Petrie, Memphis (i)
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Petrie, Memphis (i)...
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BRITISH
SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY EGYPT
IN
AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT FOURTEENTH YEAR, 1908
MEMPHIS
I.
BY
W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE WITH A CHAPTER BY
J.
H.
WALKER
LONDON SCHOOL
OF
ARCHAEOLOGY
IN
EGYPT
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET, W.C. AND
n,
BERNARD QUARITCH GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET,
1909
W.
^
tt
^ ~
A
M
.'"^
B.
H.
BLACKWELL
Ltd.
SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT FOURTEENTH YEAR, 1908
BRITISH
MEMPHIS
I
BY
W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph.D. F.R.S., F.B.A., Hon. F.S.A. (Scot.)
MEMBER OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
WITH A CHAPTER BY Dr.
J.
H.
WALKER
LONDON
SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER
IN
EGYPT
STREET, W.C.
AND
II,
BERNARD QUARITCH GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET, 1909
W.
PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON AND VINEY, LD.
LONDON AND AYLESBURY
^^/-'V'-^^r^
BRITISH SCHOOL OF
ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT, AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT IPatron
THE EARL OF CROMER,
Q.C.B., Q.C.M.Q., K.C.S.I., Etc., Etc.
GENERAL COMMITTEE Lord Avebury Walter Baily Henry Balfour
Prof.
Bury *SoMERS Clarke Edward Clodd Prof. J. B.
W.
*Sir Robert
Crum
E.
Prof. S.
Dr.
Dill
J.
Frazer
Alan Gardiner
is
in
Secretaries
of providing
Greece and
Italy
;
E.
—*(/«
the only such agency, and
many
is
Prof. F.
cotirse
— Prof.
of
training
of
Flinders Petrie
students
of England
is
in
results.
H. Walker.
Egypt
to
Egypt than it present makes it the
even greater at
in that
also the basis of the excavations of Prof.
students associated with his work in past years.
most valuable Egypt, and
J.
given to a British School
excavation of the temples and city of Memphis, which has the
Towry Whyte
election)
Hilda Petrie and *Dr.
relation
should be
Sir
W. Macan Mahaffy G. Milne
— Mrs.
the
and the
suitable that support
has had
for
But
it
W. Prothero
Dr. G.
Dr. G. Reisner
Macalister
Honorary Director
more
Dr. Pinches
Hensley ( Chairmaii)
Prof. *J.
Honorary
Page May W. Percival
Dr. R.
Treasurer
The need
F.
W. Richmond W. RiDGEWAY Mrs. Strong Mrs. TiRARD
Prof.
Gregory Foster G.
Dr.
Hogarth Sir H. H. HowoRTH Baron A. von Hugel
*Miss Eckenstein Dr.
Prof Montague Walter Morrison Prof. P. E. Newberry
D. G.
Boyd Dawkins
Prof.
Goldie
Sir G. T.
Gowland Mrs. J. R. Green Dr. A. C. Haddon Jesse Haworth Dr. A. C. Headlam
Hon. James Bryce
Rt.
Scott Moncrieff Robert Mono Sir C.
Prof.
Bonney
Dr. T. G.
Hon.
Rt.
Freiherr von Bissing
Members)
{* Executive
Ernest Gardner Percy Gardner
*Prof.
will
necessarily be far
The
in
land.
This body
Flinders Petrie,
is
who
great enterprise of the
now been undertaken, promises
more
costly than
any other work
cannot be suitably carried out without increasing the present income of the Active support is required to ensure the continuance of such work, which depends
School.
it
on personal contributions, and each subscriber receives the annual volume. The by the Egyptian Government are presented to Public Museums, after the Annual Exhibition, during July, at University College. The accounts are audited by a Chartered Accountant, and published in the Annual Report. Treasurer: c/o H. Price, Child's entirely
antiquities not retained
Bank,
i.
Fleet Street, E.C.
ADDRESS THE HON. SECRETARY, BRITISH SCHOOL IN EGYPT, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET, LONDON,
\^^2Wi
*..
"W.C.
CONTENTS CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION PAGE
SECT. I.
Circumstances of the work
.
.
.
THE MONUMENTS.
IV
XIXth DYNASTY.
i
.
SECT.
23.
CHAPTER
I
24. False doors.
THE RECORDED TEMPLES OF MEMPHIS.
...... ....... .2 ..... ...
Size of the city
i
3.
Its history
2
5.
The temple The temple
6.
Temples of Hathor,
7.
The temple
of Proteus and the foreigners
8.
Temples of
Osiris,
9.
Other foreign settlements
4
Outline of excavations
4
ID.
of Ptah.
PI. I
.
.
Neit, etc.
Khnum,
...
CHAPTER
State of the
12.
The skew front The colossi The passages and
1
3.
14.
26. Detail of
West
Hall.
PI.
XXII
27. Colossi.
PI.
XXIII
28. Reliefs.
PI.
XXIV
Columns.
3
30.
Inscriptions.
3
31. Plans.
XXV PI.
10
.
.
10
XXVI
10
XXVII
10
THE TEMPLE OF MERENPTAH.
33.
.5
......
5
walls
6
.
.
PI.
9 10
CHAPTER V
32.
.
PI.
9
4
II
PI. II
site.
XXI
29.
THE WEST HALL OF PTAH. 11.
PI.
3
.... ..... etc.
8
.
Hall.
.
of Apis
XX
Pi.
XIX
Pi.
Views of West
25.
2.
4.
Foundation deposit.
34. 35.
....
Condition of remains
The court. PI. XXVII The town around The small objects. PI. XXVIII
.....
12
.
CHAPTER
VI
THE LATER ANTIQUITIES. Small objects.
Pis.
37. Great gate of
camp
36.
XXVIII,
XXIX
12
Gateway of Ranuser,
16.
Lintel of Tetu
6
17.
Lotus capitals
6
Pis. XXXI, XXXII 39. Breccia statue. PI. XXXIII stone-working. 40. Stele and
18.
Altar and endowment
6
41. Scarabs.
19.
Small
7
42.
20.
Ear
7
43. Blue-glazed pottery.
21.
Other
.
8
44. Objects
.
8
45. Inscriptions from Rifeh, etc.
22. Altar
tablets.
and
Pis.
Ill
PI.
etc.
stele.
Pis.
VII, VIII,
.
IV, V,
IX
6
.
VI
.
.
X, XI, XII, XIII
Pl.s.
statuettes.
XIV, XV, XVI, XVII Pis.
XVIII,
XIX
38.
Building of Siamen,
PI.
12
...
15.
Pis.
II
III
THE MONUMENT.S. XVIHth DYNASTY AND EARLIER.
tablets.
II
5
CHAPTER
tablets.
II
12
etc.
13
13
XXXIV PI. XLV
13
.
Late sculpture.
from Athribis.
Pis.
14
XLVI—
Pis.
14
LI, LI I Pis.
LIII,
15
LIV
IS
CONTENTS
VI
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
VII
THE INSCRIPTIONS.
THE TERRA-COTTA HEADS.
By DR.
PAGE
SECT.
46.
48. Persians
PI.
XXXV
and Syrian.
49. Babylonians, etc. 50. Indians.
PI.
51. Scythians. 52.
Greeks,
Index
etc.
Pl.s.
.
PI.
.
XXXVI
15
53.
54.
Endowment stele. XVII Ith dynasty
16
55.
Ptah
16
56.
Altar of Amenhotep.
17
57.
Inscriptions of
17
58.
Breccia statue.
17
59. Coptic inscriptions.
.
XXXVII. XXXVIII
XXXIX PL XL Pis. XLI— XLIV
J.
...
WALKER.
H.
PAGE
SECT.
.16
Date of the heads
47. Egyptians.
VIII
steles.
Pis.
V
PI.
.
PI.
stele.
.
VI
... ,
VIII— XVII Pi.
Ramessu PI.
XVIII
II.
XXXII Pis.
.
.18 .18 .
XXVI .... — PI.
LII
.
LIV
.
19
20 20
20 21 23
LIST OF PLATES WITH PAGE REFERENCES TO THE DESCRIPTIONS I.
II.
MEMPHIS
I
As we hope
INTRODUCTION
to be
many
for
years on the site
during the spring months (minor excavations else-
The
work at Memphis stands on a footing any previous excavations of mine. A only time enough to sample various parts season is of such a site, and no subject there can be worked out in less than two or three years. To clear the I.
different from
temple as
it
alone would take probably twenty years,
sites
is
only possible to work for a few weeks after
But the rapidly increasing constant and unchecked appropriation of the site by the peasantry, make it all the more urgent to take the place in hand as the water has subsided.
owing
difficulties,
soon as we can. tion.
Two
the
to
I
long hesitated about this excava-
years ago Prof Maspero suggested
it
to
me, and the next year Sir William Garstin urged the desirability of
At
it.
last
the position of the British
School of Archaeology seemed so solid that we ventured to attack so large a work. But it will need a
where build
Mr.
will
occupy the
quarters
Ward and Herr
Mr.
Mackay attended
great
fort.
is
needful to glean
all
to
south.
the
to the
Wainwright drew many of the plates here publishedi Altoand Mr. Gregg planned the small temple. was spent gether about three months of full work on the place, and a fair beginning of this great undertaking was well started. I have to thank
would be 8 In beginning to examine so great a city as it
to
soil.
for inking in
several plates of pencil
500 cubits of 20'6 inches. If this Egyptian measure was used, the 150 would equal 24^ miles. The plain was about 4 miles wide, so the two ends of the city
I
THE RECORDED TEMPLES OF MEMPHIS. Memphis,
damp
Ptah temple and the Herr Schuler did some surveying. Mr.
Miss Herford
2.
was needful the
Schuler accordingly went there
Merenptah temple, and other work
drawings.
CHAPTER
it
above
;
such a scale, and the
of private ownership.
winters),
well
on Jan. 3 to begin building, and I followed on before the middle of February our quarters Jan. 26 were finished amid the rain, mud, and fogs which abound at that time of year. Our excavations started at the end of January, and went on till the first week in May. Mr. Ward took charge of the
considerable budget, owing to the cost of labour on difficulties
raised
the information
sides,
miles, leaving either
9 or 16 miles
according to the stadium used, making
8 miles long.
The
latter
is
for the it
4J or
apparently correct
;
the
we can from
ancient
our guidance.
length of the cemeteries along the desert suggests
References
the inscriptions, and the account by
remain to help us. Diodoros mainly copied from Herodotos, and only and Strabo is unyields a few further points
about 8 miles for the city, from Dahshur to the north of Abusir. The south side was probably at a fortress, now Kafr el Qala', opposite Dahshur and the north side would then be at the group of villages
fortunately very brief about Memphis.
by El Manawat.
in
Herodoto-s, are nearly
authorities
all
for
that
;
The whole 150 stadia
in
size of the city
is
stated to have been
circumference (Diod.
i,
iv)
;
if
Greek
17^ miles. But as the delta is described as being 750 stadia at the side, and 1300 along the sea (lengths of about 120 and 210 miles), stadia, this equals
this
would imply the
use
of
a
stadium
of
just
;
London from Bow
This would be the size of northern to Chelsea, and from the Thames
up to Hampstead. Probably a large part of this area consisted of gardens and fields belonging to the various villages, which were agglomerated to form the capital, like the component villages and towns of London. I
LIBHAKY
THE RECORDED TEMPLES OF MEMPHIS 3.
The
history of this capital of
from the first king to the last Menes founded Memphis and the ;
John Makaukas, signed the capitulation in
palace.
its
Egyptian
From the beginning Memphis was the
from the river. This may have been the forecourt added on to the first building of Menes.
Egypt extends
Roman Roman
emperor.
Next we read
governor,
Arabs the end of
to the
to
(Amenemhat
that Moiris
the propylaia on the north (H.
probably where XII
III) built
This was
loi).
ii,
marked on the map
is
(PI.
I),
great centre of
as large blocks of red granite are lying about there,
government and trade. For a few centuries Thebes shared its importance, and it was eclipsed at the last by Alexandria, but those cities
and an entrance more to the east would only open on to the lake.
history,
civilisation,
are
only
national
episodes
in
the
six
In
thousand years of
of
was natural that the gods of many different cities should have a home, and the temples of nineteen gods are mentioned in various sources. The oldest object of worship was probably it
and others of
his wife,
enclosure of the temple of
Amen
at
Karnak.
position of the temple of Ptah
as his statues have been found I),
in
the
is
certain,
West Hall
and the boundaries of his temenos have been on all sides during the past winter. In
referring to the sketch
map
here provided,
it
;
When more
is
that
until
it
is
useless to
the ancient constructions are dis-
Several different parts of the temple of Ptah are
mentioned by Herodotos. The first building of the temple is attributed to Menes (H. ii, 99). Next Asychis "built the eastern propylaia to the temple of Ptah, which is far the most beautiful and the largest for all the propylaia have sculptured figures, and other styles of buildings, but this by far the :
most" (H. dynasty
ii,
136).
IVth, and ;
he
is
This king succeeded Mcnkaura preceded
Nitaqert of the Vlth
probably Aseskaf of the IVth dynasty.
The fine reliefs of the IVth dynasty are what would be appreciated by a Greek of the age of Pheidias and this description shews that such sculpture was still existing down to the Persian age, and therefore may yet be found. The eastern front would naturally ;
be built
ii,
1
first
each of twenty
his four sons,
One
10).
of these
is
of the map, and set two statues before cubits high (H.
statues
is
Psametek (H.
ii,
ii,
visible
doubtless the
as being the usual entrance to a temple
The base
121).
it
twenty-five
of one of these
now.
built the propylaia facing the south
I
This
153).
marked on the
probably where
is
plan, as
colossi
are
XXVI
known
is
to be
would be probable that the dynasty would stand in Aahmes placed a advance of that of the XlXth. colossus in front of the temple, which Herodotos saw lying face up it was seventy-five feet long. Upon the same base stood two colossi each twenty These we should e.xpect to feet high (H. ii, 176). have been south of the XXVI propylaia. Lastly we find that Ptolemy IV built the buried there, and
covered.
of the
statue
Sesostris
well-known colossus, the place of which is marked on the map. So the main entrance during the Persian age must have been that to the south. Ramessu III built a new temple in the court, of granite below and limestone above, and its doorHe made a monolith shrine of ways of granite. granite containing the triad of Ptah, Sekhmet and and he made a new image, and new Nefertum Also he rebuilt sacred bark for the processions. Rhampsinitos the ruined temples (Harris Pap.). built the propylaia facing west, the " West Hall
known, an exact survey of
the whole site will be prepared, but
make
a
;
should
be stated that it is mainly copied from the map of Lepsius {Denkinakr, i, 9) as that shews the mounds when more complete than at present but the of Ptah is temenos inserted from recent measurements plotted on to the government survey of the fields.
of
260).
he placed two statues of thirty cubits of himself and cubits (H.
