Petrie-Abydos-II-London-1903
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WSTJTUTE OF FINE ARTS MS!-,: ;BYDOS. TEMPLE: GLAZED POTTERY. 1
•
1
W'MF'P.
AB Y DOS PAET
1903
II.
BY
W.
FLINDERS PETRIE
M.
Hon. D.C.L., LL.D.. Litt.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., Hon. F.S.A. (Scot.)
MEMBER OF THE IMPEKIAI. GERMAN ARC AEOLOGICAL 1NSTIT1 CI CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE BOCIBTS OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN; MEMBER OK THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQV ARI II
J
t
;
EDWABDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, INIYERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.
With a Chapter by F.
GRIFFITH,
Ll.
M.A.,
F.S.A.
TWENTY-FOURTH MEMOIR OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE
LONDON SOLD AT
The
OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, i\-d 8,
«„
bt
B.
Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
KEGAN PAUL, TEENCH, TBUBNEE &
QUAEITCH,
and
CO.,
Dbtbb* Ho.se,
ASHEE & CO., 13, HENEY PEOWDE, Ame.n
15, Piccabtllt,
W.C
Cheat Russell Street,
37,
W.
;
1903
43,
Gerrard Street, Soho, W.
Bedford Street, Coyest Garden, W.< Corner, E.G.
.
Fww
Arts-
T)T
51
LONDON PRINTBD BY GILBERT AND IUVINGTON, LIMITED, ST.
JOHN'S HOUSE, f'LKRK KNWELL.
E.C.
EGYPT EXPLOITATION FUND. Iprcsioent.
SIR
JOHN EVANS,
K.C.B., D.O.L.,
DL.D., F.R.S., V.P.S.A.
IPicc^ipresiocnta.
Sir E. Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L.,
LL.D.
Prof. G. Maspero, D.C.L. (France). Prof. Ad. Erman, Ph.D. (Germany).
General Lord Grenfell, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. The Rev. Prof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D. The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.).
Josiah Mullens, Esq. (Australia).
M. Charles Hentsch
(Treasurers.
1boii.
Gardner M. Lane, Esq.
H. A. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A.
(Switzerland).
(Boston, U.S.A.
1bcm. Secretary. J.
S.
Cotton, Esq., M.A.
Members
of
Committee.
Murray, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.
T. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D.
A. S.
Somers Claeke, Esq., F.S.A.
The Marquess of Northampton.
W.
Francis
E. Crum, Esq., M.A.
Wm.
Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
Hilton Price, Esq., Dir.S.A.
Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A.
F. G.
Arthur John Evans,
Herbert Thompson, Esq.
Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
T.
Faemer Hall, Esq.
F. G.
Kenton, Esq., M.A., Litt.D.
Prof. Alexander Macalister,
M.D
K.C.B., K.C M.G., F.R.S.
Mrs. McClure.
The Rev. W. MacGregor,
Mrs. Tirabd.
Emanuel M. Underdown, Esq., K.C E. Towry Whyte, Esq., F.S.A. Major-General Sir Charles W. Wilson.
M A.
CONTENTS OF PART
II.
CONTENTS SECT.
49. Sealings.
PI.
Vth
50. Inscriptions, PI.
51.
xvi
xvii-xx
xxii
PL xxi
xxiii-v
Vlth
Xlth
53. Inscriptions,
Pis.
Dynasty.
Dynasties.
39
xlv-xlvi
Bv
Pis.
Dynasty
&c.
35
xxxiii.
62 The 63 The
V.
Inscriptions.
F. Ll. Griffith, F.S.A.
....
sealings
decrees
— XHIth Dynasties inscriptions
66. XVIIIth Dynasty inscriptions 67.
XlXth Dynasty
41
41
42
64. Pepy inscriptions 65. Xlth
34
xxx-xxxii
PL
CHAPTER
Pis.
33
Dynasty.
XHIth
56. Granite pylon.
Vlth— Xllth
of
The
33
55. Inscriptions,
Pottery
PI.
xxvi-xxix
Pis.
61.
32
.
Dynasty.
Xllth
54. Inscriptions,
31
PAGE
31
.... ....
tools,
SECT.
Dynasties
.
Objects of Pepy.
52. Copper
—Vlth
PAGE
.
inscriptions
43
44 45
57. Inscriptions, XVIIIth— XIX th Dynas ties.
Pis.
xxxiv-xxxix
35
.
CHAPTER CHAPTER
Summary of Results.
IV.
68. Religions
Flint Knives and Pottert.
69. Artistic 58. Flint knives, 59.
Pottery of 1st
60. Pottery of xliii-iv
.....
47
48
38
xl-xli
Dynasty.
Ilnd— Vtli
VI.
PL
38
xlii
Dynasties.
PL 39
APPENDIX. 70. Size of bricks
....
50
LIST OF PLATES WITH INFERENCES TO THE PAGES UN WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED.
PLATE I.
Temple
:
Glazed pottery (coloured)
„
Ivory figures,
IV.
„
Glazed pottery (coloured)
V.
„
Glazed figures,
II.
23, 25, 26, 48
Dynasty
1st
III.
1st
23, 24,
is
24, 28,
48
23, 24, 25. is
Dynasty
23, 24, 25
VI.
.
VII. VIII.
IX.
X. XI. XII.
25, 26
Glazed beads,
„
&c,
tiles,
1st
Dynasty
23, 20
,,
Figures of limestone, &c.
10, 20, 27
,,
Glazed figures, &c.
27, 28, 49
,,
Glazed and rough pottery
.
.
„
Pottery and inscription, 1st Dynasty
,,
Ivory statuettes,
„
Royal objects,
XV.
,,
Copper
XVI.
„
XIII.
XIV.
XVII. XVIII.
XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV. XXVI.
1st
1st
9, 30,
.
.
Decree, Teta, Vlth Dynasty Neferarkara, Vth Dynasty
„
„
Temple
of Pepy, Lintel
and
stele,
Inscriptions,
Vlth Dynasty
,,
,,
,,
Vases, &c, of Pepy, Vlth Dynasty
,,
Copper :
,,
tools,
12,3 1,
,
Vlth Dynasty, Iron weapons
Inscriptions of
Xlth
Temple of Mentuhotep III, Xlth Dynasty Temples of Mentuhotep III and Sankhkara, Xlth Dynasty Temple Lintel of Usertesen I., &c. :
Standards, quarry marks, &c.
,,
Usertesen III statues
XXIX.
„
Inscriptions,
XXX.
„
Steles,
„
Steles
„
Inscriptions of
;
42,49 42,49
41, 42, 43, 48
Xllth Dynasty
Xllth— XHIth Dynasty of Penthen, &c, XUIth Dynasty Dynasties
43
20, 25, 31, 32
I
,
16, 20,33,
48
14, 32, 33,
43
16, 33,
43,48 33, 43
12, 33, 34,
Sebekhotep III jambs
XUIth— XVIIIth
31, 41,
25, 32, 33
— Xllth Dynasties
„
31,41
31, 32, 1
31
29,
31, 41,
.
Vlth Dynasty
48
31, 32, 49 .
—Vth Dynasties
28
30, 48, 49
tools, &c.
Sealings, 1st
,,
Temple
0, 28, 29, 38,
Dynasty and Kliufu
—Vlth Dynasties
XXVII. XXVIII.
XXXI. XXXII.
25
43
17,34,43 34, 43, 48 34, 43,
44
34, 44 34, 35,
36
LIST OK PLATES. PAGE
PLATE
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
Temple of Tahutmes III, W. pylon Temple Offerings of Tahutmes III :
XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII.
,,
XXXIX.
,,
XL.
„
XLI. XLII. XLIII.
Inscriptions,
,,
XlXth
Amenhotep
.....
19, 35,
„
of Neb-en-maat, figure of Pa-ra-hotep,
36,
....
.
Flint hoes and scrapers
,,
Pottery of Ilnd
,,
—Vth Dynasties
XLIV.
XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII.
XLIX. L.
LI
Pottery of
„
Temple
of Old
Temples of
Temple ,,
„
:
1st
„
,,
„
principal buildings
Dynasty
Vlth Dynasty
.
Xlth Dynasty (Mentuhotep Xlth Dynasty (Sankhkara)
Xllth— XHIth
LX.
»
LXI.
,,
LXII.
„
LXIII.
,,
Chamber
,,
.
1.
and IV. inadequately
40
8, 9,
12 18 7
30
10, 14, 31, 32,
34
14, 15,
lu
15, 16 1(1,
17
10, 17, is,
:\()
.
— XVIIIth Dynasties
III
Connection of pre-historic and historic pottery
Plates
39
0,23, 26,28,31, 39
» of glazes and ivories, 1st Dynasty
Tahutmes
.
.
Dynasties
Foundation deposits, Vlth
39
6, 11, 13,
Periods of levels »
.
.
III)
.
„
38
11, 12, 13
.
.
XVIIIth Dynasty XXth— XX Vlth Dynasties
LVIII.
LXIV.
Dynasties
38
.
14, 15, 20, 39,
Ilnd and Illrd Dynasties.
LVII.
LIX.
.... .... ....
Vlth— XX Vlth
Some
LIV.
LV. LVI.
Kingdom
.
11, 20, 39
.
IVth and Vth Dynasties
LII. LIII.
Pottery of
,,
Vlth Dynasty Vlth— Xth Dynasties
37
28, 38, 48
Stone and pottery of earliest temple
„
45
36, 45, 46
.
Flint knives
36
36, 45
XlXth Dynasty Inscriptions of Unnefer, Nezem and Auy, XlXth Dynasty Boat, harper, pieces of figures of Mut-tuy, XlXth Dy nasty Head
35
35, 44
— XXth Dynasties
Stele of l'u, tigure of
,,
....... ....
.
represent the original draioings in shading.
V.),
20
5, 6,
21
5, 0,
21
.
10
.
20
.
21
21,22
ABYDOS
II.
INTRODUCTION. 1
The work described in this volume was begun
.
end of November, 1902, and continued
at the till
the early part of April,
1
903.
In the previous
season a part of the early town of
been excavated, and
began at the
Abydos had
was shown that
it
close of the prehistoric
extended over the
first
few dynasties
;
its
period
was thus
appeared in Abydos
town was
close
settled,
The
I.
behind the
of the
higher up
II.
cultivated land it
of the desert,
was
the ground gently sloping from the
;
upwards
reaches the foot of the
as a hills,
sandy plain, until a couple of miles
This slope of sand has been encroached
back.
upon by Nile deposits as the level of the river and what was formerly dry ground when rose built on in the early monarchy is now about ;
twenty
feet
below the high Nile
level.
This
rise of
the water, due to silting up of the Nile
bed,
the obstacle to dealing with most of the
early
is
sites
;
and
cleared as far as
in
previous season
we could on
basis of the town.
the sand sloped
the
when
I
November,
in
water
had
in
left
our it
When
just after the inunda-
pits
was even lower than
April, instead of being
in
several feet higher as
to gain.
is
usually the case.
I
was
tions than are generally obtained at the dry end
Xllth Dynasty, which stands
the sandy edge
we could ever hope
temples
This early town being behind the temples, or into
tunity that
the best oppor-
thus able to begin a season with better condi-
about half a mile north of the well-known later
more
last
went out
different
position of this
site of the old
temples of Sety I and Ramessu
summer gave us
low Nile of
tion, the
results
some
Happily the very exceptionally
of work.
the con-
of Abydos, and within the great girdle-wall enclosure
mode
I
and the
and we were obliged thus
it,
to leave the early temple site for
age and
nection between the prehistoric scale and the historic reigns
we could not reach
we
the native-sand
Nearer to the cultivation
down below water
level, so that
of the season
;
and the water continued
No
as the year advanced.
to recede
better chance could
and whatever was possible to be done without enormous pumping Avorks was be ever hoped
for,
We
completely in our power.
chance by clearing as could deal with,
water
level,
down
and no
much to
below
As most
is
of the
of the site as
we
this exceptional
one will ever see
out such pumping as attempted.
made use
more with-
never likely to be
of the site
we
did clear
had in the earliest time only been used for rubbish, and not for construction, there was the to work less reason to regret not being able
and the sand basis was reached so near is unto the lowest and oldest temple that it here. likely that any earlier building existed We have probably, therefore, exhausted the deeper
;
though no doubt there by the are acres of early buildings and enclosure site of
side of
the temple
it.
itself,
ABYDOS The broad
result
that ten different temples
is
II.
whatever stood
way
in the
of
more complete
can be traced on the same ground, through
exploration.
about twenty feet
such as the stone gateways of Pepy, were
of level
difference
each
;
temple built on the ruins of that which preceded
work
quite regardless of the
it,
of the
On
which having been
sites
briefly occu-
pied have no great depth of remains,
back the earth as
to turn
left
untouched, and work carried on to deep levels
around them
this
in
;
way
end of the
at the
season the site was bristling with pieces of walls
earlier kings.
2.
All striking pieces of construction,
it is
it
best
is
and blocks of stonework rising ten or above the low level clearances.
feet
removed, and so
fifteen
A
3.
main consideration
in the
work was
cover again the ground which has been searched.
where to place the removed earth. At the back of
And
the
where there
also
no structural connection
is
between
different parts, such as the plan of a
building,
it is
to
practicable to tui'n over the earth
a considerable depth without losing any
important
But
results.
superposition
of so
in the present case the
many
buildings,
depth of the accumulations, made shift the earth entirely
searched
lower
and we
;
it
and the
needful to
from the ground that we
could only throw back at the
on surfaces which had been cleared
levels,
In such a clearance
it
was impossible
to pre-
Had we avoided moving the foundations of the XXVIth Dynasty, we could never have seen much of the earlier work had we left the paving of the XHth Dynasty in place, we must have sacrificed the objects of the serve
the structures.
all
had been
;
was the ground which
turned over down to basal sand
all
season
last
and that could be heaped up with-
;
out any risk of covering things.
we began along
the west side of the temple
threw the earth at the end and most of
this
like railway
sides,
thus
throwing at much over a hundred
feet distance,
ground, made
limits of this old
possible to clear the whole temple site Pits
that.
filling-
But the delay caused by
area.
it
im-
on to
were then sunk along the whole of
the north side, and the stuff thrown far out
Other
there.
were sunk on the inner sides
pits
of these, leaving only walls of earth between.
And when two
lines
of pits, showing about
Old Kingdom.
thirty feet breadth of ground,
such a space was
;
site,
embankments, along which the boys ran and
conditions of
And, moreover, in the present Egypt we could not hope that any limestone building left exposed would be preserved for long so that we should have resigned
Accordingly
and gradually raised high banks
and the
to the water.
to the west, there
site,
had proved that
of stonework or
clear
any
important walls, we then threw out the earth Similarly on
close to the pits.
the east side,
the older works for merely the temporary sight
and part of the south, having proved that there
which would soon be destroyed. Even while we were continually on the spot,
were no temple constructions
blocks of stone were several times removed at
feet
of later building
night
;
and so tempting a quarry, with a big
Lime-kiln at each end of i
in
it,
will
never be
worked by builders and lime-burners.
had we only worked the higher
levels,
left
Also
and
left
the rest, the inflow of high Nile would have
formed 'j
pH ml i
a
that
was
in
to
deeper work could not have been the future. jilan
The only course there-
everything
fully,
and remove
high
twenty area.,
all
feet
and
narrow
raise
out,
heaps of earth ten or twenty
We
along.
some way
had
depth of earth
sometimes
all
to
remove about
over the excavated
twenty-five
feet,
lines of walls being left standing
;
only conse-
quently a huge mass of tip heaps was a necessary feature of the work.
pond which would have so rotted the
carried on fore
we could then
at
In
order to move such a great quantity of
earth to to
a
employ
considerable distance a,
large
number
it
was needful
of boys as carriers.
