ABYDOS
by W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE
Classic Literature Collection World Public Library.org
Title: ABYDOS Author: W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE Language: English Subject: Fiction, Literature 'LJLWDOPublisher: World Public Library Association
Copyright © 20, All Rights Reserved Worldwide by World Public Library, www.WorldLibrary.net
World Public Library The World Public Library, www.WorldLibrary.net is an effort to preserve and disseminate classic works of literature, serials, bibliographies, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference works in a number of languages and countries around the world. Our mission is to serve the public, aid students and educators by providing public access to the world's most complete collection of electronic books on-line as well as offer a variety of services and resources that support and strengthen the instructional programs of education, elementary through post baccalaureate studies.
This file was produced as part of the "eBook Campaign" to promote literacy, accessibility, and enhanced reading. Authors, publishers, librariDQV and technologists uniteG to expand reading with eBooks.
Support online literacy by becoming a member of the World Public Library, http://www.WorldLibrary.net/Join.htm.
Copyright © 20, All Rights Reserved Worldwide by World Public Library, www.WorldLibrary.net
www.worldlibrary.net
*This eBook has certain copyright implications you should read.*
This book is copyrighted by the World Public Library. With permission copies may be distributed so long as such copies (1) are for your or others personal use only, and (2) are not distributed or used commercially. Prohibited distribution includes any service that offers this file for download or commercial distribution in any form, (See complete disclaimer http://WorldLibrary.net/Copyrights.html).
World Public Library Association P.O. Box 22687 Honolulu, Hawaii 96823
[email protected]
Copyright © 20, All Rights Reserved Worldwide by World Public Library, www.WorldLibrary.net
M 69. >BYDOS. TEMPLE: GLAZED POTTERY. 1
•
1
W'MF'P.
AB Y DOS PAET
1903
II.
BY
W.
FLINDERS PETRIE
M.
Hon. D.C.L., LL.D.. Litt.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., Hon. F.S.A. (Scot.)
MEMBER OF THE IMPEKIAI. GERMAN ARC AEOLOGICAL 1NSTIT1 CI CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE BOCIBTS OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN; MEMBER OK THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQV ARI II
J
t
;
EDWABDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, INIYERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.
With a Chapter by F.
GRIFFITH,
Ll.
M.A.,
F.S.A.
TWENTY-FOURTH MEMOIR OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE
LONDON SOLD AT
The
OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, i\-d
«„
bt
B.
8,
and
CO.,
Dbtbb* Ho.se,
ASHEE & CO., 13, HENEY PEOWDE, Ame.n
15, Piccabtllt,
Cheat
Russell
W.C
Street,
Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
KEGAN PAUL, TEENCH, TBUBNEE &
QUAEITCH,
37,
W.
;
1903
43,
Gerrard Street, Soho, W.
Bedford Street, Coyest Garden, W.< Corner, E.G.
.
Fww
Arts-
T)T
51
LONDON PRINTBD BY GILBERT AND IUVINGTON, LIMITED, ST.
JOHN'S HOUSE, f'LKRK KNWELL.
E.C.
EGYPT EXPLOITATION FUND. Iprcsioent.
SIR
JOHN EVANS,
K.C.B., D.O.L.,
DL.D.,
F.R.S., V.P.S.A.
IPicc^ipresiocnta.
Sir E. Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L.,
LL.D.
Prof. G. Maspero, D.C.L. (France). Prof. Ad. Erman, Ph.D. (Germany).
General Lord Grenfell, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. The Rev. Prof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D. The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.).
Josiah Mullens, Esq. (Australia).
M. Charles Hentsch
(Treasurers.
1boii.
Gardner M. Lane, Esq.
H. A. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A.
(Switzerland).
(Boston, U.S.A.
1bcm. Secretary. J.
S.
Cotton, Esq., M.A.
Members Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D.
H. Somers Claeke, Esq., F.S.A. W. E. Crum, Esq., M.A. T.
of
Committee. A. S.
Murray, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.
The Marquess of Northampton. Francis
Wm.
Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
Hilton Price, Esq., Dir.S.A.
Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A.
F. G.
Arthur John Evans,
Herbert Thompson, Esq.
Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
T.
Faemer Hall, Esq.
Kenton, Esq., M.A., Litt.D. Prof. Alexander Macalister, M.D F. G.
K.C.B., K.C M.G., F.R.S.
Mrs. McClure.
The Rev. W. MacGregor,
Mrs. Tirabd.
Emanuel M. Underdown, Esq., K.C E. Towry Whyte, Esq., F.S.A. Major-General Sir Charles W. Wilson.
M A.
CONTENTS OF PART
II.
CONTENTS SECT.
49. Sealings.
PI.
Vth
50. Inscriptions, PI.
51.
xvi
xvii-xx
xxii
xxiii-v
Vlth
Xlth
53. Inscriptions,
.
Dynasty.
ties.
Pis.
39
PL
CHAPTER
Dynasty
Bv
Pis.
&c.
35
xxxiii.
62 The 63 The
F. Ll. Griffith, F.S.A.
....
sealings
decrees
— XHIth Dynasties inscriptions
66. XVIIIth Dynasty inscriptions 67.
XlXth Dynasty
xxxiv-xxxix
.
inscriptions
43
44 45
35
.
68. Religions
.....
47
48
38
xl-xli
Pottery of 1st Dynasty.
Ilnd— Vtli
VI.
Summary of Results.
IV.
69. Artistic
xliii-iv
41
XVIIIth— XIX th Dynas
Flint Knives and Pottert.
60. Pottery of
41
42
64. Pepy inscriptions 65. Xlth
34
CHAPTER
59.
V.
Inscriptions.
CHAPTER
58. Flint knives,
Dynasties.
xlv-xlvi
Pis.
33
Dynasty.
XHIth
56. Granite pylon.
Vlth— Xllth
of
The
xxx-xxxii
57. Inscriptions,
Pis.
33
55. Inscriptions,
Pottery
PI.
xxvi-xxix
Pis.
61.
32
Dynasty.
Xllth
54. Inscriptions,
31
PAGE
31
PL xxi
.... ....
tools,
SECT.
Dynasties
.
Objects of Pepy.
52. Copper
—Vlth
PAGE
PL
38
xlii
Dynasties.
PL 39
APPENDIX. 70. Size of bricks
....
50
LIST OF PLATES WITH INFERENCES TO THE PAGES UN WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED.
PLATE I.
Temple
:
Glazed pottery (coloured)
„
Ivory figures,
IV.
„
Glazed pottery (coloured)
V.
„
Glazed figures,
II.
23, 25, 26, 48
Dynasty
1st
23, 24,
is
24, 28,
48
23, 24, 25.
is
III.
1st
Dynasty
23, 24, 25
VI.
.
VII. VIII.
IX.
25
25, 26
Glazed beads,
„
&c,
tiles,
1st
Dynasty
23, 20
,,
Figures of limestone, &c.
10, 20, 27
X.
,,
Glazed figures, &c.
27, 28, 49
XI.
,,
Glazed and rough pottery
„
Pottery and inscription, 1st Dynasty
,,
Ivory statuettes,
„
Royal objects,
XV.
,,
Copper
XVI.
„
XII. XIII.
XIV.
XVII. XVIII.
XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV. XXVI.
.
1st
1st
—Vlth Dynasties
9, 30,
.
.
—Vth Dynasties
.
Neferarkara, Vth Dynasty
„
„
Temple
of Pepy, Lintel
and
stele,
Inscriptions,
,,
,,
Vases, &c, of Pepy, Vlth Dynasty
,,
Copper :
tools,
12,3 1,
Vlth Dynasty
,,
,,
.
Vlth Dynasty
,
Xlth
:
„
Standards, quarry marks, &c.
,,
Usertesen III statues
XXIX.
„
Inscriptions,
XXX.
„
Steles,
„
Steles
„
Inscriptions of
;
Sebekhotep III jambs
Xllth Dynasty
Xllth— XHIth Dynasty of Penthen, &c, XUIth Dynasty
XUIth— XVIIIth
31,41
31, 41,
42,49
31, 41,
42,49
41, 42, 43, 48
Dynasties
43
20, 25, 31, 32 25, 32, 33
— Xllth Dynasties
Temple of Mentuhotep III, Xlth Dynasty Temples of Mentuhotep III and Sankhkara, Xlth Dynasty Temple Lintel of Usertesen I., &c.
31
29,
31, 32, 1
Vlth Dynasty, Iron weapons
Inscriptions of
48
31, 32, 49
tools, &c.
Sealings, 1st
28
30, 48, 49
Decree, Teta, Vlth Dynasty
,,
Temple
0, 28, 29, 38,
Dynasty and Kliufu
XXVII. XXVIII.
XXXI. XXXII.
.
I
,
16, 20,33,
48
14, 32, 33,
43
16, 33,
43,48 33,
43
12, 33, 34,
43
17,34,43 34, 43, 48 34, 43,
44
34, 44 34, 35,
36
LIST OK PLATES. PAGE
PLATE
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
Temple of Tahutmes III, W. pylon Temple Offerings of Tahutmes III :
,,
XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII.
,,
XXXIX.
,,
XL.
„
XLI. XLII. XLIII.
Inscriptions,
XlXth
— XXth Dynasties
Stele of l'u, tigure of
,,
....... ....
.
Amenhotep
.....
19, 35,
of Neb-en-maat, figure of Pa-ra-hotep,
36,
....
.
Flint hoes and scrapers
,,
Pottery of Ilnd
,,
—Vth Dynasties
XLIV.
XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII.
XLIX. L.
LI
Pottery of
„
Temple
of Old
Temples of
Temple ,,
„
:
1st
„
,,
„
principal buildings
Dynasty
.
Vlth Dynasty
.
Xlth Dynasty (Mentuhotep Xlth Dynasty (Sankhkara)
Xllth— XHIth
„
»
LXI.
,,
LXII.
„
Chamber
,,
,,
1.
and IV. inadequately
.
39
.
6, 11, 13, .
.
8, 9,
12 18 7
30
0,23, 26,28,31, 39 10, 14, 31, 32,
34
14, 15,
lu
III)
15, 16 1(1,
17
10, 17, is,
:\()
.
— XVIIIth Dynasties
III
Connection of pre-historic and historic pottery
Plates
39
11, 12, 13
» of glazes and ivories, 1st Dynasty
Tahutmes
.
40
Dynasties
Foundation deposits, Vlth
38
14, 15, 20, 39,
Periods of levels »
38
.
39
.
.
LX.
LXIV.
Dynasties
XVIIIth Dynasty XXth— XX Vlth Dynasties
LVIII.
LXIII.
.... .... ....
Dynasties
.
11, 20,
.
Ilnd and Illrd Dynasties.
LVII.
LIX.
Kingdom
Vlth— XX Vlth
Some
LIV.
LV. LVI.
Vlth— Xth
IVth and Vth Dynasties
LII. LIII.
Pottery of Vlth Dynasty
,,
37
28, 38, 48
Stone and pottery of earliest temple
„
45
36, 45, 46
.
Flint knives
36
36, 45
XlXth Dynasty Inscriptions of Unnefer, Nezem and Auy, XlXth Dynasty Boat, harper, pieces of figures of Mut-tuy, XlXth Dy nasty Head
„
35
35, 44
represent the original draioings in shading.
V.),
20
5, 6,
21
5, 0,
21
.
10
.
20
.
21
21,22
ABYDOS
II.
INTRODUCTION. 1
The work described in this volume was begun
.
end of November, 1902, and continued
at the till
the early part of April,
1
903.
In the previous
Abydos had
season a part of the early town of
been excavated, and
began at the
was shown that
it
close of the
extended over the
first
prehistoric
few dynasties
;
its
period
age and the con-
nection between the prehistoric scale and the
was thus
historic reigns
appeared in Abydos
town was
close
settled,
The
I.
behind the
and the
results
the
of
Xllth Dynasty, which stands
the sandy edge
higher up
II.
cultivated land it
of the
desert,
was
the ground gently sloping from the
;
upwards
reaches the foot of the
as a hills,
sandy plain, until a couple of miles
This slope of sand has been encroached
back.
upon by Nile deposits as the level of the river and what was formerly dry ground when rose built on in the early monarchy is now about ;
twenty
feet
below the high Nile
level.
This
rise of
the water, due to silting up of the Nile
bed,
the obstacle to dealing with most of the
early
is
sites
;
and
cleared as far as basis of the
in
previous
we could on
town.
the sand sloped
the
of work.
summer gave us
low Nile of
last
tunity that
we could ever hope
the best oppor-
to gain.
When
I went out in November, just after the inundation, the water in our pits was even lower than
when
I
had
left
it
April, instead of being
in
several feet higher as
is
usually the case.
I
was
tions than are generally obtained at the dry end
This early town being behind the temples, or into
mode
different
Happily the very exceptionally
temples
about half a mile north of the well-known later
more
some
to leave the early temple site for
position of this
site of the old
temples of Sety I and Ramessu
and we were obliged thus
it,
thus able to begin a season with better condi-
of Abydos, and within the great girdle-wall enclosure
we could not reach
season
we
the native-sand
Nearer to the cultivation
down below water
level, so that
of the season
;
and the water continued
No
as the year advanced.
to recede
better chance could
and whatever was possible to be done without enormous pumping Avorks was be ever hoped
for,
We
completely in our power.
much
chance by clearing as could deal with,
water out
level,
down
to
and no one
such pumping as
attempted.
As most
had
earliest
the
in
made use
of the
below
of the as
we
this exceptional
will ever see is
site
more with-
never likely
of the site
we
did
to
be
clear
time only been used
for
rubbish, and not for construction, there was the to work less reason to regret not being able
and the sand basis was reached so near is unto the lowest and oldest temple that it here. existed likely that any earlier building We have probably, therefore, exhausted the deeper
;
though no doubt there by the are acres of early buildings and enclosure site of
side of
the temple
it.
itself,
ABYDOS The broad can
be
result
on
traced
that ten different temples
is
about twenty feet
the same ground, through of level
difference
each
;
temple built on the ruins of that which preceded
work
quite regardless of the
it,
of the
On
which having been
sites
briefly occu-
pied have no great depth of remains,
back the earth as
to turn
whatever stood
way
in the
of
more complete
All striking pieces of construction,
exploration.
such as the stone gateways of Pepy, were
left
untouched, and work carried on to deep levels
around them
this
in
;
way
end of the
at the
season the site was bristling with pieces of walls
earlier kings.
2.
II.
it is
it
best
is
and blocks of stonework
above the low level clearances.
feet
removed, and so
ten or fifteen
rising
A
3.
main consideration
work was
in the
cover again the ground which has been searched.
where to place the removed earth. At the back of
And
the
where there
also
no structural connection
is
between
different parts, such as the plan of a
building,
it is
to
a
practicable to tui'n over the earth
considerable
important
But
results.
superposition
of
without
depth
so
in the present case the
many
buildings,
depth of the accumulations, made shift the earth entirely
searched
lower
it
and the
needful to
from the ground that we
and we could only throw back
;
any
losing
at the
on surfaces which had been cleared
levels,
In such a clearance
it
was impossible
to pre-
Had we avoided moving the foundations of the XXVIth Dynasty, we could never have seen much of the earlier work had we left the paving of the XHth Dynasty in place, we must have sacrificed the objects of the serve
all
had been
the structures.
