Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
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Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan Satu. Mengandungi 20 peta minda merangkumi kesemua 7 bab yang berkaitan. Dapatkannya di...
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Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
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Syarat
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
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Lesen: Kegunaan sendiri
Kegunaan anda sahaja
Syarat Dan Terma Penggunaan E-Book Ini Produk : "E-Book" Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan Satu Syarat Penggunaan Produk
Penafian Penerbit
Dengan pembelian produk ini anda telah bersetuju dan mengakui untuk mematuhi syarat dan terma bagi penggunaan produk ini.
Produk ini dihasilkan untuk menyediakan maklumat berkaitan subjek yang dinyatakan. Kami telah berusaha sedaya upaya agar maklumat yang dihasilkan dalam produk ini adalah tepat.
Produk ini diterbitkan oleh Mohd. Nasarruddin Bin Ahmad dan dilindungi di bawah Akta Hak Cipta 1987.
Walau bagaimanapun, pihak kami tidak akan bertanggungjawab terhadap perubahan maklumat semasa berkaitan dengan subjek yang berkenaan kerana perubahan maklumat sentiasa berlaku sepanjang masa. Pembelian dan penggunaan produk ini adalah tanggungjawab anda sepenuhnya. Kami tidak akan bertanggung jawab terhadap sebarang liabiliti dan risiko kerugian sepanjang penggunaan produk ini.
Anda tidak dibenarkan untuk menyebarkan produk ini dengan apa-apa cara sekalipun. Produk ini hanya untuk kegunaan peribadi anda sendiri. Anda tidak dibenarkan untuk menyalin-ulang mana-mana bahagian dalam produk ini atau mengeditnya menggunakan perisian lain tanpa kebenaran daripada pihak penerbit. Sebarang perbuatan untuk menyebarkan produk ini secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja akan menyebabkan hak anda untuk menggunakan produk ini terbatal dengan serta-merta.
Tiada jaminan bahawa produk ini mampu mengubah kehidupan pengguna dari segi kebolehan dan sebagainya kerana ianya bergantung kepada usaha pengguna itu sendiri. Pengguna adalah bertanggungjawab sepenuhnya di atas tindakan sendiri yang dilakukan berdasarkan kandungan di dalam produk ini. Tujuan utama produk ini adalah untuk perkongsian maklumat sematamata.
X Hak Cipta Terpelihara Mohd Nasarruddin Bin Ahmad
i
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
Ia bermula dengan cabang utama
Ini diikuti oleh katakunci yang bercambah dari cabang ini iaitu yang berlabel 1 iaitu "Science"
A iaitu "SCIENCE: PART OF EVERYDAY LIFE"
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Cabang "Science" pula akan bercambah menjadi ranting yang mengandungi fakta yang berturutan yang berlabel a , b , dan c . Habiskan membacanya sebelum anda pergi ke dahan yang berlabel 2 iaitu "Natural Phenomena".
4 5 3 Sebagai contoh, sila lihat peta minda yang pertama di muka 1 iaitu "Introduction To Science"
2
CARA PENGGUNAAN
B
Ulangi langkah yang sama bagi dahan 2 dan 3 dengan membaca ranting dan ranting kecil mengikut turutan huruf a, b, c....dan nombor 1, 2, 3.... sebelum anda pergi ke cabang utama berlabel
A
Nota yang terdapat dalam peta minda ini hendaklah dibaca menurut turutannya. Ia mengandungi cabang utama yang berlabel dengan huruf bersaiz besar seperti:
A
6
1
C
dan seterusnya.
B
Ulangkaji semula dari masa ke semasa mengikut keperluan anda. Masa yang diambil akan menjadi semakin singkat kerana ingatan anda semakin mantap. Ulangkaji peta minda anda seberapa kerap yang mungkin. Abaikan bahagian yang anda telah ingat. Baca bahagian yang anda terlupa. Baca semula peta minda anda keesokan harinya untuk mengisi semula ingatan yang telah hilang
iaitu "AREAS OF STUDY AND CAREERS" untuk meneruskan bacaan.
KEJAYAAN AKAN MENANTI ANDA !
Sebelum menduduki peperiksaan anda akan hanya lakukan ulangkaji pantas yang merumuskan kesemua bahagian ingatan.
C
3
MENGULANGKAJI PETA MINDA ANDA
e d
2 c
CARA
b a
Selepas 1 jam proses pembelajaran, anda seharusnya mengulangkaji semula selama 10-30 minit.
E-book Peta MInda untuk SAINS UPSR adalah dalam format PDF. Untuk membukanya komputer anda harus mempunyai program Adobe Acrobat Reader. Jika tidak muaturunkan dari: http://get.adobe.com/reader/
B 1
SALINAN KERAS, PENJILIDAN DAN PEMBESARAN
Gunakan pencetak warna untuk supaya gambar yang dipaparkan adalah berwarna dan menarik untuk dibaca sebelum dijilidkan. Ini adalah kerana warna berupaya meningkatkan ingatan. Apabila dicetak, mukasuratnya adalah dalam saiz A4. Walaupun boleh dibaca oleh mata kasar, jika anda mahukan saiz huruf yang lebih besar, anda boleh membuat salinan fotokopi ke kertas A3 dengan pembesaran 141% untuk paparan yang lebih besar dan jelas. Selepas itu bolehlah dijilidkan menjadi buku.
2
1 Kajian telah menunjukkan bahawa ingatan akan berkurang mengikut masa yang tertentu.Sebagai persediaan bagi peperiksaan, anda haruslah mengulangkaji peta minda anda dari masa ke semasa. Ini membolehkan anda untuk memperbaiki bahagian yang kurang diingati, atau mengingatkan semula bahagian yang terlupa .
3
dan nji li Pe
Fo
Saiz A4
tokopi
Penjilidan
141 %
Saiz A3
ii
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Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
I. HUMAN CELL ORGANISATION........................................ 8
C. PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE.. 13
L. EFFECTS OF HEAT ON STATES OF MATTER............ 19
J. HUMAN BEINGS: COMPLEX ORGANISMS.................... 8
D. OXYGEN FOR RESPIRATION....................................... 13
M. CHANGES OF STATE SUMMARY................................. 19
E. CARBON DIOXIDE FROM RESPIRATION...................... 13
N. APPLICATIONS OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION.............................................................. 20
A. SCIENCE PART OF EVERY DAY LIFE........................... 1 B. AREAS OF STUDY........................................................... 1
CHAPTER 3: MATTER
C. CAREERS..........................................................................1
A. CHARACTERISTICS........................................................ 9
D. THE SCIENCE LABORATORY (1)................................... 1
B. MADE UP SMALL PARTICLES........................................ 9
E. THE SCIENCE LABORATORY (2)................................... 2
C. 3 STATES OF MATTER.................................................. 9
F. USING THE BUNSEN BURNER....................................... 2
D. PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT........................................... 9
G. HAZARD SYMBOLS........................................................ 2
E. PARTICLE MOVEMENT.................................................. 9
H. SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION......................................... 3
F. DENSITY............................................................................ 10
I. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES................................................. 3
G. FLOAT OR SINK?............................................................ 10
J. PREFIXES......................................................................... 4
H. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES................................................ 10
K. MEASURING LENGTHS.................................................. 4
I. APPLICATIONS OF PROPERTIES OF MATTER.......... 10
F. OXYGEN FOR COMBUSTION........................................ 14 G. AIR POLLUTION.............................................................. 14
O. SOLVING PROBLEMS USING EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION................................ 20
H. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.......................................... 14
P. HEAT ABSORPTION AND HEAT RELEASE.................. 20 Q. HEAT FLOW BENEFITS................................................ 20
CHAPTER 6: SOURCES OF ENERGY A. ENERGY: Ability to do work............................................. 15 B. ENERGY FORMS............................................................. 15 C. ENERGY SOURCES........................................................ 15 D. POTENTIAL ENERGY AND KINETIC ENERGY............ 15 E. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES...................... 16
L. MEASURING AREAS........................................................ 4 M. MEASURING LIQUID VOLUMES.................................... 5
CHAPTER 4: VARIETY OF RESOURCES ON EARTH
N. MEASURING SOLID VOLUMES..................................... 5
A. AIR..................................................................................... 11
O. MEASURING TEMPERATURE........................................ 5
B. WATER.............................................................................. 11
P. CHOOSING SUITABLE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS.. 6
C. SOIL.................................................................................. 11
Q. WEIGHT AND MASS........................................................ 6
D. MINERALS........................................................................ 11
R. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WEIGHT AND MASS........ 6