The digging was always done by
old
hands from
INTRODUCTION. Quft, about thirty to forty pairs being employed
and the carrying required about
this site;
nil
a
hundred boys, who were drawn from the neighbouring
Each
villages.
pair
aumber
attached to them a sufficient
according to the distance and height the earth
had to be
In the
carried.
had
Quftis
of
of boys,
which
to
pari
latter
of the work the raising of the earth about thirty feet
to
added
discharge
good
a
deal
and run
along zig-zag tracks on the tops of narrow walls,
The arrange-
to reach the outside of the ground.
ment of the thrown earth needed continual supervision
boys
as the
;
ways always throw
as
left
near as
their
to
may
be,
own
and
so
high bank, up which everything has to
raise a
be carried only to other side.
The
formed,
on
distant
the sides
be thrown until
the bottom on the
to
roll
and long radiating
first,
if
ground should be
filled
bank should be which more should
lines of
of
the whole space
filled
is
measured
up
it
and the
:
fixed
t"
off
lev<
could
1-
;
lished
are
therefore the
of
result
temples
much
on other regions of Abydos.
The
Besides this work on the
5. else
was
old
fort,
eh. ne
the Shunet-ez-Zebib, was cleared out,
and the dwelling chambers found Ln it, containing sealings of Deir,
Khasekhemui
another
;
between
was found,
tort
Thus
containing -ealings of IVrahsen.
two
likely that these
forts,
the Ilnd
great
tomb
and perhaps the Deir
The cemetery was further some important tombs. The
at
the southern
Avas completely cleared
shrine, a terrace
a
Bahri
el
;
volume, Abydos
— the
Often,
what looked like
a high Avail
proved to consist of several
on the same
when cleared,
walls, built nearly
line in different ages,
but having a
band of ruins between one another.
was
difficult
Again,
it
to settle for certain the level at
which a wall Avas based, and Avhether two pieces of Avail Avere really
therefore always
originally
went about
knife and a trowel in
continuous.
I
Avith a large dinner-
my pocket, and spent much
time in cutting innumerable sections and The top and tracing out the lines of the bricks.
of
my
base
level of each piece of Avail then
had
to
E.
in a
whom were engaged
supplementary
in
entirely on the
Avhom helped and
;
on the great temple excavation. Currelly was lor
of the
work Mr.
it.
that
alter
Mr. C.
T.
month on the cemetery, in know the men; and then went a
to live at the southern
tomb
in
all,
charge of the work on the
and part of the cemetery
order to learn to
of
All these
I.
of workers were nine in
Ayrton was
If.
prototype
a town, were discovered,
of the Fund, and all of
forts,
year,
III.
Our party
most of
last
and another great tomb,
temple
— and
found
cliffs,
other subjects will he treated
and the surfaces examined to see whether they were foundations or upper conBut in the lower levels where only structions. brickwork work was used the survey needed a long preliminary study of the fragments of walls.
n -ecu,,
Dynasty.
explored, finding
6.
for,
and the
also, are the temporary residence- of the kings of
work, as in the later temples, the joints had to be searched
that
with chambers
which are the work of Aahmes
these consisted of stone-
nearly six
thousand measurements.
As the excavation progressed there was an incessant need of planning and recording all the
Where
I
made 586 measurements of bricks took 1,073 and made 2,132 plan measurements, besides 2,010 such which were made by Mi'. Stannus. The nine plates of plans here pub-
Deir
constructions.
be
Altogether,
points.
continuously. 4.
then
levels;
the
to
labour; the boys had to climb up long rows of steps cut in the sides of the excavation,
he marked on
(dill's,
to
work the great
Xllth Dynasty, beyond which he
found the works of Aahmes. Miss L. Eckenstein volunteered to come and help us, and gave her
time
almost
entirely
antiquities that were brought in,
them, which
much
is
a large branch of
productive excavation
is
the
receiving
to
and storing
work Avhen
on hand.
so
Miss
F. Hansard also volunteered her help in drawing, and has produced most of the plates of
ABYDOS Miss M.
inscriptions.
A.
Murray, although
mainly occupied for the Research Account, has copied some
inscriptions and checked over
of the others.
Mr. N. Rawnsley was occupied
in superintending the
excavation.
most
workmen
And Mr. H.
in the temple
Stannus gave his
architectural knowledge to planning the stone
My
buildings,
and some of the brickwork.
wife's time
was mainly spent on the Avork of the
Research Account
;
but the drawings of
she has done as last year.
My own
flints
time was
taken up in general attention to arranging
all
II.
the work, observing the results, and valuing the objects for rewarding the men.
work,
I
had
to
do
all
Of
the
and half of the planning
pottery
Though
and
detailed
the examination and inter-
pretation of brick walls in the temple levelling,
all
arranging
the party was
was certainly no time
all
;
site,
the
also
drawing
the
plates.
larger than usual, there to spare for
any one,
if
we
would deal properly with such a large space of ground, containing so
many
ance which required a
full record.
details of import-
CI
I
AI'TKI!
I.
THE HISTORY OF THE TEMPLES.
of recording
moved by us, being outside of the early temple area. The connection between the sloping sand
the levels taken this season differs from that
zero of last year and the level zero of this year
Before describing the remains
7. it is
needful to note that the
followed last season. Ave
of the temples
mode
In the work in the town
had to deal with separate and unconnected
houses, which there
had not been any reason
place on a level plane at one time
to
on the con-
;
maybe
stated thus:
— Near the
\V. wall
outer temenos the basal sand slopes the E. at for
1
in -40 for
1,000
inches,
500 inches
and
then
;
of the
down
to
in
70
1
then horizontal for
is
about the
trary they were founded on a slope of sand, and
500 inches or more; at
the indications of types of pottery and flints
Tahutmes pylon, the zero basal sand
found at uniform heights above the sand, show
is
that the accumulation of buildings was fairly
So, roughly speaking, the sand zero of last year
uniform along the slope over the region then
outside the temple on the west slopes from
Hence the height over the
worked.
was the truest indication of
was always stated thus
basal sand
relative age,
in inches in Abydos
and I.
about at 125 inches
to 125 inches
this region,
of last year
in the levels of this year.
above the zero level of
150
this year.
But the sand would probably slope down to an average of 100 above zero beneath the
methods, were different.
and the average of seven forms of pottery found in both systems of levels, would
levelled
o-ive
This year the conditions, and therefore the
in
The temple site was the Xllth Dynasty and onward,
regardless of previous slope or irregularities of
the
site.
the earlier temples
grew irregu-
and do not follow a uniform slope of basal
larly,
sand
And
;
and heaps of broken pottery
filled
part of
the site which was covered by the second and third temples.
Moreover,
it
was impossible
to
reach the basal sand under most of the temple
and therefore heights could not be read from it. The only method then was to take true site,
levels
over the whole ground, and leave the
irregularities of each period to be seen
differences of level.
Hence
have no constant relation last year.
at
The zero
to
by the
the levels of this year
the heights
oversandof
of this year's levels was taken
400 inches below the top of the large block of
granite which formed the side of the pylon of
Tahutmes visible
III in the western wall
from
all
parts of the
site,
;
as that
was
and was not
temple
site
;
the sand surface as 92
in
absolute level.
Such amount of difference is desirable to avoid confusion, which might have arisen if the numbers had been nearly alike. There are no heights of objects over sand last year as large as 20 inches, and there are no levels of objects 1
tins
year as small as 120, so there can be no
question in future as to the meaning of numbers
on pottery or other objects from here. 8.
In
the
plans
here given
understood that not only the new certain period are shown, but also
which are proved by their in use at that period.
that
we know
A
it
should be
buildings of a all
buddings
levels to
have been
plan shows then
all
to have been in simultaneous
use in one period. the older from the
But in order newer work,
to distinguish
the buildings
from which are in previous plans are shaded first appear hio-h left to low right, those which
ABYDUS the present plan are shaded oppositely
iii
and,
:
again, of the fresh buildings, those which are earlier in the given period
are shaded closely,
them later The relation
and those which were added
to
the period are shaded openly.
the different shading foot of each plan
given in
is
and
;
table at the
a,
also the
of the
levels
shadings at opposite sides of the plan, dependi
ng upon the slope of the
Stonework
is
in
upright construction yet remains
open out-
in
;
pavements and substructures.
line for
work
black where
solid
Brick-
shown by shading, varying according
is
the
datum.
in
Usually
with a hyphen between
levels are stated
the lower
shown
are
levels
above the arbitrary
inches
two
plans
the
;
the level of the base of the wall,
is
showing when
it
was founded, the upper
is
that
9.
nature of
general
the
attempted to show
work
Usertesen it
I
;
AVhere only one level
use.
its
hyphen before base level, or the hyphen wall the
is
close of
stated to a
is
shows that
it
after
it
is
a
shows that
is
it
There type,
are
mainly to
ferring
the
in large
foundation deposits,
numbers
the
to
numbers
reference
also
re-
attached to objects
found.
ter of
shown
it is
which show the breadths of bricks used
the
in
made face, in
mean dimension, but it serves group of actual measurements well as
an
a,
idea o
time.
letter or reference I'
the
It is
for different
to identify
general
to refer in
to
the
the table as
mark, and
it,
gives
dimension at the same
intentionally
made
group- of bricks,
them
This
not necessarily the exact
slightly differenl in
order
to serve
in the table.
All suggestions of restored outlines of build-
may
when
in the scaling of the
a whole sheet of two or three bricks
An
from the main mass. to
is
be
of great walls of
thickness will crack through and drop
away
obvious remedy for
have construction
lines of well-laid
bricks running through the wall, square with
the face.
And
then
strengthening
by
Another advantage of wall
another
and
of ensuring that laid,
well
is
to have
finished,
intermediate this
form
is
that
and
masses. if scal-
one block the joints across the
prevent
will
are
lines
built
connected
ing begins in
way
the best
alternate blocks
is
of this construction has
consists
number
number"
towers of
between, formed in straight
The weakness
here.
the "nominal
" nominal
some parts
long been a puzzle, but a suggestion
real
sions of bricks at the end of the volume.
;
concave foundations, and then
The purpose
For the details of such see under
dimen-
complete
a
that
set consisting of
first
in the walls.
in the table of
of
has been so
this wall
in pi. xlviii, with alternating
connecting walls courses.
this
Also there are numbers with decimal points, as 6'1,
But
on XlXth Dynasty building, and even Roman jmtchwork is seen. The general charac-
unbaked brick
a top level.
founda-
rest
brickwork built
was
selection
a,
upon town ruins
rests
it
would be a heavy task
it
when
it
but only
;
broken and repaired
study of
the whole
periods, nor
all
sizes as bricks of his
tion deposits, and
often
have not
1
the bricks of the oldest parts of
the ground
the period
site.
show
confusion.
xii
same
are the
given, to
is
The great outer was probably first built by
will avoid
marked
wall
the
any one age
of
portions,
swept away, and therefore dates the
with, an outline of
some of the principal buildings
which shows
at
To begin
PI. xlix.
of the highest part of the wall, level
without any
lines
the observed remains.
the Old Kingdom.
to its age as stated above.
Upon
marked with broken
shading, so that there can be no doubt about
which
site.
marked
ings are
in
of
II.
block.
it
The
spreading alternate
through concave
to
and
straight courses are the natural result of build-
ing isolated
masses, on a concave bed
like all
Egyptian houses, and then connecting them by intermediate walls. wall,
The hard
lace
across the
and the joint to prevent the spread of
THE BISTORT. OP THE TEMPLES. are
scaling,
the
advantages of
essential
this
construction.
previous tombs. far
The corner marked
Kom-es-Sultan
the
is
because
abundance of burials
of the
The excavations of a
earth
the base of the parts
walls,
through
right
were
digging
here
i
Old
the
before
great
the
sides of this enclosed corner
are later than the
outer wall;
the bricks are
larger than those of Usertesen, and
higher than
is
that burials having
begun
great
it
fortification,
the base of
appears
It
his.
was
built
to
box
the
off
the east side the wall
to the
gateway
S.E. corner
is
with the late
The causeAvay
line
from the east to feature
but
:
it is
later
main
a
is
than the Vlth Dynasty, it,
it
was cut
XXth
Dynasty.
and
in
two by
It
seems then to begin with Usertesen, whose
later buildings of the
gateways kept up
it
runs through
by Tahutmes
with granite pylon for
and
by Eamessu
also
and
;
who
III, it
II,
built a wall
(marked
who
have been
to
xviii here),
built
a great
portal colonnade of limestone for the causeway
pass
to
through
on
entering
the
cemetery,
outside the west wall of this plan.
To
tombs of the
1st
Dynasty,
which were
dis-
covered last year and published in Abydos J, xxxvi xlix. One more, No. 27. was found
—
this
year beneath the wall of Tahutmes
of just the
Of the two long walls marked vi the inner Ii is older, but was reused by is Pepy.
Dynasty,
Avail
W. and
same character
lies
:
it
The
outside of that
is
the
Tahutmes
was
as the larger of the
III.
It
un-
the middle,
in
S. sides of the thin it.
yet
is
de-troyed.
all
shown
is
Vlth
of the
which
side of
Pepy
of
Illrd Dynasty.
the temenos
is
west
the
The temple
thick
boundary
greal
which
wall wall
of the
the granite pylon
seems
to
have
full.,
of
wed the
Vlth Dynasty wall on the north. The walls of the Xllth Dynasty arc omitted here, as they would cause so much confusion of the
line
;
and
for all the details the following plans should
be studied.
The
outline
marked xix shows
platform of stone, which of buildings of
ment 10.
PI.
Avas
Ramcssu
is
high
level
II.
and an intermediate
earliest building that I could trace
wall
a
probably the base-
This plate includes two periods
1.
of building,
site Avas at
the north of the causeway are seen the
a
one
XVIIIth Dynasty, with site
l-t
completely
all
known, and has probably been
west gate
as the wall of that age cuts
tombs of the
and
dotted through the
the
the
corner
understood.
all
\ VI
The outer
the rebuilding of the walls and their connection
Ihh Dynasty,
f tin'
was
site
work.
this year's
wall which enclosed
not at
Kom-es-
waste space for receiving the temple earth from
complex and unexamined that
is
this
the
This ground
with the X.,
pylon
from
turned over to the basal sand, and served as
but the whole history of the
;
so
Sultan and the py] ami ending beyond
two of
or
fool
between
cross
strangely askew
is
them,
passing
two
so
reserve that part only for burials.
On
between
northwards,
a
was run
probably the temenos of the
that
on this
year began along the
they
feared
would spread inconveniently, and walls were
then,
in that corner of the
lasl
row of trenches, with only
Dynasty.
built.
The inner two
the wall
in
town of
the
Kingdom, which stood walls
thus
below
far
to
of course,
are,
north of the site of the temple of Nekht-nebf;
They have removed
the earth
these
below any of the buildings shown
with steles of the Xllth to XVTIIth Dynasties. all
if
outline plan.
enclosure which was emptied oul by Mariette's
diggers
Al!
A.
based at
The north end 1
stage.