;
was the ground which
turned over down to basal sand
all
season
last
and that could be heaped up with-
;
out any risk of covering things.
we began along
the west side of the temple
most of
this
railway
like
sides,
throwing at much over a hundred
were then sunk along the whole of
the north side, and the stuff thrown
Other
there.
im-
it
the whole temple site on to
to clear
Pits
that.
filling-
feet distance,
ground, made
limits of this old
possible
thus
But the delay caused by
area.
of these, leaving only walls of earth
And when two
out
far
were sunk on the inner sides
pits
lines
between.
of pits, showing about
Old Kingdom.
thirty feet breadth of ground,
such a space was
;
site,
embankments, along which the boys ran and threw the earth at the end and
conditions of
And, moreover, in the present Egypt we could not hope that any limestone building left exposed would be preserved for long so that we should have resigned
Accordingly
and gradually raised high banks
and the
to the water.
to the west, there
site,
of
clear
had proved that
stonework or any
important walls, we then threw out the earth close
Similarly on
to the pits.
the east side,
the older works for merely the temporary sight
and part of the south, having proved that there
which would soon be destroyed. Even while we were continually on the spot,
were no temple constructions
of later building
blocks of stone were several times removed at
night
;
and so tempting a quarry, with a big
Lime-kiln at each end of i
in
it,
will
worked by builders and lime-burners.
had we only worked the higher the
the rest,
formed 'j
never be
a
levels,
inflow of high Nile
left
Also
and
left
would have
pH ml that deeper work could not have been i
was
feet
in
to
the future. jilan
The only course there-
everything
fully,
and remove
high
twenty area.,
all
feet
and
narrow
raise
out,
heaps of earth ten or twenty
We
along.
some way
had
depth of earth
sometimes
all
to
remove about
over the excavated
twenty-five
feet,
lines of walls being left standing
;
only conse-
quently a huge mass of tip heaps was a necessary feature of the work.
pond which would have so rotted the
carried on fore
we could then
at
In
earth to
order to move such a great quantity to a
employ
considerable distance a,
large
number
it
of boys
The digging was always done by
of
was needful
old
as carriers.
hands from
INTRODUCTION. Quft, about thirty to forty pairs being employed
and the carrying required about
this site;
nil
a
hundred boys, who were drawn from the neighbouring
Each
villages.
pair
aumber
attached to them a sufficient
had
Quftis
of
according to the distance and height
of boys,
which
to
In the latter pari had to be carried. of the work the raising of the earth about thirty
the earth
feet
to
added
discharge
good
a
deal
and run
along zig-zag tracks on the tops of narrow walls,
The arrange-
to reach the outside of the ground.
ment of the thrown earth needed supervision
the boys
as
;
ways always throw
as
near as
continual
may
own
their
to
be,
and
so
high bank, up which everything has to
raise a
be carried only to
The
other side.
and long
first,
left
if
formed,
on
the bottom on
to
roll
distant
ground should be
the
filled
bank should be which more should
radiating lines of
the sides
be thrown until
of
the whole space
is
filled
up
As the excavation progressed there was an
incessant need of planning and recording all the
Where
constructions.
these consisted of stone-
lished
what looked
like a
high
proved to consist of several
Avail
walls, built
line in different ages,
on the same
when
difficult
to settle
for certain
nearly
but having a
band of ruins between one another.
was
cleared,
Again,
it
the level at
which a wall Avas based, and Avhether two pieces of
Avail
Avere really
therefore always
originally
went about
knife and a trowel in
continuous.
I
Avith a large dinner-
my pocket, and spent much
time in cutting innumerable sections and The top and tracing out the lines of the bricks.
of
my
base
level
of each piece of Avail
then had to
could
1-
then
be
Altogether,
points.
therefore the
of
result
I
nearly
six
temples
much
on other regions of Abydos.
The
Besides this work on
5. else
was
old
fort,
eh. ne
the
the Shunet-ez-Zebib, was cleared out,
and the dwelling chambers found Ln it, containing sealings of Deir,
Khasekhemui
another
;
between
was found,
tort
likely that these
forts,
and the
Thus
n -ecu,,
and perhaps the Deir
temporary residence- of the kings of
also, are the
the
two
that
with chambers
containing -ealings of IVrahsen.
The cemetery was further The
Ilnd Dynasty.
explored, finding some important tombs. great
tomb
at
the southern
Avas completely cleared
Bahri
el
;
— and
found
cliffs,
— the
other subjects will he treated
whom were engaged
Ayrton was
If.
in
Avhom helped
lor a
of the
work Mr.
it.
and
;
excavation.
that
alter
Mr. C.
T.
month on the cemetery,
know
to live at the southern
tomb
in
all,
charge of the work on the
on the great temple order to learn to
supplementary
entirely on the
and part of the cemetery
Currelly was
All these
I.
of workers were nine in
of the Fund, and all of E.
in a
of
discovered,
III.
Our party
forts,
year,
prototype
a town, were
which are the work of Aahmes
volume, Abydos
last
and another great tomb,
temple
shrine, a terrace
a
most of
Often,
fixed
lev<
thousand measurements.
and the surfaces examined to see whether they were foundations or upper conBut in the lower levels where only structions. brickwork work was used the survey needed a long preliminary study of the fragments of walls.
off
are
work, as in the later temples, the joints had to for,
and the
:
t"
;
6.
be searched
it
made 586 measurements of bricks took 1,073 levels; and made 2,132 plan measurements, besides 2,010 such which were made by Mi'. Stannus. The nine plates of plans here pub-
Deir
continuously. 4.
measured
the
to
labour; the boys had to climb up long rows of steps cut in the sides of the excavation,
he marked on
the
in
men; and then went
(dill's,
to
work the great
Xllth Dynasty, beyond which he
Miss L. Eckenfound the works of Aahmes. stein volunteered to come and help us, and gave
her
time
almost
antiquities that
them, which
much
is
entirely
were brought
in,
a large branch of
productive excavation
is
the
receiving
to
and storing
work Avhen
on hand.
so
Miss
F. Hansard also volunteered her help in drawing, and has produced most of the plates of
ABYDOS inscriptions.
Miss
M. A. Murray, although
II.
the work, observing the results, and valuing
mainly occupied for the Research Account, has
the objects for rewarding the men.
copied some inscriptions and checked over most
work,
of the others.
Mr. N. Rawnsley was occupied
in superintending the
excavation.
workmen
And Mr. H.
in the temple
Stannus gave his
architectural knowledge to planning the stone
My
buildings,
and some of the brickwork.
wife's time
was mainly spent on the Avork of the
Research Account
;
but the drawings of
she has done as last year.
My own
flints
time was
taken up in general attention to arranging
all
I
had
to
do
all
Of
the
and half of the planning
pottery
Though
and
detailed
the examination and inter-
pretation of brick walls in the temple levelling,
all
arranging
all
;
site,
the
also
drawing
the
plates.
the party was larger than usual, there
was certainly no time
to spare for
any one,
if
we
would deal properly with such a large space of ground, containing so
many
ance which required a
full record.
details of import-
CI
I
AI'TKI!
I.
THE HISTORY OF THE TEMPLES.
of recording
moved by us, being outside of the early temple area. The connection between the sloping sand
season differs from that
zero of last year and the level zero of this year
In the work in the town
maybe
Before describing the remains
7. it is
needful to note that the
the levels taken
this
followed last season. Ave
of the temples
mode
had to deal with separate and unconnected
houses, which there
had not been any reason
place on a level plane at one time
to
on the con-
;
stated thus:
— Near
the
\V. wall
outer temenos the basal sand slopes the E. at for
1 in -40 for
1,000
inches,
500 inches
and
then
;
of the
down
to
in
70
1
then horizontal for
is
region, about the
trary they were founded on a slope of sand, and
500 inches or more; at
the indications of types of pottery and flints
Tahutmes pylon, the zero basal sand
found at uniform heights above the sand, show
is
that the accumulation of buildings was fairly
So, roughly speaking, the sand zero of last year
uniform along the slope over the region then
outside the temple on the west slopes from
Hence the height over the
worked.
was the truest indication of
was always stated thus
basal sand
relative
age,
in inches in Abydos
and I.
about at 125 inches
to 125 inches
this
in the
above the zero
of last year
levels of this year.
150
level of this year.
But the sand would probably slope down to an average of 100 above zero beneath the
methods, were different.
and the average of seven forms of pottery found in both systems of levels, would
levelled
o-ive
This year the conditions, and therefore the
in
The temple site was the Xllth Dynasty and onward,
regardless of previous slope or irregularities of
the
site.
the earlier temples
grew irregu-
and do not follow a uniform slope of basal
larly,
sand
And
;
and heaps of broken pottery
filled
part of
the site which was covered by the second and third temples.
Moreover,
it
was impossible
to
reach the basal sand under most of the temple
and therefore heights could not be read from it. The only method then was to take true site,
levels
over the whole ground, and leave the
irregularities of each period to be seen
differences of level.
Hence
have no constant relation last year.
at
The zero
to
by the
the levels of this year
the heights
oversandof
of this year's levels was taken
400 inches below the top of the large block of
granite which formed the side of the pylon of
Tahutmes visible
III in the western wall
from
all
parts of the
site,
;
as that
was
and was not
temple
site
;
the sand surface as 92
in
absolute level.
Such amount of difference is desirable to avoid confusion, which might have arisen if the numbers had been nearly alike. There are no heights of objects over sand last year as large as 20 inches, and there are no levels of objects 1
tins
year as small as 120, so there can be no
question in future as to the meaning of numbers
on pottery or other objects from here. In
8.
the
plans
here
given
it
should be
understood that not only the new buildings of a buddings certain period are shown, but also all been have to are proved by their levels
which
in use at that period.
that
we know
to
use in one period. the older from the
A
plan shows then
all
have been in simultaneous
But in order newer work,
to distinguish
the buildings
from which are in previous plans are shaded appear first hio-h left to low right, those which
ABYDUS the present plan are shaded oppositely
iii
and,
:
again, of the fresh buildings, those which are
period are shaded closely,
earlier in the given
them later The relation
and those which were added
to
the period are shaded openly.
the different shading
plan
foot of each
given in
is
and
;
also the
of
of the
levels
shadings at opposite sides of the plan, dependi
ng upon the slope of the
Stonework
is
in
black where
solid
upright construction yet remains
open out-
in
;
line for
pavements and substructures.
work
shown by shading, varying according
is
Brick-
the
datum.
it
was founded, the upper
is
of the highest part of the wall, which
ground
level
at
AVhere only one level
use.
hyphen before base level, or the hyphen wall the
is
it
after
stated to a
is
it
was
close of
shows that
it
that
shows
when
the period
and therefore dates the
swept away, its
;
the level of the base of the wall,
is
showing when the
in
Usually
with a hyphen between
levels are stated
the lower
shown
are
levels
above the arbitrary
inches
two
plans
the
is
a
shows that
is
it
There type,
are
the
foundation
numbers
the
to
numbers
reference
also
mainly to
ferring
in large
deposits,
attached
re-
objects
to
found.
which show the breadths of bricks used For the details of such see under
in the walls.
the "nominal number
in
the table of dimen-
sions of bricks at the end of the volume.
" nominal
number"
is
a,
an idea o time.
letter or reference I'
the
It is
for different
to identify
general
to refer in
the
mark, and
to
the
table as it,
gives
dimension at the same
intentionally
made
group- of bricks,
them
This
not necessarily the exact
mean dimension, but it serves group of actual measurements well as
To begin
PI. xlix.
slightly differenl in
order
to serve
in the table.
All suggestions of restored outlines of build-
with, an outline of
some of the principal buildings nature of
general
the
attempted to show
work
will avoid
marked
Usertesen it
I
;
but
;
only
study of
upon town ruins
rests
it
But
XlXth shown
it is
the
portions,
connecting
and even
set consisting of
in
towers of
concave foundations, and then between, formed in straight
walls
The purpose
courses.
some parts
;
in pi. xlviii, with alternating
first
brickwork built
complete
a
that
The general charac-
seen.
is
of this construction has
may
long been a puzzle, but a suggestion
made
The weakness
here.
face, in
when
consists
in
the scaling of the
a whole sheet of two or three bricks
An
from the main mass.
bricks running through
And
the face. real
the
strengthening
alternate blocks
then
by
connected
Another advantage of ing begins wall
another
in
are
and
of ensuring that laid,
well
is
to
finished,
intermediate this
form
have
that
is
and
masses. if scal-
one block the joints across the
prevent
will
the wall, square with
lines
built
of well-laid
lines
way
best
away
obvious remedy for
have construction
to
be
of great walls of
thickness will crack through and drop
is
of
has been so
this wall
Dynasty building,
Roman jmtchwork ter of
of his founda-
sizes as bricks
would be a heavy task
it
on
selection
a,
The great outer first built by
confusion.
broken and repaired
often
the whole
periods, nor
all
show
have not
1
the bricks of the oldest parts of
same
are the
given, to
is
site.
was probably
xii
tion deposits, and
rest
the
any one age
of
wall
this
Also there are numbers with decimal points, as 6'1,
9.
unbaked brick
a top level.
without any
lines
the observed remains.
the Old Kingdom.
to its age as stated above.
Upon
marked with broken
shading, so that there can be no doubt about
which
site.
marked
ings are
in
table at the
a,
II.
block.
it
The
spreading alternate
through concave
to
and
straight courses are the natural result of build-
ing isolated
masses, on a concave
bed like
all
Egyptian houses, and then connecting them by intermediate walls. wall,
The hard
lace
across the
and the joint to prevent the spread of
THE BISTORT. OP THE TEMPLES. are
scaling,
the
advantages
essential
of
this
construction.
previous tombs. far
The corner marked
Kom-es-Sultan
is
the
because
abundance of burials
of the
The excavations of
with steles of the Xllth to XVTIIth Dynasties.
a
earth
the base parts
of the
through
right
were
thus
here
Old great
the
outer
wall;
the bricks are
higher than
that burials having
begun
great
it
fortification,
the base of
appears
It
his.
in that corner of the
was
to
box
gateway
S.E. corner
and
The
the
not at
feature
the
but
:
it is
later
west gate
site
main
a
is
than the Vlth Dynasty,
as the wall of that age cuts
it,
it
was cut
XXth
Dynasty.
and
in
two by
It
seems then to begin with Usertesen, whose
later buildings of the
gateways kept up
it
runs through
by Tahutmes
with granite pylon for
and
by Eamessu
also
and
;
who
III, it
II,
built a wall
(marked
who
have been
to
xviii here),
built
a
great
portal colonnade of limestone for the causeway
pass
to
through
on
entering
the
cemetery,
outside the west wall of this plan.
