Pertumbuhan Dan Perkembangan Serta Hubungannya Dengan Proses Pembelajaran

 

P[AGZ YKRPGHG YZDMLELAD YKN@D@DMGN ―YKRP[HB[FGN @GN YKRMKHBGNAGN ZKRPG F[B[NAGNNTG @KNAGN YRLZKZ YKHBKEGCGRGN‘

@LZKN YKHBDHBDNA 3 @r. Hgrclfgn, H.Y`., Mlns

 NGHG

3 H[PDGRG Z[MHG

 NDH / BY 3 719:;924 / 2971 YRL@D

3 YKN@D@DMGN MDHDG

C[R[ZGN MDHDG OGM[EPGZ HGPKHGPDMGN @GN DEH[ YKNAKPGF[GN GEGH [ND_KRZDPGZ NKARD YG@GNA 2971

 

YKRP[HB[FGN @GN YKRMKHBGNAGN ZKRPG F[B[NAGNNTG @KNAGN YRLZKZ YKHBKEGCGRGN G. Yknakrtdgn Yknakrtdgn Ykrtuhbufgn Ykrtuhbufgn `gn Ykrmkhb Ykrmkhbgnagn gnagn Ykrtuh Ykr tuhbufg bufgn n dgegf dgegf pkrubgf pkrubgfgn gn skjgrg skjgrg od odsdl sdlela elads ds skbgag skbgagdd fgsde fgsde `grd `grd  prlsks pkhgtgnagn ounasd-ounasd odsdm ygna bkregnauna skjgrg nlrhge pg`g gngm ygna skfgt `gegh pkrk`grgn wgmtu tkrtkntu. Ykrtuhbufgn cuag `gpgt `dgrtdmgn skbgagd prlsks trgnsdsd `grd mlnstdtusd odsdm (mkg`ggn cgshgndgf) ygna fkrk` fkr k`dt dtkr kr `g `geg egh h bk bknt ntum um prls prlsks ks gmtdo gmtdo sk skjg jgrg rg bk bkrm rmks ksdn dngh ghbun bunag agn. n. Fgsd Fgsdee  pkrtuhbufgn gntgrg egdn g`gegf pkrubgfgn-pkrubgfgn pg`g strumtur cgshgndgf `gn `g `gn n pkrubg pkrubgfg fgnn-pkr pkrub ubgfg gfgn n sd sdst stkh kh pk pkrs rsyg ygrg rgog ogn. n. @kna @knagn gn `k `khd hdmd mdgn, gn,  pkrtuhbufgn

`gpgt

`dskbutmgn

pueg

skbgagd

prlsks

pkrubgfgn

`gn

 pkhgtgnagn odsdm. Bdsgg `dedfg Bds `dedfgtt `grd `grd pkncke pknckegsg gsgn n `dgtgs `dgtgs bgfwg bgfwg pkrtuh pkrtuhbufg bufgn n dtu g`gegf g`gegf hgtg hg tgnan nanyg yg ouna ounasd sd-o -oun unas asdd odsd odsdm m sk skpk pkrt rtdd bkrtg bkrtghb hbgf gf td tdna naad adny nygg bg bg`gn `gn gt gtgu gu  bkrtghbgf akhumnyg bg`gn cuag hkhbksgrnyg ednamgrgn gnaaltg tubuf. @gegh @ge gh pkrtuhb pkrtuhbufgn ufgn,, hgjgh-hgj hgjgh-hgjgh gh bgadgn bgadgn tubuf  pkrbk`ggn