E. FOSSIL FUELS............................................................... 11
Q. IMPORTANCE OF STANDARD UNITS........................... 6
F. LIVING THINGS..................................................................11
F. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES................................ 16 G. USING ENERGY EFFICIENTLY...................................... 16 H. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY SOURCES................... 16 I. RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT..................... 16
CHAPTER 7: HEAT A. A FORM OF ENERGY...................................................... 17 B. HEAT PRODUCTION........................................................ 17
CHAPTER 2 : CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE A. CELL................................................................................. 7 B. MICROSCOPE.................................................................. 7 C. CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS......................... 7
G. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, MIXTURES....................... 12 C. HEAT AND TEMPERATURE............................................ 17 H. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, MIXTURES COMPARISON............................................................... 12
D. HEAT/TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES.......................... 17
I. METALS AND NON-METALS.......................................... 12
E. HEAT FLOW EFFECTS.................................................. 17
J. EARTH'S RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION................................................... 12
F. HEAT FLOW..................................................................... 18 G. HEAT FLOW TYPES....................................................... 18
D. USING A MICROSCOPE.................................................. 7 E. ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL COMPARISON.................. 7 F. UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS.......................................... 8 G. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS..................................... 8 H. MICROORGANISMS........................................................ 8
H. HEAT FLOW IN NATURAL PHENOMENA...................... 18
CHAPTER 5: THE AIR AROUND US A. COMPOSITION................................................................ 13 B. AIR: A MIXTURE............................................................... 13
I. HEAT CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS.................... 18 J. USES OF HEAT CONDUCTORS..................................... 19 K. USES OF HEAT INSULATORS....................................... 19
iii
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1 Never point the mouth of test tube Do not waste water, towards anyone electricity and gas when heating it Never pour unused chemical into reagent bottle to prevent contamination
j
i
l
Experimentation
Observation
2
Natural Phenomena
Gained knowledge from.. 1
1
b
a
Wash and return
n apparatus after use
e Handle chemicals d with spatula
p c
Check labels on chemicals
b
To understand how nature affects lives and envionment
Wash hands thoroughly after handling chemicals
o
Rainbow formation
Aurora
1
Scientific Discoveries
Eclipse of moon and sun
Improve standard of living
2
Preserve environment
2
Modern highways, Faster, safer, safer & faster vehicles travelling
c Application of scientific knowledge
1
1
Consult the teacher for help and advice
a
a
FORM 1 CHAPTER 1
Communication
D
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE (1 - 6)
1 Line up outside the lab before entering
a
General Rules b d
Apparatus and chemicals cannot be taken out of lab
a
Surgeries
ICT (Information Communication Technology)
1
b
a
X-ray machines
d
dialysis
1
B
Microbiologist
Chemistry trained
1 CAREERS
2
7
Botanist
Physiology
Plant science specialist
Astronomy Doctor
Pharmacist
Prepares and dispenses medicines
b
Chemical properties
Biology
2
6
5
Life processes
b
Physics
4
7
Living organism
a
3
8
Geology Trained in medical science Rocks, minerals, earth's structure
Designs buildings
Designs, builts, maintains engines, buildings, roads
Animals grow faster
a
1 AREAS OF STUDY
9
Sun, planets, stars
4
Architect Engineer
Chemistry
10
3 5
Plants with higher yeilds/ resist diseases
Tractors, combine harvester
Microbiology Processes and functions of living systems
Chemist
6 Specialist in microorganisms
Computers
Composition
10
8
c
a Microorganisms
Veterinarian
b
d
Computer Programmer
9 Animal doctor
a
e
Insecticides
Nurse
Satellites long distance communication
Increase Food Production
Fertilisers
Patients care specialist
Television
e
b
c
Lasers
C
Develope computer software
Radio
Transfer money, pay bills, shopping, work from home
Electrocardiographs
Food and drinks are not allowed in the lab
d
Agriculture Tools
Never enters the lab without permission
c
2
2
Healthier & Longer Life
Tools
1 f
Medicine
Organ transplant
b c
d
THE SCIENCE LABORATORY (1)
Facsimile
Telephone Examples b
Never carry out experiment without permission
e
Light rail/commuter trains transport more passengers, reduce traffic jams /pollution
3
c
Read instructions carefully before doing experiment. Consult teacher if necessary.
3
Technology
2
Handle apparatus carefully
2
Transportation
2
Makes lives more comfortable
A
1
b
Importance of Science
3
SCIENCE: PART OF EVERYDAY LIFE
Conserve environment
Scientific Knowledge
a
Systematic study of nature
Keep benches clean
a
2
3
Science
Report any mishaps
Safety Precautions
4
2
c
m
g Use small amounts of chemicals to prevent f wastage
Examples
b
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Make lives more comfortable
1
a
Report any breakages or faulty equipment
k
h
Growth of plants
Occurences in nature
Throw solid waste into bins not into sinks Do not taste any chemicals or inhale any gas unless instructed
Matter
b c
Energy
Natural forces
Biochemistry a Biochemical
Botany
processes of living things
Biotechnolgy a b
Plants and their structures
To make useful products
Industrial use of living orgnisms
1
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
To contain small amounts of substances
To collect gases
To separate experiment setup from outside environment
Gas jar
3
Thorium
2 4
Uranium
Radioactive substance
Displacement can
Emits radiation harmful to body cells / tissues
Co mm on Apparatus (1)
d c b
To find the volume of liquid displaced
c b
To contain chemicals when preparing gases
Round bottom flask
j
a
Tripod stand
Test-tube rack
Retort stand e
d c b
f
h i
j
k
l
2
To measure volumes of liquid ( 1 cm3 accuracy)
1
g
Co mm on Apparatus (2)
a
Measuring cylinder
Test-tube holder To hold test tube when heating
Bunsen burner
To measure time
1
Use fume cupboard
3 4
Chloroform
Handling Methods
b
Irritates skin / eye / respiratory system
Thermometer Metre rule
E
To measure mass
barrel
6
collar
F
air hole
gas jet
3
2
G
5
Hydrogen Concentrated peroxide Bromine alkali
USING THE BUNSEN BURNER
HAZARD SYMBOLS
4
Concentrated acids 1 Examples
Handling Methods
2
b
Steps
1
3
Chloroform
Flame
c
b
6
b
3
Lead Cyanides
2
Handling Methods
a
1
Mercury
2
Store in locked place
1
Do not taste
Causes harm/ death if swallowed / inhaled / skin absorbed
White/yellow phosphorus
Methylated spirits
b
5
Examples
4 3
2
X
Explodes when mixed with other subsrances
Explosive Flammable
Examples
Turn on gas a
5 4
Bring match to mouth of barrel
c
Causes damage to skin / eye
Bromine
b
2
Toxic / poisonous
Benzene
Turn collar to close air hole a
3
a
1
Avoid direct contact
Corrosive
1
2
4 c
Wash with running water when contacted
To measure temperature
To measure length (accuracy 0.1 cm)
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE (2 - 6)
Irritant / Harmful
a
Beam balance
SCIENCE LABORATORY (2)
FORM 1 CHAPTER 1
c
1
To heat solids directly over flames
Examples
2
Avoid inhalation
To evaporate liquid from solution
Radioactive
Chlorine 2
Ammonia
To provide heating flame
Stop watch
a
Bromine
To hold test tubes vertically
To support apparatus during heating
retort c la m p
To measure volumes of liquid ( 1 cm3 accuracy)
Evaporating dish Crucible
wire gauze
Burette
i
Examples
Handling Methods
Conikal flask
h
Filter funnel
1
Keep in lead containers
g
f
e
To contain/ collect chemicals
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To hold apparatus
Pipette Boiling tube
Radium Plutonium
To heat small amounts of substances
Test tube
Bell jar To separate solid from liquid using filter paper
To measure specific volumes of liquid accurately
Kerosene
Examples
a Handling Methods
Petrol
Hydrogen/air mixture
Keep away from heat/fire
a
Handling Methods
2
3
1
Sodium/ potassium metals
2
Keep in paraffin Avoid Keep away from heat/fire contacting water
Temperature 300 o C air hole closed
Temperature 700 o C
1
3
Concentrated acids/alkali
1
Ethanol
b
Catches fire/ burn easily
When air hole opened , non-luminous blue flame
When air hole closed, luminous yellow flame
air hole opened paraffin
2
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
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Celcius (oC) : for daily use kelvin (K) 1
milligrams (mg) grams (g)
Ampere (A)
Eg: Normal temperature of body is 37oC
2 3
SI Units
1
Smaller mass Eg: Mass of a baby is 3 kg.