To
1st
Dynasty,
which were
dis-
covered last year and published in Abydos J, One more, No. 27. was found xxxvi xlix.
—
this
year beneath the wall of Tahutmes
of just the
same character
as
:
it
Ihh Dynasty,
\ VI
the
tombs
was
the
of
l-t
completely
all
a
west
the
the
of
Pepy.
Ii
is
Dynasty.
Illrd
Vlth
of the
which
side of
the inner
vi
yet
is
un-
known, and has probably been all de-troyed. The temple of Pepy is shown in the middle,
lies
W. and
S. sides of the thin
outside of that
The
it.
is
the
thick
boundary which
wall wall
greal
of
the
of XVIIIth Dynasty, with wed full., have the seems It to III. Tahutmes line of the Vlth Dynasty wall on the north.
The
walls of the
and
was
the larger of the
Xllth
would cause
here, as they
Dynasty arc omitted so
much
confusion
;
for all the details the following plans should
be studied.
The
outline
marked xix shows
a
high
level
platform of stone, which Avas probably the baseof buildings of
ment 10.
PI.
Ramcssu
This plate
1.
of building,
II.
includes two
and an intermediate
earliest building that I could trace site Avas at
the north of the causeway are seen the
tombs of the
Kom-es-
site
the granite pylon
understood.
all
the
f tin'
the temenos
is
wall which enclosed
to
east
Dynasty,
Avail
complex and unexamined that
is
this
Of the two long walls marked one is older, but was reused by
corner
causeAvay line dotted through the
from
work.
this year's
with the X.,
with the late pylon
was run
waste space for receiving the temple earth from
The outer
strangely askew
two of
or
fool
between
ground
cross
the rebuilding of the walls and their connection
from
This
a
turned over to the basal sand, and served as
but the whole history of the
;
so
is
is
passing
Sultan and the py] ami ending beyond
two
so
the
off
the east side the wall
to the
northwards,
them,
probably the temenos
that
reserve that part only for burials.
On
between
they
feared
would spread inconveniently, and were built
then,
on this
year began along the
lasl
row of trenches, with only
Dynasty. enclosed corner
larger than those of Usertesen, and
walls
i
the
before
sides of this
are later than the
is
in
built.
The inner two
the wall
below
far
to
digging
town of
the
Kingdom, which stood walls
earth
the
walls,
of course,
are,
north of the site of the temple of Nekht-nebf;
They have removed
all
these
if
outline plan.
enclosure which was emptied oul by Mariette's
diggers
Al!
below any of the buildings shown
wall
is
A.
based at
The north end 1
periods
stage.
The
on the temple
of the thin, long
14 level, and was cut
down
at
probably when the adjacent chambers The Avidc layer of sanded at 1G5 Avere built. groundat 146 shows a rearrangement and fur158
level,
Of the bishing of the site at a second period. same date seems to be the continuation of this
ABYDOS
No
wall to the southward, based at 154.
walls were to be found under levels of all that
ground being
E
such
or F, the lowest
with rubbish
tilled
The
heaps of broken pottery and refuse.
build-
A
seems then to be that of the original © temple, and to have been entered by a passage ing ©
from
walls of
The northern
south.
the
all
the north
XXth
having been cut away by the sand bed of
Dynasty
but a fragment with
:
top at
its
148
might be part of a north wall of the same age. Of the same earliest building are the chambers
B
by
based at 115, the stone paving at 114 west
and the chambers at C on the south,
of these,
This must have had some supports for the roof,
and probably the 42
Both
or 7 spaces.
and
spans,
3
divided into
Avas
ft.
and
7 spaces
in the depth,
In front of
seem most this,
level,
each
ft.
spans
ft.
suitable.
on the other side of the road-
way, was built a block of rooms at 155 base
3, 5,
imply unlikely
spaces with spans of 8
5
across the width, and 3 spaces with 7
and western
could not be traced,
it
II.
and others
Just within the temenos
and 163
146
at
D
Avail
165
to
level.
a set of four
strong store rooms Avere built at F, Avith base
This Avas later increased by
at 161-169 level.
three
more chambers
in front of
it,
at
172 to
181 level, Avhich cut off the region south of the
based at 120 to 134.
temple from the entrance at D, and must have
The second period, of the rearrangement of A, is marked by the sanded ground at 146 east
made the road in front of the temple the only way into the temenos. To the east of the temenos Avail D the ground
A
of A, the extension of
great temenos wall
D
southward
154, the
at
at 143, the walls east of
that at 145, and the house
away
to the
west at
Avas
sanded over at 154 to 159, and some houses
The date
As
rubbish accumulated
the
the
two circular granaries.
Avere built at 162, with
142.
of this second temple
is
indicated
Den at 170, and Den at 180, Avhile a
by
ribbed slate like that of
ribbed
about these buildings, and the approach sloped
alabaster like that of
sealing
upward, as seen at the yellow brick
of
which
north-east,
on the
floor
to 165.
much
ground
larger buildings at
E
and F.
The
had risen by accumulations at
level
and around
E
A
so that the base of the south wall
it,
from 157 on the east to 185 towards the west, completely burying the remains of the
of
rises
The great building
older temple at A.
was 42
wide
ft.
inside,
with
Avails
8
ft.
Qa
Avas further to
positions
The next period shows the establishment
11.
of
from 142
rises
level rose
at
E
thick
;
upon it is to mark this was doubtless all built at
may
Den
were probably old when throAvn aAvay.
then
the close of the 1st Dynasty level, Ave
must put the
of the temple
This
Avill
but
it
must have been under the 170-190
later wall a1
be seen a
will
Avail
level, as
line
at 180-210,
E and temenos D must
earliest
the pre-Menite kings of Dynasty
which clearly
12.
PI.
li.
190. '21
x
We 12
wall
170-
must then imagine a space of about ft.,
with an
entrance
on the north.
0.
site,
The temple
Illrd Dynasties Avas
beyond the
site
Mena
Such seems
from the
fixed
position of the latter part of the 1st Dynasty.
as that bull! in the 1st
have been
perhaps of Zer.
Avould be that of
the probable history of the
for the road width, the
hardly
A
temple at
and
be of the
at 146 level to the time of
bounded the road on the north; and, allowine can
;
F,
and the building
of the
north face of the temple
170 to 180
chambers of
traced,
on the next plate
If
throw back the furbishing of the
and the
it
The north wall was not
at
is
earlier part of the 1st Dynasty,
change of
but
later
later front of E, to that age
and sanding
the same time.
be taken as about the level of the
close of the 1st Dynasty, as the objects of
the difference of shading level,
These
the Avest at 178.
door-sill
rooms was shown in the
store i^
remains at
B
built,
much
;
of
a
with a
last plan,
llnd and
the same structure
Dynasty.
and
the
An
entrance
skew front
to the
at 1X5, which which but should be sill
TIIK
transferred
the
to
built at 180 level,
the
To
north.
the
Within
much
Level,
a
an
outer
enclosure
which seems
great
The
202-254.
space outside
refurbishing
192,
at
ii
llnd
the
in
Dynasty.
To
had been
left at
161-194 was
way which
74 level past the building at
1
by the extension of the great store chambers C. The older boundary cut
oil'
was
wall, E, at 171 to 195
much
rebuilt
in the
llnd Dynasty
6
ft.
more brickwork
to its outer face at
177
In front of the temenos some more skew
level.
buildings were added.
At found
south
the
a
was
it
;
of
temple building was
and
deep
ft.
roughly
3
through
cut
in
ft.
the
strata of pottery
and rubbish, and whitewashed
over the sides.
In
shown on
cylinder,
was found the limestone
it
276
pi. xii
;
and the
which the cylinder must be credited This
of the top of the pit 187.
is
of about the
black cylinder,
we have
level in the Avestern region. is
The
date of Zer.
fine
275, was found at the same
xii,
with this dating
that
practically
is
the ground level of the temple, which seen
is
level
the
Zer found at 197
flint
level,
Agreeing nearly
hake of the
style of
S.W. of the temple.
The southern ground was higher than the
rest
of the site in later times, a difference which very likely PI.
began
entire reconstruction next took
which the
of
the
temple were cut
210, and
new
buildings
this
place,
in
uncertain
older buildings
down to below started. The date of
;
but as
that of Pepy,
it
it
is
change
is
the last building before
must have been
Vth Dynasty, though,
a-
the black ash lied of offerings
before, door-sill
along Willi
ll-e
Ml
gtill
[Vth
the
in
wing
and to
which deposits
uncertain to
;
the sand
but bed
fell
out of shape
;
face.
I
(Six Temples
.)
The deposit 95 contained many very small copper models of chisels scattered over the tops of the pottery.
Xlth or any perhaps early
a
the
and
was whitewashed on one
outside
know enough
with clean sand, and only contained small
soft
the
of
arc parallel to the bricks of mortar laid in
at Thebes, xvii,
deposit 81 seems to have been
partly disturbed, a- the pottery
were
deposit, as they
time
the
No
boL
13
had a layer of burnt or carbonized matter,
was only the brown
ox-head
those with
with C had
and those with
with them, and the
earth which had
the
in
contained
(pi. xxiii),
clear that these
muddy
A
pottery tablets, those
it is
soil
;
The ox-
fully planned.
I
vasi of Pepy (pi. xxi, 8), areoftheVIth Dynasty. -
buried
all
mud-earth without any clean sand.
plain pieces of sheet copper,
in the plans.
of Pepy's temple,
in
of copper, alabaster, and
age.
Having now described the suctemple buildings of this site, some note
31.
may
of the
Roman
f
in
Kingdom
ruins of the Old
(if it
Probably
history.
its
v.
figs.
57-18G were so irregularly piled together that
no plan could be shown
ami certainly from the XVIlIth Dynasl
The
Xlth Dynasty,
the
of
the west
from the time of the
Vth
The deposit 80 seems from the rough vases, like xlvi, 165, to belong to the Xlth Dynasty. 1
show
the
to
Dynasty.
some gateway
though
and therefore probably
fortifica-
nothing to
is
il,
The great group
pi. Ixviii.)
the eastern gate of the
is
The
tion.
/,
around
I
might by the Dynasty;
Inter
X Vlllth 7
similar one
deposit, see
and we do not
of the forms to fix the age, though
I
>ynasty.
is
of Ameiiholep
the green glazed tile
A
level be of the
and 95 might more likely be of the
this
)eposil
It
.
Ibydos
dated by
with his name cut
was found I,
III,
l\i,
last
year
in
on
il.
another
•">.
Deposits LOO and 88 are not fixed in age, but
THE BISTOET OP THE TEMPLES. seem
found
tools
if
32,
is
tion of the different
a;
by the copper models
the variety of levels
in
age (see Koptos, xiv),
types of thai
except that the bottles swell out more towards base
than
alabaster
model
and
types
the
the
published
copper
Abydos
in
shown
vases are
I,
PL xxxii;
in
models
tool
lxi,
The
examples.
previous
in
of
he cloarlv seen, and
to
<
the
The south
site.
was always the highest; indicating that
The whole of these deposits The pottery is of the III.
Tahutmes
known
III,
it.
PI. lxiii.
are of well
in
Dynasty; 109
XVIIIth
be of the
to
pn ibably of Tahut mes
21
were
The sandstone
5.
dwelt
upon
early
in
times, and
so a
side
was
it
mass of
rubbish had accumulated there; then the dope is
from the west region towards the eastern sidej
probably owing
to the
sand toward the
natural -lope of the basal
The
river.
tions of the Xllth
and
levelling opera-
later Dynasties,
and the
from that time of stone buildings
substitution
which were carried away or reused, instead of
those which
crumbling brickwork, brought to an end the
had a cartouche painted on them in bine paint
continuous accumulation which gives a chrono-
corn grinders wove often present
;
marked here with the oval, the plain stones marked S. The copper tool models are
are are
found
in
nearly
all
of these deposits,
The
here where necessary.
M
marked
were
tilled
marked C
cups
little
89
in
The
with white mortar.
and the objects are described chapters, there
richer deposits are the
and the poorer the western
it
that different parts of the temple
many
perhaps
times,
different
deposit
-and.
It
is
holes were
certain that
filled
many
here.
in,
were built years III.
nt
found.
The great quantity
In
lxiv.
PI.
Abydos
This
diagram; and, though the
re-stated, the general conclusions
of the vases were
some of
out.
In the
first
as
'.Ml
in
;
though the alabaster vases
have been stacked together, and then upset the throwing in the upper pottery.
annex
to deposit S2
side of the hole,
was hollowed out
and contained
models and an alabaster vase
was found 33. I
in
at
Koptos (Koptos,
Pis. lix, lx.
;
all
The in the
the copper
a similar
annex
xvi.).
For the sake of clearness
have here placed together
in a
diagram the more
important levels of the various temples, and of the objects found.
These, will enable the rela-
lie
be pointed
shown by
their sequence dates (see Diospolis
8-11).
In the second column are types of
I'n rva,
pottery found at various levels
to
is
show the older
later lower
at the top,
down.
town.
in the
The
here the reverse of the actual
shown
what were not broken up. There does not seem to have, been any regular
may
of prehistoric pottery in the order of their age,
section of the town, because
only
need not
details
columns are some of the types
order of deposit
order of deposit
I
here given in a
is
All of
up with clean
of pieces in
of the Royal tombs.
the holes could not be drawn, and those here
are
18-22,
pp.
I,
apart,
some of them were
as only portions of
34.
compared with the prehistoric types and those
and
broken before burial, and not even in throwing
them
details
seems probable
during the long reign of Tahutmes these
no need to mention the
the
eastern, ;
is
in the following
described the evidence given by the pottery and stone vases found in the tombs and the town, as
and goes westward.
the east end of the temple
the build-
ings have been described earlier in this chapter
order of the deposits on the plate begins with
The
As
logical value to the lower strata.
objects
more
familiar
at the top
and the
it
Hence the
is
sand
basal
of 10 to
and the heights written running
1
is
10 inches
downwards.
above These heights over the basal sand have no fixed relation to the absolute levels used in this volume it
and
this
are
year's work.
Here
will
lie
seen
how
each of the prehistoric types shown have their parallels in the
town, and serve to link the later
stages of sccpuence dates to the various heights of accumulation in the town.
Next
is
shown the
pottery of the tombs of the kings in chronological
ABYDOS
22
II.
will
These connections give thus an absolute con-
be seen
tinuity between the end of the long series of
town,
how this is parallel to that in the and how therefore the strata in the town
sequence dates and the beginning of the chrono-
order with the approximate dates
are dated
;
and
it
by the royal tombs, and hence the
later sequence
dates are linked
to
years b.c.
logy in years.
23
CHAPTER
IT.
OBJECTS BEFORE THE In describing the objects found in the
35.
temple area we shall here
deal with
first
tbe
DYNASTY.
IVth
when thrown in and it is was a rubbish hole, and probably where damaged offerings were thrown
figures were broken
;
clear that this
large groups of those which were found together,
a latrine,
and then with the scattered pieces which stand
away from the temple. The generally early date of such objects is shown by the Mena vase
apart.