The
on the temple
of the thin, long
14 level, and was cut
down
at
probably when the adjacent chambers The Avidc layer of sanded at 1G5 Avere built. groundat 146 shows a rearrangement and fur158
level,
Of the bishing of the site at a second period. same date seems to be the continuation of this
ABYDOS
No
wall to the southward, based at 154.
walls were to be found under levels of all that
ground being
E
such
or F, the lowest
tilled
with rubbish
The
heaps of broken pottery and refuse.
build-
A
seems then to be that of the original © temple, and to have been entered by a passage ing ©
from
walls of
could not be traced,
it
all
the north
having been cut away by the sand bed of
Dynasty
but a fragment with
:
its
XXth
top at 148
might be part of a north wall of the same age. Of the same earliest building are the chambers
B
by
based at 115, the stone paving at 114 west
and the chambers at C on the south,
of these,
This must have had some supports for the roof,
and probably the 42
Both
or 7 spaces.
and
spans,
3
Avas divided into 3, 5,
ft.
and
7 spaces
imply unlikely
spaces with spans of 8
5
each
ft.
across the width, and 3 spaces with 7
spans
ft.
in the depth, seem most suitable.
The northern and western
south.
the
II.
In front of
this,
on the other side of the road-
way, was built a block of rooms at 155 base
level,
and others
Just within the temenos
and 163
146
at
D
Avail
165
to
level.
a set of four
strong store rooms Avere built at F, Avith base
This Avas later increased by
at 161-169 level.
three
more chambers
in front of
it,
at
172 to
181 level, Avhich cut off the region south of the
based at 120 to 134.
temple from the entrance at D, and must have
The second period, of the rearrangement of A, is marked by the sanded ground at 146 east
made the road in front of the temple the only way into the temenos. To the east of the temenos Avail D the ground
A
of A, the extension of
great temenos wall
D
southward
154, the
at
at 143, the walls east of
that at 145, and the house
away
to the
west at
Avas
sanded over at 154 to 159, and some houses
142.
The date
As
rubbish accumulated
the
the level rose
two circular granaries.
Avere built at 162, with
of this second temple
is
indicated
Den at 170, and Den at 180, Avhile a
by
ribbed slate like that of
ribbed
about these buildings, and the approach sloped
alabaster like that of
sealing
upward, as seen at the yellow brick
of
which
north-east,
on the
to 165.
much
ground
and around
E
E and F. The had risen by accumulations at A
larger buildings at
level
so that the base of the south wall
it,
from 157 on the east to 185 towards the west, completely burying the remains of the
of
rises
The great building
older temple at A.
was 42
ft.
wide
inside,
with
Avails
8
ft.
Qa
Avas further to the Avest
positions
The next period shows the establishment
11.
of
from 142
rises
floor
at
E
thick
;
upon it is to mark this was doubtless all built at
may
close of the 1st Dynasty, as the objects of
Den
were probably old when throAvn aAvay.
then
the close of the 1st Dynasty level, Ave
must put the
of the temple
This
Avill
and the
the same time.
but
it
The north wall was not traced, must have been under the line of the
later wall a1
170-190
be seen a
will
Avail
level, as
on the next plate
temple at
'21
x
12
beyond the wall 170must then imagine a space of about
ft.,
with an entrance on the north.
F,
and
and the building be of the
perhaps of Zer. site
Mena
Avould be that of
site,
0.
Such seems
from the
fixed
position of the latter part of the 1st Dynasty.
12.
PI.
li.
The temple
as that bull! in the 1st
We
A
the probable history of the
for the road width, the
190.
;
at 146 level to the time of
earliest
Illrd Dynasties Avas
north face of the temple
chambers of
the pre-Menite kings of Dynasty
at 180-210, which clearly
hardly have been
170 to 180
E and temenos D must
bounded the road on the north; and, allowine can
at
If
throw back the furbishing of the
and sanding
it
is
earlier part of the 1st Dynasty,
change of
but
later
later front of E, to that age
the difference of shading level,
These
at 178.
be taken as about the level of the
door-sill
B
;
of the
Dynasty.
and
llnd and
the same structure
a
An
entrance
skew front
to the
rooms was built, with a sill at 1X5, which shown in the last plan, but which should be
store i^
remains at
much
TIIK
transferred
the
to
built at 180 level,
the
To
north.
the
Within
much
Level,
a
OV THE TBM1
was
wall
an outer enclosure
which seems
boundary wall
sanded space outside great
The
202-254.
refurbishing
at
ii
the
in
had been
left at
oil'
was
wall, E, at 171 to 195
much
in the
llnd Dynasty
ft.
more brickwork
to its outer face at 177
In front of the temenos some more skew
level.
buildings were added.
At
south
the
diameter
of the
was
it
;
temple building was
deep and 3
ft.
roughly
in
ft.
through
cut
the
strata of pottery
and rubbish, and whitewashed
over the sides.
In
it
shown on
cylinder, to
was found the limestone 276
pi. xii
;
and the
which the cylinder must be credited This
of the top of the pit 187.
is
The
level in the Avestern region. is
fine
275, was found at the same
xii,
with this dating
that
we have
of about the date of Zer.
black cylinder,
is
level
practically
is
the ground level of the temple, which seen
the
Zer found at 197
flint
level,
Agreeing nearly
hake of the
style of
S.W. of the temple.
The southern ground was higher than the
rest
of the site in later times, a difference which very likely PI.
began
earlier.
An
lii.
entire reconstruction next took
which the
of
the
temple were cut
210, and
new
buildings
this
place,
210.
The
in
uncertain
older buildings
down to below started. The date of
;
but as
that of Pepy,
it
it
is
change
is
the last building before
must have been
Vth Dynasty, though,
thick outer wall mi the east remained as
in use
as there are
in the
two periods
ma
ai
which con
sill,
xlv, 115) of the
(pi.
alabaster vases.
(No. 81) was found
196
general
the
SAW
the
tin'
The
17.
building
and two doorways, appears
Pepy
I
was 60
it
;
and 70
ft.
wide.
middle
hall,
23
the
walls
be the temple of
to
hack
from
ft.
appears
It
ft.
long,
A.S
with two rows of five pillars
;
the spans would
he 8
uncertainty
each way, and
ft.
one at each
The two
shows that
c\\7,
Pepy's gateway at 196. at
The space between the outer wall M, and the gateway wall G, contained no structures of this age. Nothing was met with but broken pottery
throwing the scanty
there was a thick wall, M, the base of which at
II.
pit full of sand,
and the
by
Close
from 263
but nothing whatever was
;
except two bits of broken rib bone,
and a broken end of a pot of probably the Xlth
On
Dynasty.
of the
top
the
sand was
inches of chips of sandstone, such
hotep used
in
and mortar on the top of
pi.
xlvi
between ;
Near by,
all.
which from the
hole,
propably of the same age. pot
Mentu-
the building, and a layer of chips
was a circular a
as
five
the
In
forms of
the 1
S
1
at
(ill,
level
is
sand was
and
L96,
and other pottery of the Xlth Dynasty
was found
in
the
earth
just
over the sand
filling.
The construction
of
Mentuhotep must have
been important, as several blocks of sculpture
were found, reused
in
the
building foundations, see
XVIIIth Dynasty pis.
nmy, xw.
for
All of
THE
IIISTOUY OF
these are of sandstone: and, so far as remains
was the
go, this
The
tional
deposit
was probably near the temple the Mocks were found reused about
waste
bole.
at
it
that region, the foundations in which they were laid being those
Now
on
the Hint flooring this
A.bydos.
position of
of Pcpy, as
stone temple
first
THE TEMPLE8.
marked A and
there are,
on
I!
pi. lvii.
belonging
or
must have been an inten-
ii
temple
the
to
and aol merely a was an offering place
deposits,
Perhaps
;
irregular form
the
being thus accounted for by the repeated digging of a fresh hole to deposh the offerings.
bases of columns, which are rather too high to
Coming further easf we see that at entirely new group of chambers bad been
belong to
but
pi.
liv
Pepy, being
Pepy ground
level
B,
five
248, 249
limestone
while
level,
235 along there, and his
is
And
building- 245.
at
they are certainly before
the building of Sankhkara at 289 level, as lie
in the
do not
bottom of
fall in
sand bed.
They
with the plan of Pepy's or Sankh-
They vary much
kara's walls. 18, 23, 24,
his thick
(h.-v
being
in size,
29 and 30 inches across; but clearly
perhaps
might
these
belong
built; close
tin-
t
an
I)
of the
Ylth Dynasty. The square chamber marked 280-227 was barrel vaulted, so n may
have been
a
subterranean chamber of
next
tin'
At C the south end of the greal store chambers of the Old Kingdom had been period.
abandoned, after
filling the
S.E.
chamber with
the broken wooden statues of that age.
And
belong to one plan by their position.
new chambers were added over
therefore belong to
Outside the temenos of Pepy the chambers with granaries continued in use. Tin- colon-
of old materials to
Pepy or
;
to
They must a building largely made up
and
cannot attribute such
Ave
Sankhkara.
unless
So,
were arranged by some king who has
we must attribute them They suggest a wide portico
other trace, hotep. of eight
pillars
front, those
in
to
they
left
no
Mentu-
facing east.
which remain
being the four to the south of the axial path leading to the front of Pepy's temple. Avail at
to
258 to 230, just before the
have been the retaining
Avail
pillars,
thin
seems
of the founda-
tion of a stone front to the portico. Avail
The
This stone
Avould be outside of the remaining brick,
nade betAveen the gates was partly earthed up;
and
at 230, or fen inches over the
a Avail
was
northern
time, as the base
is
244-194 S.W. of the
temple
Avas
X
west part of the Pepy
the
an irregular
IioUoav,
filled
with a
very large deposit of hundreds of pottery vases, of the
types given in
Below them
in
some
pi.
xlvi, nos.
together overlapping
;
ashes of burnt offering
dark
mud
157-186.
flint, laid
all
bricks,
PI.
ruinous,
swept
it
so the at
S.W.
Avail
the
close
244-194 must of
the
Vlth
later.
The temple
lv.
however,
that
of
Pepy
Avas so
Sankh-ka-ra entirely
away, and built upon a new plan which
ignored the old Pepy's temple,
lines.
H
on
The former enclosure pi. lv, Avas
of
used to limit
made
eastern side of this neAv square of building ran
Avith the deposit.
Avhite sand for filling in, but all
earth between the pottery.
gateAvay,
closely
and a good deal of white
mixed
inner
and the
the foundations of Sankhkara's neAv Avork, but the
parts Avas a flooring
of very thin, rough flakes of
There was no
Dynasty or 23.
in
was
Avhich Avould suggest that they were built at the
added
At
a buttress
have the same peculiar quality of gritty
have been
22.
this
at
outer gate, this
the
buttress, the Avail south of the columns,
to centre across to the pillars, Avhile the span
along the front.
renewed
Also
at 231.
built against the side of
Avail
bases,
on the south of
wall
the columns must have been
if
103 at the end, and 113
The
columns.
same time;
is
column
which must have touched the
built
and so leave a space of about 100 inches centre betAveen the pillars
tin-.'.
From
through the midst of the
site of
Pepy, and none
of the old temple Avails had any connection with
the
new building.
The ground
.around had pro-
bably risen a good deal by repeated rebuildings
ABYDOS
16
during several centuries, and so the old temple
was raised by a thick new pavement the that
was too low.
site
bed
sand
of
285
stood at
It
so
The new wall
east of the square will be seen
fragment of Pepy's front wall which
a
this
is
was
left to
doorway of Pepy adjoins The position is
new
-rand as part of the
line
on the west
this
new
of the entrance to the
side.
building
not known.
The dating
new work
of this
fixed thus.
is
At 95 was
belong to the previous period. square
deposit,
models,
is
which, from the minute
Xlth Dynasty.
to the
The very broad
wall,
to the east of this
P>,
Only one or two courses of bricks remain bedded on sand, and they may have been pavement as well as wall. The large
may
pit
be misunderstood.
on the east of
it
The date
south end contained
at the
the entrance to Pepy's temple, showing that the
underlying the temenos of Usertesen
plan
entirely different,
is
than Mentuhotep
and
On
III.
Here the
must be
this
later
the other hand, the
deposit pit of Usertesen I in the middle of this
square had
new
of this
ment
its
brick sides rising above the level
pavement, and therefore the pave-
older than Usertesen.
is
be of Sankhkara
or of
must, then,
It
Amenemhat
and
I,
as
three blocks of Sankhkara were found reused
here
(pi.
xxv),
it
re-establishment
The
him.
pit
is
a
pavement
at
278
level
The
this
;
is
seven
pavement, but as
it
which Mentuhotep
can hardly be before Sankhkara.
walls at
B
same bricks and
are of the
character as the western part, and doubtless of the same age.
They probably held
the sand bed
for a thick stone wall, filling the trench
between
The
deposits
the wall- 295-259 and 281-253.
93 and 94 are marked here, larly
line
in
The
they are singu-
with such a wall, but from their
ry they are more i-ty,
.-is
and agree
floor props
likely
of the
t"
suppoii a
lvii).
noted are cylinder- of pottery
and fragments of very thick large end
XVIIIth
to that place (see pi.
floor
made
jar-, set
way
of Pepy,
it.
It
which was buried
on
of potter) -lab-,
its
at the
I
under
five feet
seems then to belong to the high level Outside
by Sankhkara.
reconstruction
formed of
this,
was a flight rough blocks of stone, to lead up from the of rude
at E,
steps,
new
of the half-buried colonnade to the
single,
level
level of
the reconstruction on the top of Pepy's gateway.
These are seen in
them
to
24.
Usertesen
PI. lvi.
new temple on
much
a
long
disappeared
was
expanded.
laid out
an entirely
larger plan.
1st
ago,
temenos of Pepy was larger temenos
swept away a large
I
work and
temenos walls of the
also
we removed
before
pi. xlviii,
show the older gateway.
part of the earlier
?
is
south, and yet rising completely over the gate-
"
East of the
PI. xxiii.
interferes with Pepy's temple it
to
lay the small alabaster
it
inches below the western
kept up,
due
on the west marked " Deposit
of Sankhkara,
square
temple was
the
was empty, but near tablet
evident that this
pretty
is
of
of this Avail
by
fixed
nothing.
line.
tool
which seemed to belong
'We have seen Mentuhotep's altars in line with
entrance there was in the old
a
not of the XII th or XYIIIth Dynasty, belong to this age. At 80 was another
and may
the
;
They may
evidently for the sake of dryness.
deposit, with a few pots
being older
hatched as
have a portion
to
of 245.
289 inches, instead
to
II.
— IVth and
lost.
laid out,
The
old
Dynasty had
now the outer A new and far
and the temple was
marked
This work was
by
general levelling of the ground and spreading
new sand
beds.
A
part of the plan of Sankh-
kara was kept at the western square, but his
pavement was overlaid by rows of deep, like foundation blocks.
was sunk
in
Within
the sand, lined with brick, and a
deposit of Usertesen placed lining rose
tion level
What
in
The brick
it.
up through the Usertesen Inunda-
and above the Sankhkara pavement.
the relation of these wall-lines was to the
stone temple the
joist-
this area a pit
row
we cannot now
of stone blocks
is
see.
in
line
<
>n
the north
between the
THE EISTORY OF THE TEMPLES. two northern deposil the southern
do
square
Another
row of blocks and
not
in
fall
the
difficulty in
two northern
pits,
across the
that
any obvious
to
site
is
two western
have no relation
to the stone
was probably
On
the door-sill of Sebekhotep III
that
with the two southern
No
pits,
and on the
several
easl side
corners were
outside of the
feel
two or three points of are also marked.
found on the north
if
but a
;
levels,
its
282
to
had formed the substructure
it
of a gate in this wall, and so indicates where the
see
wall line lay.
