Pesawat Atwood
May 2, 2019 | Author: i putu brama arya diputra oi | Category: N/A
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PESAWAT ATWOOD (LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM FISIKA DASAR)
OLEH I Putu Brama Arya Diputra NPM. 0913022009
LABORATORIUM FISIKA DASAR FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNIVERSITAS LAMPUNG 2009
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Lembar Pengesahan
Judul Percobaan Percobaan
: Pesawat Pesawat Atwood
Tanggal Tanggal Percob Percobaan aan
: 28 Oktobe Oktoberr 2009
Tempat percobaan percobaan
: Laboratoriu Laboratorium m Fisika Fisika Dasar
N am a
: I Putu Brama A D NPM NPM
: 091302 09130220 2009 09
Fakultas Fakultas
: Keguruan Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Pendidikan
Jurusa Jurusan n
: Pendid Pendidika ikan n Fisika Fisika
Kelompok
: 1(satu)
Bandar Lampung, 28 Oktober 2010 Mengetahui
Satya Kumara NPM. 0717041066
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DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Penges Pengesaha ahan n ....... .......... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ........ ......... .......... ........... ........... ........... ......
i
Daftar Daftar Isi ............. .................... .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ................. ......................... ...............
ii
Abstrak Abstrak .............. .................... ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ............... ........
iii
I. PEND PENDAHU AHULU LUAN AN .... ...... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..
1
Latar Latar Belaka Belakang ng ....... .......... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ........ ......... ....... ..
1
Tujuan Tujuan Percobaa Percobaan n ......... ............. ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ........ .......... .......... .......... .......... ........ ...
1
II. TEORI TEORI DASAR. DASAR..... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ........ .......... ........... ......... ....
3
III. III. PROSED PROSEDUR UR PERCOB PERCOBAAN AAN ....... .......... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ......... .......... .......... .......... ........ ...
5
Alat Alat dan Bahan ...... .......... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ........ ......... .......... ........... ........... ........... ......
5
Cara Cara Kerja. Kerja.... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ......... .......... ....... ..
6
IV. IV. HASI HASIL L PEN PENGA GAMA MATA TAN N DAN DAN PEM PEMBA BAHA HASA SAN N .... ....... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ..
8
Data Data Pengam Pengamata atan n ....... ........... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ........ .......... .......... .......... ......... ....
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Pembah Pembahasa asan.. n...... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ........ .......... .......... .......... .......... ........ ...
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V. KESI KESIMP MPUL ULAN AN .... ...... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... ..
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PESAWAT ATWOOD
Oleh : I Putu Brama Arya Diputra
ABSTRAK
Pada percobaan ini kita melakukan suatu pembuktian dari hukum-hukum Newton yaitu hukum I, II, dan III Newton serta menghitung besar momen inersia suatu benda yang bergerak di sebuah pesawat atwood atau katrol. Di dalam melakukan percobaan kita kita menggun menggunakan akan alat alat percoba percobaan an atwood atwood yang yang ditemu ditemukan kan oleh oleh George George atwood atwood (1746-1807), disini kita melakukan yaitu mendemonstrasikan peristiwa benda jatuh dan analisis mengenai percepatannya.
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I. PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Latar Belakang Belakang
Pada percobaan ini mempelajari tentang gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada benda yang bergerak dan membuktikan kebenaran dari hukum Newton I, II dan III. Untuk menentukan besa kecilnya suatu gaya yang bekerja pada sebuah benda, kita menggunakan pesawat atwood sebagai alat percobaan yang paling utama. Suatu benda mempunyai sifat alamiah yaitu diam akan tetapi setelah Galileo mengadakan percobaan ternyata pendapat tersebut berubah. Karena hal inilah yang menjadi dasar-dasar hukum Newton yang sang at penting, maka mahasiswa dalam hal ini dituntut untuk mencari hal-hal h al-hal apa saja yang terjadi ketika suatu benda bergerak mencontoh percobaan dari Galileo.
1.2 Tuj Tujuan uan Percobaa Percobaan n
Adapun tujuan dari percobaan ini, yaitu : 1. Menyelesaik Menyelesaikan an soal-soal soal-soal tentang tentang gerak gerak translas translasii dan rotasi rotasi dengan dengan menggunakan hukum II Newton. 2. Melakukan Melakukan percobaan percobaan pesawat pesawat atwood untuk memperl memperlihatka ihatkan n berlakunya berlakunya hukum Newton dan menghitung momen inersia katrol.