;
The main group of early things was in a chamber just outside the early temple area, marked on pi. lii as G9, and known as M G9 in our numbering. This chamber was 116 inches on N.,
1
15 S., 94 E., 97
W.
magnetic, and the base of Close
by
it,
215
away
207 inches
floor
216"
of the ejection
pi.
apparently,
at about the
and
pi. iv
same time
v, 32,
thrown
therefore,
as the objects in
The chamber was covered
up
to about
over the
all
with a thick laver of organic matter, which
formed a red-brown
slimy
dried to a very light friable
This organic bed was about two to of the
different parts
and Avhich
mass,
spongy consistency. eisdit inches
chamber, and
cannot have been liquid originally, as different levels.
Embedded
it
was
stuff
in this
at
by the
also
;
41 which
xlii,
,
(Abydos
vii,
f,
chamber
will be
the distinctive objects are there
lxi.
All
numbered with
reference to the figures in the plates
;
vii,
I,
is
31), or
and by the vase
;
form of Perabsen's
also near the
This pottery and the
28).
/,
of
been kept
flints
many
for
have been about the middle of the
to
The
Ilnd Dynasty.
objects
in
may
it
then
be probably assigned to various dates in the
is
Tim
Dynasty.
1st
marked
the
at
of each photograph
scale
top
left
hand
applies to all objects following
PL
i.
36.
PI.
the face
is
2,
scale
until re-stated.
it
their
ii,
1
is
broken.
photograph
in
pis.
v,
vii,
the figure of a boy walking
The
attitude
and natural, and the modelling
the great
this
;
These objects are described under the
viii.
pi.
is
which
37,
years, and show the age of the filling up of the
many small, and about 30
seen by the plan of the chamber
xlii,
(Abydos
not likely to have
are
numbers of
had been thrown in quite irregularly, as
pi.
perhaps a reign or two later
were
They
jar,
of Perabsen
age
about 160 glazed objects, 30 large beads and ivory carvings.
139, 140,
which are of the age of Perabsen, or
viii,
the
Aha — Mena,
flakes
the middle of the Ilnd Dynasty (see Abydos
30 inches to the east lay the piece
level;
thick in
and worthless
when thrown away. The date of them is shown by the Hint
xv)
at
it
the chamber, which were from 207
215.
it
old
level.
of glazed vase of at
the bearing of
;
were doubtless
but they
is
a figure of a girl standing,
is
;
quite free
good.
6^-
inches high,
the largest ivory found, excepting another
quantity of ape figures are not distinguished,
is
and many
female figure in worse condition, but 10 inches
the ivories
of
when found they had earth
till
dry,
Most of the
so
ivories
the
are
to be
forms
not entered, as
kept in lumps of
were not
seen.
and several of the glazed
high.
work.
This It
is
in
i
irregularly
We now were
turn to some
found
X.W. corner
the
in
of
pi.
In
lii.
were the objects shown in placed on
(he
large stone-. L95, L96, set
floor,
and
upright
other
chambers the
pi. ix,
the
against
two the
OBJECTS BEFORE THE IVth DYNASTY. AVe have
side.
noted
already
the
about these things being found
hiidi
a
But whatever date they were placed
level.
here,
it
that
clear
is
the
of
difficulty
so
at
Dynasty,
1st
the
objects
and
some
arc
all
perhaps
is
a female figure of pottery of the
same
rough animal figures of early
date.
style as the
185, 186, are two rough figures of men, which differ from any yet found in the forms of the
head and rude indications of limbs.
may
187
be
intended for a child kneeling on the ground,
and leaning forward on
188
hands.
its
is
a red
pottery hippopotamus.
189 and
190 to 193 are
usual work.
are of the
more being with them was
larger and ruder than others, hardly
194,
which
projection
head
than the
attempted
is
;
an entirely natural
somewhat
and apparently kept
like the
with a
flint,
head of a baboon,
for this resemblance.
The
great natural flint 195 seems to have been kept as being like a
quadruped, and 196 for
Xo
ness to a baboon.
by
drilling little holes
(lie
turquoise pieces of Zer's bracelet (B.
ii,
pi.
i).
probable
therefore
piece belongs to that age.
It is the
It
is
we found
PL
43.
other large
its like-
flints
were
from
the
they were placed with the rudest
we know,
figures of baboons that
it
seems that
the primitive fetish stones picked
up because of
their likeness
and perhaps
venerated
to sacred animals,
any
before
artificial
images were attempted. 198
hawk
is
is
a
of the regular prehistoric style, see Naqada,
lx, 15, IS,
of earlier form than the
monument.
setting
it
200
is
has
It
on a pole
a
hawk on any below
hole
for
wavy
handle.
203, another natural
flint,
very strange form.
204
201
is
a piece of
202, a baboon.
evidently kept for
is
its
a well-carved figure
of a calf in ivory.
295 in
is
the
the
the ha -name.
a building, so well
The
on
west, and
was
so
numbered as 89 but they are reunited here, two fragments of the same figure, differently
;
225, being found, one
206
a ram-head
is
limestone
in
group 65, the other
;
tail
sloping
known
downwards
amulet
and 208, a bird
this
hard
in
yellow
seem
in slate,
to belong to the prehistoric style.
The
girl's
head, 207, and pieces of figures, 209-212, are of the 1st Dynasty class.
213
214
xviii, 19.
perhaps a figure
is
of the dwarf I'tah, like that
in
Hierahorvpolis
a 1st Dynasty frog.
is
215 a
bit of
mat
piece,
but unhappily the /.(/-name of the king
216 has been a very important
tile.
has been lost
the legs of the king, a heart sign,
;
objects,
existed
here.
being thrown
away.
220
baboons.
chipped in flint
a
is
flint
:
serpent in
It
show that
was
a royal
broken
before
217-219 are the usual figure of the
this
like the
is
MieraJconpolis,
another found at Koptos.
zet
serpent
portion of a
and
xxiv, 22,
The baboon 221
common
is
a
one, having the
head lower, and the arms hanging down to the
222
feet.
is
a limestone frog.
223 part of a
224 a head, which seems certainly
quadruped.
that of a camel, yet so far the camel
225
is
worked
a
is
quite
Greek times in Egypt. hippopotamus, and 226 is another, well
in
before
the
alabaster.
228 a large coarse
flint
Hieralconpolis xxv.
bers
hawk on
65, con-
part of the group was
out
further
unknown
as a standard.
a frog in limestone.
a small jar with
M
found
different type to the
intended for some bird; and 199
royal
only slate
in the whole site (Cairo
The west chamber,
x.
group
we have here
this
tained similar objects;
have been brought a mile or more as
that
T.
Museum).
and some uncertain
;
like that
is
on
found in the whole temple area, and these must
desert
and
;
in 89.
The baboons form a strange group. 197
form adopted under Zer
like the
the decoration
carving that
earlier.
184
most
is
27
contain
227
is
another
frog.
knife for an offering, see
Broadly, these two cham-
things more like the
deposit
of
Hierakonpolis than are those in chamber 69
;
and therefore we may consider these as belonging
UYU parti
to
noli
'M
|
group
'J
\\
i
ill
>|
i
I'
lui
pr<
I
to
lii|il'
lU'l
I,,,
in
Mfi
145, lion 'I
lulu vim"
I'M-
palanquin
or
hrine
small group at
uol her
\
M"l
1111(1
and
',
I
!
I
;
objoi
I
[)]a|;<
il(!
I
li'
haw
'ii
ii
I
I
I
in"
'1
ci
gill/Aid
llill
i
mi n
I
In
I
those in
'
(ikon
ri(!]
I
||OM
<
Him
ho
i
i
belong
to
I
lil
"i
'
com
(!|
I
loniti
[»)'(
hing
i
I
thi
hi"
ij
•50,
upi
.ml
i"i'i
work
mal
"I
.I
'
'"',
level
ated
15
o
the frog
is
7,
baboon
of
quartz
' I
i
pieces
L!J,
J.
late ring
98
1
!,
;
in
Ji.ii,
.
(in
I ,
Mil
1
of
ii
1
of
ii
Li
idoug
..I
i
i-iii
iii
ilii
In in
.'II
n|
I
Iii ..v.
i
"i In
ill" i
n
i
In
I
I"
I'ol'l
I/-,,/,
i
"ii in
nil in
1111(1
1
I
In'
-
1
[)ol
Im
1
:i
now
|
1
/,
w
n
i
('"in
'i
Inn"
'
i
' ,
about
00
V'
o|
I
I
l-v.
i
"I
I'M 1*01
.ill
'
.1
l
li-in,
|
coin
small Ill""
III."
,
IlKIIJIll
I
li;il
ill"
ill
'I
"I
I
II,"
i.l
I
',
//
III"
"I
i
|>
)
kIioWN
In
.J
i
I
-
1
ll'olii
Mini
thd
in
'iii
Li tli
:
in
II
Dynn
in" "i
I,,"
1"
H'
ill"
IhI
hi
1
1
1
lli,,,
ii
tomb
tho\
by,
i
I"'l
h
i
i
in-
Id
iii
Ol
II
I
i
i
1
•
1
i
i
,
I,
ill,
Ii',
thi
al
hi
!81
i
11)0
bal
"M
md l
Abydos; while Upuaut
Abydos.
This
with the dominance of the jackal earl
The
tit
to the exclusion of
inscription
of
importanl a3
connected with Memphis
[Anleh-taui) rather than i-
likely order
Thoth is
stele
"
and
;
is
Amenj
(
is
is
in
accord
god here
in
•siris.
from
a
Beated
black granite figure of the Xllth Dynasty.
The
named
it is
to be
not the same as king I
was working a large
would be
selchem nefer Ichau,
Hamamat, he
—
Upuatemsaf.
Sebekemsaf
selchem uaz Ichau,
([).
Sebekemsauf
shedi taui,
selchem Ichu hud,
(II).
Penthen.
sehhem nun taui,
Tahuti.
But whether they belong Xlllth Dynasty or somewhat later is
to the as
yet
quite unknown.
PL xxxii.
thai Osiris
our
xliii, 4).
These names seem closely linked together by
in later timi
The limestone
{Naaada
their forms.
small limestone altar of
usual
on
son
and
;
at Ballas,
his son
Dynasty, more costly than anything until the I
Sebekemsauf II
taui Tahuti
As Sebekemsaf
Iin selchem
high standard of work in the Xlllth
a
this is closely like that
must have been of importance, and have lived So before the decay of the Middle Kingdom.
fragments, which had to be copied separately
substituted for Unnefer the great god.
The throne name
granite statue, and quarries in
hut the other jamb had been broken into scattered
are almost
taui,
Penthen, however,
king whose name was found
Ba selchem men Now the king's
Tahuti.
36.)
together on paper.
sehhem shedi
lii i
considered whether he
one jamb two blocks comprised nearly the whole
litted
sehhem hhu-taui, and
down
black granite door jambs of Sebekhotep III.
and
stele of
(Compare
the side of the quartzite door-sill at the
south of the
Ba
Griffith.
Tahuti-aa, " the great
the inscriptions
the back and the edge are here given. Jchenti
is
of
Usertesen III was set up by Tahutmes III at
found in
steles
various parts of the temple site are dealt with
deserves some historical notice.
7
were
of bribes
given in the case.
by Mr.
later ones
thief
with the very peculiar footprint of the
being limn Kusae, Nbs. 3 and 4 from the Oryx
The
was stolen
and though the thieves were
source of the stone in earlier instances, No. 2
dome.
figure
on
is
accused by report, and the foot of one agreed
copied
I
II.
1.
inscription
of
a
king whose
Horus name, or lea name, was Merut, and throne name Ra-U-aqer. lie is quite unknown hitherto, but
probably belongs
The block was I'.-'
lieseli
to
them
the
side
paving, in
to
the
XlVth Dynasty.
by side with blocks of the
01'
it
might have been added
reconstruction.
Yet
resemblance of the stone to
the
that
position,
of the
Vlth and Xlth Dynasties, and the termination
OBJECTS OF THE [Vth-XXVIth DYNASTIES
may
aq( r}
lead us to consider the Vllth Dynast}
as a possible
this.
ami by Mr. of
Stele
3.
Griffith.
followed
Fragments of cartouches of Antef and
5.
Sebekamsaf.
The colouring
another
of
slab
published,
and yellow; and the
blue-grey, red,
and of
of these,
Antef not
is
tints
exactly the same under both these kings.
argument
an
is
in favour
which has been assigned
to
the
of
later
in
are
From
the material
and the face
;
As monuments
a
and bb
tip,
A.mong
it.
Left-hand piece
uoav
Below
that I>.
Tahutmes
is
49,
iii,
to
with
51),
have the end of the panther skin, a
and the knee of an An-mut-f priest.
closely like
There then appears
the tail of the panther skin. a base
with sloping sides which supported some
Beyond
central object.
that are legs of another
An-mut-f priest turning toward theother
side, evi-
This would imply
dently to adore another figure.
a total breadth of at least 123 inches for the
and a height of about 76 inches
a very beautiful figure of a queen in low
The
glyphs and figure Koptos, and
at
is
Amenemhat I
could not suppose that such
I
work would recur
style of the hiero-
exactly that of
is
in another
age.
The queen
evidently an heiress to the kingdom, having
the uraeus on her head
daughter
the
of
;
and she might well be
Sankhkara
The
next block has the legs of the same priest with
of both these kings have
relief of great delicacy.
the
a piece which
is
been found in the temple, this might well be
is
in
111
before him, as before
In front of this block
Osiris.
top
fchi
either of them. T
some
the blocks
clearly pari of
is
panther's skin on a pole
date
or his brother Sebekhotep
that of Neferhotep III.
is
west of
Osiride dress (sec L.
-tall',
probably of the Xllth
is
it
or XI 11th Dynasty
tin'
of the lintel.
seems
Quartzite sandstone upper part of a statue.
6.
to
and brok<
are inscribed, and these are copied on this plate.
This
Antef V.
the western exit of the causeway, was
at
The top
his keeper of the seals, Aahnefer. •1,
up
"\ erthrowi] lie
Nub-kheper-ra,
Antef,
56. PLxxxiii. The great pylon of red granite, 3i -I
Stele of Penthen, described in the previou
2.
plate
by
age for
whom
through
Lintel,
the gateway
;
is
about 87 wide, and the whole distance across the jambs 153 inches.
The
hand base does not seem
as if
such a subject as the above the uas
is
piece at the right-
;
into
fit
the forked end of
the right-hand edge of the scene, and
there seems to be the end of the
The
could
it
title
large strip of titles at top right
from the jamb
and the piece
;
An-mut-f.
probably
is
at left base
is
Amenemliat gained the kingdom and founded
probably part of the other jamb with a Ion-
the Xllth Dynasty.
multiple cartouche of both names in one.
Head
8.
of
Aahmes
portraits in Abydos
I,
Compare
I offering.
This
frontispiece.
part of his chapel, as he
is
is
sibly
not
metrical
here represented as
Foundation deposit vases of alabaster, with
the
name
of
Tahutmes
III.