(PI.
read iii,
the
which preceded the higher theistic ideas. The temple of Apis was therefore the primitive settlement of the place. But it was eclipsed by the great establishment of Ptah, which occupied as large a space as the
traced
Records,
II) is said to have brought great stones temple (H. ii, 108), and to have built a forecourt on the north, and a temple in the midst of the temenos (B. Rec. iii). In front of the temple
to
the bull Apis, a part of the veneration of animals
The
(Breasted,
I
(Ramessu
life.
In such a centre
4.
XlXth dynasty we
the
Sety
work
of
the
it
XXVIth
;
propylaia of
red granite
the dedication of which
Thus we have seen
the
at
we
eastern
entrance,
partly recovered.
that though Herodotos divided
his statements into their historical positions, yet he
has preserved his notes of a circuit round all the gates of the temenos of Ptah though he did not ;
and probably could not inside
the
sacred
— describe
enclosure.
anything that was
Incidentally
Strabo
GATES AND TEMPLE-SITES OF MEMPHIS mentions a great hypostyle
We
2i).
i,
learn
that
Memphis (XVII,
hall at
the sanctuary of Ptah was
included in the White Wall (B.D.G. 725), shewing that probably the fortification included the temples
And
of Apis, Ptah, and the camp.
Ptah
the temple of
stated to have been south of the sacred lake
is
(B. Rec. iii, 223), which was named Ater (B.D.G. 85). This authorises our placing the sacred lake in the low ground between the Ptah temenos and the camp.
Such a position is the more likely, as the sacred lake was the brickpit, whence all the enormous quantity of bricks were dug, for the thick walls, and for the great artificial hill of the fort. So it would naturally be between the two main sites of building, while it thus added a water defence on this side of the camp.
The
temple of Apis is the next point of importance. Could that be recovered, we might trace a pre-Menite occupation of the site. 5.
We
"
made an
when he
built his southern
aulS (or open court)
for Apis,
whenever he appears, built opposite to the propylaia, surrounded with a peristyle and in
which he
fed
is
In place of pillars are colossi of twelve
of figures.
full
153).
said to be south
sign usually translated wall,
clearly
is
now
is
covered with crops.
all
The temple
of
Amen
mentioned (B. Rec.
is
iii,
and the only indication of its position is our 530) finding in the south-west corner of the Ptah temenos ;
a fragment of colossal upright feathers,
worn by Amen. not far
at
like
those
This suggests that his colossus was
off.
Imhotep was worshipped in a temple, apparently the Asklepion of Greek times, near Abusir (B.D.G.
1098).
had a spacious temple built by Aahmes and Diodoros who is a poor authority states that it was in the grove of Ptah (D. 2). Whether that means in the temenos of Ptah is Isis
(H.
ii,
—
176)
—
;
i,
doubtful. 7.
ii,
is
said to be north of the
is
;
camp
the court" (H.
Ptah
for as
;
has been appropriated by the cultivators and
places the temple of Apis opposite to the propylaia
in
The
fortress.
This distinctly
cubits
camp
shaped as a fortress-plan in the best examples, as on PI. XXXII. The ground to the north of the camp (see map) was a mass of mounds and ruins in the time of Lepsius but, like so much of the site, it
of the
position
read that Psametek
propylaia
north of the
of the fortress, so Neit
The temenos
of
King
or foreign quarter,
is
Proteus, in the Tyrian
described by Herodotos
of Psametek, and
as " mightily beautiful
states that the
Round about the temenos dwell the Phoenician Tyrians, and the whole In this temenos place is called the Tyrian camp. of Proteus is a temple called after the foreign Aphrodite" (H. ii. 112). He then unhappily spends four pages about Helen and the Trojan war, where a few lines more of topography would have been priceless to us. We have already seen that the propylaia of Psametek, and the court of Apis, are said to be south of the temple of Ptah we cannot then look due south for the temple of Proteus. But south of
therefore farther south. Strabo temple of Apis was near the temple in front of the sanctuary of Apis was a of Ptah court where he was exhibited, and in the court another sanctuary for the dam of Apis (S. xvii. i, 31). To the south is marked on the map the presumed ;
site.
This ground
is
abnormally low,
like
that of
was a sacred site and it has the not occupied by successive houses same system of modern fields shewing that the central part was all taken under cultivation at one time, and not gradually encroached upon, as it was round the edges. I have not succeeded in finding the river approach to it along the eastern side. Perhaps the building of Siamen may lead us to some Pa-hennu is the name of the Serapeum connection. The temple of Apis was of Memphis (B.D.G. 1257). much favoured by Ptolemy V (Rosetta inscription, the Ptah temenos, shewing that
it
;
1-
;
the entrance to the Ptah temenos, at the Qala'
is
a
Kom
el
region strewn with early Greek pottery
of the Vllth century onward, and bounded by a great wall to the south.
Here
the locality, then, best
is
agreeing with the description of the foreign camp. In this ground a great lintel
was found two years
during the clearances by the sebakh diggers and covered over after Mr. Quibell had photographed Here we dug down, and saw a great gateway it. ago,
33)6.
and well furnished, lying to
the south of the temple of Ptah.
The Hathor temple
lay to the south, in the
time of Ramessu III, and the bark of Ptah went It was at Nehat, called to it by water (Harris Pap.).
in position,
sculptured by Merenptah.
from the sacred sycomore of the goddess (Pap. Sail. B.D.G. 1222), and it is named by 4, verso p. I
of a forecourt, 120 feet
Strabo
with a doorway of
;
(xvii,
i,
The temple
31).
of Neit seems to have been to the
wards to the north of
Clearing in-
we opened the larger part long by about 100 feet wide
it,
Merenptah
;
at
the
north end,
evidently leading further to a temple (see chap.
v).
THE RECORDED TEMPLES OF MEMPHIS Proteus came between Ramessu
may
his exact identification
II
and
III,
not be clear
lived a little before the Trojan war,
;
though and he
which we know
The
was correlated with the reign of Tausert.
date of
Merenptah agrees well with the period indicated by The foreign Aphrodite whose temple Herodotos. was here would be the Egyptian Hathor and in the court of Merenptah we found the only known Memphite tablets of Hathor (PI. XXVIII). Thus by the general position in the city, by the early Greek pottery, by the date of the temple, by the Hathor tablets, and by many pieces of prehistoric foreign pottery found here, it seems clear that we have the ;
temple of Proteus before
us.
will
It
be excavated
next season. Osiris-Sokar had
8.
named Aper
a temple here,
(Mariette, Abydos,
i,
in
a place
named
46), otherwise
Kom
me
Sayce informed
Prof.
naming a settlement of the
tion
seems to have of an inscrip-
Qala', but farther north there
el
been another.
Hittites, described
as north of the temple of Ptah, south of the temple
of
Tahutmes
and
I
mound which
of those
lay east
to the
Kom
we
en Nawy.
As
temples.
the
temenos seems to have been
direct north of the Ptah
occupied by the lake,
and on the west of the
IV,
look north of the approach,
There
a quantity of granite
is
building of late date, re-using red granite blocks of
Amenemhat II and Aahmes-Si-Neit, at about T on Kom. If this were the site of the temple of
the
Tahutmes, then the Kom would be east of the temple, and the Hittite region might be about H, south of the temple, west of the Kom, and north of the Ptah temenos, as described. Such seems the most likely site to
agree with
these data.
all
It is
stated to be
a quarter of Memphis, where the nebcs
154 set in area. The set is supposed by Lepsius to be either 40 cubits or 100 cubits in the side (Brugsch,
trees
Aegy'ptolcgie, 373).
Bahti or Fat (Mar. Ab.
i,
48rt)
also in Ankh-taui,
;
and sont grew (De Roug6, Edfou, cxliii). How far these names refer to one temple is not known. Sokar is probably a very early god, and we should look for his shrine near the Apis region. Khnum was worshipped in a temple near Memphis at Uafet (B.D.G. 146), and his sacred ram at Hatut (B.D.G. 175). The latter might be the name of the shrine only, in the place
named
Uafet.
Sekhmct was at Fuat (B.G.D. 240), though probably also worshipped with Ptah in his temple.
and
Tahuti had a temple built by Ramessu Rec.
iii,
Inscr.
224).
54),
The Aten was adored
II.
(Br.
here (Roug6,
and blocks of the work of Akhenaten
were found by Sir Chas. Nicholson and others. The temple of the Kabiri was entered by Cambyses, who burnt their images who the Kabiri were we cannot ;
say, but they are described
and
him (H.
like
shrine of Anubis, as
(B.D.G.
1
108).
37).
iii,
The
as being sons of Ptah,
Apparently there was a
we read of
"
the road of
Anpu "
principal long road remaining,
paved with red granite through Kom en Nawy, leading to the limestone temple (see building
is
that
east of sacred lake, PI.
XXVII);
There Wall of Sebek
be the temple of Anubis. to Sebek, as the
"
possibly this might is "
also is
an allusion
named
in
the
Harris papyrus.
We
have now some clue to the number of temples that remain to be found in this great capital. There were doubtless many other chapels and dependencies which have escaped record. 9. Not only was there a foreign settlement at the
Kom
154 set en Nawy,
a very possible size for a foreign settlement.
Another foreign settlement
by
indicated
name
the
It is
supposed to be
is
Pa-ta-yaht, the land of Yah,
Roman
or the Jews' quarter, of
be
Bast had a temple at Pa-penat {Mon. Div. 34a?)
If of the lesser size, the
would be about two-thirds the area of
age (B.D.G. 138).
to be expected that the foreign quarters should
along the east
nearest
side,
commerce was their purpose. 10. The other parts of the
to
the
river,
as
shewn in the map any description that we can trace. Our exploratory work was at various Those already named, or described farther points. on, are as follows the Great Gate and eastern line of the camp at T, where some blocks were found (PI.
site
are not connected with
I)
—
:
;
under the palms around all sides of the Ptah eastern temenos entrance of Ptolemy IV at the ;
;
;
Temple
at the
Merenptah
of
;
along the east side
on the west side, finding the Siamen Kom Helul for the pottery kilns and at the West Hall and the pond. Other work not here described was a trial on the fort. The structure of that mound was settled to have been like that of the forts of Naukratis, Defenneh, and
of the Apis site
building
Pithom above
;
—a
platform
cellular
A
it.
;
south of
to
support
buildings
portion of a court on the top contained
a fragment of an
immense column of white
limestone,
with the cartouche of Apries, shewing that one of the
palaces
was
of
the
mound has been added by extra at
the
walling.
We
XXVIth
to largely
dynasty.
The
on the north face
tried to reach a corner deposit
N.W., but were stopped by water.
Some
FOREIGN SETTLEMENTS AND PLAN OF WEST HALL was done
clearing
we have
tested
in the
many
camp, but
Thus
fruitlessly.
parts of the site in the
season, besides thoroughly clearing part of the
We
Hall and Merenptah temple.
see
how
first
great an
amount there is to be done, even without displacing any of the cultivation, or removing any of the palms which cover so much of the government land. If any efficient control of the site were allowed, much more might be done by stopping the planting of more palms which is constantly going on. Probably of the ground will be unoccupied in the future,
little
and we only regret that so much of appropriated in the
what we yet can in
last
trace
is
it
To
few generations. the
first
has been recover
duty of archaeology
Egypt.
and carried a raised roof with a clerestory
taller,
around
West
it.
The
12.
reason for the skew front will be seen
map,
where the west side of the temenos not at right angles to the south side, or to the axis
in the is
PI. I,
Hence any hall that was square must be farther from the skew front at the north than at
east to west.
the south
and
;
this difference
pylon, though a itself.
The arrangement of the front is a curious study of accommodation. The temenos wall butts against a stone wall of the
same width,
is
passage
sharply inclined to
is
hall.
by
At
various times in the last
cavations have been
made by
fifty
end
this,
but
The passage
its
;
this
The
side
doorway
much skewed, slightly more than the The letting down of the thickness
years ex-
the Egyptian govern-
steps should be noticed
;
this
side of the
of the wall
parallel to the hall
;
but
its
The dwarf
to the pylon face.
entrance are parallel to the sight line into the
The two
great statues of Ptah were found here, as well
But the extent of the
official
work
hand of the southern
either
many
granite
part
;
parts, nor extend below that structure in any and the only plan did not take account of the
curious
skew of the pylon
front,
nor of the
many
colossus.
the pedestal
main sight
;
is
hall.
side
On
entrance stood a
Their pedestals are between the
that of the front of the pylon.
peculiar adjustments resulting from that, which are
was cleared in front of the pylon, as far as the palms allowed thus the bases of the colossi were cleared, and the remains of the statues. The body of the south half of the pylon was cleared over, down to unmoved stonework. The hall was cleared over all the southern The northern half half, and part of the northern. of the pylon and hall were not much worked, as it was more destroyed, and previous excavation had gone lower there, so there was not as much to discover, until we may go below the Ramesside level. In this plan continuous outlines show existing parts, and broken outlines indicate probable restorations. The columns in the hall shew an unusual arrangement. We know of an axial avenue of large columns amid a field of lesser ones at Karnak. But here there is a colonnade of lesser columns around three sides and a field of sixteen large columns in the middle. Doubtless, as at Karnak, the larger columns were
scheme appeared.
direction of the sight line through the entrance,
shewn on the plan, PI. II. In our work about forty or
fifty feet
walls in front of the
the colossi had to be adapted to this
rivalry of angles a stranger
did not reach the floor of the Ramesside building in
is
door was skew, parallel
the cultivation, at the western entrance to the temenos. as other remains.
to
axial passage
ment on the region where buildings remain above
Now when
to
is
The
be thicker at the north end.
is
really rather
is
done so as get the pylon thinner at the south end, as it had
THE WEST HALL OF PTAH. II.
at the south
then part of the temenos wall.
stone wall
too II
mainly put into the
is
appears as a skew in the hall
little
square with the front.
CHAPTER
5
At
and
the main entrance
frankly square with the hall and the
line,
and ignores the pylon
But
front.
the greatest pedestal in the middle of the face was
so wide that both sides could not be viewed at once,
and so each
side
was
parallel to its adjacent pedestal,
The
thus concealing boldly the confusion of angles.
northern
half of the pylon face has almost disap-
peared, and only one of the colossal pedestals remains. That one is curiously irregular in the wrong direction. The small block on the north of it is a smaller supplementary seated figure of Ramessu II. 13.
in the
The
actual remains of the colossi are described
account of
PI.
XXIII.