SI Units
ELECTRIC CURRENT
TEMPERATURE
b
2
a
a
Physcical quantity
SI unit
Length
metre
m
Mass
kiogram
kg
Time
seconds
s K
Current
A
kilogram (kg)
c
Forming a hy pothesis
Identifying the Problem
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Control the variables Determine materials and apparatus a b
Planning the experiment
3
c
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE (3 - 6)
mon ths
Examples
5
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
y ears
I
1
4 2
3
TIME
LENGTH a c
b
1
SI Units
seconds (s )
Longer distance
Shorter distance
2
3
2
2
1
Eg: Length of insect
centimetres (cm) Eg: Length of book
milliimetres ( mm)
20 cm
16 mm
c
d
Determine collection data and data analysis method
6m
kilom etres (km) Eg: Distance between house and school = 5km
Writing a report
a
(a) Aim of experiment, on the relationship between variables (b) List the 3 variables (c) List all apparatus and materials needed (d) Draw a labelled scientific drawing of the arrangement of apparatus (e) Write the procedures carrying out the experiment (f) Tabulate the data obtained (g) Analyse the data (by graphs, calculation or comparison) (h) Conclusion
Responding Variable : Variable that is being observed
Fixed Variables : Variable that are not changed throughout experiment Record data by: (a) observation (b) measurements
b a
Report format
Eg: Length of room
1 4
Contains the complete experimental procedures and results
met re (m)
1
variables
A quantity that can be measured
In SI units (International System of Units)
a SI Units
STEPS
1
b
Determine procedure
Variables : Factors that affect the result of experiment Manipulated Variable : a Variable that is b changed to see the effect Controlling
FORM 1 CHAPTER 1
4
2
H
8
days
b
c
a
Summary
7
5
Eg: Time taken for an athlete to run 100 m is 10.00 s
b
3 6
2
ampere
2
Example: The longer the length of a pendulum the longer the period of osccilation
What to investigate a
The question to be solved
MASS
1
minu tes
1
Shows relationship between manipulated variable and responding variable
d
a
hours
Symbol
Temperature kelvin
Hypothesis: A statement that can be tested by experiment
Open ended question
1
SI Units
2
Involve the principle of logic in s olving scientific problems
A systematic method used by scientists in their investigations
Form new hypothesis d and carry further experiments Reject hypothesis if not supported by results
Collecting data
M aking conclusion Interpreting data c
b
a
Accepting hypothesis if supported Example: The longer the by results pendulum, the longer the period of oscillation. Hypothesis is accepted
a
Make an inference: a statement made by reasoning based observations and measurements Example: Time taken for the pendulum to make one swing increases as the length of the pendulum increases
Analysing data a
b
Organise data in tables, graphs, charts, diagrams
Identify patterns in data and relationship between manipulated variable and responding variable
c
b
Measurements types: (a) time (b) temperature changes (c) colour
Tabulate data in appropriate tables
bar chart pie chart
line graph
3
30
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1 Rectangle Area = width x length
l e ng t h
Use formulae a
w id t h
Area =
Mark ( ) on every complete square ( 1 cm2) covered by shape 1
Mark ( ) on every incomplete square which cover half the area of square or more
2
b
Triangle x base x height
½
Area =
Use graph paper for estimation
a
Methods
b
c
Area
2
d
To express physical quantities which are very big Conversions: or very small 1m2 = 100 cm x 100 cm = 10 000 cm2 1cm2 = 10 mm x 10 mm = 100 mm2
1
1
MEASURING AREAS
3
Irregular Shapes
c
a
Regular Shapes
d
Circle x radius2
b
Is the size of surface of object
2
PREFIXES
3
Find total number of ticks ( ) for total area
in tern al c al i p er s
Can measure internal and external diameters
Number of ticks = 51 Area = 51 unit 2
external c al i p er s
b
More Accurate Tools
b
Using Calipers and ruler
a
1 000 000 or 106
kilo
k
1 000 or 103
hecto
h
1 00 or 102
deca
da
10 or 101
deci
d
0.1 or 10-1
centi
c
0.01 or 10-2
milli
m
0.001 or 10-3
micro
m
0.000 001 or 10-6
nano
n
0.000 000 001 or 10-9
pico
p
0.000 000 000 001 or 10-12
femto
f
0.000 000 000 000 001 or 10-15
2
Ruler
Using Opisometer
Straight Objects
(d) 40 000 g 40 000 g = 40 000 x 0.000 001 g = 0.04 g = (0.04/1000) kg = 0.000 04 kg
a
Place one end of object at zero mark of ruler/tape X
Curved Objects / Lines
c
2
A
C
X
a
4
1 4
1
Using string & meter rule 3
1
Error caused by the wrong position of eye is called parallax error
B
b 3
Using measuring tape
Place string on ruler to measure length
Place eye vertically on mark (correct position) to take reading
2
b
1
(b) 6 000 Mg 6 000 Mg = 6 000 000 000 g = (6 000 000 000 / 1000) kg = 6 000 000 kg (c) 5 mg 5 mg = 5 x 0.001 g = 0.005 g = (0.005 / 1000) kg = 0.000 005 kg
Use ruler or measuring tape
1 External calipers
Example 2: Change the following units of measurements into kg (a) 250 g = (250 / 1000) = 0.25 kg
MEASURING LENGTHS
3
cyl indri cal tube
Wrap the measuring tape around the object and read the scale that meets the zero mark on the tape.
M
(d) 0.006 g 6 x 0.001 m = 6 mg
Diameter of Objects (cylinders/ sp here s)
a
Reading = 63 cm
Mega
(c) 7 800 m 7.8 x 1000 m = 78 km
K
b
An instrument with a revolving wheel for measuring a curved line
1 000 000 000 or 109
(b) 0.000 004 A 4 x 0.000 001 A = 4 A
1
In sophisticated models, the wheel is connected via gearing to a rotary dial from which the line length can be directly read.
G
Example 1: Write the following using prefixes (a) 77 000g 77 x 1000g = 77kg
Internal diameter
Internal calipers
1 000 000 000 000 or 1012
Giga
b
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE (4 - 6)
2
1
a
2
Numerical value
T
a
Micrometer screw gauge
Vernier calipers
gas ja r
Externel diameter
Symbol
Tera
FORM 1 CHAPTER 1
b
Grip the cylindrical tube at the place where the calipers' legs open the largest
Prefixes
Examples
b
a
c
3
J
a
Measure the diameter using the ruler
Measure the diameter using the ruler
L
Measure diameters up to 0.01 mm
Measurements to the nearest 0.1 mm
Open the legs of the calipers until their tips touches the inner wall of the gas jar
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Other Units: square millimetres (mm 2 ) square centimetres (cm 2 ) square kilometres (km 2 )
SI Units: square metres (m 2 )
Reading = 2.4 cm
Do not place eye at position A or B (incorrect position) because the readings are not accurate.
Use string to trace the curve surface
2 st ri ng
Make mark on string
4
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
Bulb containing alcohol with red dye
Place under tounge for 2 minutes
d 1
2
Clinical Thermometer
b
Volume
b a
1
Is a measure of space occupied by object
Liquid-in-glass T h er mom et er
1
MEASURING TEMPERATURE
incorrect X
Using Eureka Can
Bottom part of meniscus. Reading = 42 cm3
incorrect X
3
4
Meniscus curve downwards
50
correct
40
Top part of meniscus. Reading = 49 cm3
incorrect X
N
Lower a solid tied to a string into the measuring cylinder. Record final volume
correct
FORM 1 CHAPTER 1
O
d
c Volume of solid = Final volume - initial volume = 40 - 30 = 10 cm3
incorrect X
Mercury
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE (5 - 6)
b Fill a eureka can with water until a excess water overflows For solids too large for measuring cylinder
Water/ Solutions
c
2
M
Lower a solid tied to a string into the eureka can
c
Place eye at same level at bottom of meniscus
d
Bulb containing mercury
Place an empty measuring cylinder below its spout
Using M easuring Cylinder
MEASURING LIQUID VOLUMES
capillary tube
The volume of water is equal to the volume of solid.
b
a
1
Smallest division = 1 cm3
Meniscus curve upwards
a
Volumes of Solid
f
}
Measurement to nearest ml or cm 3
Usually measured in cm3 and m3.
e SI Units: cubic metres (m 3)
A measuring cylinder
Usually measured in litres (l) and millilitres(m l )
Volumes of Liquids
c
Alcohol Thermometer
3
Measures body temperature
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Conversions: 1 cm3 = 1 ml 1 l = 1 000 ml (cm3) 1 m3 = 1 000 000 ml (cm3)
Other Units: cubic millimetres (mm 3) cubic centimetres (cm 3) millitres (ml) litres (l)
2
4
Between 35 oC and 42o C
To measure temperature of water, place the bulb of the thermometer in the water
Using Burrete
Using Pipette
A burette
a
b
MEASURING SOLID VOLUMES
2
c b Techniques
c
a
Measurement to nearest 0.1 ml or cm 3
A pipette
}
Smallest division = 0.1 cm3
2
1 Water Displacement M ethod
1
The volume is exactly 25.0 cm3 when the meniscus reaches the 25 cm3 mark.
b a
Fill a measuring cylinder with water. Record initial volume
Suck in water/solution into pipette using a pipette filler.