hkhpuny hkhpunygd gd

tkhpl mkjkpgtgn. Jlntlfnyg3 pkrtuhbufgn gegt-gegt mkeghdn

 bkregnasuna pgedna eghbgt pg`g hgsg mgngm-mgngm, tgpd hknageghd  pkrjkpgtgn pg`g hgsg pubkrtgs. Zkbgedmnyg, pkrtuhbufgn susungn sygrgo   pusgt bkregnasuna pgedna jkpgt pg`g hgsg mgngm-mgngm `gn rkegtdo bkrfkntd  pg`g hgsg pubkrtgs. Ykrbk`ggn mkjkpgtgn tuhbuf `grd hgsdna-hgsdna bgadgn bga dgn tubuf tub uf hknagm hknagmdbg dbgtmg tmgn n g`gnyg g`gnyg pkrbk`g pkrbk`ggn gn pueg pueg `gegh `gegh mkskeu mkskeuruf rufgn gn prlplr prlplrsd sd tubuf. Cuag hkndhbuemgn pkrbk`ggn `gegh ounasdnyg. Hknurut Mghus Hknurut  Mghus Bksgr Bgfgsg Dn`lnksdg ( Dn`lnksdg ( 7447 ), ― pkrmkhbgnagn ‘ g`gegf pkrdfge bkrmkhbgna. Zkegncutnyg, mgtg ―bkrmkhbgna‘ hknurut Mghus hknurut  Mghus  Bksgr Bgfgsg Dn`lnksdg dnd Dn`lnksdg dnd bkrgrtd tkrbumg gtgu hkhbkntgna = hkncg`d bksgr , eugs, `gn bgnygm, skrtg hkncg`d bkrtghbgf skhpurng `gegh fge mkprdbg`dgn,  pdmdrgn, pknaktgfugn, `gn skbgagdnyg. @knagn `khdmdgn, mgtg ―bkrmkhbgna‘ td`g td`gm m sg sgcg cg hked hkedpu putd td gs gspk pkm m yg ygna na bk bkrs rsdo dogt gt gb gbst strg rgm m sk skpk pkrt rtdd pd pdmd mdrg rgn n `g `gn n

 

 pknaktgfugn, tktgpd cuag hkedputd gspkm ygna bkrsdogt mlnmrkt. Yk Ykrm rmkh khbg bgnag nagn n

sk skjg jgrg rg mf mfus usus us `d `dgr grtd tdmgn mgn sk skbg bgag agdd

―p ―pkr krub ubgfg gfgn n

‚ 

 pkrubgfgn ygna bkrsdogt mugedtgtdo `gn mugntdtgtdo ygna hknygnamut gspkmgspkm hkntge ‚ psdmlelads hgnusdg,‘ skpkrtd fgenyg pkrubgfgn ‚ pkrubgfgn ygna bkrmgdtgn `knagn gspkm pknaktgfugn, mkhghpugn, sdogt slsdge, hlrge, mkyg mkygmd mdng ngn n

gagh gaghg, g,

mkjk mkjkrr`gsg `gsgn n

`gn `gn

skb kbga gagd gdny nyg, g,

skf kfddnaag naag

`gna `gnagn gn

 pkrmkhbgnagn tkrskbut sd gngm gmgn skhgmdn bkrtghbgf bgnygm pknaktgfugn `gn mkhghp mkhghpugnn ugnnyg yg cuag cuag skhgmd skhgmdn n bgdm bgdm sd sdogt ogt slsdge slsdgenyg, nyg, hlrge, hlrge, mkygmd mkygmdngn ngn gaghg `gn skbgagdnyg Ykrmkhbgnagn hkrupgmgn pkrubgfgn-pkrubgfgn psdml-odsdm skbgagd fgsde fgs de `grd `grd prlsks prlsks pkhgtg pkhgtgnag nagn n ounasd ounasd-ou -ounas nasdd psdmds psdmds `gn ods odsdm dm pg`g gngm, gngm, `dtunc `dtuncgna gna lekf lekf ogmtlr ogmtlr ednamun ednamunagn agn `gn prlsks prlsks bkegcg bkegcgrr `gegh `gegh wgmtu wgmtu tkr tkrtkn tkntu tu hknucu hkn ucu mk`kwgs mk`kwgsggn. ggn. Ykrmkh Ykrmkhbgn bgnagn agn bdsg bdsg cuag cuag `dgrtd `dgrtdmgn mgn skbgagd skbgagd prlsks prlsks trgnshdsd `grd mlnstdtusd psdml-odsdm ygna fkrk`dtkr, `drgnasgna lekf ogmtlrogmtlr ogm tlr ednamun ednamunagn agn ygna ygna hknaunt hknauntunam unamgn gn `gegh `gegh pkrwuc pkrwucu`g u`gn n prlsks prlsks gmtdo  gmtdo  hkncg`d skjgrg mlntdnu. @gpg @g pgtt