Here we may say that
the two at the south side entrance were red granite
standing figures, about 22 feet high. base bore an alabaster 38 feet high.
The
greatest
probably seated, about The figure next to the main entrance figure,
was of limestone, and by a piece of the breast
it
was
35 feet high. The scale of these pieces agrees with the sizes of the pedestals, and they were each found lying opposite to their respective pedestals.
THE WEST HALL OF PTAH The
14.
side passage on the south
is
remarkable
the
inscription
of Ranuser,
PI.
A
Ill,
shewing
to
it
for the excentric position of the
columns, two being one side and two to the other side. What place other columns bore cannot be traced. In the main hall, the single outlines are the bases of columns an inner circle shews the lower drum of a column to be in place (see PI. XXV, base) a broken outline shews the position inferred from others. In the northern side passage only two square blocks of foundations of columns are left. The wide block of stonework at the north end of the pylon is evidently the stone buttment for the continuation of the temenos wall, now totally removed, the line of it passing over a pond and open fields. To the east of the hall are scattered blocks which I have not succeeded yet in combining into any plan. The group of blocks plotted on the
have been a door jamb.
to
and found the fellow inscription of the other jamb. Then looking at a re-used lintel, which had long been visible to all, I saw a faint inscription of Ranuser, shewing that it had been dedicated in the Sun-temple at Abusir. The breadths of the blocks agreed, and the whole doorway was before us. It was removed, at the cost of the British School, to the Cairo Museum. As I was not able to get a photograph before I left, owing to difficulty of lighting, a plan of the under side of the lintel and a copy of the inscription are added in the middle of PI. III. The lintel is 24 inches high, 48 deep back, and 107 inches long the jambs are 28 by 48 inches in plan, and imperfect at the ends, but 108 and 1 14 long.
plan close together on the south-east
Hall
;
;
is
a foundation,
mainly made of granite casing of a pyramid. It seems to shew that some heavy mass stood there. The general aspect of the site, and the details of the structure, will be seen in the account of Pis. XXI to
XXIII.
CHAPTER THE MONUMENTS.
III
XVIIIth
DYNASTY AND
EARLIER. 15.
The
earliest
monuments found were blocks
of stone that had been re-used by later kings of the
XlXth
Ramessu
II had brought much pyramids and tombs of The basement of the walls of built of pyramid casing-stones of red granite, having an angle of 53° 20' (see base Other such stones were inverted to of PI. XXI). form foundations for columns and limestone casingstones, of angles from 56' 40' to 57' 30', and one of 62' 40', were used in the core masonry of the pylon. Tombs were also robbed, and pieces of tomb sculpture were used in foundations, such as the block on
dynasty.
wrought stone from Abusir and Saqqara. the West Hall was
the
;
PI.
Ill;
of the Vth dynasty, by the he was divine scribe of the record
this is
Ra-shepses
an unusual
;
title.
The
name office,
figure has originally carried
a bird in the hand, but that has been cut
make room Brussels
for the title.
This block
is
away to now in the
Museum.
While clearing the West Hall, we came on a large block of granite, of about seven tons, which appeared to have been re-used. On looking beneath it, I found
similar block near
it
I
also searched,
;
16.
Amid
lies
the ruin of the north half of the
West
a large block of limestone, from the lintel of
a doorway. The inscription of King Teta is shewn on PI. Ill, with his ka name Sehotep-taui dX the side. The breadth of the whole lintel has been 104 inches, and it is 497 deep back, and 38 inches high. The doorway was about 41 wide. This is probably a doorlintel from Teta's pyramid-temple at Saqqara. 17. In the foundations, on the western side of the front court of the temple of Merenptah, were found parts of lotus capitals, the most complete of which is shewn on PI. Ill, with a fragment at the side of it bearing finely worked buds. Another piece occurs These capitals had been accidentally in PI. XXV. The form is far split in two to use in building. better than that of the Xllth dj'nasty, and is but
very
little
now
dynasty from This is probably therefore of the it is now at Manchester. Abusir,
1
8.
Vth Cairo Museum. Vth or Vlth dynasty
inferior to the beautiful capital of the
Amid
in
the ruins of the
the
;
West Hall were
three
blocks with very delicate hieroglyphs, perfectly cut
These were parts of a granite Uah-ka it was The dedicated to Osiris of Ankh-taui and Ptah. same name and titles (/;«, and chief of prophets) occur on a Stockholm stele (15) with the name of Amenemhat III. But the engraving of this block is so very fine that it seems to belong to the beginning of the Xllth dynasty. in
red granite,
PI.
IV.
table of offerings for a Ha-prince,
;
In front of the west pylon lay a block of granite
much finely
It bears part of a long and (PI. V). engraved inscription, which was partly copied
defaced
with difficulty owing to the battered condition.
In
the 8th column a long passage has been intentionally
EARLY MONUMENTS AND EAR TABLETS It names a vizier {mer tint that) Ameny, endowments of offerings to Amenemhat I, and the
and
Again, the word
prayer or
erased.
general
pyramid-temple {kknum-asut) of Senusert
always followed by " made by so-and-so " and though this might refer to the tablet and not to the prayer, yet it is only twice found on other
A
portion of a stele of quartzite sandstone,
lies in front
The
of the pylon.
but from the work of
I.
Amenhotep
king's
name
VI,
PI.
lost,
is
seems to be of about the period
it
III.
petition
titular.
is
;
42) apart from the word prayer, and probably refers to the specific prayer. We must translate, then, " Ptah listen to the prayer made
tablets
hence
(33,
it
by so-and-so." Beneath
foundation
the
bed of sand of Ramessu II, in the West Hall were found many tablets and fragments, which had been thrown away from a temple of the XVII Ith dynasty. About 40 19.
and 150 fragments have been so far recovered. But only a small area of the ground has yet been cleared so deep. If a large number of objects are broken in two, and a chance group of the whole is examined, the number of pieces that can be joined is to the total of the group, as the group total is to the original total number. So as not a tenth of the pieces perfect tablets
yet found will
together, probably not a tenth of
fit
number has yet been found. The earliest is a large tablet (PI. VII, 46) of Tahutmes I offering (For the reading Sekhmet to Ptah and Sekhmet. see PI. XV, No. 36). At the base, adoring Ptah, is the
the whole
offerer,
is
name
the only
though low
now
is
only half a sign high, and
likely to
fit
that
;
Tum
Ra
and Sebek,
would be improbable. We shall numbered order. Nos. I and 2 and 3, probably of
signs,
refer to the tablets in their
VIII.
PI.
Tahutmes IV,
like
No.
The hawk
4.
giving the
deadly power of the uraeus to the king is unusual. The ears are considered below. No. 3 is dedicated
by the overseer of the No. 4
Uaat.
is
The
same man.
Rames and
serfs
dedicated
his
sister
by Rames, perhaps
the
use of the crown instead of the bee
in the royal titles is rare.
20. PI.
tablets
is
season.
The
X.
subject of the figures of ears on
partly explained
by the instances found
Previously sculptures or
complaints. p.
56) an
Spiegelberg published
example with a prayer
this
models of ears
were thought to be ex voto offerings
for recovery of
(yRec.
to
Trav., 1904,
Ptah to hear.
Now we have several such, Nos. 10, 15, 22, 25, 30; and with the ears on each side of the head of Ptah, Whether these phrases are requests to Ptah to 14. hear prayer, or titles, as " Ptah hearer of prayer," is
not certain.
We
see,
" prayer," or spert " petition,"
so
it
does not refer to
however, that the neha is
many
only to one, and so probably
always
in
the singular,
different prayers, but it
is
specific
of the god, to receive the prayer that
and not
are
ears
on
put
inscription (as
S, 6, 7,
8),
the other view
;
encourage
to
sympathetic magic. Now it use of a tablet with only an for
is
by
hearing
difficult
is
to see the
and no figure or promoting a petition
ear,
but if regarded as the ear of the not recorded god, and prayed into, it might be thought to retain The obthe prayer for the attention of the god. ;
would not have so many ears No. on (there are 376 49, PI. IX) is met by an with account of a god 77 ears and 77 eyes. It seems more likely, then, that these were the models of the god's ears made to receive and preserve the a god
that
jection
prayers breathed into them.
Some
The
the guardian of the gate, Bak-ne-ra.
space after Bak-ne
at
The exact meaning of the ears has been looked One view is that they are ears in different ways.
of these tablets were found in the south-
west corner of the building site which is cut away by the pond such are Nos. 6, 7, 10, and 38. No. 11 has the two ears placed on stands as sacred objects, ;
and presided over by the winged XI.
PI.
that
he
No. 19
No. 15 has a
may
listen
Amen,
the
by the
offered
is
offerings of
to
Piy."
"
"
disc.
suten da liotep to Ptah
made by
prayer
Inspector of the
No. 20
is
by a
." .
.
flesh
scribe
and
his sister Thent-ant.
No. 21 is by the door-keeper Huy, and XII. deputy Aay. No. 25 shews that such tablets were made ready for purchase, with the name left blank, as it has not been filled in here. PI. XIII, 30 is interesting for naming the ka of PI.
the
Ptah
as
adored,
reminding
us
of
the
name
of
It Memphis, "the dwelling of the ka of Ptah." were worshipped. which kas had proves that gods
dedicated by the scribe of Ra, Mahuati. Among ear tablets should be noted No. 48, PI. IX,
This
is
which had over no ears, and bears an " adoration to No. 49, below it, has the ka of Ptah, lord of truth." had about 376 ears, and is most delicately engraved. The inscription (see PI. XIII) accounts for the work, by stating that it is for the chief Ptahmes. A rare title of Ptah is mes uba, artist "producing Art." rendered probably to be beautiful
THE MONUMENTS.
8
21. PI.
there
31
is
JiVIllTH
XIV. Passing to the tablets without ears, naming the scribe of Memphis (?) Mer-ra.
No. 33 has the figure of the god in relief, and is the disc with one wing and the uzat
peculiar for
eye placed at the top.
35
figure of the offerer has
been erased.
XV.
PI.
37
than
later
is
also in relief, but the
;
the
being of Merenptah,
others,
was not found under the foundation
and
it
the
rest.
over the house of the elders
Among
like
Memphis, Amenhotep.
in
Museum, New York.
the Metropolitan
in
the sculptures beneath
Ramesside
the
foundation were also portions of some statuettes.
Most were decayed, being of hard limestone
XIX.
PI.
It
but one good preservation, see
soft limestone,
in
is
of the true royal scribe, keeper of
is
From the Amenhotep III
the palace, keeper of the granaries, Ray. dress
it is
probably of the time of
now at Dublin. At the west side
:
it is
has the figure of Asthairt or Astarte,
It
now
It is
figure of
No. 36 gives the reading Sekhmet for it is dedicated by Rames.
of Ptah
consort
the
is
DYNASTV AND EARLIER
of the
pond
(see
map,
PI.
I)
a
with a Hathor head-dress, and holding a shield and
patch of foundation deposit was discovered
spear, like the fighting goddesses of Syria. 38 shews the Theban triad of Amen, Mut, and Khonsu, facing Ptah 39 is the rudest of all the tablets. 40 is dedicated to Ptah and Amen by Qen and Merenptah. PI. XVI. No. 41 has no inscription a lady adores Min. No. 42 is the most beautifully worked tablet, shewing the ram of Amen, adored by the lady Nehati. 43 is a private tablet shewing four women, Aahmes, Nana-uab (?), Menat, and another. An Aahmes appears also on the next tablet. PI. XVII. This is the only family stele of the whole group though the inscriptions are rough, we can see the names Huy, Kharu, Usert, Meryt, and
shewing that Tahutmes IV had built now dug away. This deposit contained a large green
;
;
XIX), over the ground
glazed tablet, incised
;
any future publication of
to prevent confusion with
We
them. of
Amen
should notice the adoration of the
Hapy
(G) which is the only quarryman (l), and the which must be early in the XVIIIth
the stele to
(c),
A-a
A
all
with the king's
square of alabaster and bronze
plain
models of knives, axe,
and crowbar, were in the group, along with many small model vases and cups of pottery, PI. XX, 1-20. Now at Manchisels,
chester.
CHAPTER
IV
THE MONUMENTS. XIXth DYNASTY.
;
Roma, but the other names are doubtful. The imperfect tablets have been left at Memphis, awaiting the discovery of more pieces in future. Rough copies of the names and titles are given at the base of PI. XV they are distinguished by letters
baking, two alabaster
after
hemi-discs, and a pointed piece,
names.
Over
the region now occupied by the pond West Hall, there has been a building of Ramessu II, now entirely destroyed. Only the 23.
near the
west side of
bed of
it
XIX.
PI.
foundation
its
is
and
left,
in
The
large
cartouches of Ramessu
of alabaster has
block II
on both of the
Kha-em-uas" on both of the
son,
tablet of green glazed pottery has similar
The Bristol
43
16,
18, 26, 32, 41
46
sington
New York
;
22.
An
inscription rolls
to Ptah
;
;
49; Munich 2, 33,40; Philadelphia 11,
1
3,
;
44;
23, 31,
5.
unusual form of altar of offerings, found
with the tablets, long
39
10, 27, 28, 42,
6,
13, 19, 22,
Rochdale
;
21, 25,
47, University College 9, 24, 35, 37, 38
I,
Manchester 34
4,
Dublin
London, British
;
Copenhagen Edinburgh 17, 36, 45, 12, 29 Museum, 5, 14, 30, South Ken-
Brussels
;
has the names of
:
on
shewn XVIII.
is
PI.
IX, and its seems to represent four
at the foot of PI. It
of bread laid on the slab.
and Sekhmet
is
The
dedication
by the Hereditary
Prince,
royal sealbearer, lordly companion, true ro)'al scribe,
the
and
edges.
The
lesser
names on
and the black granite tablet face, and that of Khaemuas on the other face. These are some of
the faces and edges
present places of these tablets are as follows
faces,
the inscription of "the high priest of Ptah, the royal
name
dynasty.
the sand
a foundation deposit was found, shewn on
notice of Apis, the miner or Sipairi (o),
(PI.
;
Ramessu on one
the finest deposit blocks that are
now
at
Manchester.
tion, 21, see the 24.
In the
known
;
they rest
For the columns and
account of
PI.
inscrip-
XXII.
West Hall two fragments of red granite They are parts of false doors, which
are remarkable.
have been about 108 and 148 inches wide, and proOn bably about half as much again in height. PI. XX, 22 is one piece shewing parts of the square panel,
of
the architrave,
22 inches wide
The lower
and the drum with the
As this piece is we can roughly estimate the whole.
cartouche Ramessu
Mery Amen.
piece, no. 22, has the three vertical
bands
XVIIIth— XIXth dynasty of inscription In the middle
and the torus is
MONUMENTS AND DETAILS OF WEST HALL
and outer edge. sunk
roll
at least 32 inches width of the
door, which was possibly wider, but the increased
thickness of the side has most likely determined
the fracture.
