Pertemuan 2 Rek Hidrologi

 

Afgurut   Xrb Xrb E`rt E`rtn, n, =990 =990,, eu euk` k`g g tfrk tfrk`c `cbb `obm` `obm`tt `c`g `c`gy` y` a`ss` a`ss` uc uc`r `r` ` y`gj y`gj afgk`cb cbgjbg, afgh`p`b sueu cb m`w`e tbtbo famuggy` c`g tfrc`p`t bgtb ebjrnonspbo y`gj c`p`t afaul`b pfamfgtuo`g anlfoul `br `br.. Afgurut M`rry,02:0 c`l`a M`rry,02:0  c`l`a   Xrb E`rtn, =990, =990, euk`g e`gy` `o`g tfrk`cb `p`mbl` anlfoul-an anlfo ul-anlfoul lfoul `br euk`g euk`g suc`e afgh`p`b afgh`p`b uour`g uour`g lfmbe c`r c`rbb 0 aa. Yrnsfs jfr` jf r`o` o`g g uc`r uc`r` ` of `t`s `t`s tfrs tfrsfm fmut ut cb cbsf sfm` m`mo mo`g `g nlfe nlfe mf mfrm rm`j `j`b `b sf sfm` m`m, m, y`gj y`gj ofaucb`g e`l tfrsfmut afgfgtuo`g kfgbs jfgftbo (jfgf (jfgftbh tbh typf typf)) euk`g, y`btu?

EVK@G ONGTFOSBD Mb`s`gy` tfrk`cb sfm`j`b euk`g cfgj`g bgtfgsbt`s y`gj tbgjjb `obm`t a`ss` uc`r` y`gj tfr`gjo`t of `t`s nlfe pfa`g`s`g l`e`g, `t`u o`rfg` uc`r` cbgjbg y`gj mfrjfr`o mfrjfr`o cb `t`s l`ut `t`u c`t`r`g y`gj y`gj p`g`s. Euk`g bgb mb`s`gy` tfrk`cb cb c`fr`e y`gj rfl`tbd lu`s c`g mfrjfr`o sfsu`b cfgj`g jfr`o`g `gjbg.

J `a `am` m`rr Euk`g O ngvfotbd 

 

EVK@G XVOLNGBO C`p`t tfrk`c C`p`t tfrk`cbb o`rfg o`rfg` ` uc` uc`r` r` lfa lfam`m m`m p`g p`g`s `s tfr`gjo`t of `t`s nlfe l`pbs`g uc`r` y`gj lfmb lf mbe e cb cbgj gjbg bg c` lf lfmb mbe e`t r`p` r`cb p`t. t.gj` Yf gyfm `r`g `g euk eu k`g kf kfgb gbs s c`g bg bgbb g s` s`gj gj` cbp pf gjYfgy `ru rueb ebfm`r nlfe nlfe l` l`g gc`b c`b mb mbc` c`gj gj pfr pfrtfau tfau` `g `g `gt` t`rr` uc`r `r` ` p`g`s c`g uc`r` cbgjbg (w`radrngt/hnlc  drngt ) c`g mb`s`gy` afrup`o`g euk`g cfgj cf gj`g `g c`fr c`fr`e `e pfgy pfgyfm fm`r `r`g `g tfrm tfrm`t `t`s `s c`g c`g

Vc`r` Y`g`s Vc`r` Cbgjbg

J`am`r Euk`g Xuolngbo 

c`l`a w`otu pfgcfo .

EVK@G N]NJ]@DBO Sfrk`cb o`rfg` a`ss` uc`r` lfam`m tfr`gjo`t nlfe `gjbg y`gj tfr`gjo`t o`rfg` `c`gy `c`gy` jugug j/pfjugugj tbgjj tbgjjb. Ofk`cb` `gjugugj/pfj y` gj ugugj`g/c` sfm`g/c`t`r`g fg`rgt`r`g y` tbc`b. o sfsfcfre`g` e`l tfrsfmut, o`rfg` afo` af o`gb gbsa saf f tfr` tfr`gj gjo` o`tg tgy` y` a`ss a`ss` ` uc` c`rr` c`p`t cbsfm`mo`g nlfe j`mugj`g c`rb oftbj` e`ll tfrs e` tfrsfm fmu ut, y`gj `gj afgy afgyfm fm`m `mo` o`g g euk` euk`g g afablb afab lbob ob v`rb v`rb`m `mbl blbt bt`s `s w` w`otu otu y`gj y`gj mfrm mfrmfc fc``mfc`.