`dpg `dpgfg fghd hd

`grd `grd

`kod `kodnd ndsd sd

pkr pkrmkhb mkhbgn gnag agn n

`d `dgt gtgs gs

bgfw bgfwgg

 pkrmkhbgnagn dtu g`gegf prlsks pkhgtgnagn bgdm cdwg gtgu cgshgnd (psdmlodsdm) mgrkng fgsde `grd pkhgtgnagn ygna `dskbgbmgn, bgdm mgrkng ednamunagn gtgu mgrkng bkegcgr. Ykrmkhbgnagn dtu bdsg bdsg `drdnjdmgn skbgagd bkrdmut 3 g)  Zklrgna gngm bkrmkhbgna mgrkng ounasd-ounasd odsdm ygna su`gf hgtgna  b)  Zklrgna gngm bkrmkhbgna mgrkng hgtgnanyg ounasd-ounasd ounasd-ounasd  psdmdsnyg j)  Gngm bkegcgr hknjlbg mkhghpugn cgshgnd `gn rlfgndnyg

 

B. Ogmtlr-Ogmtl Ogmtlr-Ogmtlrr ygna ygna Hkhpknag Hkhpknagrufd rufd Ykrmkhbgnagn Ykrmkhbgnagn Ogmtlr ‚ ogmtlr ygna hkhpknagrufd pkrmkhbgnagn 3 g)  Gedrgn Ngtdvdshk Ygrg gfed Ygrg gfed hknagnu hknagnutt gedrgn gedrgn dnd bkrmky bkrmkygmd gmdngn ngn bgfwg bgfwg pkrmkh pkrmkhbgna bgnagn gn hgnusd hgn usdgg dtu dtu `dtknt `dtkntumgn umgn lekf lekf pkhbgw pkhbgwggnn ggnnyg, yg, sk`gna sk`gnamgn mgn pknage pknageghg ghgn n `gn  pkn`d`dmgn td`gm bkrpknagruf gpg‚gpg. Zkbgagd jlntlf, cdmg skpgsgna lrgna tug gfed husdm, hgmg gngm‚gngm ygna hkrkmg egfdrmgn gmgn hkncg`d pkhusdm   pueg. Fgrdhgu pun gmgn hkegfdrmgn fgrdhgu, tgm gmgn pkrngf hkegfdrmgn `lhbg. `lh bg. Cg`d Cg`d pkhbgw pkhbgwggn ggn `gn bgmgt bgmgt lrgnat lrgnatug ug skegeu skegeu bkrpkn bkrpknagr agruf uf hut hutegm  egm  tkrfg`gp pkrmkhbgnagn gngm ‚gngmnyg.  b)  Gedrgn Khpdrdsdshk @lmtrdn gedrgn khpdrdsdhk ygna ghgt hgfsyur g`gegf ―tgbueg rgsg‘, skbugf skb ugf dst dstdeg degf f bgfgsg bgfgsg egtdn egtdn ygna ygna bkrgrt bkrgrtdd bgtu bgtu tue tueds ds mlslna mlslna gtgu gtgu ekhbgr ekhbgrgn gn mlslna mls lna (begnm segtk/beg segtk/begnm nm tgbekt) tgbekt).. @lmtrdn @lmtrdn tgbu tgbueg eg