The
parallel to such false doors in a
chapels of Abydos, is seen in the seven which end each of them in a false door. There is no room for such chapels in the hall, so it seems that we must suppose the false doors were the foci The painted of the worship of the king in the hall.
temple
noticed with
pottery no. 23 will be
the
objects of
Merenptah. 25.
On
PI.
XXI
the plan of which
West Hall, The first is a
are the views of the
given in
is
PI. II.
distant view from near the colossus, looking across
the water, which covers the temple site of Ptah
The village in the distance is This curious name appears to mean the hundred mortgages. The West Hall is The village is the nearest palm stem. February.
the view of the pond which
in
is
This pond
in front of the pylon.
till
Mitrahineh. village of a
just
behind
seen again
taken from just is
due to former
excavations for the early statues of the pyramid age. The boys are carrying the earth out from our excavations.
The
pylon, with the
of the middle tree
and
third
pond is
to the left of
it
view
to the
from
is
above
the
Just to the right
left.
the line of columns in the hall is
the inner face of the pylon,
the left. The next view shews the clearing of one quarter of the pond. We divided it by banks into halves and quarters, and then pumped out the water to eight feet under the ordinary low level, by the pump seen in the middle. A chain of boys handed up the mud in buckets and tins, as it was dug loose, and poured it out at a The water ran in fast, as the work went distance. through the sand bed of foundations, which are probably those of the temple of the pyramid age. The pumping was continued by alternate pairs of men changing every quarter of an hour, four thus working by day and four by night. The pump was
the
body of which
lies to
temple buildings extended up
trees the
26. PI.
The
XXII shews
the details of the
bearing an
or roofing, or core blocks in the pylon, in the pieces of inscriptions
;
three sizes, the smallest 26-5 to 30-3 inches, another
The 40 inches, and the largest 55-6 inches wide. the larger ones fully detached, more smallest were were only half columns projecting from a wall. The
A
letters
N
to
at the
side of the sections refer to
the inscriptions which belong to each block.
XXI II. The
PI.
lion's
paw
is
is
wall
the
distant
which
From
those
in the
gap above the end of the
wall.
upside
is
reversed here. the end.
This
is
large inscription
seems
West
of basalt, as also are pieces of a very
on
that the walls
stone—had
on the side of a
Hall. The down in the ruin, hence the lighting is The channel of the spout is seen on
block
In the view of the whole
West
upon them, and the These sections of the blocks, are given on PI. XX. were clearly of Ramessu II, and name the god Ptah They seem therefore to have been part of Tanen. some building here made by Ramessu, who afterwards pulled it down and re-used the material in the West Hall. Such engaged columns are unknown elsewhere. The columns were of varying sizes. The diameters cannot be exactly fixed where only half but the of the column breadth was in one block sections given have the apparent diameter in inches put beside each of them. There seem to have been
The
Hall.
and the water was run off along a graded channel to a pond at the farther end of the village. The outer sides of the West Hall were of basalt, resting on a basis of granite casing -stones taken from a pyramid, shewn in the last view. The whole length was occupied with figures of cities bearing offeringtrees are as far as the Ptolemaic entrance,
Hall.
added inscription of Merenptah, and another of Ramessu III below that. In the middle line of the plate is one of the dwarfwalls of granite that run out on either side of the The end of the entranceentrance before the pylon. passage is seen above on the left. The row of granite columns is down the northern side of the hall, looking across the temple site, as at the foot of the previous Among the loose blocks is a palm capital plate. probably of the Xllth dynasty; the lower part has been built into a wall, and the abacus cut away into a drum of a Ramesside engaged column. There are many pieces of engaged columns of hard pale drab limestone, the longest of which (70 x 175 inches) is shewn in the last view, PI. XXII. They were built with the bed of the rock vertical, and usually in two They have all been re-used for architraves, halves. remaining,
basalt
spout, fallen from the roof of the
palm
West
the basement of
has
entrance-passage
axial
of a rubber-diaphragm type taking a four-inch hose
trays.
to the hall in
the foreground.
PI.
XXIV,
lower half; and
—which were
it
probably of lime-
a band of black basalt along the base
and
the top. 27.
The
colossi in front of the
pylon are noticed
in the description of the plan, PI. II.
In
PI.
XXIII
2
THE MONUMENTS.
lO
shewn the
are
a red granite colossus,
from
The
it.
and front view of the base of on which is lying a leg broken i8'i inches wide, 407 long, and
side view
foot
is
This implies a height of 75 to top of the knee-cap. about 22 feet with the crown.
The
back that
at the
As
the form. the
of an alabaster colossus
piece
weathered
here placed
it is
in
recognise
the plate, the back
the slope across from
left,
much
so
is
difficult to
left
to
right
is
to
the
is
and in the shadow above that may be seen the neck and beard. The neck is 44 inches
XIXth DYNASTY PI. is
arm 33
smallest
thick, the trunk 79 across at the These and other dimensions imply
part.
a height of about 44 feet
if
standing, or
38 feet
if
The
across.
the bottom
is
a view of the base of one of the
which stood in advance of the pylon entrance, by Herodotos. This base is built of blocks of basalt and the names of captive countries on the side are shewn in the next photograph, with traces of the Nile figures above them. It is difficult to photograph, as trees shade it from most of the sunshine. The face of the basalt fell away soon after being uncovered, but the names were transcribed as soon as exposed reading from the right they are Asy, Naharin, Kheta, Mad, Oedesh, Tasha Khilbu, and Mashuash. 28. PI. XXIV. The upper block is a relief carved
northern divinity of the Nile plants
is
XXVI.
PI.
30.
.
in
.
.
.
,
,
red
The
inscription
first
granite
representing the upper part of the
shrine of Ptah.
The head
of the
god
is
on a
is
door jamb, which had been brought
down from
cemetery as building material.
has a suten da
some
to
Jiotep
Ramessu
II
and
gods
It
to
the
The name
ix).
of the person
and a
is
Amarna
el
and
II,
West
lies
Hall.
3,
an inscription,
2,
is
It is
from a
by Ram-
on the north of the entrance to the 4 and
are fragments of limestone works re-used 3 is now at Rochdale, 5 at New York. Probably 5
sculpture, from earlier
Brussels, 4 at
II,
but she was a
lost,
quartzite stele, which had been reworked
essu
of
like that
is
praiser of the king, hesy.
of
the
ka
royal
ka
this address to the royal
;
now in Munich. The fragment
.
The treatment
on most Ramesside
better than
work.
princess, erpat,
.
very unusual, and the figure has
is
of course been erased in later times.
as described
;
86 inches
is
figuring of Set in place of Uazit for the
colossi
;
one of the
is
It
found under Akhenaten (Davies, Tell
seated.
At
chapel of Shabaka in the same region
columns of the West Hall.
largest
shoulder,
wide, the
XXX. The
planned in PI. XXVII. The lower drum of a granite column
:
part of a scene of the funeral sacrifice of a bull
5 is
by the sons of the deceased. 6 is the inscription on a column in the previous plate. 7 shews the cartouches of Set-nekht, as engraved on the front of the pylon of the West Hall.
admirably
31.
PI.
A
XXVII.
small building
in
the south-
wrought before it is the top of his sceptre. The door of the shrine is represented as open, and bearing the names of the king. Below that in the plate is the inscription on a block of basalt cornice. The whole block is 38 inches high, with bordering bands sunk 50 to 58 from base, and 4'0 to 73 from
west corner of the great temenos, was dated by the ka name of Shabaka on a block of stone. The hieroglyphs were finely executed in low relief. The
the top edge.
had been entirely removed for the photograph of the ruin is shewn at
;
figure
XXV.
The clustered column with the and name of Khaemuas was found re-used in
29. PI.
the masonry of the evidently of the
same
inscription
is
is
has,
PI.
The
class as the clustered
column
covered
in
the
transcribed on is
next photograph. PI.
XXVI.
not certain
The :
the
palm
trees.
Probably the space marked
and,
the base of
Lake was un-
building east of the Sacred
by the sebakhm diggers in recent years though they were not allowed to take the
;
stone-work, they dug entirely, so that
by
The
stone.
XXV.
is
unknown before, and the scene of by some, been supposed to have been altered from some earlier subject. The small columns of Ramessu II and III were found in the S.W. corner of the temenos. That of Ramessu II was standing in place on one of the bases of the colonnade, the plan of which is in
Khaemuas
to the
as earth had been occupied with a cross wall, which
It
date of these clustered columns
rope binding
owing
temple of Merenptah.
with rope-pattern binding
The
plan could not be followed farther than here shewn,
There
inference.
of red
granite,
away the
brick
walls
almost
they are here restored (solid black)
town
a long
is
leading
paving of
away from shewing
the
blocks
east
gate,
was Not a single hieroglyph or graffito is to be found on any of the masonry. The measurements of this plan were taken by Mr. through
the
ruins,
an important building.
Ivo Gregg.
that
this
XIxth dynasty
monuments and plan
CHAPTER V THE TEMPLE OF MERENPTAH. 32.
In the
first
chapter
we have already con-
sidered the identification of the temple of
Merenptah
with the temple of Proteus in the foreign quarter.
We
now notice the The position of
actual remains.
the
surrounding buildings
is
temple
shewn
in
in
the
PI.
XXVII.
Of
;
the
the great outer gateway of Merenptah, the
first
lintel
is
of
which was found two years before, standing in place the second is the inner doorway to the temple, of which we found two foundation stones and one jamb. The outer gate of the forecourt was roofed by a The sculptured scenes lintel of about 16 feet long. upon it, of Merenptah before Ptah, occupied 185 inches in length and 42 inches in height. This lintel has been completely copied, and will appear in a Its thickness is formed of two or future volume. three slabs of stone one behind the other, like the
seems to have been a line of brick wall, which we traced along most of the length of it. At the back of the court was a doorway, doubtless that of the temple, and the wall east of that seems Two great to belong to the temple by its direction. blocks of red granite with the name of Merenptah formed the foundations and the western door jamb stood in place about seven feet high. This, being of limestone, we sawed into three pieces, and it is
now
the
They
Parthenon.
are
cracked
through, and the whole was anciently in danger of falling.
The Egyptians
and shored
it
up by
therefore
closed
this
gate,
walls of brick, buttressing
it
in
Behind it, and all over the court, chambers were built which completely filled up the area. A few of the more distinct of these were front (see plan).
measured, and are entered on the plan in the " Outer but it must be remembered Court of Merenptah " ;
that they have no connection with the temple,
and
over the middle of the outer court there
was a thick
layer of earth with remains from work-
shops, below the houses, belonging to a time
when
rubbish was thrown into the court, but before it was appropriated to civil use. These remains are glazed
beads and waste beads, and great numbers of little pellets of burnt clay about a quarter of an inch across. These pellets may have been used to separate objects On the western side of the court were in the kiln. many unfinished scarabs in steatite, roughly blocked
(XXVIII, 14), and unfinished calcite beads (XXVIII, 13). The ground of the court was open, and originally out
Some
washing troughs were found sunk in the ground, perhaps shewing that ablutions were performed in the court. The re-used lotus capitals (PI. Ill) and column of Khaemuas (PI. XXV) were found in the ground at the southcontained no buildings.
west of the court.
The relation of town we may note,
the
Over
temple to the
this
34.
objects.
XXIX
PI.
is
the
jamb. rest
temple building, north of
the
of
before passing to the small
the
outer court, two large blocks of brickwork have been
These
superposed.
have to be entirely removed
will
in
1909, in order to reach the temple,
is
now exactly known.
the streets and houses
The
whose position
general
direction
of
But
parallel to the temple.
is
of these houses are later than the temple, probably built during a few centuries before the Ptolemies. They doubtless stand on the lower parts
all
of earlier
The
houses.
street
where
lines,
they
could be traced, are here marked by rows of dots,
approximately the distance apart of ordinary steps, so as to give a sense of scale
The
the plan.
longest
wall,
in
foot-
looking at
running out
the
to
edge of the plate, has been buttressed and thickened along the north side, and a sloping way to the top on that side seems to be of original east
design.
It
for defence against
was therefore intended
the south, and thus was the enclosing wall of the
are entirely later. 33. All
this
On
Museum.
the British
in
photograph of
;
of
li
;
to
relation
the actual temple two points are fixed
architraves
merenptah temple
of
The
little
western side of the court
Tyrian camp named by Herodotos. an early feature, as the
same ground
Probably
it
is
it
the
as
level
But
was not
it
over the house ruins of
lies
rest
of
early Ptolemaic, a defensive
the
plan.
work
for
the Greek garrison stationed in the foreign quarter. It is exactly in line with the south wall of the
temenos of Ptah and it probably ran on continuous from that (see PI. I, where it is marked " Late Wall "). But it cannot now be traced up to the temenos, as all the intervening ground is cut away ;
lower than the base of this wall. 35.
The
small
from
objects
Merenptah are shewn
in PI.
the
XXVIII,
courtyard figs,
i
of
to 22
;
Cypriote pottery is in PI. XXIX, the rough painted figures of pottery are at the top left hand in PI. XLIV, and a piece of painted dish at the the
bottom of
PI.
XX.
This dish
with a pale drab facing with broad red
filling,
;
is
of rough pottery
the pattern
which
is
is
shaded
of black, here
in
THE TEMPLE OF MERENPTAH
12
On
vertical lines (B.M.).
are
XXVIII some
PI.
"
probably foreign, such as the the amulet, 9
island
and the
pieces
and onyx discs, 11, 12. Others are hardly of Egyptian manufacture, as the Taurt head, 4, and the calcite beads, 13, and scarab blocks, 14. No. 5 is a of alabaster, 3
;
very unusual
figure
;
steatite
playing a
of Bast
The
lute.
6 and 23 are apparently intended to hang on to a spout, probably for straining wine (B.M.). strainers
The cones
of blue pottery,
cone shells
;
colour and
glazed
texture are
remarkably
pottery
the
1st
some of
like
Many
dynasty.
among
the houses
the court, shewing that such sickles were
in use
of
of
17-20, were found
sickle flints, filling
appear to copy
16,
they have no hole for hanging, and what purpose we cannot say. Their
are solid, for
the
15,
The two
during the later dynasties.
Hathor,
22,
21,
Memphis, and
are
the only
are
probably
such
connected
still
tablets
found
at
with
24,
The
a handle from a vase.
is
bolt 25 probably
The measures,
belonged to a door of a model shrine.
figure
the
— Hathor, named by Herodotos No. 21 shews Hathor standing before Hathor cow the ears above are for " Hathor
26,
are perhaps for medicines, being too small
27,
The
any ordinary goods.
for
doubtless from a figure of
found
by some mason
Ramessu
of
28,
is
The chisel, 2iO, was West Hall, lost there
the sand bed of the
in
and horns,
disc
Isis.