Measure fixed volume (25 cm3)
Techniques 1
4
Volume in conical flask = final reading - initial reading = 3.90 - 3.30 = 0.60 cm3 Record final reading
3
2
Add water/solution into burrete using a filter funnel
1a
Clamp vertically
Record initial reading
(3.30 cm3 ) 25 cm3 mark
(3.90 cm3 ) Open tap to release some water / solution 0.60 cm3
5
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
Zero error occurs when reading of instrument does not show zero
A single system makes measurements in daily activities, manufacturing and trade very easy
More accurate and precise readings has smaller errors
a
1.2A
3
2
The difference between the measured value and the actual value
3
2
Old to new system conversion: d
c To enable scientist share information with greater accuracy
b
a
b Need to know exact amount of money to buy food supplies at the market
Old system: foot-pound-second (fps) New system(1960): metre-kilogram-second (mks)
Weight Definition
Value
1
Force of gravity that acts on object Changes according to gravity
Spring balance Measuring Instruments Compression balance
1.2A
0.9A
116N Weaker gravity, smaller weight
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE (6 - 6)
Weight changes when force of gravity changes
b Force of gravity
Q
WEIGHT 3
1
WEIGHT AND MASS
M oo n 1
a
FORM 1 CHAPTER 1
2
c
700N Near zero gravity, near zero weight
R 2
Measuring Weights
Earth
Stronger gravity, larger weight 1
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WEIGHT AND MASS
Mass
3
Compression balance Electronic balance
c b
Kilograms (kg) Beam balance Lever balance Electronic balance
SI units: Newton (N) Spring balance
a
4
Quantity of matter in an object Constant at any place
2
MASS
Beam balance
Measuring Mass
3
1
Newtons (N)
Low precision: A set of reading that differs a lot 1.4A from average
Force exerted on object due to earth's gravity
2
SI Units
1.4A
Example: Three ammeter readings:
CHOOSING SUITABLE MEASURING INSTRUMENT
How close measured value is to actual value
a Need to know exact amounts of ingredients to produce food products
1.3A
Average = 1.2 + 1.3 + 1.4 4 = 1.3A
c
2
P
Accuracy in m ea su re me nt s
1.2A
PRECISION
a
S
1
Consistency in M e asur emen ts
b
ACCURACY
IMPORTANCE OF STANDARD UNITS
Weights: 1 ounce = 28.35 g 1 pouns = 16 ounces = 453.59 1 tonne = 2 000 pounds = 907.18 kg
1.4A
Average = 1.2 + 1.3 + 1.4 4 = 1.3A
1
Useful in International communications
Lengths:
1.3A
Example: Three ammeter readings:
a
c
b
High precision: A set of reading that differs slightly from average
Eg: Three ammeter readings:
Zero error occurs in both readings
ERRORS
1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 foot = 12 inches = 0.3048 m 1 yard = 3 feet = 0.9144 m 1 mile = 1 760 yards = 1.609 km 1 cm = 10 mm = 0.3937 inch 1 metre = 100 cm = 3.28 ft 1 km = 1 000 cm = 0.621 mile
Improve accuracy by taking average readings
No zero error
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The difference in value between several m ea su re me nt s
Mass of object does not change
The quantity of matter contained in a substance. All have same volume and same type of particle.
Lever balance
SI units: Kilogram (kg) The quantity of matter of object is constant
Solid has the most matter, has largest mass.
Liquid
Gas has the least matter, has smallest mass.
6
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1 Basic units for plants and animals
Plant cell
cell membrane
Building blocks of life
a Both have a. cell membrane b. cytoplasm c. nucleus
Nucleus
b
b
Similarities c
c
a
Basic unit of living organism
1
Animal cell
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL COMPARISON
2
Differences
No fixed shape
Fixed shaped
Arrangement
No fixed pattern
Regular pattern
M agnifies objects
2
2
CELL MICROSCOPE
A
E
Vacuole Chloroplast
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE
3
Lens to look through
Part that contains all lenses
B
Eyepiece Lens that magnifies specimen
CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE (1 - 2)
Change magnification by changing objective lens
Place to hold when carrying
Objective lens
D
Magnification range: From x 10 to x 40
Arm
CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Absorb light to make food (photosynthesis)
Contains chlorophyll
3
2
Chloroplast
Large space (sac)
1
2
Vacuole
Control centre of cell
2
1
3
Contain cell sap
2
Give cell fixed shape
To move lens closer in small degrees
Light source
Base To stabilise microscope
Provide light for observation
3 Place microscope on flat surface
1 2
USING A MICROSCOPE
4
Cell wall
Support cell
Condenser Concentrates light onto specimen
1 Thick cellulose layer
Turn fine focus knob to obtain a sharp image
Cell m em b r an e PLANT CELL 1 Thin layer surrounds cell
Caution: Lens must not touch the slide
Fine focus knob
Cytoplasm
3
2
Coarse focus knob
C
Nucleus
1
Clips
Diaphragm Controls amount of light
Carries genetic information
Place where chemical reaction Colourless occurs Stores food / watery jelly that waste material fills cell
Hold together with other cells
Contains clips to hold slide
To move lens closer To hold slide specimens
1 Disc like structures
Place for slide with specimens Stage
Dense jelly-like structure
Keep cell firm, take in water
3
Magnifies the image
Body tube
FORM 1 CHAPTER 2
Cell wall
To observe objects not visible to naked eye
1
Plant cells
Cell shape
Cell dividing
Reproduce by cell division
b
Perf orm Living Pro cess es
1
Carry out life processes
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Carry chemical reactions to keep alive
a
Cytoplasm
Animal cells
Saw cork cells like small rooms (cell)
Discovered by Robert Hooke
2 Controls substance movement in and out of cell
ANIMAL CELL
3
8 7
Look through eyepiece, turn coarse focus knob anticlockwise where the stage is lowered down until a clear image of specimen is seen
4 6
5
Turn coarse focus knob clockwise until objective lens almost touchest the slide
Turn to use low power objective lens first Raise the stage to highest position. Look through eyepiece, adjust diapraghm for maximum light Place slide with specimen and clip
7
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1 For smooth and efficient functions or organism
systems 4
organs
Pleurococcus
Division of labour among:
2 1
Complex brain
b
a
Living organisms made of one cell
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
b
n os e
Digestive system
2
muscle
Respiratory system Reproductive system
e
g
ovary
CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE (2 - 2)
Contains different systems that work together
c
b
Examples
MICROORGANISMS
H
3 4
I
Skeletal system 2
System
d
f e
Examples
2
Organ
b
To absorb & excrete substances
a
b
heart
a
eye brain
b
Muscle cells
2 1
Examples
Bone tissue
a
Muscle tissue
1
Basic unit
c b
Cell
Contains same type of cells that work together perform specific function
To transfer genetic information
Examples
2
7
Egg cell (Ovum)
3
6 5
Sperm cells
To fertililize egg (ovum) Make up bones to support body
For body movement
1
8
Tissue
Spirogyra
Have different functions
c
To grow and develop after fertilisation
Hydra
2
To perform life processes efficiently
Ephitelial cells
1
Contains different tissues that work together to perfom a function
Nerve tissue
1
To cover outer layer of body
c
d c
Cell Specialisation
Bacteria
Examples
a
2
3
Cell Organisation
g
skin
1
HUMAN CELL ORGANIZATION
e
liver
1
Examples
Some: multicellular
Human: Complex multicellular organism
Organism
Contains different 1 organs that work together to perfom a function
Virus
M ost: unicellular
2
a
skull
Not seen by naked eye, only by microscope
2
FORM 1 CHAPTER 2
f
heart Blood circulatory system
uterus
vagina
d
artery
1
t e st i s
Nervous system Muscular system
Very tiny organisms
G
pen is
Mammals, birds, reptiles (animals)
1
Trees (plants)
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
J
lun gs
Mucor (fungus)
3
Complex multicelluar
d
1
F
trachea
sm al l intestine
ear
2
Simple multicelluar
Living organisms made of more than one cell
1
stomach la rg e intestine
nerve
stomach
1
c
1
oesophagus
spinal cord
back bone
Paramecium
Spirogyra (plant)
Hydra (animal)
2
br ai n
rib cage
2
b
The larger the size, the more complex More cells, larger size
Yeast
HUMAN BEINGS: COMPLEX ORGANISMS
vein
Animal kingdom
a
1
Speak
Complex organisation of cells
a
Perform specific function (Division of labour)
Euglena
a
b
cells
1
Plant kingdom
3 2
c
Reason
c
Chlamydomonas
d
Imagine
3
tissues
e
Create
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Ameoba
4
Learn
Red lood cells
4
White blood cells Bone cells
Nerve cells To detect stimuli from To carry impulses surrounding to parts of body
To carry oxygen to parts of body
To kill bacteria inside body Protect from infection
8
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
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Spread out to fill container
collide
At high speeds
c
Move randomly in all direction
c Liquid
b
d
b
HAS MASS Solid
collide
1
2
1
M olecules
3 c
CHARACTERISTICS PARTICLE MOVEMENT
a
A
move freely
b
H
a Cannot move freely
Diffussion of potassium manganate(VII) particles
MATTER (1 - 2)
Potassium manganate(VII) crystal
b
3
3
c
2
LIQUID
LIQUID
d
Can be compressed
1
a
c
Cover removed
be compressed Packed in fixed pattern
b
a
Smo ke
Fixed shape
Properties
a
b
SOLID c
a
Properties
No fixed volume
Close together
Very little space between particles Fixed volume & shape
2 SOLID SOLID SOLID
Flows easily in all directions
b
NOT in fixed pattern
1
GAS
PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT
Further apart
Cannot
a
Potassium manganate(VII) particles separate and diffuse into spaces of water particles
3 STATES OF MATTER
D
GAS
a
More spaces between particles Fixed volume but NOT fixed shape Difficult to compress
4
b
c
NOT in fixed pattern
a
C
Lot of spaces between particles NO Fixed volume and shape compressed
Gas particles are small enough to diffuse out of the balloon
FORM 1 CHAPTER 3
SOLID SOLID Vibrate and spin at fixed position
b
3
B
E
Balloon filled with gas becomes smaller
MADE UP OF SMALL PARTICLES
2
1
Easily
Ato m s
2
LIQUID
Vibrate, spin and move around one another
spin
OCCUPIES SPACE
a
GAS
b
vibrate
Gas
Balloon with more gas has more mass
Gas
Collision between particles more frequent
a
Collide with one another
Liquid
Solid
Smo ke fills both ja rs
d No fixed shape, follow shape of container Flows easily
b c
Fixed volume
Properties
a d
c
Cannot be compressed
b
No fixed shape, follow shape of container
Does not flow
Cannot be compressed
Fixed volume
Close together
9
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
Air inside float and bouy makes them less than than water. Floats on water
Water pumped out of ballast tank Decrease density Submarine floats
Hot air inside A i r balloon is less dense. raise balloon
Measure mass of object using triple beam balance
Water fills balast tank Increase density Submarine sinks Floating/ Sinking Submarine
Hot air balloon
Fishing buoys
T r ip l e balance
Volume =
kg/m 3
Floating Large Metal Ships
f
e
Mass Density
3
2
b
Float
c
M as s Volume
4
Density Of Irregular shaped objects
Density =
Mass 100g = = 0.33 g/cm3 Volume 300 cm3.