The
96 and 121.
spnad
287, seems as
in line
is
closer
corner there remained
S.K.
the
piece of stone basement from
still
we
looking to the south side
At
and
outlines
the outline that were found
narrow brick
where the X.Yv. corner of masonry
existed.
marked by thicker
wall,
hark of the temple
inside, or east, of the
and such
bed, which
120 and
This stone back wall
which must have existed.
the inner and outer faces were found,
lost,
only an inch or two of thickness upon the sand
beneath the brick temenos wall, and
121, arc
parts of
shading.
that while the
pits,
bul
are
plan.
86 and L20, are in the line of
stone buildings, the
wall,
corner, which seems entirely
But
L20 and 86.
pits,
17
25.
On
lvii.
PI.
reaching
XVIIIth
the
an entirely new order of things.
foundations outside of this gate were largely
Dynasty we
made
the
At the west end an immensely thick brick wall remains, which was built to supplement and
seems more likely that
continue the partly destroyed wall of Usertesen.
of disused bases of columns, and as Sebek-
hotep
work
down
not likely to have pulled
is
of Usertesen,
it
A
these belonged originally to the temple of Pepy.
rough pots stacked
of
side
by
bordering some deposit, of which nothing was left
door-sill of
date of this
Sebekhotep was a great block
on
place. king-
It
of the
may have been
door into
pieces of
which were found
close
by
which was lined
the wall,
pavement of limestone. The pylon is shown by the sculptures a
pi. xxxiii,
which represent Tahutmes
One block
pylon remains
on
but was doubtless used for the two black (pi.
it,
priest.
its
placed by an earlier
granite jambs of Sebekhotep
in
III,
as Osirified and worshipped by the an mutef
of yellow quartzite sandstone, with the groove for
passing the lower pivot
and
facing,
but broken potsherds in the middle.
The
gateway
through the thickness of the wall with limestone
perhaps
side,
pylon of rod granite formed the outer face
of the
S.E. of these foundations were two lines
At the
find
of the north
in place,
but
The inscribed
all sides.
is
jamb
weathered away
pieces are lying in
xxviii), the
hollows on the outer side of the gate.
it.
the axis
of the
of the
Along
gateway runs a drain, cut
in
The pavement at 278 level, east of the square, was laid by Sankhkara, as shown by its level. But a stone of the south end of it had been
blocks of limestone, and covered over by the
place a
280, and 272
removed, and others rearranged, deposit
there
left
appeared to
which
XVIIIth Dynasty.
to
be
This suggests that
exposed until that time, and so
pavement. gate, to
and
it
likely that here
for three or
four feet in height along the west side
;
it
much
is
and being
the
south side
I
could not discover the
and
it
seems
the first " sacred lake," or
site
is still
is
a lake, at the
probably that
from the great works of Usertesen
built of bricks of exactly
built the
the size of those which line his deposit holes.
On
low,
still
larger hollow, which
south of the whole
dated there by closely overlying the two deposits of Usertesen,
it is
;
The ground north
cf the outfall. is
near the
was great brick-pit whence Pepy made the mud The bricks for his temenos and buildings.
may have
formed part of the temple of the Xllth Dynasty.
The temenos wall was preserved
mouth
level,
part, near pit 70
290 on the eastern
of the temple site
was
from 307
at the turn to the outfall
at the
of the
It falls
j
huge
I,
when he
fortification round the Avholc
There being low ground
close by,
left
site.
on the north, c
ABYDOS
is
it
was used
rubbish
as a
containing masses
pit,
pottery and burnt earth; and the
of broken
which we have traced was turned into
drain
II.
feature
was
The drain marks the passed over the great
causeway
line of a
of granite on the east,
sill
which probably marks the gateway wall, of
this
;
in
an outer
which we found part of the sand bed.
filled
cut through
three feet high, basing a groove
it
The best suggestion
whole depth.
its
it.
chamber D, where the south end with a solid bench of stone about
in
is
was
to place a processional
is
that
bark or standard
upon, and the groove was to receive the pole
by which the standard was carried.
The plan
27.
of the temple of
Tahutmes
III
Further east this causeway was entered from
can only be traced by the foundation deposits
the greai eastern pylon in the outer fortification
of that king,
nt
Usertesen
;
and on the west
by another gate
cation
purpose of
this great
fortifi-
The causeway must
(see
xlix).
pi.
of
line
the
it left
have thus been to go across the
fortress, past
and on to the cemetery beyond,
the temple,
went through a great limestone portalcolonnade built by Ramessu II. It was evi-
where
it
dently the line for funeral processions
and
;
is
and a few other
indications.
brick retaining wall of the foundation remained
on part of the east and south
know
where within that boundary. direction, and two limits to position of the south side line
is
This gives the the
site.
indicated
by the
position of the north side
Adopting
when he found it. The chapel of Amenhotep I, built in honour of his father Aahmes I, was preserved up to a
we
continued from the granite pylon.
couple of feet from the ground
back of the temple there
Tahutmes
temple of
great
but of the
hotep III, only a few blocks of remained.
All
the
had
rest
Amen-
and
III
foundation
been
entirely
by the
line of deposits
90, 104, 85,
;
The
and the
of deposits, 84, 89, 116, 83, 88:
and 100.
and we
sides,
must have been some-
that the stone wall
probably the place referred to by Mariette as lined with steles
The
this
breadth
see that the N.E. corner of the temple just
cleared the line of the side of the causeway, as
blocks
of
Mentuhotep
For the
the pile of sandstone
is
on the top of
B,
at
Usertesen's basement; then, carrying this line
down, we are led
end
to
it
at C,
with a terminal
swept away and used for foundations in the
corresponding to that which projects from the
XXVIth Dynasty; and
Aahmes
show
deposits were left to
The chapel
26.
only the foundation its
of blocks of hard limestone, as
shown
is
and
in
Abydos
/,
finely built
and well sculptured, front.,
pis.
lxiii,
lxii,
the;
stone having been
for long near the surface, salt
had accumulated
in
Unfortunately
lxiv.
it,
and
-plit
must
in
it
When we came
cases
remove
to
Maspero's consent)
to
struction below, the
men were
stones
into small
the pillars had
a
the uorth of ral
parts
quite
brickwork
evidentl "ii
slabs
follow
it,
very
the
earlier con-
Two
easily.
in
the
of
against them,
cracked architrave.
been patched
Prof.
aide to pick
built
the pillars
badly.
(with
it
a
with
doubtless to supporl an injured roof.
walls
cross
within
the
temple are probably indicated by the deposits
place.
Aahmes was
of
The
chapel.
hall
Ami. had
in
brickwork,
A curiouB
as here
marked but which of them contained and which were around groups of ;
large halls
chambers, we cannot
now
ascertain.
In front of the temple a sand bed was found with a clear end
to
This probably shows
it.
the base of the temenos wall of the of a
end would agree
gateway
granite
sill,
in
;
and the position
fairly to the
the axis of the
which
is
askew
was doubtless square with
insertion
temple.
The
the causeway,
to
this wall,
which must
have had a second entrance there.
Four foundation deposits of Amenhotep III (three marked here) appeared in the forecourt; they are not enough to define his building, but they show that Amenhotep,
in
true
Egyptian
THE fashion,
had built further
in
BISTORT? OP
front of the
work
The "late paving" at the south of the
Aahmes
taken from various
consisted of slabs
buildings.
Among
botep
and two of Ramessu
III,
xxxv.
some time ment
is
So
III,
must have been
it
XXth
after the
marked upon
mid and south: and the
direction of the walls
At B
The paveits
Aahmes chapel. Under Ramessu III a great 28. I'l. lviii. The causeway was reconstruction took place.
relation to the
block of Tahutmes III of Sety
I,
in the
jamb
salt in
;
;
As
it.
was a reused
a re-used door
lower course
jamb
a bronze seated
XXVItb Dynasty
figure of Horns, like
of a
stonework was much
all this
to the date of this building there
down
apparently
is
the eastern
is
with a
because of
this plan
But
doorway.
C
crumbled by the accumulation of
laid
Dynasty.
a column, and at
Amen-
these were several of
queen hitherto unknown named Thyi Mer-en-ast, see pi.
L9
implies a northern entrance.
of bis great-grandfather.
chapel
THE TEMPLES.
work,
between the stones of the pavement and 30 inches down in the mud bed, which is beneath ;
the sand bed of the pavement, or about 234
entirely broken
was a pot with large green beads and a green glazed head of Ptah which I should
course,
suppose to be of the
up along a large part of its and a deep excavation was made through
the earlier strata of building, to a depth at
all
least as far as the
1st
or Ilnd Dynasty level.
level,
seems hard
XXYIth
therefore
to
any date before
with
credit
the building of
probably re-arranged then.
the basement of one wall of the building remains,
tions
filled
:
at the east side of
it.
But
the sand bed,
in
nearly symmetrically in each corner, a foundation deposit
was placed
in the sand
the posi-
;
marked by the numbers 36 and 74, were about 273 and 276, practically
tions are
the levels
The
the same.
Scarabs, plain
8
.
10
.
.
.
3
.
.
.
Plaques, inscribed
Heh
sign
Sedheb sign Bull's Bull's
head
.
haunch
.
2
Coining further east we see the founda-
and part of the south
about 48
are very carelessly made, and
temple built by Aahmes II, whose frequently found cut as a quarry-mark
name
is
on the blocks.
like
age
;
the pavement level of
it
slopes
from 306 and 312 at the north
to
all
to the
of one
up gently 318
is
and the founda-
The two bases of columns are seen at G; south of them are left two blocks of the wall, and north of them two other blocks at a distance
symmetric with the south
fragment of a corner of the front is the S.E. corner which remains at J. porch of the temple with
the
blocks and
at the
its
Among the
foundations
at
H
A
wall.
in line with
Hence the
two columns
is
stones laid roughly are
slabs of the temple of
finely
carved
Tahutmes
III,
upon them. In the corner at K is a doorway, which from the cement upon the stones seems to have had a
with the colour
those of Siptah, only poorer in quality.
south of this sand bed, appears to be
temple
;
for
The building which remained,
of the
tions
In the general style of the group, and the large
29.
The length
quite clear from the south side,
safely recorded.
much
and entrance of
sqiuvre
can only be read by comparing them together.
quantity of rings, these deposits are
Avail
corner.
.
50
a
III Avas
13
— .1.1 .1.1
Rings
The plaques
.
30.
Ramessu
15
in 74
.
.
late,
Dynasty.
on east and west. The axis is defined by the entrance, G, and the rows of foundation and the north side is blocks, H, at the back fixed by the brick retaining wall at the N.E.
objects in these deposits were in 36
so
If
It
building
XXYIth
the
up with a deep sand bed, shown on the plan with dotted surface and on Only this a great building was constructed.
This space was
Dynasty. this
still
fresh
higher than the 365 level, perhaps of granite. This S.S.W. door to the temple is similar to the sill
a
J
S.S.W. door
Tahutmes temple,
the
to
back of the Aahmes chapel.
between K and
were
II,
r,
yix>s
the
at
Inside the temple,
the pieces of the red
granite shrine of Haa-ab-ra, which had probably si
1
(See Abydos
here.
At L
east half
town
of limestone,
is
There
half of sandstone.
here
from the time of the
\
ami certainly from the XVIlIth Dynasl
1th,
1
The
wall in which
and
lias
is
it
placed
many
of
is
been so often patched that
ages,
would
it
require a special study of every ten yards of disentangle
to
with Usertesen
ami
I,
are
(if it
31.
f
in
part
Kingdom
ruins of the Old
upon buildings
Probably
history.
its
of the
Roman
it
rests
it
v.
it
begins
on town
elsewhere
it
rests
XlXth Dynasty, and
parts
;
Having now described the sucsome note
PI. Ixii.
in
they were
;
The system by Usertesen 121, 86,
was greatly expanded
of deposits
whom we
of
I,
and 96.
121 and the central deposit, and the plan 121
was drawn from memory by Mr. but the other three
bead
is
shown
in
The forms of pottery 187-197. The unusual
ribs.
xlvi,
matter in these deposits
is
the insertion of tablets
P had glazed pottery
been referred to
Three deposits, 119, 81 and 117, arc of one 1
of Pepy's temple,
17 belonging to the doorway and the forms of the pottery
115) being copied from the alabaster
(pi. xlv,
perhaps papyrus, inserted
the heart of the
in
These bricks, and others which had no
bricks.
insertion,
were formed at
No
sand was placed
their
with them, and the
soil
was only the brown
They
earth which had
been dug out of the
the foundation deposit of Tausert.
boL
begin with.
to
ox-head
for the
;
In each deposit was an
well
are
The only forms
tic skull.
as
the
is
two cups of
pi.
xlv,
111,
made of fine red pottery. Tic deposil 92 i- very different
deficient as
of pottery
which
115,
arc
filled
glaz
small
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145, lion
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in
small group at
uol her
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and
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ated
15
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7,
baboon
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quartz
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L!J,
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late ring
98
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inscriptions of Mentuupon blocks of soft brown They were parts of a shrine con-
arc
1
sandstone. taining long
the
The
xxiv, xxv.
PI.
king,
all
of offerings for the statue of
lists
and
was
this
therefore a
funereal
earlier
Pepy
of offerings of
list
The
shows that
I
such were placed in temples, not connected with
tomb of the king. All of these blocks had been reused as foundations, probably in the the actual
XVlIIth Dynasty. The blocks of Sankhkara are of limestone. They had been reused in foundations by Usertesen I and Tahutmes III. 54. PL xxvi. Not much of Usertesen I was from the
although
found,
foundations and
the
of his
size
stone
outline of his temple
must have contained much sculpture.
it
The
worse condition, reused in some rude construc-
The jamb below
tion.
it
does not belong to the
same doorway.
The
and
granite,
granite
of
stele
is
Atha
very
is
roughly cut
and
work with
is
Ameny
PL
A
and therefore
The name Ameny
XII th Dynasty.
xxvii.
I,
Foundation deposit plaques of Usertesen
to this age.
block of limestone with stand-
ards of gods appears from
was found
and
found
statuette
uninscribed
beneath the wall of Usertesen of the early
of black
is
identical in style of dress
the
would well agree
black
difficult to read.
statuette of the vizier ;
in
its
size
and
style to
have belonged to the temple of Usertesen
pi. lv.
6-8.
bricks placed
plain
Sect. 31, p. 20.
The
Xllth. 5
other
limestone lintel here was found with another in
belonged to the temple of Sankhkara. 4
it
a
a part of a
too poor in drawing for Pepy, or any
Dynasty king; but it
Osiris,
probably
.,
figure are over an erasure, rest of the
with
These
pottery.
mud
midst of
in the
deposits,
copper.
of g azed
}
chapel like that of Usertesen II at Kahun.
Mentuhotep and limestone block also
the
in
probably
high rubbish of the town last year, and are quite
undated.
were inserted
I
in
ofhisage, and the oldest iron weapon known Egypt.
6 of alabaster, 7,
I,
at
ordinary use.
and was found
of iron,
is
the deep sand bed of
its
DYNASTIES.
mi
in the
I.
It
western square of building.
u
A.BYDOS
34
The block of
of limestone with, grooves in the face
has been described in the account of
it
It
liii.
was probably
pi.
two staves
for holding-
the door of the temple, the prototypes of the
at
masts placed on either side of the temple doors in the
XVIIIth Dynasty.
in the
temple had quarry marks painted on them
with a brush such as
is
of red haematite paint, just
lull
used to mark
Egyptian railway
at
were found.
as they
Several of the blocks
the baggage on the
all
These
present.