XXIX. Beside the is a Roman lamp and
PI.
II.
objects described above,
holder, of bronze. This form of holder was to hang up the lamp, by loops which carried the trunnions on the side of the lamp. The hook at the top of the handle served to hang
there
it, or sling it from the ornamented with foliage
27.
that
XXX.
PI.
PL
We
I.
of the
side
The plan of
the great gate shews
camp,
searched along the whole eastern
camp, expecting
the middle of
it
;
is
Mus.).
scroll (Brit.
close to the north-east corner of the
it is
as on
The arch below
finger.
to
find
a gate
near
but every part was proved to be
shrine of Aphrodite
continuous until we reached this corner.
as being here.
foundation of the gateway remained, with sufficient traces of the wall along the south side, and enough
the
;
lady of Nehat," the sacred sycomore of Memphis.
No. 22 has "
Hathor
cow amid
the
lady
of
Heliopolite nome.
the
marshes,
Hotep-hem," a place Below is the dedication
named the
in "
made
by the nurse of the royal son, the lady of the Ta-nenuny." Both of these tablets are in Manchester but all the objects and pottery with foreign connection are in the British Museum, Greek department, where all foreign pieces from this temple house,
;
will
be placed
there were
pieces
of
alabaster inlaying,
one
recess
for
9 to 10 inches deep
recess
is
the entrance
;
164 into the recesses,
gate was
being equal to the
it
The
width of the entrance.
The depth
The
shew the width.
to
the side
single,
is
164 wide and 144 wide, or
the two walls were alike.
if
of the foundation
five
is
courses thick,
amounting to just ten feet of solid white limestone. Beneath the upper course there runs a drain, i 5 to 16 inches wide.
Besides the objects figured
in future.
five
on the north
Here the
38.
The
building of Siamen
corner of the map,
PI.
It
I.
is
at the south-west
was of
mud
brick, with
and one piece of tile with large hieroglyphs, mcs, doubtless from a cartouche. These scraps thrown out into the courtyard suggest that there was both alabaster inlaying and coloured tile work in the temple. Many moulds for glazed amulets were found amid the potters'
stone lintels and jambs, and contained stone columns.
waste in the courtyard
not a single piece existed in any museum to obtain six lintels and many door jambs was therefore a
piece of glazed
tile
Sekhmet, 8 of her
of Sety
;
II,
8 of Ptah, 4 of
aegis,
2 of
Isis,
1
of eyes, 8 of scarabs, about 50 for disc beads,
i
of the cowry, lotus cup, lotus seed, spiral, etc.
scarabs found in the court are
5
of
Bes, 4 of busts,
in PI.
14 each
The
XXXIV,
and
The
;
when
but is
it
all
lintels is
hoped that the whole building
THE LATER ANTIQUITIES. 36.
In
PI.
XXVIII,
23-30, are .some of the small
objects found in various parts.
The bronze
lion
(?),
have
;
valuable
These
result.
lintels
XXXI), Copenhagen,
(PI.
chester, Philadelphia
The
VI
will
been excavated. king were on a few blocks of granite at Tanis, and
building
and
in
are
British
now in Cairo Museum, Man-
Pittsburg.
the
temenos was apparently a
CHAPTER
shewn on the next
the lintels will be published next year,
Hitherto the only sculptures of this
The
are noticed further on.
work of the
finest
plate
south-west of the late
Ptah and irregular work.
bases of the colonnade are of varying sizes
may
upon one stood a column of Ramessu
II,
not have been originally placed there.
North of that
was a chamber stone.
To
but
it
built of re-used blocks of sculptured
the east
lie
three blocks of alabaster
;
the
FOREIGN AND LATER ANTIQUITIES northern has cartouches of Ramessu II with si
ankk
at
the
cartouches of Sheshenq is
.
.
.
The southern block has
side.
the middle
in
I
at
;
p
the
one side
a figure of the high priest of Memphis, and an
milt ef
named Ankh-ef-nc-amen name
priest,
offering to Osir-hapi, with also the
erpa
em ab
who
(?)
is
of his heir,
ne ur kherp uba, Set-nen-nefer-tum.
The
figure opposite to this
is probably that of the son. have been brought from the Apis temple. It will be published next year. Other large blocks of foundation also belong to some building which has now been entirely destroyed. These blocks are higher up than the colonnade, and therefore belong to a late date.
The block seems
XXXI.
PI.
to
The
of Siamen has been noticed
lintel
It is of far better work than has generally been credited to the XXIst dynasty, almost equalling the style of Sety I and it shews how well the Memphite school was maintained. The high ofificial behind the king is Ankh-ef-ne-mut, son of the prince Auy. The slab here shewn is half of the lintel, which has a similar scene on the other half, with cartouches of the king between the scenes. Below is a block with an Agathodaimon in relief,
above.
;
and diagonal holes at the corners to pin it back It seems to have been a house charm into a wall. or amulet.
it
39. The breccia statue is of now measures 29J inches, so
fine
work,
XXXI
PI.
have been 38 inches high, or rather over half It is carefully finished,
size.
anatomy. given
in
The
inscriptions
the next plate,
life
but conventional in the
on the
XXXII.
belt
The
and back are belt has the
dedication to Ptah and to Sokar, for the Hereditary prince, the royal brother of the ;king's father, general,
elder of the elders, vizier,
the back inscription
is
Hap-amu. The middle of worn away by rubbing.
entirely
here divided across the middle, in order to keep
It is
were re-used in the temple. They name Osiris lord of Rustau, and arc probably from tombs. First is a curious stele, bought 40. PI. XXXIII. at Memphis. The figure of the offerer and the inscription seem as if cut on a reworked surface, while only Osiris and
on a sufficiently large scale in the plate. In the column is a trace of a cartouche which can hardly be any other than that of Nekht-hor-heb. This explains how Hap-amu was royal brother of the king's father, and not brother of a king Nekhthor-heb was the first of his dynasty, and his father was not a king. The uncle therefore could only claim royal relationship through his nephew. And this high position explains his having the greatest administrative titles. The style of work would agree
belong to
Isis
The deceased was devoted
figure
On
The New York, Metropolitan Museum.
is
now
in
this plate are also
dynasty.
two pieces of inscriptions that
.
speeches of
the arranger of the official
the gods.
The
pieces are
trial
quartzite,
in
all
and shew
various grades of work from simple outline to the finest
The
elaboration.
Museum
Kensington
four
best
are
South
in
the piece with si ra
;
is
at
Brussels, along with a trial piece of a kheper beetle in limestone.
The animal.
shrine or hutch seems as
There
is
a
little
air
if for
keeping a small
hole at the back, and
had a sliding door in front. The edge of the hole is gnawed, which suggests that a shrew mouse was now in It was bought at Memphis kept in it. University College, London. The head of Hathor is now at Munich, and the piece of a house model at University College. it
;
41. PI.
XXXIV.
The
scarabs were found partly
scattered in the general excavations, but rather
more
than half came from the Merenptah temple court, which was filled up with later houses. A very few are as old as the Xllth dynasty
;
probably
i, 2,
6 and 7
be thus dated. Of the Hyksos age there may be 8, 9 and 10. The XVIIIth dynasty produced 3, 4, 5, 12, 16 (Amenhotep III), 17, 20, 21, and perhaps but the rest with Men-kheper-ra are probably 82
may
;
of a later date.
may belong
It is
to the
decide
difficult to
XlXth dynasty
;
28 can be safely put there.
23, 26, 27,
XXXth
.
;
may mean
red jasper, and probably the
with this date of the
stele.
.
it
well
original
to
third
:
the
Hathor of Tep-ahu (Aphroditopolis), " over the speaking of words, Shane-ba, son of Khred-ne-mut and Sha-ne-ba Hor, his mother Tahayba." The title her zed medu, " over the speaking of words," seems new to us it
;
the whole figure must
13
name
is
how many
but probably
No. 29 is of intended for
Ramessu VI. After this we can only date ()l of Siamen, XXIst dynasty 103, which is Greek work and in dark green jasper of the XXVIth dynasty are difficult age. The rest the same 104, probably of some may be rough work to discriminate in age of an earlier date, as 33, 58, 71, or be later imitations, ;
;
;
as 69, 70, 72, 75.
usual
schist
;
but
The majority one-third
Merenptah temple, and one are
of pottery or soft
however, the same in
made of the from
the rest,
those
The proportion is, we omit the rings, which
paste.
all, if
in
are
seven of the
of
u
The later antiquities
are always
of pottery.
It
examples that Memphis
is
of the scarabs sold in Cairo.
Herford
is
have to thank Miss
I
The
inking in these drawings.
for
XXXV to XLIV 42. PI.
obvious from these
is
the source of a large part
Plates
are noted in the next chapter.
XLV.
The green glazed
It
altar of offerings
in perfect condition.
is
was found
It
in
the earth at the south gateway of the pylon before the
site is
West Hall it is now in the The limestone head was found ;
on the
at Athribis
of a temple built by Ptolemy Physkon
by the uraeus (broken
that of a king,
the character of
Physkon. uary, and
it,
The Ptolemaic this is
The now
trial
off)
and
portraits are rare in stat-
apparently the only such
This
pieces were
The
Munich.
at
as
;
it
doubtless from a statue of
is
it
stone that has survived.
are
Museum.
British
is
also
now
lime-
in
at Manchester.
from
and
Athribis,
pieces of the red granite
architrave of the pylon of Ptolemy
IV
much They will
are on a
smaller scale than the other objects here.
be published more fully when
it
seen
is
if
other
The restoration is that suggested by Prof Sayce. The name of a queen pieces
can be recovered.
Arsinoe can only belong to one of the queens of Ptolemy II or to the queen of Ptolemy IV; and of these two kings the title Theos can only belong
The
to
Ptolemy IV.
at
a date after the erection, as
third
line
has been added it
but slightly
is
and roughly cut, while the first two lines are deep and clear. These pieces are from the architrave of the entrance added to the east side of the temenos of Ptah, where the road from Bedrasheyn now enters the mounds. Two granite capitals were also found, of different types.
The marble
piece of a Greek funeral stele it
;
is
now
at
New
is
in
white
The examples
York.
alabaster vase-working shew on what a great scale
was practised are found. in course of
at
Memphis,
At the back making at
out ready to be
of it
as thousands of drill cores
are seen three vases broken
the right
is a vase roughed and in front are five cores Some examples have been sent ;
drilled,
from tube drills. to most museums connected with the work. 43. PI.
found of
in
XLVI.
A
one group,
large quantity of pottery
while
clearing
the temple of Merenptah.
to
the
The forms
are
was east all
and the two Greek vases, S, 6, give a date of about 300 B.C. So this may be taken given in this plate as
the
;
beginning of a corpus
satyr on PI.
PI.
XLVI
only figures well dated to a late the lower
of early Ptolemaic
left
With
large series thus dated.
mask of a
the glazed pottery figures,
hand of the group
this
XLIX, and
These are the period, and give I.
is
The
piece
at
of black Greek
pottery.
has a band of palmetto pattern around the
edge, and
first
a definite standard for comparison.
a very unusual object, probably of early Ptolemaic
age.
pottery, the
pottery was the
PI.
XLVI
I
also contains a
belonging to about 200 A.D.
group of lamps, probably
The
may
designs
well
be copies of moulds of the time of Hadrian, while the pottery on PI. XLVI 1 1 found with them is rather earlier than the pottery of the Ilird century
Ehnasya. The handles belong to the lamps with which they are placed, and there is one odd one in Other lamps found with the middle of each group. at
these are of the following types, published in
Roman
Ehnasya :— A 40 B 30, 85, 93 E 55, 97 F 37 These are all debased types and we P 86. 92 J ;
;
;
now
that
learn
fairly
200
;
;
;
made
A.D.
such were contemporary with the
triangular handles, and are as early as
Such a date quite accords with the dates
of the rough lamps found at Ehnasya.
XLIX.
The
statuette of Nefertum is curious, was thought worth while to mend such a figure, if broken in modelling. The crown has been broken off, and rejoined before the glazing. The mask we have already named as being found The rest of the plate shews the with the lamps. kiln and pieces of blue glazed pottery found in it. The drawings of the forms are on the next plate. The group of pottery kilns and waste lies to the south end of Memphis, beyond the Kom Hellul. We opened one kiln which had been abandoned, and PI.
as shewing that
it
then been used later as a rubbish hole for wasters
by working for moved
from other
kilns.
some time
myself, that the wasters had been
I
carefully verified,
where they were baked. The plate. It was a pit feet deep no hole was traced in the lower part, but more than halfway up there was an arched opening to the west, about two feet wide. This could not be for out-draught as and therefore it seems that it faces the usual wind to the upper part of the kiln. admitted the air was glazed pottery were cj'linder The supports for the The body jars 10 inches wide and 7J inches high. was of coarse brown and yellow pottery, fusing to a The jars are shewn by their dirty yellow-green. fusion, and by attached objects, to have been stood Such jars were mouth upwards in the furnace. out from the kiln
view of the kiln is given in the about six feet square and eight
;
;
placed
mouth downwards
in the
time of the XVIIIth
PTOLEMAIC AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. dynasty {Tell el Ainarna p. 26, PI. XIII, 62). The dishes were stacked face down, one over the other, supported apart by four cones of pottery between each. Such cones were about half an inch high in Ptolemaic times, but varied up to an inch high
Roman
in
use.
L
shews the forms of the dishes and jars The best set went to these wasters. Cairo and the South Kensington Museum, and other examples to most of the other museums concerned. 44. PI. LI shews the small objects obtained at Athribis, which were not drawn in Egypt in time for PI.
among
found
the volume on that
The material is stated at The date is probably from the
site.
the base of the plate.
IVth
Vlllth century.
to the
for a chalice.
a
is
lid,
is
perhaps
15
is
14
late.
is
a fish-harpoon.
it
could be pushed aside
girdle pendants
were probably
from the
18
strips
feet.
of
is
when
a
spur,
a pair of
requisite
:
such
for extracting thorns
a curious chain
made
No. 14 has not been engraved in the lower part, the left only in red paint. We may add here the destination of some other
outlined letters being
and
nome
of long
;
it
The
to prove their
Roman
age.
The
pieces of a large
with yellow designs, 29, are here restored It is of course Cufic.
as far as possible.
