Peter Trudgill Sociolinguistics an Introduction to Language and Society

SOCIOLINGUISTICS An introduction to language and society

FOURTH EDITION

PENGUIN BOOKS

SOCIOLINGUISTICS: AN INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

Advisory Editor: David Crystal

Peter Trudgill was born in Norwich in 1943, and attended the City of Norwich School. After studying Modern Languages at King's College Cambridge, he obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh in 1971. He taught in the Department of Linguistic Science at the University of Reading from 1970 to 1986, and then became Professor of Sociolinguistics at the University of Essex. He was Professor of English Language and Linguistics at the University of Lausanne from 1993 to 1998, and is now Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland. He has carried out linguistic field­ work in Britain, Greece and Norway, and has lectured in most European countries, Canada, the United States, Colombia, Australia, New Zealand, India, Thailand, Hong Kong, Fiji, Malawi and Japan. Peter Trudgill is the author of: Accent,

Dialect and the School; English Accents and Dialects (with Arthur Highes); International English (with Jean Hannah); Applied

Sociolinguistics; Dialects in Contact; On Dialect; Language in the British Isles; Dialectology (with J. K. Chambers); The Dialects of England; and numerous other books and articles on socio­ linguistics and dialectology. His other Penguin books are Bad

Language (with Lars Andersson); Language Myths (with Laurie Bauer); and a lexicon of sociolinguistic terminology Introduc­

ing Language and Society. Peter Trudgill is the Honorary Presi­ dent of the Friends of Norfolk Dialect society, and a Fellow of the British Academy.

Sociolinguistics: an introduction to language and society

Peter Trudgill Fourth Edition

PENGUI N BOOKS

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First published in Pelican Books Second edition

1983

Reprinted in Penguin Books

1995 Fourth edition 2000

1974

1990

Third edition

12 Copyright© Peter Trudgill,

1974, 1983, 1995. 2000

All rights reserved Set in

9.5/12.5 pt Monotype

Stone Serif

Typeset by Rowland Phototypesetting Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk Printed in England by Clays Ltd, St Ives pie Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser

ISBN i3 9+8-0 140 28�1 3 ISBN-JO: 0-140-28921--{i

Contents

List of Figures, Maps and Tables vii Acknowledgements ix Phonetic Symbols xi r 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ro

Sociolinguistics - Language and Society r Language and Social Class 23 Language and Ethnic Group 42 Language and Sex 6r Language and Context Sr Language and Social Interaction ro5 Language and Nation n9 Language and Geography 147 Language and Contact 165 Language and Humanity 185

Annotated Bibliography and Further Reading 205 Index 2n

List of Figures, Maps and Tables

Figures

Social and regional dialect variation 30 2 Social and regional accent variation 32 3 Sex differentiation in Darkhat Mongolian 68 4 Social-class and style differentiation of non-prevocalic /r/ in New York City (after Labov) 88

l

Maps

Non-prevocalic /r/ in yard and farm in conservative rural dialects in England 149 2 Modern English dialect areas 152 3 Modern North American dialect areas 154 4 Uvular r in Europe 160 l

Tables l

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ro

Attitudes towards and use of non-prevocalic /r/: upper middle class in New York City rr Regional and caste differences in Kannada 26 RP and local-accent pronunciation of home 32 Verbs without -s in Norwich and Detroit 33 Non-RP forms for three consonants in Norwich 37 New York vowels in bad 38 Self-evaluation of tune in Norwich 76 Over- and under-reporting of tune in Norwich 76 Over- and under-reporting of ear in Norwich 77 -in ' forms used in four contextual styles in Norwich 87

Acknowledgements

A book of this type necessarily draws rather heavily on the work of others. I have made use of the publications of the following scholars without acknowledgement in the text: P. van den Berghe, C. Geertz, J. Gibbons, T. Hill, K. Kazazis, R. Keller, D. Laycock, A. Hooper, W. Lockwood, S. Martin, W. McCormack, J. Ornstein, E. Polome, J. Rubin and W. Stewart. I would like also to acknowledge the help I have had with translations from Ron Brasington, Arne Kjell Foldvik, Viviane Schumacher, and Spanish students at the University of Reading, as well as the invaluable information I have received from Malcolm Petyt, Dubravka Lazic Yarwood, Greek friends, and many other col­ leagues, students and friends in Reading, Essex, Lausanne, Fri­ bourg and elsewhere. I am especially grateful to David Crystal for his help and advice with the book as a whole, and to Jill Tozer for typing the first edition. Special thanks are also due to Viv Edwards, Paul Fletcher and Mike Garman, as well as to Jean Hannah for her invaluable help with the second, third and fourth editions. The third edition also benefited from help and advice from Ian Hancock and David Shaul; and the fourth edi­ tion likewise from help from Donna Christian, Shana Poplack, Dennis Preston, John Rickford, Sali Tagliamonte and Walt Wolfram.

Phonetic Symbols

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