Measure volume of object using water displacement method
b c
a
Volume of object = Final volume - initial volume
d
F
Large volume Decrease density
a
DENSITY
1
b Rafting
Solution: Mass=100 g Volume = 10 x 5 x 6 = 300 cm3.
Measure mass of object (eg: rock) using triple beam balance
a
d
Density =
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UNITS
a
g
Hollow shape Contains lots of air Decrease density
Mass Volume
Example: A wooden block of mass 100g has has a length, width and height of 10 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find its density
d
Density Of Regular shaped objects
b
(kilogram per metre cube)
Using Density Concept
Calculate density. Density =
e a
( gram per centimetre cube)
c
b
g/cm 3
ballast tank
Find volume: v=lxwxh
Measure: a. length, l b. width, w c. height, h
Mass = Density x Volume Calculate density.
3
Transporting timber logs
Density =
FORM 1 CHAPTER 3
Wood is less dense than water. Floats on water
H
Electricity generation using steam
2
MATTER (2 - 2)
I
APPLICATIONS OF PROPERTIES OF MATTER
a
G H
1
1
NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 4 Compressing gases into liquids
a
d Save space
Benefits
c
Under high pressure
b
Solution: Density of wooden block,
Easy transportation
Examples Nitrogen Oxygen
Hydrogen
Example 4: A 10 g wooden block has a volume of 13 cm 3 . If the density of cooking oil is 0.6 g/cm 3, determine whether it floats or sinks in cooking oil.
Big volumes of gas stored in small containers (cylinders) Cooking gas
=
10g Mass = Volume 13 cm 3 = 0.77 g/cm3
Density
of wooden block greater than cooking oil
Wooden block sinks in cooking oil
Mass Volume
2
1
FLOAT OR SINK?
Example 1: The density of an object is 2.7 g/cm3 . Find the mass of 5 cm 3 of the object.
b
Cork floats on water
2 3
Solution: Mass = Density x Volume = 2.7 x 5 = 13.5 g
A denser substance sinks in a less dense liquid
Example 2: The density of sea water is 1.03 g/cm3 . Calculate the volume of see water with a mass of 82.4 g. Solution: Mass
Volume = Density
2 cm
cm
Mass
84.2 g
25g
= 30 cm3
3
= 0.83 g/cm3
Comparing Densities
5 cm
Solution: Mass = 25 g Volume = 3 x 5 x 2 = 30 cm3 Density= Volume
= 1.03 g/cm3 = 81.7 cm
The mass of a cuboid shown is 25 g. What is its density? 3
Ice is less dense than water. Ice floats on water.
c
3 Example 3:
A less dense substance floats in a denser liquid
Oil is less than water. Oil droplets floats on water
cork
Least dense
A coin sinks because it is denser than water
A denser false teeth in water
alcohol wood water lead mercury
Most dense
10
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
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Produce heat Latex
Leaves
Wo ol
Gi nseng
Wax
Plastic
E g gs
a
Cooking gas
a
Milk
Petroleum
Burning of coal produces heat to generate electrical energy in power stations
Sources Of...
Honey
b
Natural gas
Drinks (coffee,tea)
3
Fruits
2
Skin
b a
Vegetable & animal oi ls
glass (from sand)
gem stones (from quartz & feldspar)
a
4
MINERALS
Sand
D
1 Metals b
Containers
Examples
Copper
Wires
70% of earth's surface
C
a
Animals
Formation of Fuels
Ceramic
C lay
2
Contains
g
a b
e
Bricks
Water
d
1
Gravels
Glass
Livestock
Minerals 1
Construction
Absorption by plant roots
Humus
Sand
Agriculture
Mining
1
c
Roads For healthy plants' growth
2
Organic substance from decayed plants & animals
Germination of seeds
1
Plants
2 3
4
Uses
Cell cytoplasm (90%) Transport mineral salts
Support aquatic plants
c
Respiration of soil organisms
2
b
f 1
c
b
Air a
Human Use
Important To..
Respiration of plant roots
1
a
d
oxygen
Habitat for aquatic animals
microorganisms
2
3
b
Manufacturing
carbon dioxide
Controls body temperature
6
4
Habitat
1
SOIL
4
e
5
WATER
ants
b
Coal
4
Animals
3
Plants
Petroleum
Gas exchage during breathing in moist lungs
3
2
earthworms
Ornaments, jewellery
c
2
Basic need for all living things
1
Utensils
Cooking utensils
Natural gas
Excretion of waste products
a
Support plants' growth Uses
Fire extinguishers
1
Silver Gold
Construction
Gives out oxygen
2
Dry ice
Cell cytoplasm (90% water)
B
Found in natural state
Photosynthesis in Plants
Transport digested food & oxygen
Platinum
Iron
1
cytoplasm
a
From ores of...