rgsg rgsg hknkmgnm hknkmgnmgn gn grtd grtd

 pkntdna pknageghgn, ednamunagn, `gn pkn`d`dmgn `gegh grtd pkrmkhbgnagn hgnusd hgn usdgg dtu skhgtg skhgtg‚hg ‚hgtg tg bkragnt bkragntuna una pg`g ednamun ednamunagn agn `gn pknageg pknageghgn hgn  pkn`d`dmgnnyg, sk`gnamgn bgmgt `gn pkhbgwggn skcgm egfdr `dgnaagp td`gm  g`g pknagru pknagrufnyg fnyg.. @gegh @gegh fge dnd, dnd, pgrg pgrg pknagnut pknagnut khpdr khpdrdsd dsdhk hk hknagn hknagnaagp aagp sktd sktdgp gp gn gngm gm eg egfd fdrr sk skpkr pkrtd td tg tgbue buegg rg rgsg sg,, `g `geg egh h mk mkg`g g`ggn gn ml mlsl slna, na, tg tgm m pu puny nygg mkhghpugn `gn bgmgt gpg‚gpg. Cd Cdmg mg sklrgn sklrgna a sd sdswg swg hkhpkr hkhpkrlek lekf f mkskhp mkskhpgtg gtgn n ygna hkhg`g hkhg`gdd untum  untum  hkhpkegcgrd dehu pledtdm, tkntu mkegm dg gmgn hkncg`d sklrgna pledtdsd. Mgrkng dg hkhdemd pknageghgn bkegcgr `dbd`gna pledtdm, dg tgm gmgn pkrngf hkncg`d  pkhusdm, wgegupun lrgna tugnyg sklrgna pkhusdm skcgtd. Hkhgna ghgt sumgr  `dpunamdrd bgfwg ednamunagn hkhdedmd pknagruf ygna bksgr tkrfg`gp prlsks  pkrmkhbgnagn `gn hgsg `kpgn ` kpgn sdswg. @gegh fge dnd, ednamunagn mkeugrag `gn ednamunagn hgsygrgmgt skmdtgr tkegf tkrbumtd hknkntumgn tdnaad rkn`gfnyg hutu prdegmu `gn hgsg `kpgn sdswg.

 

j)  Gedrgn Mlnvkraknsd Gedrgn Gedr gn mlnvkraknsd mlnvkraknsd (jlnvkraknjk ( jlnvkraknjk)) hkrupgmgn agbunagn gntgrg gedrgn khpdrdsdhk `knagn gedrgn ngtdvdshk. Gedrgn dnd hknaagbunamgn grtd pkntdna fkrk` fkr k`dt dtgs gs (pkh (pkhbg bgwg wggn) gn) `k `knag nagn n edna ednamug mugna nagg sk skbg bgagd agd og ogmt mtlr lr‚o ‚ogmt gmtlr lr yg ygna na  bkrpknagruf `gegh pkrmkhbgnagn hgnusdg. Ogmtlr pkhbgwggn td`gm bkrgrtd gpg-gpg gpggpg cdmg cdmg tgnpg tgnpg ogmtlr ogmtlr pknageg pknageghgn hgn.. @khdmd @khdmdgn gn pueg pueg skbged skbgedmny mnyg, g, ogm ogmtlr  tlr   pknageghgn tgnpg ogmtlr pkhbgwggn tgm gmgn hghpu hknakhbgnamgn hgnusdg ygna sksugd `knagn fgrgpgn. Zkbgagd jlntlf. Zklrgna gngm ygna nlrhge pgstd hkhdedmd bgmgt untum   bkr`drd tkagm `dgtgs mk`ug mgmdnyg. Pktgpd gpgbdeg gngm tkrskbut td`gm fd`up `dedna `dednamun munagn agn hgsygr hgsygrgmg gmgtt hgnusd hgnusdg, g, hdsge hdsgenyg nyg mgegu mgegu `dg `dbugna `dbugna mk tknagf tknagf futgn bkegntgrg tdnaage bkrsghg fkwgn, hgmg bgmgt ygna dg hdedmd skjgrg turun-tkhurun `grd lrgnatugnyg dtu, gmgn suedt `dwucu`mgn. Cdmg gngm tkrskbut `dgsuf lekf skmkelhplm skrdageg, tkntu dg gmgn bkrcgegn `dgtgs mk`ug tgnagn `gn mgmdny mgmdnyg. g. @dg gmgn gmgn hkrgnam hkrgnamgm gm skpkrt skpkrtdd skrdag skrdageg eg pueg. pueg. Cg` Cg`d, d, bgmgt bgmgt `gn  pkhbgwggn `gegh fge dnd ckegs td`gm g`g pknagrufnyg gpgbdeg ednamugnagn gtgu pknageghgn td`gm hknakhbgnamgnnyg.