Many
LI I.
found at Athribis
;
pieces of painted
and
it
pottery were
seemed desired by
different
authorities that they should be published for referThey have all been traced by Miss Murray. ence.
are
mostly
in
the
British
Roman Department, and some lintel
at
Museum, Graeco-
South Kensington.
an inscription from a wooden found at Rifeh, apparently belonging to the
Above
and
In Gizek
at
XXIX,
the scene of Auletes
Edinburgh.
Rifeh, PI.
South Kensington, 8
In
XXXVII
B,
XIX
PI.
Munich and
the
Bristol.
some of the
at University College,
12 at
The parchment and papyrus docu-
Oxford.
ments, and fragments, are
Oxford.
XXXIX, New York.
PL
In
College, 3 at
York, 2 and
9 at
Munich,
Brussels, xo at Cairo, 6 at Philadelphia, 11 at
all at i
the Bodleian Library,
at Cairo, 2 at University
In PI.
at Brussels,
3
is
XL,
is
i
at
New
4 at University College,
London.
CHAPTER
these
is
Phibamon. LI II. The inscription i is a dedication by " Alexander the Rhetor to the most prolific Nile." It is on the edge of a slab of marble, bought at Memphis. It was doubtless the base of a group sculpture and as Dr. Cecil Smith remarked it of probably gives the correct name of the group of the 4 Nile with children around, Nilos Gonimotatos. scribe
45. PI.
;
—
—
VII
THE TERRA-COTTA HEADS. 46.
;
They
PI.
at
figures are at Brussels,
dolls 21, 23, are at
The glass bottles 24, 25, 26 I had long Brussels. supposed to be modern flower button-hole tubes, when seen in dealers' hands but finding three such here at Athribis, a most out-of-the-way place, seems
PI.
now
is
round and covered with a could have no strength, and must
have been only ornamental.
jar,
ka
his
bark, coiled
vegetable paste
glazed
In Athribis,
things.
University College, 9 at Brussels, 10 at New York, 14 In PI. XXXVIII, i is at Rochdale, 15 at Munich.
tweezers, with a pick point hinged between them, so
that
and of the Holy Ghost." Nos. i, 5 and 6 are in the British Museum, Graeco-Roman'Department. Nos. 8, 9 and 10 are tracings from ink writing on plastered walls, not removed. The inscriptions 7 and 14 are at Brussels, 13 at Dublin, 11 and 16 at New York.
made
and not part of a larger object. 4 and 16 seem as if they were ceremonial crosses to be held by the loop and used in giving a blessing. 10 is 12
a roughly cut block found at Memphis, with the dedication " In the name of the Father and of the Son is
chair legs are at South Kensington, Nos. 11, 13, 16 at
to stand alone,
probably a leather- worker's knife.
IS
perhaps
a separate figure of an eagle
is
3
Fig. 2
OBJECTS FROM ATHRIBIS
The
finding of the foreign quarter of
Memphis
was one of the main objects of the opening campaign But the discovery of the portraits of the there. and only foreigners was not even thought of; us the had before we gradually was it realised that see races, different figures of more than a dozen
XXXV
Pis.
The
XLIV.
to
date of these models
is
Persian figures (16, 18), probably
indicated
by the
made during
the
Persian occupation, 525 to 405 B.C., and the archaic Greek (56) which is of the Vlth century B.C. These,
most of the other heads, are modelled in solid Only about half a dozen Greek figures, and the clay. Indian woman (36), are moulded and made hollow, A very rough and these may well be about 200 B.C. horseman (46), moulded but variety of the Scythian group of about pottery solid, was found with the like
We may
then probably date the great majority, which are solid modelled figures, to about 500 to 300 B.C. and the few moulded hollow figures
300
B.C.
;
from 300 to 200
B.C.
The
taste
for
representing
THE TERRA-COTTA HEADS
i6
foreigners
is
known throughout Egyptian
well
Greek, he despised the barbarian too much but there is a Greek ability about many of these in for the
;
It seems probable that they are mixed Graeco-Egyptian artists. They
the technical detail. the work of are almost
all
The
47.
found
in
on
figures
the foreign quarter.
XXXV
PI.
are
Of
Egyptians, with some southern mixture.
Egyptian figures of a
5 to 13 are the regular
these,
woman
Such were made as early as the XVIIIth dynasty, and on to Greek times and they hardly belong to the general
on a couch, sometimes with a
child.
;
No.
is
I
The
types.
class of these ethnic
No. 2
certainly Egyptian.
well-fed
women
of Middle
when Khnum-hotep at
of the hair
at
work
Egypt is
large earring of is
seen
Beni-hasan.
sturdy
like the
the swathing up
;
the
in
and
3
tomb
of
are
of
4
the southern type with prognathous face, and close
Egyptian by the hair dressing, and the face is of the higher-class type. 15 would be probably Egyptian by the hair but the type is It is remarkable that all the Egyptian not familiar. whereas out of 44 others there figures are women are only 3 foreign women and 3 Greek women. This points to the immigrants being mainly men and perhaps the Egyptian women were those living curly
hair.
14
is
;
;
;
in the foreign quarter.
48. PI.
XXXVI.
The
mover
great
promoting
in
this foreign
By
that'
es-
mixture was the Persian empire. magnificent creation the world-peace was
from the Indus to the Balkans, roads were made, trade was encouraged, and masses of men were moved from land to land in the army, tablished
by
so that Scythian and Indian fought side
The
Greece.
possibilities
of
peaceful
side in
commercial
settlement had never been so extensive before. 16
we
see the Persian Great King, with
hair, close-fitting tiara,
of these
distinctions
the
Persian
well
shewn
No. 18
is
kings. in
and
disc
may be
his
on the front seen
on
In
bushy ;
each
figures
The high-bred Aryan type
of is
this head.
to keep off heat and dust, like the horseman on the Sidon sarcophagus (17). On the head is the lion's Herodotos scalp, probably a regimental badge. " that
on their heads some of them wore brazen and wrought steel ornaments" (vii, 84). The face is delicate, and almost effeminate, in the slight brow and refined eyes. Persian
is
the most vigorously modelled head of
carefully finished, the detail of the
is
The
being precise.
cavalry
coloured
are
parts
flesh
ears red,
and the hair black. The type is that of the Semite, as shewn in the chief of the Amu at Benihasan (19), but sturdier and fatter owing to a settled life. It probably represents the Syrian or Jewish trader.
XXXVII.
No. 22 is of the old Sumerian shewn by the limestone head from Babylonia (21). And 24 is another Sumerian type, as shewn by a limestone head from Tell Loh These limestone heads have been recognised (23). as Sumerian by Dr. Meyer {^Berl. Akad. Abhandlungen, and the resemblance of the pottery heads 1906, III) from Memphis is so close that they must be accepted as the same race. This has surprised Assyriologists, as the racial type was supposed to have died out with the Turanian language, before 2000 B.C. {Zeit. Assyr. xxii, 199). Yet Dr. Pinches has remarked or
Akkadian type,
as
;
this type is seen in the Nestorian Christians from Babylonia, who are likely to have had less Arab mixture than the Muhamedans. It need not
that
be supposed that the old Sumerian stock was un-
mixed
;
but rather that the type belongs to the land
and the climate, and has subdued and unified all the mixture that was put into it. Likewise in Egj'pt, within a thousand years of a mixture, the old type of skull has entirely regained its dominance. No. 26 is a peculiar type, from the high flat forehead, and the short, prominent, sub-aquiline nose. may perhaps be compared with the type of It Khammurabi (25), which has the same form of forehead and lips, and only a slightly thicker nose. It may be regarded as a Semitic Babylonian, unless some closer resemblance may be found in the Persian empire. PI.
XXXVIII.
Here are grouped together the
various types for which no satisfactory connection
has yet been observed.
Perhaps coinage would be Nos. 27 and 28
the fullest source for comparisons.
seem
to be artificially flattened heads.
50.
PI.
XXXIX.
different races.
the cavalry officer, with the face swathed
mentions of the
It
all.
49. PI.
probably
all
No. 20
history,
and some of the best and most characteristic work This was not a subject was spent on foreign figures.
35
The is
figures of Indians are
a Tibetan type, which
is
of
also
There is an ape on each side of the Aryan Punjabi type the attitude an 36 with the hip raised high on one side, the arms bent, and the loose lock of hair, are all Indian but the band round the breast, the amulet hung round the found head.
in Orissa. is
;
;
neck, and the
artificial
navel
line,
are
all
strange and
37 and 39 are seated cross-legged with drapery round the waist 38 and 40 have the lack a comparison.
;
AND SCYTHIAN
PERSIAN, SUMERIAN, INDIAN knees raised, and a scarf over the
left
shoulder.
These
western
attitudes are familiar in Indian art.
Now
there has been a strong feeling that as dated
material has not been obtained in India before Asoka, therefore Indian civilisation
was not of much import-
But that is merely a result of the early prevalence of wood-work, owing to which The magnistone monuments were not yet erected. ficent stone pillars and carvings of Asoka prove that a long growth of art and skill had preceded them and the account of the country at the time of Alexander shews that a high civilisation existed then. ance in earlier days.
;
As
early as Darius, about 500
B.C.,
the India subject
was the most populous province of and yielded 360 talents of gold yearly. The Indians fought in Greece with Xerxes 480 B.C., and when Mardonius picked the flower of the army
The
contact
of the Persian empire.
Settlements
of
Indians
Babylonia, as early as 425
Egypt. In view of these
papyri
appear B.C.,
Nippur
at
and
the
in
Aswan
diflficulty in
connections there
seems no
accepting the Indian colony in
Memphis
Ptolemaic queens
XLI I. may be
55
XLI 1
PI.
B.C.,
and the
century
seems therefore the most reasonable
result.
The im-
Greek
a Greek of
57, is of
figure,
little
are
figures
These are
1.
also
is
a
the Syrian
known.
well
Greek works, some
later
heads are kept at University College, London, study with others that may be found.
PL XLIV.
The group
for
at the top left is of painted
and yellow colours. These temple, and seem to be Merenptah come from the time. They are pre-classic Mediterranean work of pottery, with black, red
now
Museum, Graeco-Roman Depart-
in the British
of heads at the top right shew the
The group
examples, most of which can hardly be Two of them are also identified as distinct types. published enlarged,
The
52,
53.
style " at the
bottom
left
hand, are a class well
at various other sites (Tell el
YAY^T) yet unknown.
is
The
snow-man known Yehudiyeh, Hyksos and
horses and seated figures of the "
on the Indian colony, and the spread of Indian ideas in the West, will be obvious to all students. The other extreme of the Persian 51. PI. XL. empire is seen in the figures of Scythians. The tall pointed hood, the bushy beard, and the riding on horseback, all shew that we have here the Sacae cavalry of the Persian army. For comparison see the head of a Scythian, 41, from the silver vase found at Koul-oba in the Crimea. These figures are all moulded, but solid, and therefore intermediate between the modelled solid figures and the moulded hollow figures. The roughest of them, 46, was found with the pottery in PI. XLVI, and is dated therefore It seems not improbable that these to about 300 B.C. B.C.
made by
modelled hollow.
all
Israelite Cities
342 to 332
graceful
other
portance of such tangible remains of India, as bearing
Scythians belong to the second Persian occupation,
but not
apparently grotesque, as 64, 66, 6"], 6g. Such are All of the foregoing often found in Ptolemaic sites.
B.C.,
in accord with the general dating of the other figures,
of
figures.
archaic
the
of
is
the instrument played upon
57 to 60 are
rougher
Vth century
;
Greek
distinctively
56
;
and the coins
11),
perhaps a Macedonian.
is
hair,
The
The
405 B.C. And the introduction of asceticism, already in a communal form by 340 B.C., points also to the growth of Indian ideas. To date these solid modelled figure, 36, to the IlIrd
republican busts.
rather the Egyptian version of an
is
it
;
early Greek.
ment.
hollow moulded
Attys
type of face and that age
xvii,
ii,
it
;
Here are
PI.
as being due to the Persian intercourse from 525 to
figures, 35, 37-40, to the
{Nauk.
Naukratis
in
in
some of
48 recalls
Roman
figures,
sacrificing,
in
50 should be compared with a glazed head found at
usual type
Medes, Sacae, Bactrians, and Indians.
Roman
the
like
is
the wizen faces of the
kinyra.
of India with Europe dates then to the early years
47
and as the Fratres Arvales.
to the Persians
Immortals,
type.
in
be more
to
with the toga worn over the head, as
that empire,
to stay in Greece, he took the Persian
These heads seem
PL XLI.
52.
17
;
Naukratis, etc.)
rising handles of craters with Bacchic
heads
Hyksos
Cities
are usual elsewhere {Naukratis
XIX
The
D).
rosette,
Their origin
and
Plates
types
here with
;
the
thunderbolt,
head are peculiar.
lion's
XLV
42
i,
to
LIV
are
already described
in
the previous chapter.
CHAPTER
VIII
THE INSCRIPTIONS. By 53.
Pl. V.
Dr. J. H.
WALKER.
This inscription
is
unfortunately in
too fragmentary a condition to allow of any running It contains a list of endowments, which translation. 3
THE INSCRIPTIONS
i8 are given
to
perpetuate
the
of mortuary
service
of truly squared workmanship
consist
the ritual of the temple of Ptah
" for
service
offerings for the deceased, or else a Hst of gifts be-
in
stowed upon the noble by the King. Several good examples of these endowments exist, the earliest occurring in the biography of Methen, who died in
two lands." In line 10 is the name, with titles, of the owner of the stele, " the superintendent of the city, the Vezier and Chief Judge Ameny," followed by the cartouche with part of the King's name, Amenemhat.
He
the reign of Seneferu.
states that he received as
a reward 200 arouras of land from the King, and a mortuary offering of lOO loaves every day, from the
mother of the King's children. A large house was also presented to him with a garden, containing trees of various kinds, and a lake.
The
inscription here contains a
Methen.
domains, situated
in different
"(I)
...
.
...
(2)
lord of the
.
temple at
his
When
Luqsor, with his divine cycle following him.
day dawned, and the 2nd day appeared (probably
w
ra
^
to be supplied, as in Pap.
,-i.u-,
D'Orbiney,
II,
very similar
list,
Methen begins his list by saying that he had 12 domains provided for him. Here in line 2 the number of domains mentioned is 13. These to that of
VI.
PI.
54.
.
nomes, were farms from
5-6)
lines
.
•
who comest thou (4)
(3)
•
existed,
the
in
Thou
art
my
from
forth
of
face
my
heir
so
exist,
I
(?)...
every land
They
doubling their means of subsistence.
recog-
sign is obscure, followed by the number 12, and then 5 arouras of land are mentioned, with their trees and a lake (?). The aroura of land was a measure
from my body. They are collected together for the purpose of giving to thee ... (5) He proceeded to the Royal house and placed him at the head of it, over the great house of his noble, eldest daughter H (6) Amen.
very nearly equal to
Lo, behold
which
the
of
stock
food,
wines,
vegetables,
etc.,
required for the mortuary offerings were procured.