They seem
man
to refer to the
and the inscription
The
the lap of the garment.
my
from
house
;
with the very peculiar footprint of the thief took the statue, yet no conviction could be
who
obtained.
that
It is said
£35
55.
Pis.
These
xxx, xxxi.
Abydos, Nos.
PL
xxviii.
Usertesen III
the destination at
—
LO.
A
colossal red granite statue of
7
was
set
the west face of his granite pylon.
overthrown and broken
;
By
down
the inscriptions
hau anhhu in L. D.
iii,
at
has been
It
(Compare
the back and the edge are here given. Jchenti
The
Ba
temple were found parts of two
black granite door jambs of Sebekhotep III.
Of
one jamb two blocks comprised nearly the whole
;
identical, only
show
the
These
more
Ba
imc of Tahutmes III.
The
PL xxix. is
at
|"
Less
in
the
Ankhu
Xllth Dynasty than
in later timi
The limestone showing
stele of Senbtefi
thai Osiris
is
importanl a3
Abydos; while Upuaut
Abydos.
called the Lord of
i>
connected with Memphis
[Anleh-taui) rather than i-
This
is
in
accord
with the dominance of the jackal god here earl
The
tit
to the exclusion of
inscription
of
is
stele
" ;
and
xliii, 4).
is
Amenj
(
is
in
•siris.
from
a
Beated
black granite figure of the Xllth Dynasty.
The
named
it is
to be
not the same as king I
was working a large
likely order
would be
—
selchem nefer Ichau,
Upuatemsaf.
selchem uaz Ichau,
Sebekemsaf
([).
Sebekemsauf
shedi taui,
selchem Ichu hud,
(II).
Penthen.
Ba
sehhem nun taui,
Tahuti.
These names seem closely linked together by
But whether they belong Xlllth Dynasty or somewhat later is
their forms.
small limestone altar of
usual
{Naaada
our
his son
Dynasty, more costly than anything until the I
son on
As Sebekemsaf
Iin selchem
high standard of work in the Xlllth
a
and
;
granite statue, and quarries in Hamamat, he must have been of importance, and have lived So before the decay of the Middle Kingdom.
being-
substituted for Unnefer the great god.
Sebekemsauf II
taui Tahuti
considered whether he
The two jambs
Khentamenti
The throne name
this is closely like that
Tahuti-aa, " the great Thoth
Ii'n
are almost
taui,
Penthen, however,
king whose name was found at Ballas,
Ba selchem men Now the king's
Ra
together on paper.
sehhem shedi
also like a
fragments, which had to be copied separately litted
stele of
sehhem hhu-taui, and
lii i
hut the other jamb had been broken into scattered
and
Griffith.
Tahuti.
36.)
the side of the quartzite door-sill at the
south of the
is
of
up by Tahutmes III
found in
steles
various parts of the temple site are dealt with
deserves some historical notice.
name
were
of bribes
given in the case.
by Mr.
later ones
was
accused by report, and the foot of one agreed
being limn Kusae, Nbs. 3 and 4 from the Oryx
The
figure
on
is
stolen
and though the thieves were
source of the stone in earlier instances, No. 2
dome.
with one knee
seated on the ground,
is
raised, the other flat,
copied
I
II.
to the as
yet
quite unknown.
PL xxxii. 1. inscription of a king whose Horus name, or lea name, was Merut, and throne name Ra-U-aqer. lie is quite unknown hitherto, but
probably belongs
The block was I'.-'
lieseli
to
them
the
side
paving, in
to
the
XlVth Dynasty.
by side with blocks of the
01' it
might have been added
reconstruction.
Yet
resemblance of the stone to
the
that
position,
of the
Vlth and Xlth Dynasties, and the termination
OBJECTS OF THE [Vth-XXVIth DYNASTIES
may
aq( r}
lead us to consider the Vllth Dynast}
as a possible 2.
by
this.
3i
"\ erthrowi] lie
of
Griffith.
Nub-kheper-ra, followed
Antef,
Fragments of cartouches of Antef and
5.
Sebekamsaf.
The colouring
another
of
slab
and of
of these,
Antef not
published,
blue-grey, red, and yellow; and
is
an
in favour
which has been assigned
to
in
the tints are
exactly the same under both these kings.
argument
This
the later date
of
Antef V.
From
the material
or XI 11th Dynasty
;
probably of the Xllth
is
it
and the face
is
closely like
that of Neferhotep or his brother Sebekhotep
As monuments
III.
tin'
and brok<
west of
a
and bb
tip,
A.mong
it.
uoav
are inscribed, and these are copied on this plate.
Left-hand piece
of the lintel.
Below
clearly pari of
is
that
Osiride dress (sec L.
I>.
panther's skin on a pole
seems
to
with
49, 51),
of both these kings have
have the end of the panther skin, a
and the knee of an An-mut-f priest.
with sloping sides which supported some
a base
Beyond
central object.
that are legs of another
An-mut-f priest turning toward theother
side, evi-
This would imply
dently to adore another figure.
and a height of about 76 inches
a very beautiful figure of a queen in low
The
glyphs and figure Koptos, and
at
is
is
Amenemhat I
could not suppose that such
I
work would recur
style of the hiero-
exactly that of
in another age.
The queen
evidently an heiress to the kingdom, having
the uraeus on her head
daughter
the
of
;
and she might well be
Sankhkara
whom
through
Amenemliat gained the kingdom and founded the Xllth Dynasty. Compare his 8. Head of Aahmes I offering. portraits in Abydos
I,
This
frontispiece.
part of his chapel, as he
is
is
not
here represented as
Foundation deposit vases of alabaster, with
the
name
of
Tahutmes
III.
See the section on
10.
will
Sandstone ushabti of Amen-em-hes, which
11.
Black granite seated figure of Arnen-
hotep, Steward of the palace at
Treasurer.
which Mr.
is
The hand holds very rare.
Griffith's chapter.
hand base does not seem
a
the uas
is
The
into
fit
the forked end of
title
large strip of titles at top right
from the jamb
and the piece
;
An-mut-f.
probably
is
at left base
is
probably part of the other jamb with a Ionmultiple cartouche of both names in one. the
sibly
metrical
;
Avhole
there
lintel
subject was
may have been on
Pos-
not sym-
the
the
left
deceased Tahutmes III seated, and the priest right
another priest and
standing, and so leaving
room
;
Amenhotep for the
on II
columns
of explanatory inscription about the priest.
This
into the whole lintel of
150
inches wide. PI.
xxxiv.
These pieces of a great
offerings are all carved
hollows.
They were
list
of
on very hard white lime-
palm
see
;
could
it
there seems to be the end of the
stone, the cutting shallow
For the inscription
is
the right-hand edge of the scene, and
Memphis and spathe,
the gateway
;
piece at the right-
as if
such a subject as the above
57.
be fully published in the next volume.
The
the jambs 153 inches.
would then go well
deposits, p. 21.
Lintel,
about 87 wide, and the whole distance across
the
a living person, without the menat. 9.
The
There then appears
the tail of the panther skin.
either of them.
relief of great delicacy.
the
a piece which
is
a total breadth of at least 123 inches for the
is
in
111
before him, as before
In front of this block
Osiris.
-tall',
Tahutmes
is
iii,
top
fchi
been found in the temple, this might well be
T
some
the blocks
next block has the legs of the same priest with
Quartzite sandstone upper part of a statue.
6.
to
The top
his keeper of the seals, Aahnefer.
is
the western exit of the causeway, was
at
ami by Mr. Stele
•1,
up
Stele of Penthen, described in the previou
plate 3.
age for
56. PLxxxiii. The great pylon of red granite, -I
all
and
left
rough
in the
found at the west end,
or inmost part of the temple of Tahucmes. Sandstone slab of Sety I with PI. xxxv.
VliYDOS
36
figure
This
Hapi.
of
building by Sety in
edges of
way had gone
The
the back.
lie
and was vizier under Ramessu Ik
Osiri-.
See
Slab
3.
Ramessu
of
with rounded top;
II
about 5 inches thick above, and then about 20
thick
inches
having
lower third,
the
at
The use
an L-shaped section.
of
it
is
not
The black granite head of Nebprobably of the time of Ramessu 1
by the
of
style
The
it.
lace
is
injured, and
nothing more could be found of the body.
The seated brown granite hotep
of the
is
hair, the
II
:
work
best
Pa-ra-
figure of
wavy
the character of the face, the
muscular
of the back, and the
detail
cushion for a seat are
all
of
reign
of the
unusual
at that period.
The photographs of the figure are given in This wezir was brother of Minnies, pi. xxxv. and half brother of the great Unnefer, high
clear.
Back of a group of Nezem, keeper Uamesseum at Thebes, see pi. xxxviii. 4.
of the
Steatite statuette of a prince l'a-kki'ed-na-
5.
is
Ramessu
Mr. Griffith's chapter.
marked on
PI. xxxvii.
Onnefer the great high priest of
of
as
pi. lvii.
en-maat
Avail.
Tahutmes,
just inside the pylon of
a dooi'-
if
of Pa-ra-hotep, re-
work of
for the fine
was brother
as
obliquely through a
Grey granite figure
2.
markable
.
of
trace
the Osiris temple.
skewed about 20
are
it
only
the
is
II.
priest
of
Abydos
I, -47).
by
Osiris,
front, the
same mother
the
The large
inscription
on the
is
The two
below on the base.
strip
(see
ahu son of Ramessu.
upper small inseriptiems are on the arms; the
Pyramidion of black quartzose stone of Theper and his mother Khati and sister
pectoral between the arms
Tauraa.
feet.
6.
.
.
.
Part
7.
.,
kneeling figure
of
holding
altar,
scriptions are at either side of
The
Park grey quartzose
sculptures
mer-en-a>t
who
Museum.)
Another
no head, was
down
slab ;
PI.
limestone
work
delicate
The seated
(Cairo
temple, but southof the causeway. Thereseems to
with her name, but
have been a grouping of sculptures here on both
both were turned face
given on
of i-
1
over
tin-
which
II
and
graceful, ;
on
a
unusually
of
is
an. is
I
palace
al
or
a
Amenhotep,
of
Memphis, and of this
i>
From the character of the il
to
belong
i
Tahutmes IV.
finer
than
the figure
i-
The wort
usual
It
such
in
seated mi
not often shown.
reign
tin-
a
\)
stone of
limb (pi.
of
L
section, the
having xxxv,
tin'
the
.*'>);
firsl
outside
cartouches
(6) a neck of a
century
\.i>.,
"I' f
the
upright
Ramessu
11
Roman amphora
which shows
these pieces were heaped together.
when
OBJECTS OF THE
The lower group of
figures
much broken PL xxxix. in i<
of
inscription
to be
All
of
Any
Auy and
below
is
the
gods,
a
too
pieces
ii
:
the boat has been decorated with a
of adoring figures, standing
where lower
Greek
(like
First
row
where higher, kneel-
the
adaptations
WYIni DYNASTIES. haps
the
boats
harper
were found
block with part of a Large Nile boal carved
a
ing
Vim
worth reproducing. of these
the previous season at the temple site.
on
I
in
a
pediment); these probably represented
worshippers of the figure head of the boat, per-
are is
aegis of
87
some god.
unknown
as
interesting, as
stone
statue
daughter of
piece
of
are
The
yet.
a
all
camp from
Mut-tuy,
Ramessu
II.
the
The
around the back of the crown.
monument
figure
of a
showing the harp on
portable folding -(and. like
The lower
Such decorated
known of this otherwise only named on the
stool.
hard lime-
a
seventeenth vulture
This
is
princess, lisl
at
a
was
the first
who
Luqsor.
is
ABYDOS
;;s
1L
CHAPTER
IV.
FLINT KNIVES AND POTTERY.
58.
Pl.
Although many
xl.
flakes
flint
were
piece of a vase
found scattered in the temple area, there was
third stone vase
no great number of well worked
in the great store
what were found
third of
space of town last year.
found
later than those
in
only a
flints,
about the same
in
They are nearly all and it will the town
described under
is
the plain diorite bowl found
is
chambers (C on
near the original
level,
A
pi. xii.
176
pi. li) at
and so of an early
floor,
dynasty. Pottery of the 1st Dynasty and Earlier.
59.
;
be seen that the general type of the earlier ones
These forms are already pretty well known
with a spur at the end of the handle, gives way
the town of this age
and even
to straight handles,
curve with a mere notch in
and
it,
smooth
the
to
as Nos. 3, 5,
6, 7,
This dates this form, and shows that
10.
it
Kingdom, and later than the Royal Tombs, in which it was never found. The tips of all these knives being more is
of the end of the Old
from the tombs
l^ointed than those
may be due
to being worn away with scraping but they seem more pointed than those used in the earlier ;
town, so the pointing as well
character,
as
may
be reckoned a
late
handle notch in a
the
curved front, and the convex line of the back.
The one important
PI. xli.
which gives another historic lance
and form cut,
and
that
it
is
it
so
late
(Vllth
it
Here the number
temple
xii,
this
it
tln^ee
On comparing
others levelled in the
town and
show that the
to
is
seems to
at the right-hand
the temple
a piece of a rockis
given
The boat with a crowned to
bearoyal the
royal
vessel
boat.
;
temple
level in the
site,
probably
Another
in the temple,
is
equal to
which accords
with what we otherwise know.
is
1 1
closely
(See Abydos
I,
pi. xxxviii).
Black Pottery, of pottery
class
Dynasty.
20
is
unlike any
known
The small cups 20
Egypt. through,
They
1st
to 36.
This
in early
to 30 are black
and not polished
hard,
in
all
general.
often contained remains of a brilliant red
with a polished
stone vases were found 1
basal sand line
softer,
(See
these and
the middle result from sixteen different forms
would not
which the inscription
279.
belonged
No.
site.
crystal bowl, of pi.
of the reign of Zer.
The vases 32
Dynasty)
been found within the
all
ochre.
— Xlth
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
inches of the town, or before the end
first fifty
burnished the jar 36. of the
Only
levelling.
hawk on
33,
pre-
and 17 have
the size
;
as an amulet.
base gives the level in inches in
on
is
24).
I,
PI. xlii.
in the
the
and the peshken amulet
must be regarded
Abydos
between
link
that of the lance, yet is
here
flint
11, 12,
Nos.
;
in
lines,
to
36 are thicker, rather
face,
sometimes showing
as for instance,
The forms
Greek family
;
up and down
of the vases are clearly
the hollow foot
is
specially
western, seen under 33 but broken, and also in
the foot of 35
;
the
amphora form with a
cave curve in the neck the
little
vase 35,
source of the without
a
1
is
;
con-
and
should have put to a Greek
.\.\ Villi
history.
also western
this,
A
Dynasty had they been piece
of the
neck of
36 placed side by side with black pottery of the late
neolithic
age from
Knossos was indistin-
FLINT KN1YKS AND IMTTKRY. guishable
burnish, and general appear-
in colour,
They belong
ance.
source of that the rougher
presumably Cretan.
is
Perabsen (Abydos
M.
69,
is
throwing away of the 37
of the type of
is
31) or perhaps a
little
of the latter part of the 1st Dynasty.
3!' is
most
is
vii,
f,
the form under Perabsen.
like
and 40 are certainly after the
chamber
date of the
Deshasheh xxxiii,
we know
1st
filling
38
The
Dynasty.
with
dealt
is
in
— 95;
Dendereh
lip
of the
early
break,
to
but the thin
;
bowls seems to
splay-
have been
Ilnd Dynasty, being very
avoided after the liable
10
and the stronger form with
recurved brim of some shape was nearly always
The spouted bowl which
used.
is
usual in the
Old Kingdom {Medum xxxi, 21) begins here in
The large pan,
the Ilnd Dynasty, No. 72. is
unique
it
;
75,
Vth (Desk
the
jjaint
marked jar "
it
;
Medum
and
the west edge of
at
Dynasty. in
The
on a light ground.