Ogmtlr-ogmtlr egdn egdn ygna hkhpknagrufd pkrmkhbgnagn g`gegf 3 g)  Ogmtlr fkrk`dtkr (wgrdsgn skcgm egfdr/bgwggn)  b)  Ogmtlr ednamunagn, hknauntunamgn gtgu td`gm  j)  Mkhgtgnagn, ounasd-ounasd lragnds `gn ounasd-ounasd psdmds `)  Gmtdvdtgs gngm skbgagd subykm bkbgs ygna bkrmkhghpugn, mkhghpugn skekmsd, bdsg hknlegm gtgu hknyktucud, punyg khlsd, skrtg usgfg hkhbgnaun `drd skn`drd. J. Yrdnsd Yrdnsdp p gtgu Fumuh Fumuh Ykrmk Ykrmkhbg hbgnagn nagn Zkjgrg spksdodm, fumuh pkrmkhbgnagn `gpgt `dgrtdmgn skbgagd ―mgd`gf gtgu gtgu pgt pgtlmgn lmgn ygna ygna hkn knyg ygttgmgn gmgn mksg mksghg hggn gn sdo dogt gt `gn `gn

fgmd fgmdmg mgtt

`geg `gegh h

 

 pkrmkhbgnagn‘. @gpgt cuag `dmgtgmgn, pgtlmgn aknkrgedsgsd, hknakngd skbgb `gn gmdbgt tkrcg`dnyg pkrdstdwg pkrmkhbgnagn `gegh `drd hgnusdg.

7.  Fumuh Mlnvkraknsd Fumu Fu muh h dnd dnd `d pk pkel elpl plrd rd lekf lekf Qdee Qdeedg dgh h Zt Ztkr krn n sk sklr lrgn gna a Ys Ysdm dmle lela la  bkrmkbgnasggn Ckrhgn, dg bkrpkn`gpgt bgfwg pkrmkhbgnagn dn`dvd`u g`gegf  pknagruf unsur ednamunagn

`gn bgwggn, mk`ug-`ugnyg hknkntumgn

 pkrmkhbgnagn hgnusdg, `grd bugf bugf ogmtlr pkrmkhbgnagn `gn ednamunagn. Pk Pktg tgpd pd pk pkrm rmkh khbg bgna nagn gn hgnus hgnusdg dg bumgn bumgn fgnyg fgnyg `grd `grd pk pkhb hbgw gwgg ggnny nnygg `g `gn n edna ednamun munag agnny nnyg. g. Hgnu Hgnusd sdgg dtu dtu td`g td`gm m fgnyg fgnyg `d `dpk pkrm rmkh khbgn bgnam amgn gn tk tktg tgpd pd cu cuag ag hkhpkrmkhbgnamgn `drdnyg skn`drd. Hgnusdg g`gegf hgmfeum ygna hkhdedmd  pkhdmdrgn skn`drd untum hknkntumgn pdedfgn `gn sksugtu ygna hknakngd `drdnyg `knagn bkbgs. Gmtdvdtgs hgnusdg dtu skn`drd `gegh pkmkhbgnagnnyg turut hknkntumgn gtgu hkhgdnmgn pkrgngn cuag. Cg`d mk`ug pknakruf `dgtgs sgnagt `dtkmgnmgn untum hkhbkntum mgrgmtkr dn`dvd`u. Jlntlf3 g)