Produce food
3
Carbonated drinks
VARIETY OF RESOURCES ON EARTH (1- 2)
2
Feldspar
Body cells carry out living processes
2
AIR
Carbon dioxide
A
Non-metals
Examples
Respiration
Carbon dioxide
FORM 1 CHAPTER 4
b
Oxygen
Obtain energy from food
2
b
1
F
Uses
Quartz
Oxygen
Uses
Petroleum, coal, natural gas (plant & animal remains)
E
Drive vehicles
1
a
Charcoal (Mangrove)
1
FOSSIL FUELS
d
Composition
e
LIVING THINGS
Coal
Combustion of fuels
Inert gases e
1 Vegetables + Oils
c
Water vapour
Firewood
Fuels
Food
Meat
Nitrogen
d
b
Petrol, diesel (vehicles)
Oxygen
B amboo
Building materials
c
Medicines
Carbon dioxide
Rat tan
Skin
Clothes
Quini ne
Wo od
Si lk
Cot ton
Generate electricity
Water transport
b
a
Generation of electricity
Human use: drinking, bath, cooking, washing, watering plants
Make soil fertile
2
Examples Phosphates Sulphates
Nitrates
11
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1 Graphite Phosphorus
EXCEPT carbon
b
a
b
Carbon
Dull appearance
Sulphur (s oli d)
Poor heat conductor
Brittle
a
3
Solids, liquids or gases at room temperature
Bromine b (liq uid)
Chlorine
a
b
4
a
Carbon
5
c
3
a b
5
Electrical wires a
Tools b
Vehicles a
3
Hard
Aluminium beverage cans
Aluminium foil
J
4
METALS AND NON-METALS
b
Properties 1
6 5
2 Types
2 3
4
(except mercury)
Hard
High melting point
Element Element
Compound Compound
Only one type of Only one type of particle particle
More than one More than one type of type of particle particle
Cannot be broken down Cannot be broken down into simpler substances into simpler substances
oxygen molecules
Can be broken down into Can be broken down into simpler substances by simpler substances chemical methods by chemical methodswater sodium chloride
sodium chlorine oxygen hydrogen atom atom atom atom
1
a
ELEMENTS
2
Different elements combine chemically Cannot be broken down into components by physical methods. Only by chemical means. Electrolysis: A ch emic al method to break down wat er
(liq uid)
Chlorine (gas) Compound of X and Y
a
Broken down into simpler substance by chemical methods
b
COMPOUNDS
1
c Iron filings attracted to mag net
Iron filings and sulphur mixt ure
2
Mix them 1 Salt Solution
Mixture Elements/compounds mix physically Iron filings and s ul p hu r mixt ure Oxygen Salt, sand and and water ni trog en mixt ure mixt ure
Can be separated into components by physical methods
4
Oxygen
Filtration Filtrate (Salt solution)
2
b
a
a
c
MIXTURES Examples
Salt + sand mixture 1
Dissolving the salt
a b
b
c a
Iron
Oxygen
Sodium
Chlorine
Made up of two or more substances (elements or compounds) physically combined
b
Separation by Physical Methods
Examples
2
Salt or sugar Solution
Filtration
4
1
Evaporation
Blood
Solvent Solution
Filter funnel Filter paper
Evaporating
Filtrate Hea t
minerals
c
b
a
3
a Water vapour b c Nitrogen d Oxygen
Air
1
e
Carbon dioxide
2
Evaporation
Mixture of X and Y
Dust
3
Salt or Sugar solution
Residue
a b
3
Iron filings + sulphur mixture
Evaporation Residue (Sand)
c
Rust
Salt
Hydrogen Carbon
2
b Oxygen
3
Sugar
a Hydrogen
Water
1
Examples 2
ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, MIXTURES
Use magnet to separate
2
Compound
Bromine
a
Non-Metals
Made up of two or more elements chemically combined
b
G
ELEMENT, COMPOUND, MIXTURE COMPARISON
Solid at room temperature High density
Shiny
copper atoms
Examples
2
7
Malleable
Sulphur
Metals 1
H
a
Iron
b
8
Ductile
Copper
METALS
Good electrical conductor 9
1
Car pool to reduce cars on roads
Gold
Examples
Cannot be broken down into simpler substance
C lo t h
Avoid open burning
2
a
e l em e n t e l em e n t Y X
VARIETY OF RESOURCES ON EARTH (2 - 2)
I
mat er ials
one type of atom
Only one type of particle (atom)
Gla ss
1
1
Conserving Atmosphere
Atoms closely packed together
FORM 1 CHAPTER 4
a
Good heat conductor
Germ killers
P ap e r Plas tic
c
1
Uses
1
Malleable
a
b
Bleach
2
2 b
Explosives
Chlorine
a
b
Good electrical conductor & ductile
Good heat conductors
c
Nitrogen
1
X
Conserve water, use less
3
Conserving Other Resources
b
4
2
Conserving Water Resources
a
BY
PRESERVATION
Do not Pour hazardous products into drains eg: paint, insecticide
X
1
2
EARTH'S RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATIONS
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Do not throw rubbish into drains
Maintain a balanced ecosystem to minimise destruction of natural habitat
Fertilisers
a
Machines
Sulphur b
NONMETALS
3
a Medicines
4
electron flows easily
Keeping natural resources in their original and balanced state
Phosphorus
2
Uses
Cooking utensils
Diamond a Fertilisers
a
(ga s)
Charcoal
1
Properties
1
b
d
TO
CONSERVATION
Pencil lead
Poor electrical conductor
2
c
Wise management and systematic Protect natural Protect natural resources use of natural resources to habitat from being being depleted prevent waste or loss destroyed Maintain population of b a a endangered species c
electron flows slowly
Sulphur
(Carbon)
Sea water
a b c
Soil
a b
Sand
c Humus e d Blood Water Clay cells Mineral Water salts
Water Salt Other minerals
12
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
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Limewater in flask D turns cloudy much faster than Air limewater in flask C because the exhaled air from the mouse has Cobalt chloride paper in more carbon dioxide. tube X turns pink much Filter pump slower than in tube Y because the air tube X has less water vapour
Air
c
b flask C
flask D
Limewater
Respiration of mouse produces water vapour
Cobalt chloride paper in tube Y turns pink much faster than in tube X because the air has more water vapour
Exhaled air
Elements
Carbon dioxide
0.03%
4% - more
Nitrogen
78 %
78% - unchanged
Water vapour
Less
More
In Tube C red incicator position remains unchanged because oxygen content remains unchanged
e
Wire gauze
Experiment
Tube B
Higher atmopheric pressure pushes red indicator inwards
d
b
c b
Microorganisms
cell membrane Glucose
Oxygen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Glucose
1
Oxygen enters through stomatal pores of leaves
stomata Water
Energy
Carbon dioxide
Water
Energy
Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
Carbon dioxide Water
Splinter ignites
glowing splinter
After 3 days
More oxygen in jungle More carbon dioxide in cities
White threadlike growth and black spots due to growth of m i cr o o rg a n is m s
No change
CARBON DIOXIDE
OXYGEN
Colourless and odourless
Solubility in alkaline pyrogallol solution
Very Solube
Not soluble
Solubility In Water
Slightly soluble
More soluble
Solubility In Sodium hydroxide
Not Soluble
Very Soluble
Splinter goes out. glowing Supports splinter combustion
Effect on Glowing Splinter
glowing splinter
Splinter burns more brightly.
Splinter goes out.
Effect on Lighted Splinter
burning splinter
burning splinter
Effect on moist blue & red litmus
Test for Carbon dioxide
on Lime Effect Water
Turns limewater cloudy/milky/chalky
Energy
CaC
Supports burning
No change. Neutral gas.
Glucose + Oxygen
2
Oxygen
Glucose
b
carbon dioxide + water vapour
Animals
Plants 2
Sterile nutrient agar
Colourless and odourless
Ignites a glowing splinter
oxygen
1
1
Oxygen enters by diffusion across cell membrane
Dust + microorganisms
Splinter ignited
Oxygen enters during breathing through lungs
a
Water
c
Does not support combustion
Respiration
All living things
Cotton soaked with sodium hydoxide solution
1
Colour and smell
Living cells oxidise food using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy
2
Tube A
b
Human activities
TESTS
Test for Oxygen
Krypton
Environment
2
a
Helium
Carbon dioxide
a
Examples
1
Carbon dioxide produced absorbed by sodium hydroxide solution
Composition b Varies due to.. c
PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
OXYGEN FOR RESPIRATION
3
Tube C
Cockcroach
a
C
Red indicator droplet
4
Xenon
3
D
3
Inert gases
Cover
Higher than surroundings
Same as surroundings
2
5
THE AIR AROUND US (1- 2)
16% - less
Neon
1
Oxygen
c
Compounds
E
Argon
Nitrogen
b
1
FORM 1 CHAPTER 5
21 %
Percentage of oxygen = x x100% ~ 20%
Carbon dioxide 0.03% + others 0.97% a
Water
A
1
Oxygen
Germinating green beans
7
AIR: A MIXTURE
Air that we breathe out
Oxygen content in tube A and B decreases causing a decrease in air c pressure
y
Microorganisms
6 COMPOSITION
{
5
B
Inhaled air Air that we breathe in
3
1
CARBON DIOXIDE FROM RESPIRATION
candle B
candle A
2
Dust
4
y cm
x cm
Oxygen 21%
2
Candle B burns in shorter time. Exhaled air has less oxygen
a
tube Y Cobalt chloride paper
Nitrogen 78%
Inert ga se s
2
Exhaled
Candle A burns longer. Inhaled air has more oxygen
Cockroach and seeds use oxygen during respiration
Nitrogen
a
Inhaled air
Temperature
Oxygen
Experiments
Respiration of mouse produces carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Filter pump
Limewater in flask C turns cloudy much slower than limewater in flask D because the air has less carbon dioxide.
white precipitate (cloudy)
No change. oxygen limewater unchanged
Does not support burning
Moist blue litmus changes to red. Red litmus unchanged. Acidic gas Lime water turns cloudy carbon dioxide
white precipitate
oxygen
Effect on Bicarbonate Indicator
No change. Bicarbonate indicator
Indicator colour changes from red CO2 to yellow
13
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
X Stop open burning
Use public transport / car pool
Fuel Action against motor vehicles owners
Recycle paper, glass & metals
c
b
Stop smoking habit
Use unleaded petrol
3
b
d
1
4
b
Types
1
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Hydrocarbon
Reactions
3
Set up far away from housing areas
THE AIR AROUND US (2 - 2) Green house effect
Rubbish burning
Atmosphere cannot filter harmful ultraviolet light Damages ozone layer
a
Electronic factories Aerosol sprays
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
a
Effects
Damages kidney, heart, brain
b
e
b
a
Effect Acid rain
Sources Motor vehicles
Kills aquatic life Kills plants Damages 2 marble/ limestone Effects Damages metals
Sulphur Dioxide 1
Acid rain
damages lung cells
Sources
Coal
Limewater turns cloudy Carbon dioxide produced
Cobalt chloride paper unchaged No water produced Contains NO hydrogen
Brain damage
Cigarettes
1 2
1 2
Limewater turns cloudy Carbon dioxide produced
Funnel
Cobalt chloride paper changes to pink Water produced Hydrocarbon contains hydrogen
Burning candle ( Hydrocarbon)
Sources
Cigarettes
Smoke and soot
Dust
Carbon monoxide Death
candle B
a
c
d
Oxides of Nitrogen
candle A
b
Sources
Acid clouds
Acid rain
Air Pollutants
f
Lead
a
Leaded petrol
Acid snow
Burning charcoal ( Carbon)
1 g
Candle B burns longer because its larger container contains more oxygen.