See the section on
will
Sandstone ushabti of Amen-em-hes, which
Black granite seated figure of Arnen-
hotep, Steward of the palace at
Treasurer.
which Mr.
is
The hand holds very rare.
Griffith's chapter.
right
subject was
may have been on
another
priest
standing, and so leaving
a
and
room
PI.
xxxiv.
;
Amenhotep for the
on II
columns This
lintel of
150
offerings are all
list
of
carved on very hard white lime-
palm
hollows.
see
the
left
These pieces of a great
stone, the cutting shallow
For the inscription
the
inches wide.
Memphis and spathe,
not sym-
of explanatory inscription about the priest.
57.
be fully published in the next volume.
11.
there
lintel
would then go well into the whole
deposits, p. 21. 10.
;
Avhole
deceased Tahutmes III seated, and the priest the
a living person, without the menat. 9.
the
his
Pos-
They were
all
and
left
rough
in the
found at the west end,
or inmost part of the temple of Tahucmes. PI.
xxxv.
Sandstone slab
of
Sety
I
with
VliYDOS
36
figure
This
Hapi.
of
only
the
is
The
by Sety in the Osiris temple. edges of it are skewed about 20 as if a
building
obliquely through a
Grey granite figure
2.
markable
for the
was brother
Pa-ra-hotep, re-
of
work of
fine
the back.
lie
and was vizier under Ramessu Ik
Osiri-.
See
Mr. Griffith's chapter. Slab
3.
Ramessu
of
about 5 inches thick 20
thick
inches
with rounded top;
II
above, and
lower
the
at
having
third,
The use
an L-shaped section.
about
then
of
it
is
not
Back of a group Uamesseum at Thebes, 4.
Nezem, keeper
of
of the
see pi. xxxviii.
Steatite statuette of a prince l'a-kki'ed-na-
ahu son of Ramessu. Theper
.
.
.
and
.,
mother Khati and
his
sister
Tauraa.
kneeling
of
inscribed on top,
holding
figure
both
front,
altar,
Park grey quartzose Slab
.
who
Museum.)
Another
no head, was
also
down
late
in the
The seated
work
II
hair, the
muscular
:
work
best
Pa-ra-
of
figure
wavy
the character of the face, the
cushion for a seat are
all
and the
of the back,
detail
unusual
of
reign
of the
at that period.
The photographs of the figure are given in This wezir was brother of Minnies, pi. xxxv. of
Abydos
I, -47).
;
the
front, the
pi.
tin-
(Cairo
her name, but
should suppose
;
which
II
and
graceful, lorials
is
the scene
which
on
a
unusually
of
is
an. is
I
inscription
on the
is
The two
below on the base.
strip
pectoral between the arms
from the front of
is
palace
al
or
a
Amenhotep,
of
Memphis, and of this
i>
From the character of the il
to
belong
i
Tahutmes IV.
finer
than
the figure
and the lower
;
scriptions are at either side of
The
translation
is
in-
and between the
given in Mr.
Griffith's
chapter.
The upper
PI. xxxviii.
Unne-
inscriptions of
and Nezem were found
fer
which had
in
group
a
of
have been a grouping of sculptures here on both
i-
The wort
usual seated
not often shown.
It
reign
tin-
such
in
mi
a
\)
stone of
limb (pi.
of
L
section, the
having xxxv,
tin'
the
.*'>);
firsl
outside
cartouches
(6) a neck of a
century
\.i>.,
"I' f
the
upright
Ramessu
11
Roman amphora
which shows
these pieces were heaped together.
when
OBJECTS OF THE
The lower group of
much broken PL xxxix. in i<
of
inscription
figures to be
All
of
Any
Auy and
below
is
the
gods,
of these
a
too
pieces
ii
:
the boat has been decorated
were found First
where
Greek
lower
(like
with a row
where higher, kneel-
the
adaptations
WYIni DYNASTIES. haps
the
boats
harper
block with part of a Large Nile boal carved
of adoring figures, standing
ing
Vim
worth reproducing.
the previous season at the temple site. a
on
I
in
a
pediment); these probably represented
worshippers of the figure head of the boat, per-
are is
aegis
of
87
some god.
unknown
as
interesting, as
The lower stone
statue
daughter
of
of
are
The
of
a
showing the harp on
a
yet.
portable folding -(and. like piece
Such decorated
a
all
camp from
Mut-tuy,
Ramessu
II.
the
The
around the back of the crown.
monument
known of this otherwise only named on the
figure
stool.
hard lime-
a
seventeenth vulture
This
is
princess, lisl
at
was
the first
who
Luqsor.
is
ABYDOS
;;s
1L
CHAPTER
IV.
FLINT KNIVES AND POTTERY.
58.
Pl.
Although many
xl.
were
flakes
flint
piece of a vase
found scattered in the temple area, there was
third stone vase
no great number of well worked
in the
what were found
of
third
found
about the same
in
They are nearly
space of town last year. later than those
only a
flints,
town
in the
and
;
all
A
pi. xii.
the plain diorite bowl found
is
great store chambers (C on
near the original
level,
and so of an
floor,
176
pi. li) at
early
dynasty. Pottery of the 1st Dynasty and Earlier.
59.
will
it
described under
is
be seen that the general type of the earlier ones
These forms are already pretty well known
with a spur at the end of the handle, gives way
the town of this age
smooth
to straight handles, and even to the
curve with a mere notch in
and is
it,
as Nos. 3, 5,
6, 7,
This dates this form, and shows that
10.
Old Kingdom, and later
of the end of the
than the Royal Tombs, in which
The
found.
was never
it
being more
tips of all these knives
from the tombs
l^ointed than those
it
may be due
worn away with scraping but they seem more pointed than those used in the earlier to being
;
town, so the pointing as well
character,
may
as
be reckoned a handle notch
the
late
in
a
curved front, and the convex line of the back.
The one important
PI. xli.
which
gives another
historic lance
and form cut,
and
that
it
is
it
is
base gives
so
this
late
(Vllth
it
pre-
xii, it
tln^ee
No.
site.
town and
show that the
to
is
seems to
Dynasty) (See
the temple
a piece of a rockis
given
The boat with a crowned to
bearoyal the
royal
vessel
boat.
;
site,
probably
Another
in the temple,
equal to
is
which accords
with what we otherwise know.
is
1 1
closely
(See Abydos
I,
pi. xxxviii).
Black Pottery,
1st
Dynasty.
20
is
unlike any
known
of pottery
class
Egypt. through,
They
to 36.
This
in early
The small cups 20 to 30 are black and not polished
hard,
in
all
general.
often contained remains of a brilliant red
The vases 32
stone vases were found 1
the temple
level in
with a polished
amulet.
in
basal sand line
ochre.
which the inscription
279.
belonged
others levelled in the
these and
the middle result from sixteen different forms
softer,
at the right-hand
the level in inches
temple
On comparing
the size
;
5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
3, 4,
been found within the
of the reign of Zer.
would not
— Xlth
as an
33,
Nos.
;
all
inches of the town, or before the end
first fifty
burnished the jar 36. of the
crystal bowl, of pi.
lance, yet
Here the number
Only
levelling.
hawk on
the
is
24).
I,
PI. xlii.
on
between
and the peshken amulet
that of the
must be regarded
Abydos
in the
link
here
flint
11, 12,
and 17 have
in
as
lines,
to
for
The forms
Greek family
;
36 are thicker, rather
face,
sometimes showing
instance,
up and down
of the vases are clearly
the hollow foot
is
specially
western, seen under 33 but broken, and also in
the foot of 35
;
the
amphora form with a
cave curve in the neck the
little
vase 35,
source of the without
a
1
is
;
this,
and
should have put to a Greek
.\.\ Villi
history.
also western
con-
A
Dynasty had they been piece
of
the
neck
of
36 placed side by side with black pottery of the late
neolithic
age
from
Knossos was indistin-
FLINT KN1YKS AND IMTTKRY. guishable
They
ance.
burnish, and general appear-
in colour,
belong
source of that the rougher
early glazesand ivories,
Perabsen (Abydos
41
vii,
f,
37
M.
away
69,
is
of the
of the type of
is
31) or perhaps a
little
of the latter part of the 1st Dynasty.
3!' is
most
is
Probably
the form under Perabsen.
like
and 40 are certainly after the
chamber
date of the
1st
filling
38
The
Dynasty.
with
dealt
is
in
Pottery of
Ilnd—Vth Dynasty.
PI. xliii.
The forms here lead on from those of the 1st Dynasty to the well-known IV th Dynasty types. The open bowls should be compared with those in
Medum
xxx,
lip
of the
early
avoided after liable
9,
but the thin
;
bowls seems to
the
break,
to
10
splay-
have been
Ilnd Dynasty, being very
and the stronger form with
recurved brim of some shape was nearly always
The spouted bowl which
used.
is
usual in the
Old Kingdom {Medum xxxi, 21) begins here in
The large pan,
the Ilnd Dynasty, No. 72. is
unique
it
;
jar "
it
;
Medum
and
the west edge of
at
Dynasty. in
The
on a light ground.
marked
79
is
probably of the
position of pi. lii as "
Illrd
75,
it
to
early
part of the 1st Dynasty, striated in the Illrd
lingering
in
types.
— 83
78
Dynasty, then degrade to
(Medum
xxxi, 15) and become nearly cylindrical in the
Vth Dynasty (Deshasheh xxxiii, 22), and quite so in the Vlth Dynasty (Dendereh xvi, 8). The narrow-necked vases 88 92 PI. xliv.
—
do not begin to
the
till
the Ilnd Dynasty, and continue
IVth and Vth, Dendereh
xvi,
xliii,
— 95;
the town, but belong entirely
in
they
Dendereh
10)
1
continued 96
(xvi, 5, 7).
the
to
at
form of the Ilnd
a
is
Nos.
Villi
Dynasty (A bydos r,xxxiv, 135) which lasted on
Vth (Desk
the
(Dend. xvi, 19).
97 isapeculiar form, in
ware;
highly polished red flakes of flint
were found
same appearance. 100,
may
The
I"
and the Vlth Dynasty
xxxiii, 20)
very
several
inside
lid of
98
it.
thin
long of the
is
an incense burner,
be compared with that of the Vlth
unknown
The head-rest
xvi, 6).
101
The
hitherto in pottery of this form.
simple stands 102 to
1
0(3,
is
110 to 112havealong
history; the graceful trumpet forms 105,
L06
are known in the Illrd Dynasty (Dend. xvi, 1). The compound forms of stand and dish in one
piece
known from
are
Abydos
xxxv, 195
I,
before the 1st Dynasty
— 197)
;
but they developed
a higher stand, and a form more nearly copied
from a vase
in
No. 109.
that the latter form
possible, indeed,
It is
may have been
be used either end upward.
intended to
Nos. 111,112 are of
thick pottery, with bright red polished facing.
PL
61.
The forms 113
xlv.
in the foundation deposits of
— 115 were found Pepy
;
and 11G
119 stood in the corner of the temple of that aire.
Of the other forms 123
is
new
to us at this
xxx, 69) 121 and 122 are also 125 is not known so small (see Dend. xvi, 13) a IVth Dynasty form (Medum xxx, 5), and 126,
The rough
Illrd
i,
to that
begin at the latter
late
V.
(//.
period, a survival of the big jars of the earliest
become more regularly
the
which
offering vases
Dynasty
temple, about the IVth Dynasty,
the
to
The
15.
Is)
IVth
xxxi, 28, and Dendereh xvi, 32.
belong
is
ribbed
or
The form 77 here passed on
finger-marked jars 80
rough
in the
are never found
seems to have been copied from
rush-work, and has a cross-line border of red jjaint
we know
Dynasty (Dend.
sect. 35.
60.
Deshasheh xxxiii,
93
objects in that chamber.
later.
the
Egypt.
to
dating the throwing
as
and
cups contained paint which
little
Pottery with
of value
fabric;
presumably Cretan.
is
was imported
one
to
S9
25—27,
town (Abydos
I,
;
;
127 are like Dend. xvi, 24, 26, 27. In the next group of the Vlth
we
see
the
early types of
and the conical rough
Medum 137
—
8,
xxxi,
28.
— Xth Dynast}-,
bowl 129 surviving,
vessels
132,
The hand-made
which are so well
known
133 tall
earlier,
like
pots
seem
to
dwindled to the small forms 135, 136,
have
also
as in
Dend.
xvii, 86.
PI. xlvi.
The other types same period
of this age are mostly found in the at Dendereh (pi. xvii).
But some are much
finer
ABYDOS
40
in
form and handling, as 149, 152, 153, 154
and Uu«o resemble many
in the
west group
Xlth Dynasty, such as 177—184.
called
whole of this group was found together posit
marked X, on
pl.liv,
arrangement and position been a
scries of pits for
The
in the de-
which seems from (see sect. 22) to
its
have
offerings in the west
wing of the old Pepy temple. easily belong to
;
So these may
different times over a century
II.
or two, but ending with
Mentuhotep
bably the finer forms belong to the
111.
Pro-
last
age of
ihese deposits.
The types
of Usertesen I from his foundation
deposit differ from anything
Dynasty
at
Dendereh, and
of Usertesen
II
known
also
in the
Xllth
from the deposit
(Kahun, xiv), or other groups
of the Xllth Dynasty.
1!
CHAPTER
V.
THE INSCRIPTIONS. By
62.
In this
xvi.
I'l.
new
[
V
(T]
J
N^
Ll.
Griffith,
collection of puzzles
In 8 we probably
there are a few details clear.
have
F.
"the servant of the god, Heb":
in 9 a female title
y
common
in the Illrd
is
the
name
known
may
~p
T
In 15 there
be Hez-hotep.
^ ,
as belonging to
Nefermaat, which
is
well
an important member of
the family and court of King Senefru, buried at
On
Medum.
18 King Menkaura
"beloved of Hathor," and
his
is
described as
7ca-name
is
given
arm of the bull of Ra (?) ": 20 shows the Horus name of TJserkaf, and 21 the cartouche "
as
of Sahura with the
22 has fragments of
Horus name ^r^ the same names.
qMK:
The most interesting of the inscriptions found this year at Abydos are those upon the three
<
>ld
These decrees of kings of the
xvii-xix.
Kingdom
unrepresented
are of a class of writings hitherto
on
the
monuments.
We
can
however compare them on the one hand with the
charges
in
At
tion.
private
tombs
of the
Old
correspond
returning from a long voyage laden with
two portions
into
faces in
The
two decrees are
first
arrangement.
on papyrus
engrossed character
No doubt
;
in
alike
a
kind
very probably the arrangement on
this
:
but was
At
is
a heading divided of the king
addressed
it is
in
title of
the other
analogy
the
"
the
of
correspondence found by Prof. Petrie at Kahun this
the endorsement of the papyrus, but the
is
same may
At the
of the decree
foot
two
—"
in
is
another
presence of
on a certain
"
(?)
:
(?)
face.
line, also
the king
second part declaring that
himself," the
"sealed
upon the
have appeared
also
it
was
apparently
date,
without naming the year.