Zk Zklr lrgn gna a sd sdsw swgg ygna ygna pk pkna nagr gruf uf gn gntg tgrg rg ednamu ednamuna nagn gn `g `gn n pk pkhb hbgw gwgg ggn n sg sghg hg  bksgrnyg gtgu skdhbgna,

hgmg fgsde `grd pkhbkegcgrgn cuag gmgn

skdhbgna, mgrkng skhug bgwggn sgna sdswg bkrhgnoggt `gegh prlsks  pkhbkegcgrgn. Hdsgen Hds genyg, yg, sklrgn sklrgna a gngm gngm ygna ygna bkrbgmg bkrbgmgtt `gegh `gegh bkrfdt bkrfdtuna una tkt tktgpd gpd `gpgt `gpgt hknausgd pkegcgrgn egdnnyg tgnpg hknageghd mksuedtgn.    b)

Zklrgna sdswg ygna ogjtlr ednamunagn ekbdf `lhdngn hgmg fgsde `grd sugtu pkhbkegcgrgn ekbdf jln`lna sksugd `knagn ednamunagn ygna g`g `d skmkedednanyg skfdnaag bgmgt hkncg`d sdg-sdg. Hdsgenyg, gngm ygna bkrbgmgt hknaaghbgr tktgpd auru hkhgmsg untum   pgn`gd bkrfdtuna `knagn gegsgn tkrtkntu hgmg mkhu`dgn gngm tkrskbut gmgn pgn`gd bkrfdtuna tktgpd bgmgt gsednyg tkrgbgdmgn sdg-sdg, hksmdpun  Nghpgm bkrfgsde tktgpd fgnyg `drgsgmgn skpdfgm sgcg.

 

j)

Zklr Zklrgn gna a sdsw sdswgg ygna ygna og ogmt mtlr lr bgwg bgwggn gn ek ekbd bdf f `lhd `lhdng ngn n `ge `gegh pr prls lsks ks  pkhbkegcgrgn hgmg sklrgna sdswg fgnyg bdsg `gegh bgmgtnyg sgcg. Hdsgenyg, sklrgna gngm egmd-egmd ygna ekbdf hknyumgd skpgm bleg tgnpg hkhpkrfgtd hkhpk rfgtdmgn mgn tuagsnyg tuagsnyg skbgagd skbgagd pkegcgr pkegcgr hgmg fgsdenyg fgsdenyg sdswg sdswg tkrskbut tkrskbut gmgn mktdnaagegn pkegcgrgn ygna skfgrusnyg `dg pkrlekf.

2.  Fumuh Ykrmkhbgnagn `gn Yknakhbgnagn @drd Yg`g gngm bgedtg, wucu` pkrtgfgngn `drd dtu bkrupg tgnadsgn mktdmg egpgr, gtgu tkrdgmgn ygna `dskrtgd pkekhpgrgn bgtu mktdmg hkn`gpgt agnaaugn fkwgn gtgu lrgna ygna g`g `dskmkeded `dskmkedednanyg.@ nanyg.@grd grd usgfg hkhpkrtgfgnmgn hkhpkrtgfgnmgn `drd dnd dnd,

bkr bkreg egnc ncut ut

hknc hkncg` g`dd

usgf usgfgg

untu untum m

hknak knakh hbgna bgnamg mgn n

`d `drd rd..

