

employment however, ^- | ¥ The early engravers translate. :

,

certainly

a tendency to incomplete outline,

warrant for

in

it

in D,

M

,

the nature of the object.

seems very probable that

It

e.g.

show

though possibly not without some

i,

3,

difficult to

is

"

1

ii.

8.

is

Note the erased inscription mentioning the palace s'-h* of the Horus Ra-neb with the king

of

inscription

subsequent

~"wvn

See

.

The

p. 26.

name

scribed

u

°

p\

ma)

^j

ings 20

^^

§



R.

(cf. viii. 6,

7

=

= seal

8.

Apparently Upuat.

9.

Neit,

ft

the

in

third

ys.

viii. 3.

and ii.

to

the

df|.

= iii.A

etc.

of the

Here at the top

name

The other

1.

ii.

figured

l~~\

in

the plate are from jars.

Note

92.

91,

the

Mer on the sealings awkward to arrange together compartment, see the

R.

of Menes,

PL

the

in a rectangular

grouping on the

xxix.,

and above

ii.

Here tmh alternates with the .Ka-name

Nar-mer, suggesting that the latter Menes, in the same give

?),

evidence wise

(?)

are

signs

T,, L, iv. 2.

|

In the second row, behind

I.,

artistic

;

Nar

of

separation

from

93. 5, 6.

=

89

Horus name

slate Hierakoivpolis,

symbol, a divine boat (of Sokaris

a temple of Neit,

No.

king's

4.

2

xiii.

xxi.

have, beside the Horus

%Z

48. PL

3,

§

=

PL

164,

x. 2, xi.

-[)-

group

on the

those

Anubis

sign beneath

instances

they belonged

that

7.

the

seal-

and 129.

T., L, viii. 9)

and others again to the tomb. PL viii.A. 4 fits R. T., I, viii. 3. part of a bird. 6. The standard shows the upper

we

resembles

closely

instance appears to be 6.

(hardly

Sealings.

palace,

x. 1

[l^

40, 41, 118, while the whole

LJ

(?)

The

5.

last sign

travelling outfit, just as others belonged to the

PL PL



=6=

a^ so f

mi2 )> c ^-

Qed-hotep of Zer, occurring also in an inscrip-

|

Mr. Petrie's interpretation,

n^

be

contains the

3

the correct reading.

12.

is

it

'^^

common group

contains the

3

(unless

[l

muy

U

and O are The , With the first group later.

("washing of the king's hand," Petrie) compare v. 13, 14, viii. 12, also the note on on

Hetep-Sekhe-

a

a

and black,

colours, red

used in the hieroglyphs on these tablets, are not

(sealings 75, 78, etc.) suggests

of each other, but

xii.

The

1, 3, 4.

altogether arbitrary.

only variants

found in

is

see x. 2.

of I If (sealings

forked sign and 8 are

that the

but

21, 22, 27,

The occurrence

8

not

is

takes the throne of Horus,"

who

uncommon

7 joins the fragment R. T., L, ix. 10.

in the last line

names

the

it

is

way

of Zet

that No.

2,

and Zer

;

may be 109, may

but

such

very far from trustworthy, other-

would prove that Aha was

also

e 2

named

;

.

ROYAL TOMBS OF THE

52

%j%?^» P e Morgan,

both | ^ (No. 99) and

Naqada

558), whereas the tablet of

fig.

gives his

name with royal title,

viz.

or at least some very similar sign. of the

king

a

of (pi.

name with

personal

on one

those

and of Azab (B.

vii. 5, 6),

T,,

and the indirect cases of Azab and Semerkhet

4^

i.,

seal 57)

(seals 58,

(seal 72).

contrast to Az-ab, No. 57)

not in

itself signi-

as that title never appears

before the

is

xiv.

PI.

99 were

98,

found also in

the

Naqada tomb (De Morgan, Becherches, ii., figs. For the group 8 ^ cf. No. 116 and 556, 557).

^[l~

y-t

PI. xv.

B.

T.,

(?)

in No. 53 (B. T.,

111.

cf.

the sealings of Mer-neit,

/*

Den and

and the

stelae

(?)

may

later.

(j

5?5?

i.).

of the time of " keeper

be

of

the rams (or goats)." 112. " 113.

Compare PL

group

the

(Ptahhdep,

may

also

the

of I.,

15.

ii.

?

Beyond is nubis hnt-sh-ntr. For the town name cf. 45 47, 149, 153, 159, 161—63. The city- name occurs on Nos. 23 52,

private name.

PL

49, 50,

139.



136.

xviii.

=&= occurs on Nos.

141. S"

118

84,

83,

Morgan,

141,

(?),

Bech.,

ii.,

made

are

have

"^

plovers

three

^ "^

be followed by

or by

(j

s '

fl .

The

Hieralconpolis, L, xxvi.

PL

xvi.

and

o. 1,

xxxi.

of

the its

bird

in

occtirrence

1 (?), 3.

yyy

In every instance the

with bent bars on his back as on the tablets of Hesy, also

^

sh and a shrine, which in

signs

A East and

W North

<

(making North-east

121—24. seem

Cf.

PL

?),

are in juxtaposition

as in No. 37.

takes the place of

but

cf.

136

group

is

De Morgan as OS: in increased

by S8S

by

^= bac~k of re.dL

B

^^ J

18

2:1

ABYDOS.

TABLETS OF KING AHA-MEN.

XI.

2:1

ABYDOS.

PAINTED INSCRIPTIONS,

&C.

XII.

,iiiift}

|BIIIIIIIIIWI||||



% X

'if

dLif'f

i

Piece of Wooden Figure,

painted on breast nith Necklaces. C.

wESSi Wooden cylinder inscribed

in ink.

Q

Ivory Tablet

Q

2:3

SEALINGS OF KINGS KA AND NARMER

ABYDOS.

PL. XIII.

(B).

89

B7

B

ll

90

B

B7

15

92

91

bODDlU V

vvvvvvv



fi^DC?

iQDDDLir

isc

m

B 9.17

94 93

eh eqi nil eddoiii 111 yiith

NARIAE.R

B6

B 18?

96 95

B

16

2:3

ABYDOS.

SEALINGS OF KING AHA-MEN

PL. XIV.

(B).

98

LB DDDD DDDD DDDD

^g

D

DDDD DDDD DDDD

99

100

101

102

Sfefg^v^; Hff

103

104

ABYDOS.

SEALINGS OF KING ZER-TA

105 "jonon

DDDn noDDn

^SSC

ifumnl innru

Lnaru innnl

m

noon

nooorr

Innn

uwu

DOf

106

-

(O).

PL.

XV,

2:3

ABYDOS.

SEALINGS OF KING ZER-TA

PL. XVI.

(O).

114

116

115

bK

117

12-1

118

119

121

7

123

120

122

124

2:3

ABYDOS. SEALINGS OF KING ZET-ATH

(Z)

125-130 and KING

^

125

uu

A

u 010

DEN-MERNEIT

(Y) 131-135.

126

PL. XVII.

127

:^

.\^

128

129

131

130

132

134

133

-M

135

—=3iifc=™

^1

Ip^l

#1

V

T

144

hrifi

& wit A A^#W

flOODO" &

DDD0

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