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II TEORI DASAR
Azas momen yang paling istimwa. Kekekalan momentum tidak berlaku pada gerak dengan kecepatan-ke kecepatan-kecepata cepatan n tinggi. Mendefinisi Mendefinisikasn kasn kembali kembali
momentum momentum sebuah
benda dapat membuat azas kekekalan momentum tetap berlaku dalam teori relativitas khusus. Pernyataan dari hukum II Newton adalah bahwa gaya total pada sebuah ben benda da sama sama deng dengan an laju laju peru peruba bahan han mome moment ntum umny nya. a. Untu Untuk k mema memasu sukka kkan n efek efek rela relati tivi vist stik ik,,
maka maka
suat suatu u
kelo kelong ngga gara ran n
haru haruss
dila dilaku kuka kan n
terh terhad adap ap
keny kenyat ataa aan n
bervariasinya massa benda terhadap kecepatannya. (Ronald Gantreali, 1995). Berat suatu benda adalah gaya yang disebabkan / gaya yang bekerja karena tarikan bumi, gaya tarik bumi disebut gaya gravitasi. Bila hukum II Newton ditetapkan akan diperoleh : W
=m
. g
Dimana :
W
: gaya berat (N)
m
: Massa benda (kg)
g
: Percepatan gravitasi (m/s2)
Persamaan Persamaan ini menunjukkan menunjukkan hubungan kuantitati kuantitatiff antara antara berat dan massa. massa. (Inany (Inany Furoida, 1994).
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Sistem katrol licin licin dan tali ringan artiya katrol katrol tidak berputar dan gaya tegang tali sama besar. Misal me turun dengan percepatan a, maka persamaan gerak yang harus dipenuhi untuk : m1 m2
= T − m . g =
m2 g − T
=
( m2
− m1
= m1a . . . . . . =
m 2 a . . . . . . ( 2)
) g = ( m2
+ m1
m2
− m1
m1
+ m2
a=
(1)
m1 m2
)a . g
Dan tegang tali didapat : T =
2 m1 m 2
m1
+ m2
. g
(ganijanti Abi Saridjo, 2002)
Bila dua buah partikel berinteraksi, maka dikatakan bahwa tiap partikel mengerjakan gaya pada benda lain. Menurut Newton, laju perubahan momentum pada sebuah parti partikel kel merupa merupakan kan ukuran ukuran sebuah sebuah gaya gaya yang yang bekerja bekerja padany padanya. a. Jadi Jadi gaya gaya yang yang bekerja pada partikel itu sehubungan dengan momentumnya (Marcelo Alonso, 1994)
Pada umumnya orang berpendapat bahwa sifat alamiah sebuah benda adalah diam. Supaya benda itu beragak maka harus terus menerus diberi gaya luar, baik itu tarikan maupun dorongan. Tetapi setelah galileo mengadakan percobaan pendapat ini
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3.1 Alat Alat dan dan Bah Bahan an
Alat dan bahan yang digunakan yaitu : 1.
Pesaw esawat at atwo atwood od terdi erdiri ri dar dari : a. Tian Tiang g bers berskal kalaa R pad padaa ujung ujung atasnya terdapat katrol P
P
b. Tali Tali peng penggant gantung ung yang yang masa masanya nya diabaikan
T2
T2
c. 2 beb beban an m1 dan m2 berb berbent entuk uk silinder dengan masa yang sama dikaitkan pada ujung tali penggantung
M1
M1
M2
M2
d. 2 Beba Beban n tamb tambaha ahan n denga dengan n masa masa masing-masing m1 dan m2
2.
Stop watch
3.
Neraca teknis
4.
Kert Kertas as graf grafiis (mil milimet imeter er))
Gambar 3.1
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3.2 3.2 Cara Cara kerj kerja a
Adapun langkah-langkah dalam melakukan percobaan yaitu : 1.
Meni enimbang M1 M1 M2 M2 da dan m1 m1 se serta m2 m2
2.
Mema Memasa sang ng tali tali pada pada katr katrol ol dan dan men mengga ggant ntung ung M1 dan M2 pada pada
masing-masing ujung tali. Kemudian menyelidiki apakah beban dengan M1 dan M2 saja sistem dapat diam dan juga bergerak lurus beraturan 3.
Mema Memasa sang ng gengg genggam aman an G, pena penaha han n beba beban n tam tamba bahan han A dan dan pena penaha han n
beban M2 pada tiang skala, untuk menyelidiki apakah pesawat atwood bekerja dengan baik melakukan percobaan sebagai berikut : a.Memasang M1 pada genggaman G dan menggunakan pegas S b.