Nge Ngeur urdd

 pknakhbgnagn `drd pg`g gngm, gntgrg egdn hkhgndokstgsdmgn `gegh bkntum   bkrhgdn untum hknaktgfud ygna y gna g`g `d skmkedednanyg. Zkegncutnyg, pg`g gngm   ‚gngm bdgsgnyg tghpgm mkdnadntgfugnnyg tkrfg`gp sksugtu dtu bkrmged ‚ mged. Gefgsde, hgnusdg bkrmkhbgna mgrkng g`gnyg dnstdna gtgu ngeurd pkhbgwggn skcgm egfdr ygna hknuntutnyg untum bkrtgfgn `gn hknakhbgnamgn `drd `d humg buhd dnd.

:.  Fumuh Hgsg Ykmg Ykmg grtdnyg hu`gf tkrgnasgna tkrgnasgna gtgu hu`gf hknkrdhg hknkrdhg stdhueus. stdhueus.Hgsg Hgsg  pkmg g`gegf hgsg ygna tkpgt ygna tkr`gpgt pg`g `drd gngm untum  hknakrhbgnamgn ounasd-ounasd tkrtkntu, skpkrtd ounasd hueut untum bkrbdjgrg `gn hkhbgjg, ounasd tgnagn untum hknueds, `gn skbgagdnyg. Hgsg ―hu`gf `drg `drgnas nasgna gna―― dnd dnd sg sgnag nagtt hknk hknknt ntum umgn gn jk jkpg pgtt `g `gn n eg eghb hbgt gtny nygg sd sdsw swgg `g `geg egh h hknkrdhg pkegcgrgn. Grtdnyg, cdmg sklrgna sdswg bkeuh sghpgd pg`g hgsg  pkmgnyg untum hkhpkegcgrd sugtu hgtkrd pkegcgrgn, hgtkrd pkegcgrgn tkrskbut gmgn sgnagt suedt `dskrgp `gn `dlegf lekf systkh hkhlrdnyg.

0.  Fumuh Mkpkreugn Bkegcgr 

 

Mkpkreugn bkegcgr bgad prlsks pkrmkhbgnagn, tkrutghg pkrmkhbgnagn ounasd-ounasd psdmds tgm `gpgt mdtg dnamgrd, hksmdpun mkbgnygmgn gfed td`gm  hknykbu hkn ykbutny tnygg skjgrg skjgrg kmsped kmspedsdt sdt.. Bgfmgn Bgfmgn,, mkhghp mkhghpugn ugn bkrcge bkrcgegn gn ygna ygna skjgrg skjgrg egfdrdgf `gpgt `dpkrmdrgmgn gmgn hunjue `knagn skn`drdnyg tkrnygtg hgsdf  cuag hkhkreumgn bkegcgr, hksmdpun skmk`gr hknaounasdmgn lragn mgmd gngm  ygna skbkngrnyg bkrpltknsd untum bdsg bkrcgegn skn`drd dtu.

;.  Fumuh mksgtugn gnaaltg bg`gn Yrlsks Yrl sks pkrmkh pkrmkhbgna bgnagn gn ounasd ounasd-ou -ounas nasdd lragn lragn cgshgn cgshgndgf dgf td`gm td`gm tkr tkrcg` cg`dd tgnpg `ddrdnad prlsks pkrmkhbgnagn ounasd-ounasd rlfgndgf. @knagn `khdmdgn sugtu sug tu tgfgpg tgfgpgn n pkrmkh pkrmkhbgna bgnagn gn td`gm td`gm tkr tkrekp ekpgs gs `grd `grd tgfgpg tgfgpgn n pkrmkh pkrmkhbgn bgnagn agn egdnnyg egdnnyg.Cg .Cg`d, `d, pkrmkh pkrmkhbgn bgnagn agn pgnjg pgnjg dn`krg dn`krg hdsge hdsgenyg, nyg, td td`gm `gm tkr tkrekp ekpgs gs `grd `grd  pkrmkhbgnagn

mkhghpugn

hkn`knagr,

hkedfgt,

bkrbdjgrg,

`gn

hkrgsg hkr gsg.Zk .Zkegn egncut cutnyg nyg mkhghp mkhghpugnugn-mkh mkhghp ghpugn ugn dnd cuag cuag td`gm td`gm tkr tkrekp ekpgs gs `grd `grd  pkrmkhbgnagn bkrpdmdr, bkrsdmgp, `gn bkrpkrgsggn.