"Horus who pacifies Horns name of Teta.
xvii.
I'l.
lands," the "
Command
(The
first
".
to give .
.
and
command
last
....
reckon
therein
of
the
royal
cattle
Khent[amentiu of
itself
the
?]
and
land
(i.e.
king
of
commanded
(?)
all is
Khenta-
Abydos)
chancellor,
\ekau-Assa
decree
[this]
Egypt Teta who liveth [whereas] he
"
no connected sense.) to
.
lines of the
two
the
of the king (unto)
menthes, Osiris
of hieratic
seal,
Command
To judge by
direction.
the
they were originally
"
:
whom
the person to
preserved unto
in general
royal
one direction, and the name and
was
rarities collected for the royal gratification.
the
to
the top of the decree itself
products
Herkhuf, when the latter
king,
of the
probably also written inside the papyrus.
with the royal order of the boy-king Neferkara officer
column
the symbol of his presence and approval
-rem
his
see a
name
containing only the Horus
Kingdom, respecting the /-'/-servants and the property of the endowment, and on the other to
we
the right band edge
divided into
63.
plates
the papyrus was closely followed in the inscrip-
may
Dynasty and the early part of the IVth, together with a name that
F.S.A.
by
Upper and Lower
for [it?]
ever
to
eternity,
unto the erpa-ha,
governor of the
South
ABYDOS
42
" [hi presence of the king himself]
month
the third
PL
sealed (?)
:
day
of inundation (?),
k-name
they arc, conveying the products of any work, taking any serfs that
2 (?)."
" Horus, rich in manifestations."
xviii.
IT.
king of the Yth Dynasty) on the Palermo stone.
The cartouche
command
in the
may perhaps be king.
It
the
prenomen
of
\j J
same
the
very unfortunate that the middle
is
cartouche
in the
sign
body of the decree To p
is
imperfect.
Another
name,
^
reading
not quite similar
is
by Mr.
is
it
consideration,
Fraser
from
'
king
of the
.
.
by Upper and Lower
rn
Ira
.
of
in
form
of the
have
"command" from
honorific
the
rest of the people
Command
of the
tendent of the title is
on
recorded
an
man
every
nome who shall god who are in the
of the
king
(unto) the superin-
servants of the god, Hen-ur."
that of the head of the local temple
administration, always
very important per-
a
sonage in a religious centre of even than
Abydos
in
:
the
fact
repute
less
nomarch himself
generally combined the religious primacy with
In the
princedom.
nome "
1
there
is
amongst
much
the
horizontal
Any magnate
inspector
"In
I
is
lines;
in
parts
have not empowered any man
which
in the
is,
god
....
of
in
sealed (?)
PL
The architrave
xix.
Pepy
himself;
inscription
is
of
The decree is probably of the same The record of sealing and date are
II.
king.
here placed at the right hand end
and royal La-name are
;
the heading
but perhaps were
lost,
written in the upper part of the same column.
What remains seems endowments of
to
relate
chiefly to
the
certain statues in the temple of
The statement is in tabular we can learn from the fragan ox and a portion of milk
Khentamenthes.
form, and so far as
ments, a share in
from
be given
to
(?)
each festival to
Perhaps the "eighth of an
statues. " the one
measure
of milk "
the
".
.
.
.
the
ox" and
which occur
in the
larder to
take
nome *")
(
(?)
any the
in
which
(?)
of every festival therein, unto (1) the
ofthe superintendent of divine servants,
and the divine servants of
ii,
p. hi.
this temple, (2) the
statue of Neferkara, (3)the statue of Pepyankhnes
royal
mother
Menankh,
of
Neferkara
(4) the statue of
of
the
pyramid
Pepyankhnes royal
mother of Merenra of the pyramid Kbanefer, (5) the statue ofthe chief judge and wazir Zau: which statues (possibly
El Bersheh
king
"
in
which the temple
and making the temples to prosper 1
"
the
)
(
do
shall
but
of
for canal-work (?) or for
work ofthe nome, beyond performing service of the
(?)
or
fragments were repeated in each case.
obscurity
any servants of the god who are in
who
(?)
these things
presence
inscription. '
acquaintance
royal
embankments
of
according to
or
corporation of the temple and to each of the
decree itself some of the writing
irregular columns, which apparently have to be inserted
any work of the
of the god, for canal-work or
is
his civil
or serfs of the lands
to the
might be subjected.
:
god
of the
(?)
64.
king
from labour to
to be for the relief of the priests
lands
it
The present decree seems
owner of the tomb. which the
that
decrees
of the
must
it
;
me
to
every
(?).
" Verily
a
attached and has shown
xviii
xvii,
The
and very
period,
this
tomb at Mr. N. de G. Davies made a copy
precisely
"
(the
extremely fragmentary inscription
the
pi.
T
now under
one
the
El Bersheh.
which
of
certain),
to
was noted of
Nefer-khau
god.
are protected to the extent of eternity
Egypt task
by any servants of the
done
is
take any servants of the
Horus
for canal-work (?),
and any work of the nome on any land on which
work They
This
that of Neferarkara (the third
is
....
first
three) are
in
this
refers
only to the
the temple of Khentamenthes.
THE INSCRIPTIONS. The divine
endowment-
servants of their several
from
discharged
estates are
duty
this
protected
are
(?)
receive
of
presence of the king himself:
in
(?)
month
of harvest (Mesore),
and
fractions of cattle
day 8."
sisters
Pepy
(Meryra)
have had or to have taken the
seem
name
of Pepy-ankhnes or
to
I.
Both these
noble Zau.
of the
sisters
its
variant Meryra-
All these kings and great personages
1
may have
contributed to the grandeur or the
possessions of the temple of Abydos.
The
xx.
belong to Pepy
name on
may
*^c
may
suggests,
well have been
Fragments from a temple of the
III,
inscriptions
On
offerings.
as his
temple of
relating
one we have " thou-
provisions " to the statue of the
monument": on another "in the Khentamenthes to make unto him
divine offerings to the extent of eternity "
on
:
another various gods, including Upuaut (Ophois),
Khnum, Thoth, and Anhert
say, "[I give
unto thee
all life
(Onouris)
and strength and]
joy of heart, thou livest as king in the Great
King Nebkherura,
living for ever
"
one of them the king xxvi.
The
can be restored
is
" beloved of
inscriptions
9 gives
ol
Abydos."
must
These
No. 12
III.
is
<
>n
of Usertesen
I.
according to the well-known
7
of
and
almost
Thothmes
perhaps upside down, and
if
so
begins with the sign |U "scribe" or "written,"
but the inscription
highly cursive and very
is
obscure.
The
inscriptions of Usertesen III
record nothing of interest.
menthes
In those of Sebek-
we read " King Sebekhotep hath monument to his father Khenta-
(var. Osiris
Onnophris), the making for that
may give him his protection daily." The altar is inscribed PL xxix.
Osiris
with
a
prayer for offerings addressed to Osiris for the
Ankhu born
sab
and ari-nekhen
The
stele has a similar
Ankh-taui
Abydos
for
Memphis the "ha and
begotten of the
lut
of
Hent-pu.
formula to Osiris lord of
(at
and Ophois lord of
?)
divine sealer, Senbetfi,
and divine
of the lady Neferu."
It
sealer Hor, born
seems odd
connection of Osiris with Abydos
is
that
the
not referred
to in the inscription.
The
figure of
to Osiris
Ameny
has a formula addressed
Khentamenthes, the great god lord of "chancellor,
the
for
Ameny (?), of the lady Kemtet."
Upuaut."
on
name
the
certainly be from the long reign of
Ab}dos,
!
Fragments from a temple of Sankhkara.
PL
lord
quarry marks
the
him a temple of stone
on another " King Mentuhotep has made
Place,
"year 50
8
his
PI. xxiv-v.
Horus,
god,
Abydos, No. 10 "year 46, Abydos," Nos.
made
-r S^.
I.
king of Upper and Lower Egypt Neb-kkeru-
this
prayer to
Senb and born of the lady
Amongsl
xxvii.
the injured table of offerings which,
sands of all "
:
a
Ameiiv, begotten
wa/.ir
building stones, No.
III
chiefly to
"
PI.
hotep
Mentuhotep
ra
....
PI. xxviii.
appear to
here
inscriptions
dedicated after the king's death.
65.
great
the
and
royal city
be the
Mr. Petrie
as
Khentamenthes
the
the
reigned in succession, sons of
PI.
inscribed with
is
father
his
to
Khentamenthi
fsiris
<
was
milk must
jars of
Merenra and Neferkara were brothers who
ankhnes.
statuette
of the of
at the festivals.
two
monument
as his
nnophris (or
<
Osiris
portions of the offerings and sacrifices
refer to
In*
made by him Isiris
stated thai the door
liavi
Ahvdos, for offerings "to the ka of the governor
" Sealed
The
<
The
eternity."
fourth
formula and musl "
thi
extent
the
to
tilings (?)
they
have not
I
granted that the royal larder
(?),
48
means "Bread
PL xxx,
chief
steward
begotten of Taenhaau, born
The name
of the father
of the poor."
1.
Prayer
for
the "official of a
department, Sa-Hathor, born of Menkhet," and 1
Hen- Borchardt
in
Deir
el
Gebrawi
i.,
pp. 29-30.
for his wife (?) "
Mema, born
of Metu-ankh."
ABYDOS
44
Behold the heart of
begotten of
Tlie chief scribe, Neferhotep,
2.
born of the lady Senbet, says: "Hail to thee,
thou
eldest son
coming
forth
....
king
Ta-ur,
in
"
menthes Lord of Abydos
example of and
hymn
a
beyond what had been formerly collars
many names
with
steles
This plate contains an inscription
of a king whose norm n at
unknown.
least
Sekhem-khu-taui-Ra
is
that
inscriptions, "
(2)
probably the
by three
by the king and
Osiris to the
Tehutiaa," and " to
daughter
the
lea lea
Penthen
Neferu."
(?)
part of the
New Kingdom
Thinite":
wwA
" he the
early as
which period 66.
PI.
we
plate
gifts to
but
the
this inscription
From
xxxiv.
learn that
) 1
He
of this
of This,"
D
the fragments on this
Thothmes made considerable
The
inscription
remains on the fragments in the
being on the right hand larger fragment, and of lines
on the niidd Ie fragment
ie
A
fragment
small
points out,
a
high
this,
that
is
number,
it
120 2
1,
at
©
this end.
"Daily [provision]
(Heading)
to
low numbers,
n
hand
left
The objection [O]
on
lines
[by?
offered
king Menkhepcrra?] son of the Sun Thothmes, "
the table
In
we
see various
numbers— 82, GO, 200, 700—of loaves bat of many sizes— 13, 41, 60, 100. 146, half bushel (quadruple heqt) of Hour
called
to the
also
;
hay
or vegetables, dates (1 bunch), milk (2 vessels).
Below
this table is a single line of
probably of the
heading
width of the inscription,
full
by a very extensive tabulation
to
which
lines.
Lower partof the plate: portions of three lines
two
Part of
two horizontal
giving
followed
written in horizontal
gift,
who
his son
was followed
inscription
Mr. Petrie
(3)
the
him by
for
of tabulated offerings.
amongst the
:
forth
and bronze,
silver]
hand fragment.
to
to
and
vessels
perhaps be attached to the
brings
for
Kingdom,
introductory text setting
occasion of the Pari
the later
probably belongs.
the temple of Osiris.
An
as
in
lines
right
of the king's
spelling
end of the Middle
the
should piece
seems scarcely possible so
of "
seems to have consisted of (
was done
the heading remains in
of the king's
would readily and
appropriately be interpreted as " ••the
Below the
Favour granted
gold,
[of
The introductory
was hitherto
nomen.
the
of
royal names are
with
loves him, Thothmes."
reading of the prenomen, and son of the Sun
Pen(?)then
majesty
his
:
and every valuable stone, services
this
PI. xxxi.
"*ns
This fragment also seems to show the lower edge of the whole insci'iption.
The enumeration
horizontal lines divided at
intervals
is
in
by vertical
lines.
one
should be moved conies opposite to the left a
was
long gap,
i
line
down, so that
The
.
probably separated from hut
(Heading)"
large fragment on
another small
these
fragment
by
joins
(?) <
King Thothmes,
of
'siris
.
righl
band edge, giving
33!' Connecting read ".
these
pieci
together
we
may
:
.
.
the
-,;, r.-) j
thai
encompasses the Hanebu.
.
.
."
The
sively fragmentary
kinds of its
[offered] forthe benefit
silver
we
w
I,
"my
it
:
anew unto
his
father
is
exces-
of offerings
included boxes of differenl
objects in
and bronze.
read,
list
alabaster
iron
(?),
Towards the end of the
list
(?),
majesty gave unto him
of ///(/(/-land ami 40
oil
aruras
of higher land.
Also
majesty gave unto him serfs anew to and white cloth ...."'
make
linen
)
my fine
INSCRIPTIONS.
I'll!-:
what
XXXVI.
PI.
"Favour granted by
the
and Osiris
king,
Innophris, the great god in A.bydos;
i
steward
scribe,
He
says
d-Pek, T
:
have come unto
I
'
my
prayers are unto thy
of
each day
lea
:
give thee glory, I exalt thee and glorify the
beauties of thy face.
me
and beer, oxen and fowl,
and thread, incense and ointment, water,
May
wine and milk. best
unguent and
oil
in the feast of
with the
I be anointed
that has been cast off from
the forehead of the god
figure
tablet
max'
:
receive
I
Uag, of green and red
fillets
May
cloth.
as a perfect spirit,
'siris)
may
from the servants of Horns. loveth)
for the lea of the sab, |,,,
— — ttli
one (who
(?),
who
hath reached reward,
»n
his
steward
scribe,
The the
inscription
is
probably of the middle of
XVIIIth Dynasty.
67.
On
At
the back
:
/"j
(?)
the
on the other seem
;
enigma tie writing, together with
My
lord appointed
of the temple
(r)
of
me
l'tah
I
:
overseer of the whole country, judg-
the front, from the knees
downwards,
is
longer inscription, the central column being a
a
in
kind of enigmatic writing.
"The
...
Ra-hetep, he says,
O my
'
.
the
great
place,
the chancellor
.... me for
of
secrets
chief of
priest (?) of l'tah in
lord, protect
excellence, grant safety to
body
truth'
— the
He
make
soul,
be good, and
be safe unto the future, because
to
For
god.
my
to prosper, its flesh to
bones
says,
am
I
thy servant, loving thee
who
wazir Parahotep,
'Let
me become
a-
is
a
as those in thy
who see thy forms exalt me amongst the make me divine amongst the souls. Let me be summoned to thy presence daily, and :
support of the head
spirits,
" the chief priest of
not be
of a statue.
'I
cartouche of
chancellor,
royal
"
train,
On the
PI. xxxvii.
shrine shapi
a
is
ing the land for the king."
in
hotep.''
i%
Ra-
hi- god.