79
is
pi. lii
it
or IVth
The form 77 here passed on
to that
xxxi, 28, and Dendereh xvi, 32.
belong
early types.
to
80
— 83
part of the 1st Dynasty, striated in the Illrd
lingering
in
is
as " ribbed
probably of the Illrd
finger-marked jars
rough
position of
78
The rough
begin at the latter
become more regularly
Dynasty, then degrade to the
late
Illrd
(Medum
flakes of flint
100,
may
were found
to the
IVth and Vth, Dendereh
xvi,
25—27,
The
at
I"
and the Vlth Dynasty very
several
inside
lid of
98
it.
long of the
is
an incense burner,
be compared with that of the Vlth
The head-rest
xvi, 6).
101
is
The 112havealong
hitherto in pottery of this form.
simple stands 102 to
1
0(3,
110 to
L06
known in the Illrd Dynasty (Dend. xvi, 1). The compound forms of stand and dish in one piece are known from before the 1st Dynasty are
Abydos
I,
xxxv, 195
— 197)
;
but they developed
a higher stand, and a form more nearly copied
from a vase
in
No. 109.
that the latter form
possible, indeed,
It is
may have been
be used either end upward.
intended to
Nos. 111,112 are of
thick pottery, with bright red polished facing.
PL xlv. The forms 113
61.
in the foundation deposits of
— 115 were found Pepy
;
and 11G
119 stood in the corner of the temple of that aire.
Of the other forms 123
is
new
to us at this
period, a survival of the big jars of the earliest
xxx, 69) 121 and 122 are also 125 is not known so small (see Dend. xvi, 13) and 126, a IVth Dynasty form (Medum xxx, 5),
town (Abydos
I,
;
;
127 are like Dend. xvi, 24, 26, 27. In the next group of the Vlth
we
see
—
8,
— Xth Dynast}-,
the early types of bowl 129 surviving,
and the conical rough
Vth Dynasty (Deshasheh xxxiii, 22), and quite so in the Vlth Dynasty (Dendereh xvi, 8). The narrow-necked vases 88 92 PI. xliv. the Ilnd Dynasty, and continue
Villi
history; the graceful trumpet forms 105,
137
till
Nos.
97 isapeculiar form, in thin
same appearance.
Medum
do not begin
10)
1
form of the Ilnd
a
highly polished red ware;
xxxi, 15) and become nearly cylindrical in the
—
xliii,
the
to is
xxxiii, 20)
(Dend. xvi, 19).
seems to have been copied from
rush-work, and has a cross-line border of red
96
(xvi, 5, 7).
unknown
9,
i,
Dynasty (A bydos r,xxxiv, 135) which lasted on
60. Pottery of Ilnd—Vth Dynasty. PI. xliii. The forms here lead on from those of the 1st Dynasty to the well-known IV th Dynasty types. The open bowls should be compared with those
xxx,
V.
(//.
continued
Dynasty (Dend.
Medum
Dynasty
the town, but belong entirely
in
they
sect. 35.
in
which
offering vases
temple, about the IVth Dynasty,
the
to
The
15.
in the Is)
are never found
93
objects in that chamber.
41
Probably
early glazesand ivories,
of value as dating the
later.
the
Egypt.
to
Pottery with
and
cups contained paint which
little
was imported
one fabric;
to
S9
xxxi,
which are
vessels
132,
The hand-made
28.
so well
known
133 tall
earlier,
like
pots
seem
to
dwindled to the small forms 135, 136,
have
also
as in
Dend.
xvii, 86.
PI. xlvi.
The other types
of this age are mostly found in the same period at Dendereh (pi. xvii).
But some are much
finer
ABYDOS
40
in
form and handling, as 149, 152, 153, 154
and Uu«o resemble many
in the
west group
Xlth Dynasty, such as 177—184.
called
whole of this group was found together posit
marked X, on
pl.liv,
arrangement and position been a
scries of pits for
The
in the de-
which seems from (see sect. 22) to
its
have
offerings in the west
wing of the old Pepy temple. easily belong to
;
So these may
different times over a century
II.
or two, but ending with
Mentuhotep
bably the finer forms belong to the
111.
Pro-
last
age of
ihese deposits.
The types
of Usertesen I from his foundation
deposit differ from anything
Dynasty
at
Dendereh, and
known
also
in the
Xllth
from the deposit
of Usertesen II (Kahun, xiv), or other groups
of the Xllth Dynasty.
1!
CHAPTER
V.
THE INSCRIPTIONS. By
62.
I'l.
In this
xvi.
new
[
V (T]
J
Ll.
Griffith,
collection of puzzles
In 8 we probably
there are a few details clear.
have
F.
N^ "the servant of the god, Heb":
in 9 a female title y
common
in the Illrd
is
the
name
known
may
~p
T
In 15 there
be Hez-hotep.
^ ,
as belonging to
Nefermaat, which
is
well
an important member of
the family and court of King Senefru, buried at
On
Medum.
18 King Menkaura
"beloved of Hathor," and
is
described as
his 7ca-name
is
given
arm of the bull of Ra (?) ": 20 shows the Horus name of TJserkaf, and 21 the cartouche "
as
of Sahura with the
22 has fragments of
Horus name ^r^ the same names.
qMK:
The most interesting of the inscriptions found this year at Abydos are those upon the three
<
>ld
Kingdom
These decrees of kings of the
are of a class of writings hitherto
unrepresented on
the
monuments.
We
can
however compare them on the one hand with the
charges
in
At
tion.
private
tombs
of the
Old
correspond to
the
royal
the top of the decree itself
two portions
into
faces in
"
:
is
the person to
whom
direction.
this
same may
At the
foot of the decree :
—"
in
is
character
;
"sealed
presence of
on a certain
"
(?)
(?)
face.
line, also
the king it
was
apparently
date,
without naming the year.
"Horus who pacifies Horns name of Teta.
xvii.
I'l.
lands," the "
Command
(The
first
and
last
".
lines of the
"
decree
itself
to give no connected sense.) .
.
....
reckon
to
.
preserved unto
of
the
[whereas] he royal
and
[this] land (?)
king
of
liveth
commanded
chancellor,
\ekau-Assa
cattle
Khent[amentiu
they were originally
the
two
the
of the king (unto)
No doubt
very probably the arrangement on
another
himself," the second part declaring that
two decrees
kind of hieratic
the other
have appeared upon the
also
Egypt Teta who
a
title of
the endorsement of the papyrus, but the
is
command
in
in
"
correspondence found by Prof. Petrie at Kahun
are alike in general
engrossed on papyrus
At
of the king
addressed
it is
rarities collected for the royal gratification.
arrangement.
but was
To judge by the analogy of the
menthes, Osiris of Abydos)
first
this
:
a heading divided
Command
returning from a long voyage laden with the
The
seal,
one direction, and the name and
products therein
Herkhuf, when the latter was
of the king,
probably also written inside the papyrus.
with the royal order of the boy-king Neferkara officer
column
the symbol of his presence and approval
Kingdom, respecting the /-'/-servants and the property of the endowment, and on the other his
see a
name
containing only the Horus
-rem
to
we
the right band edge
divided into two
63.
plates xvii-xix.
the papyrus was closely followed in the inscrip-
may
Dynasty and the early part of the IVth, together with a name that
F.S.A.
?]
(i.e.
all is
Khentaby
Upper and Lower
for [it?]
ever to
eternity,
unto the erpa-ha,
governor of the
South
ABYDOS
42
" [hi presence of the king himself]
month of inundation
the third
PL
sealed (?)
:
day
(?),
k-name
they arc, conveying the products of any work, taking any serfs that
2 (?)."
" Horus, rich in manifestations."
xviii.
IT.
king of the Yth Dynasty) on the Palermo stone.
The cartouche
command
that of Neferarkara (the third
is
in the
may perhaps be king.
It
prenomen
the
\j J
same
of the
very unfortunate that the middle
is
cartouche
in the
sign
body of the decree To p
is
imperfect.
Another
^
reading
by any servants of the
done
is
name,
not quite similar
T
is
it
from
'
Egypt task
by Upper and Lower
king of
of the
.
.
rn
Ira
.
in
of the
must
it
;
form of the
have
"command" from
honorific
owner of the tomb.
of the king
tendent of the title is
decrees
on
recorded
an
man
every
nome who shall god who are in the
of the
from labour to
(unto) the superin-
that of the head of the local temple
a very important per-
sonage in a religious centre of even than
Abydos
in
:
the
fact
repute
less
nomarch himself
generally combined the religious primacy with
princedom.
In the decree itself
"
there
is
amongst
much
the
1
horizontal
Any magnate
inspector
I
is
lines;
in
parts
have not empowered any man
which
in the
of
is,
god
....
of
sealed (?)
PL
The architrave
xix.
Pepy
king
himself;
inscription
is
of
The decree is probably of the same The record of sealing and date are
II.
king.
here placed at the right hand end
and royal La-name are
lost,
;
the heading
but perhaps were
written in the upper part of the same column.
What remains seems endowments of
to relate chiefly to
the
certain statues in the temple of
Khentamenthes.
The statement is in tabular we can learn from the fragan ox and a portion of milk
form, and so far as
ments, a share in
be given from
to
(?)
each festival to the
ox" and
statues.
Perhaps the "eighth of an
" the one
measure of milk " which occur
in the
but
the
".
.
.
.
nome
in
*")
(?)
any the
which the temple in
which
(?)
of every festival therein, unto (1) the
ofthe superintendent of divine servants,
and the divine servants of
ii,
p. hi.
this temple, (2) the
statue of Neferkara, (3)the statue of Pepyankhnes
royal
mother
Menankh,
of
Neferkara of the pyramid
(4) the statue of
Pepyankhnes royal
mother of Merenra of the pyramid Kbanefer, (5) the statue ofthe chief judge and wazir Zau: which statues (possibly
El Bersheh
do
shall "
the
)
(
larder
(
and making the temples to prosper 1
who
"
in
to take
for canal-work (?) or for
work ofthe nome, beyond performing service of the
(?)
or
fragments were repeated in each case.
obscurity
any servants of the god who are in
acquaintance
these things
(?)
"In presence
inscription. '
royal
embankments
of
according to
or
corporation of the temple and to each of the
some of the writing
irregular columns, which apparently have to be inserted
any work of the
nome
is
his civil
or serfs of the lands
of the god, for canal-work or
64.
servants of the god, Hen-ur."
administration, always
god
of the
(?)
to the
might be subjected.
:
lands
it
The present decree seems
rest of the people
Command
that
the king
to be for the relief of the priests
which the
me
to
every
(?).
" Verily
a
attached and has shown
xviii
xvii,
The
consideration,
tomb at Mr. N. de G. Davies made a copy
precisely
"
and very
period,
this
now under
by Mr. Fraser
(the
extremely fragmentary inscription
of the
pi.
one
the
El Bersheh.
is
of
certain),
to
was noted
which
Nefer-khau
god.
are protected to the extent of eternity
take any servants of the
Horus
for canal-work (?),
and any work of the nome on any land on which
work They
This
....
first
three) are
in
this
refers only to the
the temple of Khentamenthes.
THE INSCRIPTIONS. The divine
endowment-
servants of their several
from
discharged
estates are
duty
this
protected
are
have not
I
granted that the royal larder
(?)
receive
presence of the king himself:
(?) in
month
of harvest (Mesore),
and
fractions of cattle
day 8."
sisters
Pepy
(Meryra)
have had or to have taken the
seem
name
of Pepy-ankhnes or
to
I.
Both these
of the noble Zau.
sisters
its
variant Meryra-
All these kings and great personages
1
may have
contributed to the grandeur or the
possessions of the temple of Abydos.
The
xx.
belong to Pepy
name on
may
*^c
this
may
well have been
all
temple of
the
III,
inscriptions
On
relating
one we have " thou-
" provisions " to the statue of the
monument": on another "in the Khentamenthes to make unto him
divine offerings to the extent of eternity "
on
:
another various gods, including Upuaut (Ophois),
Khnum, Thoth, and Anhert
say, "[I give
unto thee
all life
(Onouris)
and strength and]
joy of heart, thou livest as king in the Great
King Nebkherura,
living for ever
"
one of them the king xxvi.
name
The
is
must
These
certainly be from the long reign of
No. 12
III.
ol
is
" beloved of
<
>n
Upuaut."
inscriptions of Usertesen I.
can be restored according to the well-known
7
of
and
almost
Thothmes
perhaps upside down, and
if
so
begins with the sign |U "scribe" or "written,"
but the inscription
highly cursive and very
is
obscure.
The
inscriptions of Usertesen III
record nothing of interest.
menthes
In those of Sebek-
we read " King Sebekhotep hath monument to his father Khenta-
(var. Osiris
Onnophris), the making for that
may give him his protection daily." The altar is inscribed PL xxix.
Osiris
with a
prayer for offerings addressed to Osiris for the
Ankhu born
sab
and ari-nekhen
The
stele has a similar
Ankh-taui
Abydos
for
Memphis the "ha and lut
of Hent-pu.
formula to Osiris lord of
(at
begotten of the
and Ophois lord of
?)
divine sealer, Senbetfi,
and divine
of the lady Neferu."
It
sealer Hor, born
seems odd that the
connection of Osiris with Abydos
is
not referred
to in the inscription.
The
figure of
to Osiris
Ab}dos,
!
Fragments from a temple of Sankhkara.
PL
lord
marks on
the quarry
him a temple of stone
Fragments from a temple of
offerings.
as his
Place,
god,
Senb and born of the lady
"year 50 Abydos."
8
his
on another " King Mentuhotep has made
Horus,
prayer to
Abydos, No. 10 "year 46, Abydos," Nos.
made
king of Upper and Lower Egypt Neb-kkeru:
a
Ameiiv, begotten
wa/.ir
Amongsl
xxvii.
the injured table of offerings which,
chiefly to
"
PI.
III
Mentuhotep
ra
....
the
hotep
PI. xxiv-v.
sands of
the great
and
of the royal city
be the
-r S^.
I.
dedicated after the king's death.
65.
Khentamenthes
PI. xxviii.
appear to
here
inscriptions
Mr. Petrie suggests,
as
inscribed with
is
the building stones, No. 9 gives the
reigned in succession, sons of
ankhnes.
statuette
Khentamenthi
fsiris
<
was
father
his
to
milk must
jars of
Merenra and Neferkara were brothers who
two
monument
as his
nnophris (or
<
Osiris
of
at the festivals.
PI.
Isiris
portions of the offerings and sacrifices
refer to
In*
<
made by him
stated thai the door
liavi
Ahvdos, for offerings "to the ka of the governor
" Sealed
The
"
The
eternity."
fourth
formula and musl
thi
extent of
the
to
tilings (?)
(?),
they
48
Ameny
has a formula addressed
Khentamenthes, the great god lord of "chancellor,
the
for
Ameny (?), of the lady Kemtet."
means "Bread
PL xxx,
chief
steward
begotten of Taenhaau, born
The name
of the father
of the poor."
1.
Prayer
for
the "official of a
department, Sa-Hathor, born of Menkhet," and 1
Hen- Borchardt
in
Deir
el
Gebrawi
i.,
pp. 29-30.
for his wife (?) "
Mema, born
of Metu-ankh."