Funnel
h
Retards children's mental
CaC Carbon dioxide produced when carbon reacts with o xyg e n .
Filter pump
AIR POLLUTION
b Sources
Filter pump
2 Carbon Dioxide
Effects
1
Candle A burns in shorter time. Smaller container has less oxygen
c
Due to pollutants chemicals in atmosphere harmful to life
G
Carbon dioxide + Heat + Light
a b
b
Petrol
Carbon + Oxygen
Carbon dioxide + 2 Water* + Heat + Light CaC
Experiments
Increases earth's temperature
Effects Sources
W at e r produced when hydrogen re act s with o xyg e n .
4 FORM 1 CHAPTER 5
Fossil fuel burning
a
Diesel
b
F
a
Natural gas
Examples
Candle
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen
H
Depleted ozone layer at south pole
Kerosene
2
OXYGEN FOR COMBUSTION
b Fix filters to trap pollutants in chimneys
a
b
2
Factories
c
2
Fuel
1 Use less CFC
Contains hydrogen and carbon
a Supported by oxygen
Action against factory owners
Charcoal Coal
b
Burning
Wood
Examples
1
a
c
b
M otor Vehicles
Substance that burns
Produces Requires
Oxygen
a
Carbon
2
3 2
Chemical reaction between a substance and oxygen
Law Enforcement
Light
1
a
d
a
Public
Use catalytic a converters to reduce pollutants
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Heat Heat (to ignite)
Cement plants Sources
1
Motor vehicles
Sources
Burning rubbish Fossil fuel burning
2
Effects
Forest fires
Effects
Effects
Haze Construction sites Headache Motor Breathing Eye irritation Lung cancer vehicles Cough & athma difficulties Tiredness
14
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
Potential energy
www.petaminda.com Potential energy
Kinetic energy
a
a
b
Burning gas
Sun
Examples
2 Maximum potential energy (minimum kinetic energy)
1 Maximum kinetic energy (minimum potential energy)
Interchangeble
Light Energy
Food
3
Uranium and Plutonium
Steam produced used to rotate turbines to generate electricity, heat homes & factories
Radioactive substances
C
Running man
Flying plane
a Solar cells
Geothermal
7
Nucleus
6 Move water turbines in dams to generate electricity (hydroelectricity)
a
b
Solar car
Sun
1
b
b
Water
c
4
Plants
3
Stored as potential energy in dams
a
b
Move wind turbines to produce electricity
Produces waves
Fuels
Wind
b
a
Uses light energy from sun, carbon dioxide and water to make food
Energy is stored in food
gives heat and light energy when burnt
Move sailing boats
provide stored energy in 5
Food
Formed from dead plants and animal
Classes of Fuel
Uses 1
2
From garbage heat
c
From plants b wood, charcoal, alcohol, biodiesel
Biomass fuels
light energy heat energy
1 2
water
wind
3 4
plants fuels
3 2
2
b
a
Move windmills to pump water or grind corn
1
gives
2
a
All energy sources traced back to Sun
Primary source of energy
a
ENERGY SOURCES
5
1
1
animals
a
Fossil fuels
b
1
Types 3
2
a
Animal waste gas
Coal
Natural gas
Petroleum
a
a
Stretched bow
Compressed spring
Solar heater
Nuclear bomb
b
c Possesed by moving objects
b
b
b
a Stored in objects due to its condition/ position
Potential Energy
Released by the sun
Stored in nucleus of atom
Cyclist on top of hill
Kinetic Energy
Solar Energy
Nuclear Energy
SOURCES OF ENERGY (1 - 2)
b
a
Chemical Energy
5
FORM 1 CHAPTER 6
c
In forms of geysers and hot springs
Heat energy from inner layer of earth
Produce nuclear energy in form of heat energy to generate electricity in a nuclear plant
c Stored in
7
8
Batteries
b
Steam and hot water
9
Fuels
a
4
ENERGY FORMS
B
b
Sound Energy
6
Plutonium
Blowing a trumpet
a Released by vibrations
2 1
Guitar string
b
Released by lighted objects
Electrical Energy Heat Energy
Candle
a
D Uranium
turbine and generator
c
A
generating station
Cold water pump down
Bulb
b
Carried in electric current
Released by hot objects
ENERGY : Ability to do work
POTENTIAL ENERGY AND KINETIC ENERGY
Electric heater
b
a Maximum potential energy (minimum kinetic energy)
Pylons
Cables
15
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1 Garbage burning in incinerator produces heat to generate electricity
Plants and animal residues are decomposed in a digester to produce methane gas and alcohol as fuels.
Will not last forever
Biogas plant
b Wood is still less expensive than fossil fuels
Incinerator
a
a
b
d
a
1
1
Cannot be replenished
Cane sugar juice can be fermented to alcohol for fuel
a
Natural gas
2
Use renewable energy sources Use fluorescent lamps (use less energy) Develope more efficient machines and engines
I
Coal
d Radioactive substances
Produce nuclear energy in nuclear reactors to generate electricity
1
2
Power ships, submarine, satellites
E Cannot be used up a
SOURCES OF ENERGY (2 - 2)
7 5
Can be replenished
H
4
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY SOURCES
Switching off lights/ appliances when not using
Can be replaced naturally or by human
a
b
The Sun
2
Save cost on paying for energy
4
To heat water in homes
a
water heater Energy within the earth 1
Geothermal
USING ENERGY EFFICIENTLY
Types
f
solar cells
b
Water
e d
Biomass fuels
3
1
c
Used potential energy of water to generate electricity in hydro electric power stations
2
2
Fuel in form of wood, gas, alcohol and biodiesel.
1
Ensure enough energy for future
Using non-renewable energy b
W av e 1
Wind 1
c Use wisely so that can last longer
solar cells
c
Reduce pollution
Prevent wastage
Light energy converted into electrical energy using solar cells
Solar energy
G
2 1
b
1
F RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
5 Use public transport, car pool - save petrol
Burnt to produce heat and generate electricity
1
FORM 1 CHAPTER 6
6
3
c
NONRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Bioalcohol plant
Close cooking pots when cooking, shut refrigerators properly
Types
1
RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT
solar cell
Reuse, Reduce and Recycle materials
Burnt to produce heat for cooking, heating and electricity
b
b
Convert light energy to electrical energy using solar cells
2
c
Biodiesel plant
Palm oil can be processed into biodiesel fuel
2
Solar energy
Fuels for vehicles
1
e Solar cookers focuses light that produce heat for cooking.
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Fuel to generate
Cannot electricity in be power station replaced
Petroleum
c
Biomass fuels
Will be used up
Fuels processed from plants, animal wastes and garbage.
3
Use floats that move up and down to generate electricity
2
1
Propel wind turbines to Clean energy produce source electricity
Has lots of kinetic energy
a
Took millions of If used up leads to years to form energy crisis (shortage of energy sources)
a wind turbine
16
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
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Iron ball can pass through the ring
Water level drops due to contraction
Ice
A B Metal B contracts faster than metal A
d
Melting
3
b
1
2
Electric heater
Electricity a ci d
3 4
Sun: Primary Source Energy
Reactive metal and acid
a
HEAT PRODUCTION
Chemical Reaction
4
b
a
50oC
b b Beaker B has
Hotness of an object
a
Beaker A
HEAT
HEAT (1 - 4)
Volume decreases
a ci d
Acid and base
ba se Same temperature
FORM 1 CHAPTER 7
a
me ta l
Unit : Joules
A B
f
MATTER CONTRACTS WHEN HEATED
b
Bulb
Friction a
Gas Contraction
e
c
Becomes smaller
Burning
Keeping warm
d e
A FORM OF ENERGY
Ice
Called CONTRACTION
b
Liquid Contraction
Solid Contraction
Iced water
Drilling
c
Use s
2
a
a
Ironing
b
1 Coloured trapped liquid moves down
2
1
A hot object has more heat
a
A cold object has less heat
Rubbing
Fuels
Drying
Cooking
more mass Beaker B has more heat
Beaker B
Mass
c Temperature Depends on
2
1
E Bubbles of gas escapes, when gas in flask expands
HEAT FLOW EFFECTS
D
Gas Expansion Water
Water level rises when heated due to expansion
Same mass
C
a
HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
Concrete block 1 kg; 40oC
50oC Beaker B
Wooden block 1 kg; 40oC
Beaker A has higher temperature Beaker A has more heat
Concrete block absorb more heat to to reach 40oC. Concrete block has more heat
1 f
80oC Beaker A
b
Material
2 Volume increases
Liquid Expansion
HEAT/ TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES
a
MATTER EXPANDS WHEN HEATED
e
b c
Becomes bigger
Called EXPANSION
HEAT
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
e
d Solid Expansion
Expanding a Bimetallic strip
Both strips bend
b
A B Metal B expands faster than metal A
Hotness of object
Degree of hotness of object
Unit: Joule
Unit: Celcius (oC) or Kelvin(K)
Travels from hot to cold area
Increases when movement of particles increases
a
A B Two strips of different metals (A and B) joined together
Before experiment, the iron ball just fits the iron ring
Iron ball cannot pass through the ring Iron ball expands, becomes bigger
Cold object has low temperature
a
Degree of hotness
b d
c
Tells how hot or Hot object cold the object is has high temperature Cold
Unit : Degree celcius (oC) or kelvin (K)
Ho t
17
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1 Wood
Alco called poor conductor
b Substance that allows heat to move through slowly Aluminium
a
1
HEAT INSULATOR
c
2
7
5
6
Cork
hot
cold
1
a
d
Becomes cold very fast Becomes hot very fast
2
HEAT CONDUCTOR
c b
HEAT FLOW HEAT CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
1 a
Substance that allows heat to move through easily Air condtioner placed near ceiling
Warm air rises
b
Depends on material
Examples Copper 1
High conduction rate
Good conductors
2
Polystyrene
Asbestos
2
From a hot object to cold object
4
Rubber
3
Iron
Plastic
3
Examples
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Due to temperature difference
Glass
Metals 1
Heat travels from hot to cold end
Heat flow through solids
2
Conduction rate
b
a
Experiment
1
Hot air rises and escapes from top
b
Ventilation holes at roof
FORM 1 CHAPTER 7
1
4
c
BUILDINGS' COOLING/ HEATING SYSTEM
Colder air sinks
3
Cold air enters heater
HEAT (2 - 4)
Convection current produced
G
HEAT FLOW TYPES
By circulatory movement of heated fluid.