" the
at the feet, "
(?)
Amen-
Memphis,
of
arms
Ra-hotep
wazir as fosterer
my the chief steward of the king, one praised who came forth from the body of one praised, my my excellent satisfier of the heart of his lord, the king's
arm
;
under
wazir
as a pectoral, with the
father
name
upon a squatting
Memphite worshipper
a
his
and the figure of
uiir
became
inscriptions
1
ween
to be titles (?) in
:'
without crime
on the right hand
burial and
a
,.
am
I
detesting evil,
truth,
be parted
I not
worn
divine
enter the rTeshem-boat (the sacred boat of
I
Bet
his king <
tin
and evidently
il
washed my god,
I
:
(Pa-)Ra-hotep,
of
l'tah.
iif
there be given unto
Lei
offerings of bread
cloth
•
lord
thee,
pleas og '"
purified
Amenhotep.
of the treasuries of silver and gold,
pious and
is
Below are
the kin-'-
superintendent
Memphis,
of
I
to
destroyed
from
out
land
the
'
— the
J
Ta-ur (the reliquary of
the
Osiris)
divine chancellor in great dealings
the cere-
(?),
monial attendant, the master of ceremonial in
.... the .... He A bydos,
I
divine servant of Osiris, Nebenmaat says,
secured gold for
I established I
my
servant
master
of
....
(?)
up upon the
scaffolding of the
"
barge
:
Ta-ur,
he
of the king, the wazir Parahotep." PI.
Osiris
has
xxxviii. at
left
plate,
side
:
" the divine
says,
'
I
many
kher-heb of the
the other side
:
"
god who
He
savs,
priest
.
high priest
of
Rameses
11,
Of the fragments
the small one
in
in this
the middle should
If
joined to the larger one below, so that the signs are continuous,
should
so
that
O
and the larger fragment be
placed
below
are joined.
them,
The
in-
therein.'
is '
of
the
in the reign of
records.
servant Xeben-
was the chief
Unnefer,
Abydos
above
(?).'
On one
On
divine
the god upon his sacred stand and
raised that
maat
was
'I
erpa ha, chancellor, confidential friend
.
.
.
doius;
scription was a
hymn
or prayer addressed by
I
AKYDOS
!
Unnefer
to
Osiris
thy son
to
live,
;
it
ends "
'
make liameses
establish thou
his enthrone-
ment upon the great seat, advance him (?) in the royalty of the two lands that he may live for ever,' (pronounced) by the chief priest of •
Mris, Unnefer."
The second
11.
[Addenda
including Harakhti,
is
an address to
all
Atum,
when
Ennead
scribe,
steward of the temple of liameses II
The
Abydos, by Nezem, the royal
11
ruler of
eternity,
coffin," for "
is
a prayer to " Osiris,
Ptah-Sokaris,
Lord of the
thousands of every good and pure
thing, thousands of every
good and sweet thing,
offerings
its
to breathe the air,
;
smell the north wind, and drink water in the swirl of the stream
the
steward
of
;
the
for the
ka of the scribe of
southern
master of ceremonies in the
Any."
and
/, lx, 2,
the
column
third
read,
the fourth
in
T
nrzj
The kneeling of
Unnefer,
-Jbl^jGI
city
(Thebes),
festival of
figure,
is
lxv, 8,
pi.
Hora,
of
his
said
to be
The
son.
Amon,
read,
^
J
^
* J)
|g
f
|
'
*]
{
f
J
at the side.
HV^t^^1iPI?nSyi3 ? by the
given by heaven, produced by earth, brought
by the Nile, of
state
to
ill'
inscriptions
inscription
best
in
(?).
last
is
Ptah-Sokaris-Osiris,
divine
Karnak
In
copied.
deities,
the gods of the sacred land, and the in
Jt
1.
and was not dry enough to clean completely
!
Hathor,
Abydos
which Mas found just before leaving Abydos,
§>©
inscription
to
here a correction to the inscription in Ab.
feet.
rwmiiMitvHiDi — s
^>
tPil^V13)miPV?oJback has the same
W. M.
F. P.]
inscription
Th °
slightly varied.
17
CHAPTER
VI.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 68.
Ix dealing
with so
many
details
best to bring together a brief
main
results, especially for
it
may
be
temple.
tions of the gods we
summary of the who may not
those
in
lias
been a surprise to find that Osiris
in
I— III Upuaut
Kbnumu
.
.
Anher Khentamenti
Horus Tahuti
.
Asar
Asar Khentamenti Asar neb Abdu Asar neb Daddu
Asar neb Ankhtaui Asar Unnefer
Hathor
.
.
Ptah nefer her
Uazyt
Anpu Asar-neb-ta-zeser
Though mere accident may
lead to a
name
J
not having been preserved from an early date, yet accident cannot be supposed to entirely per-
vert the evidence
drawn from the occurrence
names
We
in a site.
see that
of
Upuaut appears
first period, is prominent through the Kingdom, and then disappears. Whereas Middle Osiris does not appear till the Middle Kingdom,
in the
and grows in importance to the end. is
the
name on
Upuaut
the only temple vase, and appears
place
relative
them
in
posi-
the order
site,
with the number of instances during
each period that their names have been published
is
prominent in the early history of the
not more
compare the
may
which they appear on the monuments of the
temple
have time to consider the whole of the material. It
In order to
.
Abydos /and
this
volume.
ABYDOS
48
and
Dynasty;
XHIth Dynasty
the
till
does
alone
Osiris
appear
not
The
xxviii).
(pi.
mention of Anher belongs to the capital Thinis (Ahydos
and
Ivi),
/,
does
not relate
to
this
The
history
appcais
of
worship
the
of
the
of
place
have been then that Upuaut was the
to
temple
the
at
In
the
Vlth
(he
In
first.
Dynasty Khentamenti appears ing the temple.
was
xix) as own-
(pi.
Xlth Dynasty Upuaut
mainly venerated by Sankhkara (xxv).
siill
In the Xllth Dynasty the temple foundations
honour of Khentamenti
are in
(xxiii).
Khentamenti then appears, perhaps Hapi, meaning Khentamenti of Osiris,
Xllth
and
— for
the
Kingdom
Osiris alone stands
succession
Upuaut,
of
Khentamenti, and
gives too
it
Khentamenti, the Osiris alone,
be merely the
to
If in other texts outside of
result of accident.
should prove that Osiris
Abydos
New
on an equal footing.
lastly
consistent a view
the temple
Asar neb Abdu
Asar Khentamenti continues,
to
Osirian
time in the
first
be the main form until in the
however,
an earlier date,
at
it
is
called
would then
only apply to his lordship of the cemetery; the tin pic
itself
i
was that of Upuaut, and next of
Khentamenti.
The change in the character of the temple under the IVth Dynasty is notable (see sect. 14). The great bed of vegetable ashes differs from anything seen before, and the offerings of clay in
it
are
change
is
that iiM this
unknown.
cell
:
ami
large buildings
The ash bed was only
at a later
in
time another case of this.
The date
of
new form of worship must have been two before
Pepy
I
in
the Vlth
when Herodotus temples
the
closed
This
the
find
:
states that
and abolished the meets the
exactly
tradition
we
conditions that
there
no temple, and
is
clay votive offerings are thrown into a
a
fire,
cheap substitute for the real offerings of animals
and vegetables, on which the priesthood
lived.
This disestablishment and confiscation of endow-
Dynasty, and
new
strono- ruler has to organize a
order of things
and
;
it
quite in accord with
is
the dominant character of Khufu.
Several objects have placed the history
69.
of art and products in an entirely
new
light,
and
change some of the ideas hitherto accepted.
At
beginning of the
the
meet with the
1st
Dynasty we
art of glazing fully developed,
not only for large monochrome vessels, but for inlay
in different
Mena and
It
(pi. iv).
round
in the
colours,
was
advance on new of coloured
(pi. i)
lines
and
glass
as
in
the
vase
also used for relief
for the coating of wall
;
and on a great
surfaces.
of
work, scale
Certaiuly no
appears until the variety glaze
appeared
in
the
XVIIIth Dynasty. At the same early period arises the fine art in ivory carving, which is equal to anything done later,
and in
absence of convention stands
its
The statuette of the old king (pi. xiii), and some of the fragments on pis. ii, iii, show as good an underabove
later
all
in the
temple building here belongs to
building was added around
stagi
Khuf'u
sacrifices.
accompanied by the negative change although there were
have
tradition of a religious revolution at the rise of
standing
before and after this.
this
This
And we
IVth Dynasty.
or
positive
similarly
great
age,
a small
Illrd
the
to
ments has been a familiar course in history
Asar neb Daddv, Asar
XITIth Dynasty
or
lord of
must be therefore probably referred
It
whenever a
And
is
is
temple of the 1st Dynasty.
Asar
the future state (xxvi, xxix).
(altar pi. xxix).
This
the
after
Asar world
Ankhtaui,
neb
who
like
in the
Xllth Dynasty
in the
two stages
the IVth Dynasty,
temple.
deity
II.
of
Egyptian works.
form as at any later age.
l-t
llnd Dynasty the intercourse
ami
with Crete had
brought in the polished black
ware well known as the early product of that island,
in
the later
cups were used tint
in
neolithic
larger jars probably for
xlii,
age.
The
small
importing bright red paint, oil,
&c. (xii, 267
9
;
20—36).
This connection hears ouf the importation of
SUMMARY OP RESULTS. the earliest kind of painted island pol tery at the
same period.
pottery found with objects of the (x,
The decrees Dynasty
The camel had hitherto been unknown Egypt until late times. Now a camel head
M
ami been re-introduced;
this
is
much
iron found
like the
Dynasty metal
tli-
with
two
for
shows that metal
by Zippelin.
Income common
in
the
<
the
old
>ld
the
three
or
history of the horse in l^gypt, as lately suggested
the
back
was
it
are
Vth and YTth
only examples of
at
knowledge of
thousand
leasl
known
Kingdom, though
till
The
Kingdom.
copper tods of the
the
carries
*s of the
k
documents of
state
in
224) points to the animal having died ou1
of
(xvii, xviii)
in
Dynasty
i
\
Ttli
thai
years,
and
a
rare
as
did not
it
Greek times.
The statue of Khafra has long been one of the main treasures of early Egyptian portraiture,
mention also the discovery of the
but his more celebrated
predecessor,
prototype of Deir-el-Bahri, and the great stele
was quite unknown
by appearance.
last
to us
we have recovered
so small, yet
by
its
a statuette, which,
the
most
last
produced.
realize
ruling
work
power and character
ranks with some of the best at
At
though
exquisitely minute
gives us a portrait that for
can
Khufu,
(xiii, xiv).
We
the nature and energy of
character
that
Egypt ever
Though not
in
the
present
volume, we cliff
of Queen Tetashera, the ancestress of the
may
temple
Wfllth
Dynasty.
The clearing of the ten successive temples of Abydos has given, for the first time, the continuous history of a ties.
And
new view
it
site
through
all
the dynas-
has afforded in several respect- a
of the beginning of the civilization.
ABYDOS
II.
APPENDIX, THE SIZES OF BRICKS. 70.
In uncovering walls of so sizes of the
comparison of the
many
periods the
bricks was often
identifying the connection between
of use for
The time required for finding the dimensions of one set of these unbaked mud bricks was considerable. One or two joints might show, or even a wall might show its bricks all different walls.
over,
and yet dozens of sections of the
mud
soft
enormous bricks two
we cannot
They
say.
and a foot wide
feet long
on the N.W.
lie
sand bed beneath the wall of
Tahutmes
The
references to the plans are given here
the " nominal " widths,
the
and the numbers of the
The breadths
nominal width.
lengths and breadths could be certainly identified
following
not
is
sufficient
together in one
several
vary
Ft
thickness
in
clearly delimited
The breadths of the bricks
brick
from
its
measure the
length, as
the
;
to
itself
joints
side.
are usually about half of the length ;
but this
is
by no means
exact,
on
reference
plans
the
But
that gives
or
letters
4.3
Foundation W. of wall,
but merely serve to distinguish different
measurements and
and the following
to refer
W.
5.6
Wall
ash shrine,
5.72
Low
which varies from 4.4 to
6.4.
—
8.9 to
under
lii.
Kom-es-Sultan,
Base of E. outside
6.2
W. end of wall E. of Teta decree, lii. Low corner N.W. of Kom-es-Sultan,
xlix.
6.45
6.5
W.
of K. in
liii,
and cross walls 21A,
in
big N.E. wall, 305-
liii.
deposit
pit,
and low corner N.W. of outside
wall,
13.2,
&c,
Usertesen
I
lvi,
xlix.
(13 and 15 inch bricks tuized 13.8,
&c,
filling
in
both.)
of a break in
N.W.
outside wall, xlix.
sizes, 7.0 to 7.35.
XVIIIth went outside of all these into To whom belong the 9.0 for the width.
wall, 265, xlix.
xlix.
are
The Vlth Xlth Dynasties show larger sizes, from 5.2 to Pepy's 7.8. Then the Xllth Dynasty the
houses
Iv.
6.1 2
7.0
dis-
And
S. of
square,
Corner tower N.W. of Kom-es-Sultan,
between the plans
The general conclusions from this table that from 1st to Vth Dynasty there is nothing
only used the greater of these
end of outer gate
6.05
sets
table.
tinctive in the size,
the
liii.
S. wall of
size.
These reference numbers are not exact averages,
of
S.
5.22
as
an immediate notion of the
are
xlix.
more than one alphabet would be used up, numbers were better. It seemed best then to use the medium breadth of the bricks as a reference number, as numbers might be used.
which
Inches.
and both dimensions need fixing separately.
For
to
:
must be
mortar on each
by
they are found appear beneath
plans in which
there are no references on the plans
fixed.
but
do not appear in any built wall.
earth might have to be sliced before two or three
and
in the
III,
I
1.3
patched
xlix.
E. wall of outside, 245,
TIIK SIZES
266,
W.
7.1
W.
[Tsertesen
1.1
1
side
wall,
end 303-
S.
lvi.
temple A. 202-189,
14.2 inner corner
Li.
of X.K. thick
wall,
liii.
1
1.4
construction chamber
in
above,
liii.
E. outside wall, xlix.
7.2
EC om-es- Sultan
outside wall, xlix.
Usertesen wall S.W. and
Lower
7.35
part
8., lvi.
Kom-es-Sultan,
inside
xlix.
J3.K,
&c, top 10 courses
Kom-es-
of
Sultan, N.W., xlix. 7.8
and
E.
walls
8.
Kom-es-Sultan,
of
xlix.
8.9
Tahutmes Ml wall at N.W., Ivii. Tahutmes III retaining wall by deposit
9.0
Tahutmes
8.7
116,
wall,
The excess breadth
on W.,
lvii.
(i.e.
III
li.
of the
length
over double
the
the allowance for one mortar joint)
on an average,
XVIIIth Dynasty. of 13.5
III wall
X.W. sand bed under Tahutmes
12.1
is,
lvii.