ABYDOS
44
Behold the heart of
begotten of
Tlie chief scribe, Neferhotep,
2.
born of the lady Senbet, says: "Hail to thee,
thou
eldest son
coming
forth
....
king
Ta-ur,
in
"
menthes Lord of Abydos
example of
beyond what had been formerly
Khcnta-
An
early
with
many names
of wine-vessels
This plate contains an inscription
PI. xxxi.
whose norm n at
unknown.
least
by three
names
Osiris to the
son Tehutiaa," and " to the
part of the
lea lea
Penthen
Neferu."
(?)
Below the Favour granted
New Kingdom
appropriately be interpreted as "
Thinite":
••the
wwA
" he
but
the
66.
PI.
we
plate
this inscription
From
xxxiv.
gifts to the
) 1
An
temple of
D
Kingdom,
probably belongs.
the fragments on this
Osiris.
The
inscription
of this
ie
fragment
small
high
hand
left
to
this,
that
is
number,
low numbers,
n
it
120 2
1,
at
©
"Daily [provision]
(Heading)
[by?
offered
king Menkhepcrra?] son of the Sun Thothmes, "
In the table
we
see various
numbers— 82, GO, 200, 700—of loaves bat of many sizes— 13, 41, 60, 100. 146, half bushel (quadruple heqt) of
Hour
called
to the
also
;
hay
or vegetables, dates (1 bunch), milk (2 vessels).
Below
this table is a single line of
probably of the
heading
width of the inscription,
full
by a very extensive tabulation
followed
remains on the fragments in the
on the niidd Ie fragment
A
on
lines
to
which
lines.
being on the right hand larger fragment, and of lines
a
amongst the
(3)
Lower partof the plate: portions of three lines
two
Part of
two horizontal
points out, [O]
this end.
:
written in horizontal
gift,
Mr. Petrie
to
to
was followed
inscription
The objection
giving
brings
for
introductory text setting forth the
occasion of the Pari
of This,"
Thothmes made considerable
seems to have consisted of (
He
seems scarcely possible so
of "
learn that
as
spelling
early as the end of the Middle
which period
of the king's
would readily and
who
his son
should perhaps be attached to the piece
the later
him by
for
hand fragment.
the right
of the king's
in
and bronze,
silver]
lines of tabulated offerings.
the heading remains in
nomen.
the
of
are inscriptions, "
by the king and daughter
was done
The introductory
(2)
reading of the prenomen, and son of the Sun that
and
vessels
loves him, Thothmes."
was hitherto
Sekhem-khu-taui-Ra is probably the
Pen(?)then
with
[of gold,
this
of a king
"*ns
This fragment also seems to show the lower edge of the whole insci'iption.
The enumeration
is
in
horizontal lines divided at intervals by vertical lines.
one
should be moved conies opposite to the left a
i
line
down, so that
The
.
(Heading)"
large fragment on
was probably separated from these by
long gap, hut
another small fragment
joins
(?) <
King Thothmes, anew unto
of
'siris
.
righl
band edge, giving
33!' Connecting read ".
these
pieci
together
we
may
:
.
.
the
-,;, r.-) j
thai
encompasses the Hanebu.
.
.
."
The
sively fragmentary
kinds of its
[offered] forthe benefit
silver
we
w
I,
"my
it
:
father
is
exces-
of offerings
included boxes of differenl
objects in alabaster
and bronze.
read,
list
his
iron
(?),
of the
list
(?),
Towards the end
majesty gave unto him
oil
aruras
of higher land.
Also
my
majesty gave unto him serfs anew to and white cloth ...."'
make
fine
of ///(/(/-land ami 40
linen
)
INSCRIPTIONS.
I'll!-:
what
XXXVI.
PI.
"Favour granted by
the
and Osiris
king,
I
steward
scribe,
Memphis, superintendent
of
He
says
d-Pek, T
have come unto
I
'
:
my
prayers are unto thy
each day
lea
:
give thee glory, I exalt thee and glorify the
beauties of thy face.
me
and beer, oxen and fowl,
and thread, incense and ointment, water,
May
wine and milk.
unguent and
best
oil
in the feast of
with the
I be anointed
that has been cast off from
the forehead of the god
figure
tablet
max'
:
receive
I
Uag, of green and red
fillets
May
cloth.
as a perfect spirit,
'siris)
may
from the servants of Horns. loveth)
— — ttli
one (who
on the right hand
burial and
a
,.
am
I
(?),
the chief steward of the king, one praised
came
from the body of
forth
who
hath reached reward,
one
who
praised,
excellent satisfier of the heart of his lord, the
king's
steward
scribe,
his
The the
inscription
is
probably of the middle of
XVIIIth Dynasty.
67.
support of the head
of a statue.
At
the back
:
arm
i%
;
became
/"j
(?)
" the chief priest of
Ra-
shrine shapi
a
is
'I
cartouche of
hi- god.
" the
the
chancellor,
royal
on the other seem
;
enigma tie writing, together with
My
at the feet, " (r)
lord appointed
me
of the temple of l'tah
I
:
(?) overseer of the whole country, judg-
ing the land for the king."
On
the front, from the knees
downwards,
is
longer inscription, the central column being a
a
in
kind of enigmatic writing.
"The
priest (?) of l'tah in
...
Ra-hetep, he says,
O my
my my my
'
.
the
great
place,
the chancellor
.... me for
of
secrets
chief of
lord, protect
excellence, grant safety to
body bones
make
soul,
be good, and
be safe unto the future, because
to
For truth'
— the
He
says,
god.
my
to prosper, its flesh to
am
I
thy servant, loving thee
who
wazir Parahotep,
'Let
me become
a-
is
a
as those in thy
who see thy forms exalt me amongst the Let spirits, make me divine amongst the souls. me be summoned to thy presence daily, and
train,
On the
PI. xxxvii.
arms
father Ra-hotep "
name
under
wazir
as a pectoral, with the
wazir as fosterer
in
hotep.''
his
upon a squatting
Memphite worshipper
a
and the figure of
uiir
Amen-
Memphis,
of
»n
inscriptions
1
ween
to be titles (?) in
:'
detesting evil, without crime
truth,
for the lea of the sab, |,,,
be parted
I not
worn
divine
enter the rTeshem-boat (the sacred boat of
I
Bet
his king <
tin
and evidently
il
washed my god,
I
:
(Pa-)Ra-hotep,
of
l'tah.
iif
there be given unto
Lei
offerings of bread
cloth
•
lord of
thee,
pleas og '"
purified
Amenhotep.
of the treasuries of silver and gold,
pious and
is
Below are
Innophris, the great god in A.bydos; the kin-'-
i
to
:
destroyed from
not be
out
land
the
'
— the
J
Ta-ur (the reliquary of
the
Osiris)
divine chancellor in great dealings
the cere-
(?),
monial attendant, the master of ceremonial in
.... the .... He A bydos,
I
divine servant of Osiris, Nebenmaat says,
secured gold for
I established I
my
servant
of
....
master (?)
up upon the
scaffolding of the
"
barge
:
he
of the king, the wazir Parahotep." PI.
Osiris
has
xxxviii. at
left
plate,
side
:
" the divine
says,
'
I
many
Ta-ur, kher-heb of the the other side
:
"
god who
He
records.
savs,
.
Of
Rameses
11,
the fragments in this If
joined to the larger one below, so that the signs are continuous, and
should
so
that
O
be
the larger fragment
placed
below
are joined.
them,
The
in-
therein.'
is '
in the reign of
the small one in the middle should
servant Xeben-
was the chief priest of
Unnefer, the high priest of
Abydos
above
(?).'
On one
On
divine
the god upon his sacred stand and
raised that
maat
was
'I
erpa ha, chancellor, confidential friend
.
.
.
doius;
scription was a
hymn
or prayer addressed by
I
AKYDOS
!
Unnefer
Osiris
to
thy son to
;
it
ends "
'
make liameses
establish thou his enthrone-
live,
ment upon the great seat, advance him (?) in two lands that he may live for ever,' (pronounced) by the chief priest of the royalty of the
•
Mris, Unnefer."
The second
11.
[Addenda
including Harakhti,
is
an address to
all
Atum,
when
scribe,
steward of the temple of liameses II
Abydos, by Nezem, the royal
11
is
a prayer to " Osiris,
ruler of eternity, Ptah-Sokaris, coffin," for "
Lord of the
thousands of every good and pure
thing, thousands of every
good and sweet thing,
given by heaven, produced by earth, brought
by the Nile, of
offerings
its
to breathe the air,
;
smell the north wind, and drink water in the swirl of the stream
the
steward
of
;
the
ka of the scribe of
for the
southern city (Thebes),
master of ceremonies in the
Any."
/, lx,
and
the
column
third
2,
read,
the fourth
in
T
ill'
nrzj
The kneeling of
Unnefer,
inscriptions
inscription
state
to
festival of
figure,
is
lxv, 8,
pi.
Hora,
of
his
said
to be
The
son.
in
(?).
last
best
Ptah-Sokaris-Osiris,
Ennead
The
In
copied.
deities,
divine
Karnak
is
which Mas found just before leaving Abydos,
the gods of the sacred land, and the in
Jt
1.
and was not dry enough to clean completely
!
Hathor,
Abydos
here a correction to the inscription in Ab.
§>©
inscription
to
Amon,
-Jbl^jGI
read,
^
J
^
* J)
|g
f
|
'
*]
{
f
J
at the side.
HV^t^^1iPI?nSyi3 ? by the
feet.
rwmiiMitvHiDi — s
^>
tPil^V13)miPV?oJ-
Th °
back has the same inscription slightly varied. W. M. F. P.]
17
CHAPTER
VI.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 68.
Ix dealing
with so
many
details
it
may
be
temple.
In order to
best to bring together a brief
tions of the gods we
main
in
results, especially for
summary of the those who may not
It
lias
been a surprise to find that Osiris
in
I— III
Kbnumu
.
.
Anher Khentamenti
Horus Tahuti
.
Asar
Asar Khentamenti Asar neb Abdu Asar neb Daddu
Asar neb Ankhtaui Asar Unnefer
Hathor
.
.
Ptah nefer her
Uazyt
Anpu Asar-neb-ta-zeser
Though mere accident may
lead to a
name
J
not having been preserved from an early date, yet accident cannot be supposed to entirely per-
vert the evidence
names in the
in a site. first
drawn from the occurrence of We see that Upuaut appears
period,
is
prominent through the
Middle Kingdom, and then disappears.
Whereas
the Middle
Kingdom,
Osiris does not
appear
till
and grows in importance to the end. Upuaut is the name on the only temple vase, and appears
relative posi-
them
in
the order
site,
with the number of instances during
each period that their names have been published
is
not more prominent in the early history of the
Upuaut
place
which they appear on the monuments of the
temple
have time to consider the whole of the material.
compare the
may
.
Abydos /and
this
volume.
ABYDOS
48
and Osiris alone does not appear
Dynasty;
XHIth Dynasty
the
till
The
xxviii).
(pi.
mention of Anher belongs to the capital Thinis (Ahydos
and does not
Ivi),
/,
relate
to
this
The
history
appcais
worship
the
of
the
of
place
have been then that Upuaut was the
to
temple at
of the
ing the temple.
In
the
Vlth
(he
In
first.
Dynasty Khentamenti appears was
xix) as own-
(pi.
Xlth Dynasty Upuaut
mainly venerated by Sankhkara (xxv).
siill
In the Xllth Dynasty the temple foundations
honour of Khentamenti
are in
of Osiris,
and
is
— for
Asar neb Daddv, Asar the
time in the
first
XITIth Dynasty
Asar neb Abdu
Asar Khentamenti continues,
be the main form until in the
Osiris alone stands
on an equal footing. Khentamenti, the
Khentamenti, and
lastly Osiris alone,
gives too consistent a view to be merely the If in other texts outside of
result of accident.
the temple
it
should prove that Osiris
Abydos
an earlier date,
at
it
is
called
would then
only apply to his lordship of the cemetery; the tin pic itself i
was that of Upuaut, and next of
Khentamenti.
The change in the character of the temple under the IVth Dynasty is notable (see sect. 14). The great bed of vegetable ashes differs from anything seen before, and the offerings of clay are
unknown.
stagi
:
meets the
exactly
there
no temple, and
is
a
fire,
cheap substitute for the real offerings of animals
and vegetables, on which the priesthood
lived.
This disestablishment and confiscation of endow-
This
although there were large buildings
cell
:
ami
The ash bed was only
at a later
in
time another case of this.
The date
of
new form of worship must have been two before
Pepy
I
in
the Vlth
Dynasty, and
and
;
it
quite in accord with
is
the dominant character of Khufu.
Several objects have placed the history
69.
of art and products in an entirely
new
light,
and
change some of the ideas hitherto accepted.
At
beginning of the
the
1st
Dynasty we
with the art of glazing fully developed,
not only for large monochrome vessels, but for inlay in different
Mena and
It
(pi. iv).
in the
round
colours,
was
as
in
advance on new
(pi. i)
of coloured
lines
glass
the
vase
also used for relief ;
of
work,
and on a great
for the coating of wall surfaces.
scale
Certaiuly no
appears until the variety
and glaze appeared
in
the
XVIIIth Dynasty. At the same early period arises the fine art in ivory carving, which is equal to anything done later,
and in
its
absence of convention stands
The statuette of the old king (pi. xiii), and some of the fragments on pis. ii, iii, show as good an underabove
all later
in the
temple building here belongs to
new
strono- ruler has to organize a
order of things
accompanied by the negative change
building was added around this
find
abolished the
clay votive offerings are thrown into a
standing
before and after this.
a small
temples and tradition
we
conditions that
positive
similarly
that iiM great
age,
This
sacrifices.
New meet
Kingdom
this
the
closed
states that
And
This succession of Upuaut,
is
Khuf'u
when Herodotus
the future state (xxvi, xxix).
to
change
tradition of a religious revolution at the rise of
world
who is
however,
it
the
in the
(altar pi. xxix).
in
have
whenever a
or
Osirian
And we
IVth Dynasty.
or
ments has been a familiar course in history
Ankhtaui,
lord of
Illrd
to the
Asar
Xllth Dynasty
Xllth
temple of the 1st Dynasty.
Asar
Hapi, meaning Khentamenti
neb
after the
must be therefore probably referred
It
like
(xxiii).
Khentamenti then appears, perhaps
in the
two stages
the IVth Dynasty,
temple.
deity
II.
of
Egyptian works.
form as at any later age.
l-t
ami llnd Dynasty the intercourse
with Crete had
brought in the polished black
ware well known as the early product of that island,
in
the later neolithic age.
cups were used tint
in
larger jars probably for
xlii,
The
small
importing bright red paint, oil,
&c. (xii, 267
9
;
20—36).
This connection hears ouf the importation of
SUMMARY OP RESULTS. the earliest kind of painted island pol tery at the
same period.
pottery found with objects of the (x,
The decrees Dynasty
The camel had hitherto been unknown Egypt until late times. Now a camel head
M
ami been re-introduced; this
is
much
are
the
old
iron found
like the
*s of the
k
the
in
Dynasty metal
tli-
documents of
state
224) points to the animal having died ou1
of
(xvii, xviii)
in
Dynasty
i
with
the
shows that
was
it
history of the horse in l^gypt, as lately suggested
metal
by Zippelin.
Income common
the
<
>ld
at
knowledge of
leasl
known
Kingdom, though
till
The
Kingdom.
two or three thousand
for
in
back
only examples of
tods of the
the copper
carries
Vth and YTth
Ttli
\
thai
years,
and
a
rare
as
did not
it
Greek times.