a b
2
H
CONVECTION
c
Hot fluids moves upwards, cold fluids move downwards.
3
HEAT FLOW IN NATURAL PHENOMENA
d
1
e
SEA BREEZE
Forms convection current During Daytime
2
3
RADIATION
3 Co ld ai r sinks
Cooler air flows towards land
W ar m 2 air rises
2
Experiments
4
c
1
b
WARMING OF EARTH BY SUN
Land heats up faster
1
To switch
RADIATION
Heat flows in vacuum by radiation.
During Nighttime Co ol 4 ai r sinks
Cooler air flows towards sea
3
5
Land cools down faster
1
Sea warmer than land
W ar m ai r rises
a Smouldering incense stick
Experiment
LAND BREEZE
Vacuum (No conduction or convention)
Heat flow through fluids (liquids and gases)
a
1
C
Pin A falls first, then pin B followed by pin C.
a
Heat flows from hot end to cold end by conduction
2
4
Cool air enters from windows near the ground
B A b
I
Heater placed near floor
Convection current produced
Low conduction rate
wax
F
Warm air rises
b
4
c
1
Cold air sinks
Non - Metals
3
CONDUCTION
2
3
Bad conductors : Insulators a
1 To vacuum p um p
Can flow through vacuum
Heat flow without medium
2
Purple stream of water move upwards, and downwards in circular motion.
hot air Potassium permanganate crystal
cold air 2
Convection current
A convection current is formed in heated water and air.
After 10 minutes, thermometer shows a rise in temperaure.
2
18
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1 Heat up food quickly
Sublimation
Good conductors Made of metals
a
c
b a
Expand and b contracts easily
Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice)
3
J
USES OF HEAT INSULATORS
K
b Ceilings made of soft boards contain air bubbles to prevent heat gain or loss by conduction
SUBLIMATION
L 4
EVAPORATION
WITHOUT
BO ILIN G
Gaseous state
Particles vibrate more slower and comes closer
Condensation Gas loses heat energy to surroundings gas
Liquid state
Keep home warm
Temperature : Boiling point
a e
Boiling
Liquid state b
Gaseous state
Liquid absorbs heat energy
d
gas
Particles move more quicklty and freely
a
Liquid state
Melting
Temperature : Freezing point
solid
c
1 e
Particles vibrate faster
d
Temperature : Melting point
2
Particles move freely
ice 0oC
liquid
e Particles move at fixed position
Freezing
d c
liquid
Heat absorbed from surroundings
b
0oC
Trapped air in sawdust prevent heat reaching the ice ice covered by sawdust
a
c Particles vibrate faster
a
Plastic and glass used in vacuum flask keep liquids hot or cold
MELTING AND FREEZING
100 o C
Boiling water
Slow down melting of ice
Keep liquids hot or cold a
water
a
4
1
b
cotton clothe
Ice used in igloos acts as an insulator to pevent heat loss by conduction.
BOILING AND CONDENSATION
c
a
Solid state
2
liquid
Trapped air in fabric prevent heat loss
woolen blanket
EFFECTS OF HEAT ON STATES OF MATTER
3
a
asbestos tile
Keep body warm
5
6
a
Gaseous state
2 3
HEAT (3 - 4)
table mat
Table mats/ As best os Tiles
b
b
Prevent tables burnt by hot objects a
Handles of Cooking utensils
Gaseous state
Occurs at surface of water
Liquid state
plastic
a
napthalene (mothballs)
Occurs at any temperature below 100oC (boiling point)
Motorcycle fins
Car radiator
To handle pots without burning hands
c water
Become cold quickly
c
STAG E
ga s (water vapour)
cooling coil of refrigerator
b
1
Other substances
WITHOUT
LIQ UID
Conduct heat to surroundings
FORM 1 CHAPTER 7
2
heat released
wood
Made of mercury
ammonium chloride
1
heat absorbed
Solid state
USES OF HEAT CONDUCTORS
1
mercury
io di ne crystals heated
Engine coolers / cooling coils
4
M 1
a
a
fine iodine crystals 3 s ubli me Ioine 2 f ume s formed through sublimation
heating element at tip of soldering iron
3
Thermometer
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heating element in iron
c
2
c
CHANGES OF STATE SUMMARY
b
heating coils
Become hot quickly
Heating coils / elements
Cooking utensils
Measure temperature change accurately
Sublimation
Good conductors
Made of metals
solid
Particles vibrate slower
a
Liquid state
Solid state
b Heat released to surroundings liquid
19
Peta Minda Untuk Sains Tingkatan 1
Sea & land breezes
Air conditioning Warmth Hydro
b
Cook food
c
d
Comfortable life a
Wind
Earth's energy
2 1
glass tube
alarm bell
1
1
Temperature scales
Mercury
iron brass
2
Heat flow from sun
b
Temperature rises, mercury expands level rises
2
1
2
3
W aves
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Expands rapidly with little heat
Good conductor
1
a
HEAT FLOW BENEFITS
Bulb
1
Supports life
contact
Temperature drops, mercuy contracts level drops
Fire alarm a
2
a A good insulator, prevent heat escaping
BIMETALLIC STRIP
5
Cork
THERMOMETER
Brass expands more than iron bimetalic strip bends towards contact Brass strip start the alarm expands when heat 1 hot, contracts during when cold a fire bimetalic strip curls to show temperature rise or fall.
Thermometer
b
Pointer moves when strip curls showing temperature readings metal track
Good insulator Prevent heat escaping
Thermos flask keeps water hot for a long time Buildings kept cool by having shiny glass to reflect heat
1
Good 2 insulator Plastic casing
4
Silvered, shiny surface
Liquid
c
White clothes absorb less heat, keep us cool
3
d
Q
FORM 1 CHAPTER 7
N
HEAT (4 - 4)
APPLICATIONS OF HEAT ABSORPTION AND HEAT RELEASE
Prevent track buckling
4 ROLLERS AND GAPS OF STEEL BRIDGES
5 GAPS BETWEEN SLABS IN PAVEMENTS
a
After 15 minutes metal block covered with rough black paper has a lower Dull and dark temperature surface releases
(radiates) heat faster than white shiny surface
2
covered with white shiny paper
HEAT ABSORPTION AND HEAT RELEASE
2
After 15 minutes metal block covered with rough black paper has a higher temperature bulb
1
O
SOLVING PROBLEMS USING EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION
Dull and dark surface absorbs heat faster than white shiny surface
Repairing a Dented PingPong Ball
2
Metal block covered with rough black paper
The air inside it expands and push the dented part to its original position
b
1
Metal block covered with white shiny paper
a
a
metal bridge 1
2
Allows bridge to slide during expansion
gaps allows slabs to expand in hot day. 2
1
Separating Two Stuck G lasses
Loosening Tight Bottle Cap a Place a dented ping-pong ball in hot water
gap allows bridge to expand in hot weather.
roller
Pull out the top glass after the lower glass expanded
a Hot water
2
3
3
1
2 hot metal blocks with same temperature
b
buckled track
Prevent bridge from distorted and slab damange
Prevent bridge from cracking and damaged
covered with rough black paper
P
3
gap allows track to expand in hot weather. b
b Car radiator painted black so that it releases heat faster
a
GAPS IN RAILWAY TRACKS
3
APPLICATIONS OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION
Temperature kept constant longer
Cork support
b
2
1
Vacuum
1
Dip the lower glass in hot water so that it expands a 1
Hot water
Immerse the tight bottle cap in hot water to expand it
2
Expanded bottle cap lossens
20
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