The next
^
ths of an acre.
In line 3 occur
the determinatives of provisions, a loaf of bread, a
cake and a jar of wine or beer followed by
"
pleasant
provisions for the altar table of Anubis upon-his-hill, in the city of the
pyramid of Senusert
protection of the places.' "
the
name
now
the
I,
called
'
the
It is interesting to find
of the pyramid of Senusert
I,
for
Q'^[jf][l
names of the pyramids of the kings of the Xllth dynasty are known.
first
four
That of
Amenemhat I is Ka nefer, of Senusert I K/tenem asut, of Amenemhat II Klierp, and of Senusert II Hotep. In line 4 biat cakes are mentioned, a special kind of cake used in offerings, and 100,000 of ash grain, from the table of provisions, and bed grains of incense for
burning
in censers.
In line
5,
40 birds of one kind are
mentioned, and 50 of another kind, together with 1000 cakes and loaves and 100 des jars of beer, and 50 portions of divine provisions of
(?)
" for
the
Upper and Lower Egypt Amenemhat
King
I."
In
line 6, Sebek lord of ... is named, and in line 7 "a great quantity of aa birds and 30 other birds." In lines 8 and 9 the scribe has probably misread the title
of Ptah, and for
t)
7'^^^w,
which
a
is
title
of
TT Ptah, used in later times, has written
In line
\ nefert with a four-sided determinative it
may mean
that
the
good square supports
preceding
is
a
9,
new word
objects
have
;
4
at their corners, or that they
my
my
son,
body, as
nise thee as
son,
who comest
forth
.
Amen
comes, with his son
Palace, for the purpose
to the
.
.
in front of
him,
of establishing the
crowns upon his head, and of making long his span He life ... (7) He does that which satisfies thee. has turned his back upon evil, and has driven out His laws are firm in presenting deceit from the land. offerings each ... (8) Crowned with the nemes crown, he has watched over the whole circumference of
of
all
The
lands in one place.
good god was
fixed, his titles
...
has
(9)
He
made
as
father Ptah South-of-his-wall,
him of a
stele,
making
He
father Ptah. .
.
.
all
of this like
monument
for
his
namely the making
for
his
.
.
.
(10) Their
... of
real
glorious the house of birth, in order
that a processional path
(11)
name
carved out of hard quartzite stone, in
front of this sanctuary
cedar for
great
were given to him
may
built for
their excellent
be prepared
(?)
for his
him a new temple ... its columns of
.
.
.
real
worked with precious stones from Syria, and There was made for it a spacious hall, a tabernacle (?) (12) and a middle
cedar,
their capitals of electrum.
chamber
(?
9~
•&, ").
He
desired that he should be
." more magnificent than any future king The King is smiting a foreign 55. PI. VIII, 3. enemy before Ptah. In the square there must have been the King's two cartouches. Above the place where one should be, is "The good god, lord of the Above the other, " Son of the sun, lord two lands." of the two lands." Below the square, " Endowed with .
.
XllTH
AND
DYNASTY INSCRIPTIONS
XVIIITM
Behind the King, " Every protective Beneath is the figure of a man, and his sister kneeling, " Giving adoration to Ptah-Sokar for his Ka. Made by the superintendent of the serfs Ra-mcs." " His sister, the lady of the like Ra."
life
annulet of
like Ra."
life,
house, Uia."
A similar
4.
scene with
Ptah, [lord of] heaven,
Turn.
Men-Kheperu-Ra, the beloved of " The Horus, mighty Gods."
of the two lands.
Amen King
of the
diadems, son of the sun, lord of the
bull, uniter of the
diadems, Thothmes [beloved of] Ptah lord of truth.
King of
the two lands."
with indistinct
X,
PI.
name Ra-mes
the
name
12.
"
Made by Tha
.
.
."probably
Tha-hap-amu
in
XXXH.
PI.
On
the right
Ptah South-of-his-wall, lord of Memphis {ankh-
Below
is
"Ptah, lord of
15.
face, creator
of [art]."
the
common
formula to
petitions,
made by ... written from
is
"
line,
Ptah, the hearer of Ptah, in the
to right, whilst the left.
in-
Three ears
18.
two ears are represented
whilst
In the narrow space
in the lower line.
to be supplied.
The name of left
scription reads from right to
occupy the upper
"
*? is
of
beautiful
truth,
Probably ¥
centre,
left,
name
the
is written, with its component letters one below the other. 20. A man named Ra-mes, whose titles may be supplied as " scribe of the house of of the two lands," is offering to Ptah and Sekhemet.
of Ptah
.
.
.
Down the right side of tablet, "... every day, a span of life, without diminution ... his sister, beloved of him, the lady of the house Tent-an." The woman
kneeling before the offering tables,
is
"
giving
Ptah and Sekhemet, that she may grant life, prosperity and health, to the Ka of the lady of the house Tent-an." Behind the adoration
their rulers
to
goddess Sekhemet there was probably beloved of [Ptah] to the of
.
.
PI.
.
Ka
"
.
.
[Sekhemet]
[Ra-mes]."
XII,
.
21.
.
"
Ptah lord of
truth,"
and name of the
"
(?)
.
Ptah lord of
25.
.
of the scribe of the house
man on the left, " overseer of the stone-workers The man on the right is " the doorkeeper lay." Huy." hall 23. The common formula the "
XIII,
all
people, twice beautiful
Ptah [lord
of]
truth
is
the
Ka
the great throne, in order that he
made
The
glorious god, listen to the petitions
by."
the
King give
of
.
.
.
may
grant
.
.
...
giving
.
to
Ptah South-of-his-wall, that he may grant pleasantlife within his house to the Ka of the superin-
ness of
.
.
XIV,
PI.
Ptah-mes."
.
A man
31.
of Ptah are his usual
formula
offering to Ptah.
titles,
good
for the scribe of
Ra deceased." XV, 36. Ptah,
In front
and below, the
"... A
Ptah,
with
and a following ...
common
span
.
.
.
of
life,
beloved of
his city,
lord of truth, in
shrine,
his
and behind the shrine stands Sekhemet, beloved of Here the name Sekhemet is correctly spelt Ptah. A.Z., 1891, p. 38). A man named Ra-mes, Erman, (cf. and his wife " the lady of the house," are kneeling 37. Merenptah offering before a table of offerings. In the centre at
to Ptah in his shrine.
the tablet
is
the winged disc
On
Edfu, lord of heaven."
the
"
the top of
the good
left is
god of
the cartouche of
lord of the two lands, Ba-en-Ra, beloved Ptah stands the goddess Astarte, Behind of Amen." " lady of heaven, mistress of all the gods." 38. Four "
Merenptah,
"
gods are named,
Amen-Ra
two lands " and Ptah lord of truth
the "
" "
"The
40, A.
Ptah."
lord of the thrones of
Khonsu " behind him, with and " Sekhemet beloved of scribe,
Ari-nefer."
B.
"The
lady of the house, Henut." The praiser (?) of Horus_ C. " Giving adoration to thy Ka, Amen-Ra lay."
"The
Neh-neh (?)." E. officer making of offerings to the ." G. " Giving F. " The goldsmith (?)." gods Na that he may Ptah, to ... Hapy-ankh adoration to health of with conjunction in life, grant a happy scribe Ka the the of for day body, full of joy every H. "His sister Huy." J, K, L. "Made by Ria."' .
"
D.
mery."
The
officer
the singer of
North." N. .
.
Amen
.
.
.
the lady of the house,
the lady of the house, Hert, daughter
...
Sekhemy." Am-user and
by the
of the
.
.
of
the
Ka
his city, to the
within
to
South-of-his-wall,
May
the great one of might, upon
face, the creator of art,
Hery,
.
"
an offering table to Ptah, lord of truth, beautiful of
of
.' .
name
30.
Inscription on 49, PI. IX.
PI.
XI,
ushabti figures are found, with a space
blank for the
PI.
taui)." PI.
his
in
fill
of the owner to be filled in. "Adoration to the Ka of Ptah, lord of truth, the great one of might, the hearer of petitions" " made by the scribe Mahui." left
tendent of
constructed in the same manner as
is
Many
name.
made by
Ptah, listen to the prayer,
Amen-mes." ...
is "
is
titles.
"O
10.
the man's that of
Beneath
blank, evidently for the purpose
is left
of allowing the purchaser of the tablet to
—
The Horus mighty bull, son of The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, lord "
of earth."
lord
"
space following
19
" .
"
Made by
the necropolis-workman
his son Neb-her."
M.
"
(?)
Horus of the
[Guardian] of the gate, Kha." O. " Made P. of Ptah, and his son Sa-pa-ir."
THE INSCRIPTIONS
20
"... the lady of the house, the singer of Amen, ." R. " Thothmes." Kiy." Q. " The officer PI. XVI, 41. A woman offering before Min. There are two trees behind the god. Min is frequently figured with a peculiar shrine and trees behind him .
.
;
a very clear representation of this shrine, see
for
XX
Aihribis, Pis.
and XXIII.
Amen-Ra
42.
in the
order that he
may
grant (5) a happy lifetime in
beholding his glories every day, without ceasing (6) for the
Ka
of
the
King of the North, the
(7)
the royal scribe, his truly loved one, the
of the hereditary
prince, the treasurer
confidential
friend,
great
superintendent of the house in Memphis, Amenhetep, deceased."
XXVI.
form of a ram with a fan behind him. Beneath is a woman kneeling, before an offering table " made
Ramses
by the lady of the house, Nehi, deceased."
lands,
"... the Royal Ka, lord of the two User-maat-Ra, Setep-en-Ra, endowed with life.
May
they grant a spending of years with pleasure
the middle
In
43.
the sign representing the orbit of the
is
57- PI.
Inscription with cartouches of
I.
II.
Ka
and on each side the two uzat eyes, which On frequently represent the sun and the moon. the left occurs the name Ahmes, the name of one of the seated men and on the right apparently is the name of the other man, but the strange arrangement of signs does not look like a man's name.
of heart to
In the centre the signs appear to be arranged in a
of Smiter of the Asiatics."
punning order, below the sign of the sun's orbit. The middle space is left blank, above it the alphabetical signs nr occur, and below it the same signs
stability
sun,
;
reversed,
with
food
standing
on the
The woman
rn.
named
is
Muy."
"
44.
man named
whilst a
left,
before
"Ahmes" "
a
table
The woman
daughter Meni."
"his
is
seated
seated
is
Renanen,"
in front
of him, holds a dish with burning incense in one
hand, and a vase with water flowing out
XVII,
Names and
45.
of
titles
and Mut, and of Ptah and Sekhemet. the
titles
the
;
distinct
man
The
third
sister,
other
the
is
scribe
named named "
named
is
"
offerings, Ary," with " his sister
the
Beneath
is
the guardian. Rat,"
the lady of the house,
man
"
Khar, or
Usert.
is
a censer
with
with his
Three men,
is
The woman
Syrian."
a
titles
the
;
Amen-Ra
named Huy with indistinct and name of the second are in-
whom
of
first
Naynaka."
overseer
the
Meryt
"
of
the
and "his son
Rama." 56.
..."
(i)
Altar of Amenhetep.
beloved
prince,
hereditary scribe
Amen,
like
Ra.
"May
the
of the
King
god, give
the
"The royal
an offering
table to Sekhemet, the great one, beloved of Ptah,
lady of heaven and mistress of that she
may
the gods, in order
grant (2) a good funeral after old age, cemetery on the west of Memphis
and a
burial in the
to the
Ka
of (3) the hereditary prince, beloved of the
...
god, the royal scribe deceased.
all
(4)
May
to Ptah, lord of truth,
of face, the one
in Memphis, Amenhetep King give an offering table the King of the gods, beautiful
the
who
is
on the great [thrne],
in
.
.
.
Ka
...
"
May
they grant the receiving of cakes, which come forth from the presence, to the of
2.
"...
have pacified the two
I
lands, consisting of people
and 6.
"
all
All
.
.
its
Thy name
.
circumference
two arms, as well as all life, and power of Anmutf, who adorns Ptah and does the things which please him in the great place ..." 7. The two cartouches of Set-nekht. the embrace of his
in
mery Amen, setep-en-Ra," and mery Ra, merer Amen." XXXII. A new title for a nobleman is
"
User-khau-Ra,
"
Sct-nekht, PI.
58.
used
in this inscription
It
^ 1
is
evidently
formed on the plan of the title, which nobles frequently gave themselves in their biographical inscriptions, " the eyes of the King of Upper Egypt, and the ears of the King of Lower Egypt." Although a noble might be "the King's brother," as the first part of the title might read, it is impossible that he could style himself
"
the father of the
King of
the
I therefore North," as the second part might read. " suggest, as the translation, he whose brother is the
King
of
Upper Egypt, and whose
father
is
the
King
of Lower Egypt." the
In
XVIII.
PI.
of the hereditary prince
the
in
other hand. PI.
the
Royal Ka, lord of diadems, Ra-messu-mery-
the
middle
of
the
belt,
"
The worthy one
before Sokaris."
On
left
of middle,
"
The
hereditary prince,
general of the army, the great one of ones,
the
the
great
Tha-hap-amu, deceased."
On
right of middle, "
The
hereditaiy prince, he
the King of Upper Egypt, and the King of Lower Egypt, Tha-
whose brother whose father is hap-amu, deceased." is
On
the
back,
these
same
the name, followed by "(i) offering
table
Memphis {ankh
to
Ptah
taut),
and
titles
May
the
repeated,
with
King give an
South-of-his-wall,
lord
of
to Sokaris-Osiris, the great
and COPTIC INSCRIPTIONS
XIXth dynasty, greek, god, lord of the tomb.
He
Funeral offerings to
.
raised
.
.
the
.
shrines
were placed upon
...
desires
their
Ka
(3) his
altars,
10.
"I Apollo "Isaac
according to their
PI.
LIV.
He whose
for ever.
it
brother
the
the
.
.
Coptic and Greek.
59.
the inscription translation
the
LH.
In the middle of
"
The is written. The sakho Phaebammon."
For several instances of the word sakho, which also
Lemm account
is
sakha, see P.S.B.A., 1899, p. 249. The " the learned man, or teacher." Dr. von
spelt
meaning
•
Coptic cross
probably
is
PI.
is
connects the word with ga8, and this for the spelling in this inscription.
may
Two
examples of the word occur, in Crum, Coptic Ostraca, Nos. 36 and 133, and others in his Catalogue of the British
Museum
Coptic Manuscripts.
LHI.