Menambah beban tambahan m1 pada M2
c.Menekan S maka M1 akan terlepas dari genggaman G dan bergerak ke atas, sedangkan M2 besar dan m1 akan bergerak ke bawah. Jika pesawat bekerja dengan baik, maka kedua beban akan dipercepat dan ketika M2 + m2 melalui A, m1 akan terangka di A. selanjutkan sistem akan bergerak lurus beraturan. Jika hal tersebut diatas tidak terjadi, beritahukan pada asisten agar ada pembetulan pada pesawat. 4.
Mema Memasa sang ng M1 pada pada gengg genggam aman an G dan dan tamb tambah ahka kan n m1 m1 dan dan m2. m2.
mencatat kedudukan C1 A dan B pada skala tiang 5.
Mele Melepa pask skan an M1 M1 dari dari G denga dengan n mene meneka kan n S menc mencat atat at tAB tAB,, yait yaitu u wakt waktu u
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10. 10.
Mele Melepa pask skan an M1 M1 pada pada G, G, menc mencat atat at tCA tCA
11.
Mengga Mengganti nti m1 denga dengan n M2, melaku melakukan kan lagi lagi seper seperti ti pada pada langka langkah h ke 10 10
12.
Mengub Mengubah ah jara jarak k XCA. XCA. Melak Melakuka ukan n lagi lagi sepe seperti rti langkah langkah ke 10 10 dan ke
11 13. 13.
Meng Mengub ubah ah jar jarka ka sepe sepert rtii lan langka gkah h ke 10 dan dan ke ke 11
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IV HASIL PENGAMATAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
Data Pengamatan Adapun data dari hasil percobaan pesawat Atwood yaitu : 1. XAB = 50 cm Percobaan 1
M (+) 10
tAb 0.56 S
2
10
0.72 S
3
10
0.66 S
Percobaan 1
M (+) 20
tAb 0.41S
2
20
0.47 S
3
20
0.53 S
Percobaan 1
M (+) 10
t AC 1.94 S
2
10
2.16 S
3
10
1.56 S
2. X AC = 35 cm
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praktek selalu lebih besar dari I teori dan perbedaan tersebut pada setiap percobaan semakin besar. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya kesalahan yang cukup besar di dalam melakukan percobaan. 2.
Dari Dari hasil hasil pengama pengamatan tan didapa didapatka tkan n bahwa bahwa momen momen iner inersia sia bergan bergantun tung g
pada masa, waktu dan percepatan gravitasi. Semakin besar massa maka momen inersia juga akan semakin besar. Hasil percepatan yang diperoleh sesuai dengan Hukum II Newton yaitu masa secara kuantitatif memperlihatkan hubungan antara gaya gerak dengan gaya benda secara kuantitatif. 3.
Aplika Aplikasi si pesawa pesawatt atwo atwood od dala dalam m kehid kehidupa upan n seha sehariri-har harii anta antara ra lain lain : -
Seba Sebaga gaii katr katrol ol untu untuk k meng mengan angk gkat at bara barang ng-b -bar aran ang g bera beratt sepe sepert rtii
kotak kontainer -
Sebagai katrol (kerek timba) air sumur Sebag ebagai ai alat alat per peraga aga pes pesaw awat at atwo atwood od dida didallam melak elakuk ukan an
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V KESIMPULAN
Dari percobaan yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan : 1. Pesawat Pesawat atwood atwood memperl memperlihatka ihatkan n berlakukan berlakukan hukum Newton Newton dalam dalam pengoperasiannya 2. Faktor Faktor yang mempeng mempengaruhi aruhi momen momen inersia inersia adalah adalah beban beban gaya gravitasi, gravitasi, percepatan dan jari-jari pesawat atwood. 3. Faktor-fakt Faktor-faktor or yang yang mempengaruhi mempengaruhi percepatan percepatan adalah adalah beban gaya gaya gravitas gravitasi, i, momen inersia dan jari-jari pesawat atwood. 4. Jarak pemant pemantulan ulan A ke B berbanding berbanding terbalik terbalik dengan dengan waktu waktu tempuh tempuh dari A ke B
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Alonso Marcelo. (1994). Dasar-dasar (1994). Dasar-dasar fisika universitas. universitas. erlangga, Jakarta Furnida Inany. (1994). Fisika-fisika (1994). Fisika-fisika dasar . gramedia pustaka utama, Jakarta Granteau Ronald. (1995). Teori dan soal-soal fisika modern. modern. Erlangga, Jakarta Saridjo Ganijanti Aby. (2002). Mekanika gerak . Sinar Terang, Surabaya Tim Fisika Dasar FMIPA. (2005). Penuntun (2005). Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar I . Unila, Bandar Lampung
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LAMPIRAN PERHITUNGAN I.