The statue of Khafra has long been one of the main treasures of early Egyptian portraiture,
mention also the discovery of the
but his more celebrated
predecessor,
prototype of Deir-el-Bahri, and the great stele
was quite unknown
by appearance.
last
to us
we have recovered a
so small, yet
by
its
statuette, which,
last
most
produced.
realize
ruling
work
power and character
ranks with some of the best can at
At
though
exquisitely minute
gives us a portrait that for
the
Khufu,
(xiii, xiv).
We
the nature and energy of
character
that
Egypt ever
Though not
in the
present
volume, we cliff
of Queen Tetashera, the ancestress of the
may
temple
Wfllth
Dynasty.
The clearing of the ten successive temples of Abydos has given, for the first time, the continuous history of a ties.
And
new view
it
site
through
all
the dynas-
has afforded in several respect- a
of the beginning of the civilization.
ABYDOS
II.
APPENDIX, THE SIZES OF BRICKS. 70.
In uncovering walls of so
many
periods the
sizes of the bricks
comparison of the
was often
identifying the connection between
of use for
The time required for finding the dimensions of one set of these unbaked mud bricks was considerable. One or two joints might show, or even a wall might show its bricks all different walls.
mud
over, and yet dozens of sections of the soft
enormous bricks two
we cannot
feet long
They
say.
and a foot wide
on the N.W.
lie
sand bed beneath the wall of Tahutmes
The
references to the plans are given here
the " nominal " widths,
plans in which they are found appear beneath the
The breadths
nominal width.
lengths and breadths could be certainly identified
following
not
is
sufficient
together in one
several
vary
Ft
thickness
in
clearly delimited
The breadths of the bricks
brick
from
measure the
length, as
the
;
to
itself
joints
side.
are usually about half of the length ;
but this
is
by no means
exact,
on
reference
plans
the
But
that gives
or
letters
4.3
Foundation W. of wall,
but merely serve to distinguish different
measurements and
and the following
to refer
S. wall of
W.
5.6
ash shrine,
5.72
Low
which varies from 4.4 to
6.4.
from 5.2 to Pepy's
8.9 to
Kom-es-Sultan,
Base of E. outside
6.2
W. end of wall E. of Teta decree, lii. Low corner N.W. of Kom-es-Sultan,
xlix.
6.45
wall, 265, xlix.
xlix.
6.5
W.
of K. in
liii,
and cross walls 21A,
in
big N.E. wall, 305-
liii.
deposit
pit,
and low corner N.W. of outside
wall,
13.2,
&c,
Usertesen
I
lvi,
are
xlix. in
both.)
Then the Xllth Dynasty
of a break
in
N.W.
13.8,
&c,
filling
outside wall, xlix.
sizes, 7.0 to 7.35.
XVIIIth went outside of all these into To whom belong the 9.0 for the width.
the
lii.
(13 and 15 inch bricks tuized
only used the greater of these
And
under
Iv.
sizes,
Dynasties show larger 7.8.
houses
square,
6.1 2
7.0
dis-
— Xlth
S. of
Corner tower N.W. of Kom-es-Sultan,
between the plans
The general conclusions from this table that from 1st to Vth Dynasty there is nothing The Vlth
end of outer gate
6.05
sets
table.
tinctive in the size,
the
liii.
Wall
size.
These reference numbers are not exact averages,
of
S.
5.22
as
an immediate notion of the
are
xlix.
more than one alphabet would be used up, numbers were better. It seemed best then to use the medium breadth of the bricks as a reference number, as numbers might be used.
which
Inches.
and both dimensions need fixing separately.
For
to
:
must be
mortar on each
its
by
and the numbers of the
there are no references on the plans
fixed.
but
do not appear in any built wall.
earth might have to be sliced before two or three
and
in the
III,
I
1.3
patched E. wall of outside, 245,
xlix.
TIIK SIZES
266,
W.
7.1
W.
[Tsertesen
1.1
1
side
wall,
end 303-
S.
lvi.
temple A. 202-189,
Li.
14.2 inner corner of X.K. thick
wall,
liii.
1.4
1
construction chamber
in
above,
liii.
E. outside wall, xlix.
7.2
EC om-es- Sultan
outside wall, xlix.
Usertesen wall S.W. and
Lower
7.35
part
8., lvi.
Kom-es-Sultan,
inside
xlix.
&c, top 10 courses Sultan, N.W., xlix.
J3.K,
7.8
and
E.
walls
8.
of Kom-es-
Kom-es-Sultan,
of
xlix.
Tahutmes Ml wall at N.W., Ivii. Tahutmes III retaining wall by deposit
8.7
8.9
116,
Tahutmes
9.0
wall,
The excess breadth
on W.,
lvii.
(i.e.
III
li.
of the
length over double
the
the allowance for one mortar joint)
on an average,
XVIIIth Dynasty. of 13.5
III wall
X.W. sand bed under Tahutmes
12.1
is,
lvii.
*4
in each period before the
The two
and 15.2 inches
different lengths
(see 7.0)
mixed
together,
probably were respectively for stretchers and headers,
to
allow of
bonding across a wide
middle joint in the wall.
DIMENSIONS OF BRICKS. Nominal.
OP BRICKS.
51
ABYDOS
62
Nominal.
11.
..;;
INDEX TO PART Aahmes
I,
tomb, town, &c.
....
II.
ABYJJUS
bi
Cow ,,
dish, in ivory
.
.
quartz
,
.
Cretan pottery
28, 38,
.
Crocodiles
.
Cylinder of limestone
Deer
Frogs
25
Fruits, glazed
48
29, 38
Currelly, Mr. C. T.
of black steatite
,,
24
25
.
Crystal bowl
.
3
.
9
9,
29
Deir at Abydos
3
Bahri
el
Den
period of objects
Girl, figure of
3
Glazed
figures,
found
,,
vases of
Mena
,,
tiles
,,
inlaying
Gods worshipped Granite pylon
of levels
.
cow
Dish, ivory, form of
.
„
shrine
,,
statues
Griffith,
Mr. F.
Deposit, sec Foundation.
Diagrams
.
LI.,
Grooves for staves by door
21
Ground, differences
21
Dog, glazed
25
Dolls
28
Hansard, Miss F.
12
Hapi
Doorways
of stone
Halbert, iron
12
Hawks
26
Hearth
Drain under causeway
18
Heb, name
Draughtsman
26
Dovetail of
10, 11
.
tiles
inlaid, of
burnt offering
of
Hclt sign in deposit
stone
2,3 21
.
Hen vase
.
Hez-hotep,
name
Hieroglyphs on Feathers, copper
Fetish stones
12,
.
.
Flint flake, as that of Zer
„
,,
.
as that of Perabsen
32
Hippopotami
27
Hor
9
23, 26
Flint flakes on floor of deposits
.
Flint knives
.
.... ....
Horus, bronze figure of
15
38
Ink-slab of chert
27
Inundation
.
Flint serpent
.
27
Iron, earliest
.
27
,,
halbert
16
,,
swords
large knife
Floor props
.
Fortification wall
Forts of early king-,
6, 18, .
.
Foundation deposits on plans
.
.
Vth Dynasty
(?)
,,
of
Pepy
,,
of
Mentuhotep(V)
,,
,,
marked
,,
,,
of Usertesen
,,
X
20
I
Tahutmes III Amenhotep Ramessu III
,,
of of
„
,,
of
,,
,,
defining temple
,,
,,
description of
1
6
.
tile
Khasekhemui, sealings
11,
20
Khati
14
Khrntamenti
.
.
.
STa-name on
20
20
18, 21
1
.
10,
6, 17,
,,
Ivory carvings
.
.
3
15,20
.
tiles
.
Hora
Flints venerated
,,
.
.
3
Excavation, by clearance
Eye
of level
.
Hen-ur, name
Eckensteiu, Miss L.
chapte
21
Dogs, ivory carvings of
Door, grooves for stave s by
Abyd
at
Granaries, size of
8
Destructive for stone
.
Glaze polychrome
29
in pottery
Deir
ir.
.
17, .
Kbnumu,
.
priest of
.
Khufu, seated figure of ,,
changes
in
worshiv
20
King, ivory statuette of
19
Knife, copper
18
20
of
,,
.
lead model
Kom-es-Sultan
by
AT5YDOS Sanded ground Sandstone carvings
Sankhkara Sealings
,
15, 1G,
7,
32
.
Sebekamsaf
I
.
Sebekamsauf
II
Sebekhotep III
Sedheb tablets
.
sign in deposit Senbtefi
Sequence dates Serpent of
Sety
I
flint
.
.
Ship on pan Shrine of red granite of glaze
.
Shunet ez Zebib Skins, stretched out Slate rings
carving
,,
.
Standard hawk
.
Stands of pottery Stannus, Mr. H. Steatite cylinders
Stele of
Pepy
.
Store rooms
Stone doorways
Swords, iron
Tablets of
Pepy
I.
Tahuti
Tahutmes III
.
.
7,
13, 17
18, 19,
2
Tauraa
Temenos
Old Kingdom
of
Usertesen
,,
Temple
growth Temple, ,,
first
of
.
second, 1st Dynasty
i.
Ifnd and Illrd Dynasties
,,
IVth Dynasty
third, >>
I.
clearance of
site,
Vth Dynasty
>>
VI th Dynasty Mentuhotep 111
fourth,
,,
fifth,
Sankhkara
,,
sixth,
,,
seventh, Usertesen
I
Tahutmes III Bamessu ill Aahmes
eighth, ninth, tenth,
,,
I
Temples, ten found
.
,,
need of removing
,,
history of
.
later
33,
II.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; IVORY FIGURES,
M. 69.
1st
DYN.
ABYD03, TEMPLE; IVORY FIGURES, M.
69.
I**"
DYN.
111.
2: 3
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: GLAZED POTTERY, M
69.
IV.
I
-~~^m&^Sf wm-p-p.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; GLAZED FIGURES, M.
69.
|ST
DYN.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; GLAZED FIGURES. M.
69.
|st
DYN.
VI.
ABYDOS. TEMPLE; GLAZED FIGURES, M.
69.
1st
DY n.
VII
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; GLAZED BEADS, TILES, &c, M.
69.
1st
DYN.
VIII
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; FIGURES OF LIMESTONE, &c, M.
64.
IX.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; GLAZED FIGURES, &c, M. 65 &
89.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: GLAZED AND ROUGH POTTERY.
XI.
204-
,r
£*
si
2&>yV*
I
J
r
i
r*V
^KbX rs. -•/
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; POTTERY AND INSCRIPTION, 1" D YN. I
XII.
3:2
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; IVORY STATUETTES.
KHUFU.
XIII.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; ROYAL OBJECTS,
I.— VI. DYN.
XIV.
1
:
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: COPPER TOOLS.
2
&C.
XV.
0=^
I]
m 110
II
173
i
10s II
n
IZ
13
(J
18?
u LEAD
2
:
3
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: SEALINGS,
IV
DYN.
XVI.
2
E-R-A.
1
:5
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: DECREE OF TETA,
VI
DYN.
XVI
A
f
4} EH.
%
Mh M,//,///
1
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: DECREE OF NEFERARKARA, V DYN.
:4
XVIII
^!ir4t¥~^ 4 A
\4
TI7
n *
I
iu
% t
-1 ^
^ 5'
u
1?^
softs-
11 If
4
Tr
Aft
*2/H~^*im*ftftt ZH
«& *
» 0=*
8fc#
WM-F-P-
1
ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF PEPY, LINTEL AND STELE,
A i
E
«L
tfx
I
4 to
U
VI
DYN.
XIX.
3
:
10
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: INSCRIPTIONS OF PEPY.
VI
XX.
DYN.
F.H.
"*A-#l
i
^tt-t v
i
yu -i
T
T-
t
T-1 £
;
*/* i
t i
M-A.M.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; VASES, &c, OF PEPY.,
255
ALABASTER VASES.
LINTEL
VI.
DYN.
XXI.
GILT COPPER FEATHERS.
GLAZED DECORATION.
1
:
3
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: COPPER TOOLS,
VI
DYN.
;
IRON WEAPONS.
XXII.
I
W.M.FR
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; INSCRIPTIONS OF XI.— XII. DYN.
COPING AND LINTEL OF USERTESEN
I.
XXIII
1
:
ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF MENTUHOTEP
6
III,
XI
DYN.
XXIV,
~\
p II
1
1 I
E.R.A fl/.M.F
1:6
ABYDOS: TEMPLES OF MENTUHOTEP
III
AND SANKHKARA,
XI
DYN.
XXV.
r •,!„A\^?-l^^P\ f ~^ (
mm
>
f^A
E.R.A
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: LINTEL OF USERTESEN
1:5
I,
XXVI.
&C.
C
H.P
1
:5
/iiT
ir
it
& 1 1
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BLOCK WITH GROOVES BY DOOR OF PEPY.
1:10
XII
C=t3
XXVI
&c.
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9
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: USERTESEN
III
STATUE; SEBEKHOTEP
III
JAMBS.
XXVIII.
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3
ABYDOS. TEMPLE: STELES,
XII-XIII
DYN.
XXX.
1:3
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: STELES OF PENTHEN, &c.
XIII
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XXXI
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ABYDOS, TEMPLE; INSCRIPTIONS OF
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ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF TAHUTMES
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7.
FIGURE OF RAMESSU
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XIX. -XX.
DYN.
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RAMESSIDE GROUP.
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5.
PA-KHRED-NA-AHU.
QUEEN THIY-MERENAST. RAMESSU
III.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: STELE OF
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ABYDOS. TEMPLE: HEAD OF NEB-EN-MAAT. FIGURE OF PA-RA-HOTEP. XIX DYN,
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ABYDOS, TEMPLE: BOAT, HARPER. PIECES OF FIGURE OF MUT-TUY.
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XXXIX
A.M.B. F.H.
1
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2
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: FLINT KNIVES.
XL.
1
:
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: FLINT HOES AND SCRAPERS.
2
XLI
17
120
245
245
267
187
275
33
30
298
197
138
155
1
:
ABYDOS: STONE AND POTTERY OF EARLIEST TEMPLE.
6
XLII
STONE
BOWLS
POTTERY OF FIRST DYNASTY AND EARLIER .20
2
36
39
40
1
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ABYDOS, TEMPLE: POTTERY OF
6
1
1— V
DYNASTY.
4-3
204
195
205
50
227
227
208
79 78
80
1
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ABYDOS, TEMPLE: POTTERY OF
ll-V
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XLIV.
no
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215
203
205 .112
109
,215
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1
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ABYDOS, TEMPLE: POTTERY OF
6
VI
DYNASTY.
XLV.
117 113
II
115
123
VI
TO X DYNASTY.
129 137
138
244
130
131
2
56 W.M-i
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ABYDOS. TEMPLE: POTTERY OF Vl-X DYNASTY.
6
140
155
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141
XLVI.
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150
144
I
145
143
156
151
154
148
XI
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160
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165
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167
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185 168
170
169
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9 USERTESEN
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DYN. 197
188
187
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196 ,189
,190
.191
W.M
ABYDOS, TEMPLE OF OLD KINGDOM.
XLVII.
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GENERAL VIEW TO N.W. KOM ES SULTAN BEHIND.
OLDEST MASONRY. PEPY GATE BEHIND.
1.
4.
7.
NAME OF PEPY ON JAMB.
CORNER OF OUTER WALL.
2.
BOLT HOLES
5.
8
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3
6.
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ABYDOS, TEMPLES OF V|th_xXV|th DYNS.
FLOOR O r TEMPLE DOOR OF PEPY
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CHAPEL OF
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