*4
in each period before the
The two
and 15.2 inches
different lengths
(see 7.0)
mixed
together,
probably were respectively for stretchers and headers,
to
allow
of
bonding
across
middle joint in the wall.
DIMENSIONS OF BRICKS. Nominal.
a
wide
OP BRICKS.
51
ABYDOS
62
Nominal.
11.
..;;
INDEX TO PART Aahmes
I,
tomb, town, &c.
....
II.
ABYJJUS
bi
Cow ,,
dish, in ivory
.
.
quartz
,
.
Cretan pottery
28, 38,
.
Crocodiles
.
Cylinder of limestone
Deer
Frogs
25
Fruits, glazed
48
29, 38
Currelly, Mr. C. T.
of black steatite
,,
24
25
.
Crystal bowl
.
3
.
9
9,
in pottery
29 3
Bahri
el
Den
period of objects
Girl, figure of
3
Glazed ,,
figures,
found
vases of
Mena
,,
tiles
,,
inlaying
Gods worshipped Granite pylon
of levels
.
cow
Dish, ivory, form of
shrine
,,
statues
Griffith,
Mr. F.
Grooves
for staves
21
Ground, differences
21
Dog, glazed
25
Dolls
28
Doorways
of stone
Dovetail of
10, 11
.
tiles
12
Hapi
12
Hawks
26
Hearth
Heb, name
Draughtsman
26
burnt offering
of
Hclt sign in deposit
stone
2,3 21
.
Hen vase
.
.
Hez-hotep,
name
Hieroglyphs on Feathers, copper
12,
.
.
Flint flake, as that of Zer
„
,,
.
as that of Perabsen
23,
Flint flakes on floor of deposits
.
Flint knives
.
.... ....
32
Hippopotami
27
Hor
9
26
Ink-slab of chert
Inundation Iron, earliest
.
27
.
27
.
Fortification wall
Forts of early king-,
6, 18, .
Foundation deposits on plans
.
Vth Dynasty
(?)
,,
of
Pepy
,,
,,
of
Mentuhotep(V)
,,
,,
marked
,,
,,
of Usertesen
X
16
20
.
3
.
6
I
Tahutmes III Amenhotep Ramessu III
,,
of of
„
,,
of
,,
,,
defining temple
,,
,,
description of
1
.
swords
STa-name on
.
tile
20
Khasekhemui, sealings Khati
.
.
.
,,
Ivory carvings
.
.
20 14
20
18, 21
1
halbert
10,
6, 17,
,,
,,
11,
15,20
.
Horus, bronze figure of
27
Flint serpent
Floor props
Hora
15
.
large knife
tiles
.
38
Flints venerated
,,
.
3
Excavation, by clearance
Fetish stones
of level
.
Hen-ur, name
Eckensteiu, Miss L.
chapte
by door
Hansard, Miss F.
18
inlaid, of
LI.,
Halbert, iron
Drain under causeway
Eye
.
21
Dogs, ivory carvings of
Door, grooves for stave s by
.
„
Deposit, sec Foundation.
Diagrams
Abyd
at
Granaries, size of
8
Destructive for stone
.
Glaze polychrome
29
Deir at Abydos
Deir
ir.
.
17, .
Khrntamenti
Kbnumu,
.
priest of
.
Khufu, seated figure of ,,
changes
in
worshiv
20
King, ivory statuette of
19
Knife, copper
18
20
of
,,
.
lead model
Kom-es-Sultan
by
AT5YDOS Sanded ground Sandstone carvings
Sankhkara Sealings
,
15, 1G,
7,
32
.
Sebekamsaf
I
.
Sebekamsauf
II
Sebekhotep III
Sedheb tablets
.
sign in deposit Senbtefi
Sequence dates Serpent of
Sety
I
flint
.
.
Ship on pan Shrine of red granite of glaze
.
Shunet ez Zebib Skins, stretched out Slate rings
carving
,,
.
Standard hawk
.
Stands of pottery Stannus, Mr. H. Steatite cylinders
Stele of
Pepy
.
Store rooms
Stone doorways
Swords, iron
Tablets of
Pepy
I.
Tahuti
Tahutmes III
.
.
7,
13, 17
18,
19,
2
Tauraa
Temenos
Old Kingdom
of
Usertesen
,,
Temple
growth Temple, ,,
first
of
.
second, 1st Dynasty
i.
Ifnd and Illrd Dynasties
,,
IVth Dynasty
third, >>
I.
clearance of
site,
Vth Dynasty
>>
VI th Dynasty Mentuhotep 111
fourth,
,,
fifth,
Sankhkara
,,
sixth,
,,
seventh, Usertesen
,,
I
ninth,
Tahutmes III Bamessu ill
tenth,
Aahmes
eighth,
Temples, ten found
I
.
,,
need of removing
,,
history of
.
later
33,
II.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; IVORY FIGURES,
M. 69.
1st
DYN.
ABYD03, TEMPLE; IVORY FIGURES, M.
69.
I**"
DYN.
111.
2: 3
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: GLAZED POTTERY, M
69.
IV.
I
-~~^m&^Sf wm-p-p.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; GLAZED FIGURES, M.
69.
|ST
DYN.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; GLAZED FIGURES. M.
69.
|st
DYN.
VI.
ABYDOS. TEMPLE; GLAZED FIGURES, M.
69.
1st
DY n.
VII
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; GLAZED BEADS, TILES, &c, M.
69.
1st
DYN.
VIII
ABYDOS, TEMPLE;
FIGURES OF LIMESTONE, &c, M.
64.
IX.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; GLAZED FIGURES, &c, M. 65 &
89.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: GLAZED AND ROUGH POTTERY.
XI.
204-
,r
£*
si
2&>yV*
I
J
r
i
r*V
^KbX rs. -•/
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; POTTERY AND INSCRIPTION, 1" D YN. I
XII.
3:2
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; IVORY STATUETTES.
KHUFU.
XIII.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; ROYAL OBJECTS,
I.— VI. DYN.
XIV.
1
:
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: COPPER TOOLS.
2
&C.
XV.
0=^
I]
m 110
II
173
i
10s II
n
IZ
13
(J
18?
u LEAD
2
:
3
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: SEALINGS,
IV
DYN.
XVI.
2
E-R-A.
1
:5
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: DECREE OF TETA,
VI
DYN.
XVI
A
f
4} EH.
%
Mh M,//,///
1
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: DECREE OF NEFERARKARA, V DYN.
:4
XVIII
^!ir4t¥~^ 4 A
\4
TI7
n *
I
iu
% t
-1 ^
^ 5'
u
1?^
softs-
11 If
4
Tr
Aft
*2/H~^*im*ftftt ZH
«& *
» 0=*
8fc#
WM-F-P-
1
ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF PEPY, LINTEL AND STELE,
A i
E
«L
tfx
I
4 to
U
VI
DYN.
XIX.
3
:
10
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: INSCRIPTIONS OF PEPY.
VI
XX.
DYN.
F.H.
"*A-#l
i
^tt-t v
i
yu -i
T
T-
t
T-1 £
;
*/* i
t i
M-A.M.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; VASES, &c, OF PEPY.,
255
ALABASTER VASES.
LINTEL
VI.
DYN.
XXI.
GILT COPPER FEATHERS.
GLAZED DECORATION.
1
:
3
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: COPPER TOOLS,
VI
DYN.
;
IRON WEAPONS.
XXII.
I
W.M.FR
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; INSCRIPTIONS OF XI.— XII. DYN.
COPING AND LINTEL OF USERTESEN
I.
XXIII
1
:
ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF MENTUHOTEP
6
III,
XI
DYN.
XXIV,
~\
p II
1
1 I
E.R.A
fl/.M.F
1:6
ABYDOS: TEMPLES OF MENTUHOTEP
III
AND SANKHKARA,
XI
DYN.
XXV.
r •,!„A\^?-l^^P\ f ~^ (
mm
>
f^A
E.R.A
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: LINTEL OF USERTESEN
1:5
I,
XXVI.
&C.
C
H.P
1
:5
/iiT
ir
it
& 1 1
STELE OF ATHA.
STATUETTE OF THE VIZIER AMENY.
U JXl
g^f^^P] \^£HpV m *& u4{mm
I
m
F.H
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: STANDARDS, QUARRY MARKS.
1:8
STANDARDS OF USERTESEN
MAM. I
BLOCK WITH GROOVES BY DOOR OF PEPY.
1:10
XII
C=t3
XXVI
&c.
msV
QUARRY MARKS ON BUILDING BLOCKS.
FP-
1
!
9
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: USERTESEN
III
STATUE; SEBEKHOTEP
III
JAMBS.
XXVIII.
>CT
V
:
W uu Li
7 E.R.A L.E.
EH.
ABYDOS. TEMPLE: INSCRIPTIONS,
1:3
XII
XXIX.
DYN.
fc-1
tEfl-^ CD
I
-
!__£
p*\.
^#;if^
^7
V JiAAlUlA ALTAR OF ANKHU.
8^
¥ t i
i
•
±A\XV*\t-M£. *
1\
i
4MMI1^ »U^MJI»iUi TWW^^EMAk 1
rr STELE OF SENBTEFI.
I
6
-i:>€^T(fi F.H.
FROM FIGURE OF AMENY.
1
:
3
ABYDOS. TEMPLE: STELES,
XII-XIII
DYN.
XXX.
1:3
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: STELES OF PENTHEN, &c.
XIII
DYN.
XXXI
^sTtzZ'^ld^ IY~*
F.H.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; INSCRIPTIONS OF
XIII.
-XVIII.
DYN.
XXXII.
Mi STELE OF PENTHEN
STELE OF ANTEF
3.
V.
4.
ANTEF(?) AND
5.
''
•*
fir?
'
fertl
•
*
^
-"
•>
y
M --
"
f^^BMi 6.
SEBEKHOTEP
III.
(?)
%}&%
*
^
¥
%
SEBEKEMSAF.
1
:
10
ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF TAHUTMES
III,
W. PYLON.
XXXI
ERA
1:6
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: OFFERINGS OF TAHUTMES
f^
Rff
III.
XXXIV.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE; INSCRIPTIONS
1.
OF SETY
3.
6.
PYRAMIDION.
2.
I.
RAMESSU
4.
II.
7.
FIGURE OF RAMESSU
IV.
XIX. -XX.
DYN.
XXXV.
FIGURE OF RA-HOTEP.
RAMESSIDE GROUP.
8.
•^fA
5.
PA-KHRED-NA-AHU.
QUEEN THIY-MERENAST. RAMESSU
III.
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: STELE OF
1
:
PU,
FIGURE OF AMENHOTEP.
XXXVI.
2
V ai r/rxsa teas te srs*u
£i
Mjgg^^
gilt *
l
ff^*
I
^vw^A.
F.H.
!
ABYDOS. TEMPLE: HEAD OF NEB-EN-MAAT. FIGURE OF PA-RA-HOTEP. XIX DYN,
1:3
n
+
4£
XXXVII
1
y
a ncil^r* &>.
a WA
SI \
VW*
S&t&nriWW
F.H.
1
:
3
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: INSCRIPTIONS OF UNNEFER, NEZEM AND AUY,
XIX DYN.
XXXVIII.
f\ I
-*r
i
I
i
in •
AL
i
i
m
i
I
I
Z\ i
i
i_^-i
i
1
W6
-•
!»
0'' '€
£
f
w
MSB ^1 JrJVl
1
\LM^
mmi^MM /*+****.
1
^
mm&m^
///m////////// //////*
F».
1
:
2
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: BOAT, HARPER. PIECES OF FIGURE OF MUT-TUY.
XIX DYN.
XXXIX
A.M.B. F.H.
1
:
2
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: FLINT KNIVES.
XL.
1
:
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: FLINT HOES AND SCRAPERS.
2
XLI
17
120
245
245
267
187
275
33
30
298
197
138
155
1
:
ABYDOS: STONE AND POTTERY OF EARLIEST TEMPLE.
6
XLII
STONE
BOWLS
POTTERY OF FIRST DYNASTY AND EARLIER .20
2
36
39
40
1
:
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: POTTERY OF
6
1
1— V
DYNASTY.
4-3
204
195
205
50
227
227
208
79 78
80
1
:
6
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: POTTERY OF
ll-V
DYNASTY.
XLIV.
no
106
215
203
205 .112
109
,215
2IO
1
:
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: POTTERY OF
6
VI
DYNASTY.
XLV.
117 113
II
115
123
VI
TO X DYNASTY.
129 137
138
244
130
131
2
56 W.M-i
1
:
ABYDOS. TEMPLE: POTTERY OF Vl-X DYNASTY.
6
140
155
-MTI52
142
141
XLVI.
fug '53 146
150
144
I
145
143
156
151
154
148
XI
DYNASTY.
157
61
163
.159
160
•158
1
162
165
IMtt^
1
164
167
vvieo
172
185 168
170
169
74
9 USERTESEN
I,
XII
DYN. 197
188
187
.192
196 ,189
,190
.191
W.M
ABYDOS, TEMPLE OF OLD KINGDOM.
XLVII.
-"^
GENERAL VIEW TO N.W. KOM ES SULTAN BEHIND.
OLDEST MASONRY. PEPY GATE BEHIND.
1.
4.
7.
NAME OF PEPY ON JAMB.
CORNER OF OUTER WALL.
2.
BOLT HOLES
5.
8
IN
JAMB.
STEPS OF SANKH KARA
3
6.
9.
E. FRONT OF PEPY GATE COLONNADE IN FRONT.
GATEWAY
IN
OUTER WALL.
TEMPLE DOORSILL OF
PEPY.
ABYDOS, TEMPLES OF V|th_xXV|th DYNS.
FLOOR O r TEMPLE DOOR OF PEPY
3.
5.
TEMENOS WALL.
CHAPEL OF
AT
2.
USERTESEN
4.
6.
FC
XLVIII.
THICK PAVING. USERTESEN THIN PAVING. SANKH-KA-RA
WALLS OF CHAPEL OF AMENHOTEP
/ULUrflri
dmo
I
I.
t..
A AH rVl to
II.
1
:
ABYDOS, TEMPLE: SOME PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS.
1200
FIVE
Iitr3SrX3K,EX>
XLIX.
FEET
XII
"D
TOMBS
OF
Orr
-
=
VI
I
TEMPLE
Or
NEKHT NEB
F
XXX
XII
LATE PVL
1
:
250
ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF
I
DYNASTY.
YELLOW BRICK lt.5 FLOOR 142.
LEVELS
IN
INCH E£
OVER A B
BITRA RY ZERO
WEST
EAST
FIFTY FEET V/.M.FP //AVv&BICK
STOME
I
92
'/////, -&
/
/ / /
/ / / Black
'cylinder 186
1
1
V
Ll 6 t
90
V
ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF
II
AND
III
DYNASTIES.
LI.
V7777771
* i
/ / / /
// /
600
w.M.rp
65
SAND LAV EH 1
I
O
64 2.80
G
!50
ABYDOS: TEMPLE OF
IV
Lll.
AND V DYNASTIES.
^^V?»
ETA
CREE