Untuk XAB = 0,5 m dan m(+) = 0,01 kg t =
a.
t 1 + t 2
+ t 3
3
=
0,56 + 0,72 + 0,66 3
= 0,646
b.
∑ t
2
= t 12 + t 2 2 + t 3 2 = 0,562 + 0,72 2 + 0,66 2 = 1,2676 = 2 2S =
2 . 0,5
= 2,396
c.
a
d.
∆S =0,5 . 0,1 = 0,05
t
0,646
2
S
m / s 2
m
e.
∑t
2
∆t
− n(t )
2
1,2676
− 3 ( 0,646 ) 2
0 0471 S
S
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j.
I praktek = R 2 [ ( m + M 2 − M 1 ) g / a − m + M 1 + M 2 ] 2
1
2
[ ( 0,01 + 0,086 − 0,085) 9,8 / 2,396 − 0,01 + 0,085 + 0,086]
=
0,062
=
0,0017446 N
1
2
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II.
Untuk XAB = 0,5 m dan m (+) = 0,02 kg t =
a.
t 1 + t 2
b.
∑ t
c.
a
d.
∆S =0,5 . 0,1 =0,05
2
3
+ t 3
=
0,41 + 0,47 + 0,53 3
= 0,47
= t 12 + t 2 2 + t 32 = 0,412 + 0,472 + 0,532 = 0,669
= 2 2S = 2 . 0,52 = 4,526 t
0,47
m
m / s 2
S
S
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III.
Untuk XA XAC = 0,35 m dan m (+) = 0,01 kg t =
a.
t 1 + t 2
b.
∑t
c.
a=
d.
∆S =0,5 . 0,1 =0,05
2
3
+ t 3
=
1,94 + 2,16 + 1,56 3
886 = 1,886
= t 12 + t 2 2 + t 3 2 = 1,942 + 2,162 + 1,562 = 10,8628
2 S 2
t
=
2 . 0,35 1,886
2
= 0,196 m
m / s 2
S
S
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IV.
Untuk XAC = 0,35 m da dan m( m(+) = 0,02 kg a.
b.
t =
∑ t
2
t 1
+ t 2 + t 3
3
=
1,53 + 1,18 + 1,47 3
= 1,393
= t 1 2 + t 2 2 + t 3 2 = 1,532 + 1,18 2 + 1,47 2 = 5,894 S
= 2 2 = 2 . 0,325 = 0,36
c.
a
d.
∆S =0,5 . 0,1 =0,05
t
1,393
m
m / s 2
S
S
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TUGAS PENGETAHUAN
1. Sebu Sebutk tkan an hok hokum um II II Newt Newton on ! 2. Tulis Tuliskan kan secar secaraa matema matematis tis Huku Hukum m II Newto Newton n 3. Sebutk Sebutkan an arti arti lambing lambing-la -lamba mbang ng yang digun digunakan akan 4. Turunkanlah Turunkanlah persama persamaan an gerak yang yang menyatakan menyatakan V dan dan X sebagai sebagai fungsi fungsi dari dari waktu untuk percepatan tetap pada persamaan (4.1) 5. Tulis Tuliskan kan hokum hokum III N
on dan ungkap ungkapkan kan arti arti
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4. Turunkan Turunkan pertama pertama gerak gerak v dan x sebagai sebagai fungsi fungsi dari dari waktu waktu untuk untuk percepatan percepatan tetap : v =
dx dt
5. Huku Hukum m III III Newt Newton on : Kalau suatu benda melakukan gaya kepada benda lain, maka benda yang keluar itu selalu akan melakukan gaya pula kepada benda yang pertama yang sama besarnya, berlawanan dengan arah dan mempunyai garis kerja yang
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T 1 − T 2
+
( m1 − mb ) a − ( m2 − m1 ) g
.........
(5)
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TUGAS AKHIR
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4.
Grafik antara XAC dan tAC saat M2 diberi beban tambahan mm1 dan m2.
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PERHITUNGAN
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2. Hub mome momen n inersi inersiaa dengan dengan hukum hukum II II Newto Newton n!
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