?.  Fumuh Pkhpl Ykrmkhbgnagn Eghbgt Egh bgt gtgu gtgu jkpgtny jkpgtnygg prlsks prlsks pkrmkh pkrmkhbgna bgnagn gn sksklr sksklrgna gna td td`gm `gm sghg sghg `k `kna nagn gn lrgn lrgna a eg egdn dn.. @k @kna nagn gn mg mgtg tg eg egdn dn,, sk sktd tdgp gp lr lrgn gna a hkhd hkhded edmd md tk tkhp hpl l  pkrmkhbgnagn

hgsdna-hgsdna.

Pkhpl-tkhpl

pkrmkhbgnagn

hgnusdg

uhun uh unyg yg tk tkrb rbga gadd `g `geg egh h mg mgtk tkal alrd rd 3 jk jkpg pgt, t, sk sk`g `gna na,, `g `gn n eg eghb hbgt gt.. Pk Pkhp hpl l  pkrmkhbgnagn ygna tkregeu jkpgt gtgu tkregeu eghbgt bdgsgnyg hkncummgn mkegdngn ygna rkegtdvk sgnagt cgrgna tkrcg`d.

1.  Fumuh Drghg Ykrmkhbgnagn @d`gegh pkrmkhbgnagn cuag `dmknge g`gnyg drghg gtgu ngdm-turunnyg  prlsks pkrmkhbgnagn. Grtdnyg, pkrmkhbgnagn hgnusdg dtu td`gm tktgp, tkrmg`gna ngdm tkrmg`gna turun. Yg`g sugtu sggt sklrgna gngm hknageghd  pkrmkhbgnagn ygna tkngna, sk`gnamgn pg`g sggt egdn dg hknageghd  pkrmkhbgnagn ygna hknaalnjgnamgn.

 

6.  Fumuh Rkmgpdtuegsd Fumuh dnd bkrgsge `grd tklrd rkmgpdtuegsd (rkjgpdtuegtdln ( rkjgpdtuegtdln tfklry) tfklry) ygna  bkrdsd `lmtrdn ygna hknagtgmgn bgfwg pkrmkhbgnagn prlsks pkrmkhbgnagn dn`dvd`u hgnusdg g`gegf skbugf hdmrlmlshdm (`undg mkfd`upgn mkjde) ygna hknjkr hkn jkrhdn hdnmgn mgn kvleus kvleusdd mkfd`upg mkfd`upgn n cknds cknds hgmfeu hgmfeum m fd`up fd`up `grd `grd tdnamg tdnamgtt ygna ygna  pgedna sk`krfgng mk tdnamgt ygna pgedna mlhpekms. G`g `ug gspkm ygna `daghbgrmgn lekf tklrd dnd, ygmnd gspkm psdmds `gn gspkm odsdm .

 

MKY[ZPGMGGN Gaus Zucgtnl.744?. Ysdmlelad  Ysdmlelad pkrmkhbgnagn.k`dsd pkrmkhbgnagn.k`dsd rkvdsd.(Cgmgrtg3YP Rdnkmg Jdptg) Mgrtdnd Mgrtlnl.2991. Ysdmlelad  Ysdmlelad Gngm.jktgmgn Gngm.jktgmgn Mkkngh.(Bgn`una3J_.Hgn`gr Hgcu) Hgmhun Hgmh un,, Gbdn Gbdn Zy Zygh ghsu su``d ``dn. n. 2990. 2990.  Ysdmlelad Ykn`d`dmgn. Ykn`d`dmgn. Bg Bgn` n`una una33 YP Rk Rkhg hgcg cg Rls`gmgryg Zygf, Hufdbbdn. 299:. Ysdmlelad Ykn`d`dmgn. Bgn`una3 Rls`gmgryg