PI.
Greek inscriptions. To the most prolific Nile.
"
I.
The Rhetor Alex-
ander."
name of the Holy Ghost."
In the
"
4.
and of the 5. "of the
skilled
Father, and of the Son,
"Our
(?)... The Father, and the Our Father Adam, and all the righteous children. Our Lady Mother Mary, our mother Eve. The patriarchal fathers, and the prophets and the martyrs. The apostolic fathers. The twenty-four elders. Our father Apa Apollo. Our father Apa Peter. Our father Apa John. The saint Apa Pgol (?) the saint Apa .... and all the [Remember] the
who has
soul
died in peace.
of
the
deacon
names
of
occurs, in the deserted
Monastery of
Amba Samaan, Christ
see Recueil de Travaux, xv, p. 179. seated on a throne with four long-winged
is
figures standing
by His
side,
and 24 figures seated,
The names
(?)." ."
.
Tombstones.
Amen." Lower Egypt, was near Terenuthis,
in peace.
Panaho,
in
on the Canopic branch of the Nile. 3.- "The good God. Apa Thomas, Apa Peter, Apa Joseph, Apa Anoub, Apa Pamoun, all the holy 1
Remember Apa
ones.
souo
He
(?).
Apa
Amen. The 13th
peace.
in
Amen.
father
of
15.
Tahnou (i) "
.
Micha ... 24 ... (5)
.
.
.
.
.
(3)
(7)
(?).
like
Raphael, not
them
the
etc.
MSS.,
p.
thus
names of the archangels Michael,
There
is
a part of a similar, though
list of alphabetical names given to Crum, British Museum Catalogue of Coptic
identical, in
it,
418, No. 1007.
Hage.
of
He died on the
.
.
day of
.
.
.
the
the ."
.
.
father the Holy Ghost. (2) our Mother (4) (6) ... the Holy [Ghost ?] .
.
.
our father
(8) "
(9)
Our father Apa Apollo. Apa Remember my brother, the God." loving John, the man of (?) Sir Herbert Thompson has made a most in16.
Peter.
"
Jesus Christ.
Apa
John.
.
.
first
line
He proposes con of tombstone No. 7 on PI. LHI. for eort at the end of the line, and suggests the reading nncon e[ATp]e neBCOM "the monk Hatre, Several such additions are known, at his brother." the bottom of a tombstone, where the man who fact.
ending
man
—
stone to
added on to
the
father Apa Apollo. Our father Apa Apa John. The Saint Apa Pgol all Remember the soul of Pasanshenoute,
erected the
" ael "
Victor,
Our
Ghoit.
records this
with the termination
of Touhone-
Touhonesouo seems to be the name of the town where the deceased Victor lived, unless nesouo is an epithet of Touho, which was a town in middle Eg)'pt, called by the Arabs Taha, and by the Greeks Theodosiopolis. Hage, where Victor, who put up this stone in memory of his namesake, lived, is mentioned in Zoega, p. 366. It was a mountain near Apollinopolis Parva in Upper Egypt. 14. "The Father, and the Son, and the Holy
of these figures
frieze below.
man
Indiction, the 15th year."
are formed, each of a letter of the Coptic alphabet,
forming a
Victor, the
died on the 4th day of Phamenoth,
teresting suggestion to me, concerning the
Amen."
In connection with the 24 elders, an interesting list
Athyr,
brother
holy ones. [Apoljlo,
the
man
Son, and the Holy Ghost.
.
"The good God. Remember Apa Abraham, man of Panaho. He died on the 4th day of
hoi)' ones.
workmen."
.
."
.
12.
Our
Coptic inscriptions. 7.
The Saint Theodorus
"
11.
gods.
King of Upper Egypt, and whose father is King of Lower Egypt, Tha-hap-amu. making a monument in the temple of Ptah, the chapel of Horus (?). May his Kingdom be like Ra in heaven, first amongst the living Kas!' is
9.
(2)
.
was
the
of
.
Offerings
increased exceedingly the beautiful wall,
21
No
the
memory
of the deceased
other case seems to be
known
nfincori and occurrence at the top as here, riAcon are both commonly used, with the meaning
of
its
of " brother
"
in
monk," without any The most striking the formula ArioK OACori, " I, the
the sense of
"
possessive value for neri or ha.
proof of this
is in
monk," with the name following.
INDEX Aahmes
II, king, 2, 3, 4 Aahmes, private, 8, 20 Aay, 7 Agathodaimon on block, Akkadian heads, 16
Alabaster colossus,
5,
Arsinoe, 14
Ary, 20
Aryan Punjabi head, 16 13
Asklepion,
15,
21
Altar of offerings, glazed, 14 Amen, ram of, 8
7,
19
Aten adored, 4 Ater,
name
of Sacred Lake, 3
Athribis, antiquities from, 14,
1
Attys, 17
temple, 3 I,
8,
Asychis built propylaia, 2
inlaying, 12
Amenemhat
3
Astarte on tablet,
10
Alexander the Rhetor,
Aseskaf, 2
18
Auy, 13
11,4 111,2
Amenhotep, 8, 20 Amen-mes, 19
Bacchic handles, 17
Ameny,
Bahti, 4
7,
Am -user,
Badge of cavalry
18
Bak-ne-ra, 7 Basalt outside of
19
Ancient authorities, i Ankh-ef-ne-amen, 13
Bast playing
officers,
hall,
lute,
9
12
Ankh-ef-ne-mut, 13 Ankh-taui, 4, 6
temple, 4 Blue glazed pottery, 14
Anubis
Bolt of bronze, 12
shrine, 4
Apa Abraham, Anoub,
Bottles of glass, small,
21
16
1
Breccia statue, 13
21
position
Apollo, 20, 21
Brick
John, 20, 21
Brother of the king, 20 Buttressing of cracked gateway,
Joseph, 21
Pamoun,
pit,
of, 3
1
21
Peter, 20, 21
Pgol, 20, 21
Calcite beads, 12
Thomas, 21
Cambyses, 4
Victor, 21
Captive countries, 10
Aper, temple of Osiris Sokar, 4 Aphrodite, foreign, 3, 4
Centre of civilisation at Memphis, 2
Apis
Chain of bark,
Ceremonial crosses,
bull, 2, 8
temple
i
5
15
Chisel, 12
of, 3
position of temple, 3
Colossi,
5,
9
Colossus, 2
Apries, 4 Ari-nefer, 19
Columns, arrangement 23
of, 5
INDEX
24
Columns, clustered, lo
Hathor Aphrodite, 3, 4, 12 of Hotep-hem, 12
engaged, 9 sizes,
of Nehat, 12
9
Cones of blue pottery, 12 of rough pottery, 1
of Tepahu, 13
Coptic pottery, 15 Coronation stele, 18
temple, 3
tablets
1
Hatre, 21
Crosses, ceremonial,
Hatut, 4 Henut, 19 her zed niedii,
1
Cufic glazed pottery, 15
Cypriote pottery,
of, 4,
1
1
Herford, Miss C,
14
i,
Herodotos, 1,2, 12 Diodoros,
Hert, 19
i
Drill cores, 14
Hery, 19 History of Memphis, 2 Hittites, 4 Hotep-hem, 12
Eagle of bronze, 1 Ears on tablets, 7, 8 Eastern propylaia, 2 Egyptian figures all women, 16 Egyptians, heads of, 16
Huy,
Endowment
Hypostyle
stele, 7, 17,
18
House charm,
13
model, 13 Hutch for mouse, 13 19
7, 8,
hall, 3
Exploratory work, 4 lay, 19
False doors of granite, 8
Imhotep temple,
Fat, 4
Indian civilisation, early, 17 colony in Memphis, 17
Fish-harpoon, 15 Foreign Aphrodite,
3,
contact with Europe, 17
4
Foreigners, portrait heads
3
of,
heads, 16
1
Fortress plan hieroglyph, 3 Foundation deposits, 8
Inscriptions translated, 17
Fuat, 4
Isis
Funeral
sacrifice,
Isaac, 21
10
temple, 3
Island figure, 12
Gate of camp, 12 Gateway of Merenptah, 3 Glazed tile of Sety II, 12 Gods of Memphis, 2
Jewish trader, head
Gonimotatos, epithet of Nile, 15
Ka
Granite colossi,
5,
10
Greek archaic head,
of,
Jews' quarter, 4
of gods, 7 of kings adored, 10
Kabiri temple, 4
1
heads, 17 pottery, early, 3 Gregg, Mr., i, 10
Kafr el Qala', i Karnak, temple
Khaemuas, Kharu,
8,
of, 2
8, 10,
1
20
Khnum Hage, 2 Handles of
Hapamu
or
temple, 4 Khred-ne-mut, 13 Kiln for pottery, 14
craters, 17
Thahapamu,
13,
21
Kinyra played
on, 17
16
INDEX
25
Kiy, 20
Offering of bread
Kom
Offerings, table
Qala', 3 Hellul, 14
el
Onyx
rolls.
of,
6
disc, 12
Osiris-Sokar temple, 4
Lamp
and holder, 12 of 200 A.D., 1
Lamps
Pa-hennu, the Serapeum,
Leather-worker's knife,
i
Palm
5
Limestone casing-stones, 6
paw
Lion's
Pa-penat, temple
London compared
in size,
Persian cavalry
t
1
Macedonian head, Mackay, Mr., i
of,
16
of,
16
Makaukas,
Mask
Pond, clearance
of, 9 Pottery figures painted, 11,17
of pottery, 14
of 300
Menat, 8 or Meni, 20 Menes founded Memphis,
Merenptah, gateway
of,
of, 8,
Proteus, temenos
2
of, 3,
inscription
Psametek 1, 2, Ptah, temenos
1
9
temple
19
20
Methen, 18
1
of, 2
of, 2
IX, 14
Pumping
for amulets, 12
Museums Muy, 20
of, 3,
3
V,3
Mitrahineh, 9 Moiris built propylaia, 2
Moulds
15
Ptah Tanen, 9, 18 Ptahmes, 7, 19 Ptolemy IV, 2, 14
Mer-ra, 8 8,
B.C., 14,
Primitive settlement, 2
;
tablet
3
Piy, 7
John, 2
Measures, 12
Mer)-t,
15, 21
Physkon, 14
or Mahui, 19
;
16
Great King, head Phoenician Tyrians,
17
r i
officer,
empire, greatness
Phibamon,
Mahuati, 7
4
Pa-ta-yaht, 4 Pellets of burnt clay,
spout, 9
capitals, 6,
at,
Pasanshenoute, 21
1
scalp a badge, 16
Lotus
3
9
Panaho, 21
colossus, 5
Lion of bronze,
capital,
receiving objects,
8, 12, 15
water, 9 Pyramids, casing from,
6,
9
Qen, 8 Ouartzite, 13
Nana-uab, 8 Naynaka, 20 Neb-her, 19
Ncfertum
statuette, 14
Ram
of
Amen,
Nehat, 12
Rames,
Nehati, 8
Ramessu
Neit temple,
3
Nekht-hor-heb, 13 prolific, 15, 21
Northern propylaia, 2
Nurse of royal son, 12
\Ar4!6;i42
20
II, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,
P.anuser, 6
Nehneh, 19
most
8,
19
III, 2,9, 10
Nehi, 20
Nile,
7, 18,
Ra-shepses, 6 Rat, 20
Ray, statue of, 8 Renanen, 20 Rhampsinitos, 2
20
INDEX
26 Rolls of bread offered, 8
Supports
Roma,
Syrian head, 16
8,
Roman
20
in kilns, 14
heads, 17
Rope binding on columns, Rubbish thrown
in court,
10 1
Tahutmes
2
I,
7
IV, 7
unfinished,
Ta-nenuny, 12
1
Tent-an, 19 Terra-cotta heads, 15
i
Scythian figures, 17
of, 6 Tha-hap-amu, 20
Teta, lintel
Sebek, 4
Sekhemy, 19 Sekhmet, reading of name, 8 temple, 4 I,
Thent-ant, 7 Theodores, 2
Tibetan head, 16
Semitic head, 16
Senusert
7
Taha, 21 Tahayba, 13 Tahuti temple, 4
Scarabs found, 13 Schuler, Herr,
XVIIIth dynasty,
with ears,'7, 8
Sacae figures, 17 Sacred Lake, 3 Sakho, a teacher,
Tablets of
pyramid
of, 7,
iS
Touho,
21
Sesostrls, 2
Trial pieces, 13, 14
Set figured, 10
Trinity, dedication, 15, 21
Set-nekht, 10, 20
Tweezers, 15
Set-nen-nefer-tum, 13
Sety
Uaat, 7
statue, 2
I,
Uafet, 4
II, tile, 12
Shabaka chapel, 10
Uah-ka, Prince, 6
Sha-ne-ba, 13 Siamen, building
Uia, 19
Sickle
flints,
of, 12,
13
8,
20
12
Vase working, 14 Views of West Hall, 9
Sipairi, 8, 19
Size of Memphis,
Skew
Usert,
i
front of hall, s
South propylaia, 2
Wainwright, Mr.,
Spur, 15
Walker, Dr. J. Wall enclosing camp,
Stadium
i
H., 17
in
Egypt,
i
Steatite discs
and scarabs, 12
Stilts for kilns, 15
Strabo,
Ward, Mr.', Washing troughs, Waste beads, i
1
1
2, 3 Strainers, 12
Street lines,
1
hieroglyph, a fortress, 3
Statues, colossal, 2
Wasters from 1
Sumerian heads, 16 Sun-temple at Abusir, 6
West
Hall,
kilns, 14
5
propylaia, 2
White Wall
fortress, 3
PriiiUd by Hazell, Walson £• Viney, Li., London and Aylesbury. '1
1
;
10.000
MEMPHIS.
SKETCH MAP.
^\
F.P.
NEW
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LIBHARY
1
:300
MEMPHIS.
PLAN OF WEST HALL, RAMESSU
II.
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MEMPHIS.
GRANITE JAMB OF RANUSER.
SCULPTURES
V-Vl
DYNASTIES.
LINTEL OF TETA.
REUSED
III.
IN
TEMPLE OF PTAH.
i^i^W
1
:4
MEMPHIS.
RED GRANITE ALTAR OF UAH-KA,
XII
DYN. ?
IV.
F.P.
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3:10
MEMPHIS.
ENDOWMENT
STELE.
XII
DYNASTY.
LIBRARY
3
:
MEMPHIS.
10
QUARTZITE STELE.
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XVIII
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MEMPHIS TABLETS OF
XVIII
DYNASTY.
VII.
46
1:2
MEMPHIS.
TABLETS OF TAHUTMES
IV.
VIII.
UBRARV
1
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MEMPHIS.
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DYNASTY.
IX.
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