M`y`gj`g Euk`g C`fr`e Euk`g

J `am` `am`rr Euk`g Nrnj r`dbo 

 

Yfgy`rbgj`g Yfgy`rbgj` g C`t` Ebcrnlnjb Vkb Enanjfgbt`s Afgurut   Xnfw`rgn Xnfw`rgn (=999?=6) (=999?=6)   sfouapu sfouapul`g l`g c`t` c`t` c`r c`rbb su` su`tu tu v`r v`rb`m b`mfl fl ebcrnl ebcrnlnjb njb sfm sf m`j`b `j`b e`sb e`sbll pfg pfgj` j`a` a`t` t`g g `t`u t`u pfg pfgju juou our` r`g g c`p` c`p`tt cbsf cbsfm mut s`a` s`a` kfg kfgbs (enanjfg) `p`mbl` c`t tfrsfmut cbuour c`rb su`tu rfsba (rfjbaf ( rfjbaf)) y`gj tbc`o mfrum`e. Yfrum`e`g rfsba c`rb dfgnafg` ebcrnlnjb c`p`t tfrk`cb o`rfg` m`gy`o sfm`m, abs`l? pfrum pf rum`e` `e`g g `l`a, `l`a, abs`l abs`l pfrum` pfrum`e`g e`g bolba, bolba, mfgh`g mfgh`g` ` `l` `l`a, a, m`gkbr m`gkbr mfs`r mfs`r,, euk`g euk`g lfm`t, pfrum`e` pfrum `e`g g o`rfg` o`rfg` ul` ul`e e a`gusb a`gusb`, `, abs abs`lg `lgy` y` pfamu pfamu`t` `t`g g mfg mfgcug cugj j p`c p`c` ` `lu `lur  r  sugj`b, pfgjjugcul`g eut`g C`t` ebcrnlnjb cbsfmut t`o s`a` kfgbs (gng ( gng enanjfgfnus) enanjfgfnus) `p`mbl` c`l`a sftb`p sum oflnapno pnpul`sb cbt`gc`b cfgj`g pfrmfc``g gbl`b r`t`-r`t` (af`g), c`g pfrmfc``g v`rb`g (v`rb`ghf (v`rb`ghf)) tfre`c`p sum oflnapno y`gj l`bg c`l`a pnpul`sb tfrsfmut. Oftbc`o enanjfg`g bgb c`p`t tfrk`cb o`rfg` pfrum`e`g dfgnafg` ebcrnlnjb y`gj cbsfm`mo`g nlfe o`rfg` pfrum`e`g `l`a `t`u o`rfg` ul`e a`gusb`.

 

M`gy`o h`r` ugtuo afgjukb ofs`a``g kfgbs c`rb c`t` ebcrnlnjb, cb`gt`r`gy` `c`l`e cfgj`g h`r`? •jr`dbs •ourv` a`ss` j`gc` •st`tbstbo H`r` Xt`tbstbo ]uaus y`gj cbjug`o`g?

U0 t

0

0 G0



0

=

G=

1 T`rb`mfl t-tfrebtugj

U0  

1 ]`t`-r`t` ebtugj s`apfl sft of-0

U=  

1

]`t`-r`t` ebtugj s`apfl sft of-=

 G0

1 Kual`e s`apfl sft of-0

 G=

1 Kual`e s`apfl sft of-= =



U=





t



 

1

G0X0



G= X=

G0  G=



=

=

9.6

=

 

=

X0 , X=   Co

1 v`rb`g s`apfl sft of-0 c`g of-= 1 G0+G=-= 1 cfr`k`t ofmfm`s`g

 

Ofputus`g?  

@p`mbl` t tfrebtugj

  gbl`b

orbtbs th p`c` cfr`k`t ofmfm`s`g tfrtfgtu a`o`

ofcu` s`apfl y`gj cbukb tbc`o mfr`s`l c`rb pnpul`sb y`gj s`a` (ebpntfsbs cbtnl`o).  

@p`mbl` t tfrebtugj < th a`o` ofcu` s`apfl mfr`s`l c`rb pnpul`sb y`gj s`a` (ebpntfsbs cb tfrba`).

Vgtuo gbl`b th ukb t cu` sbsb c`p`t cblbe`t c`rb c`rb t`mfl mfrbout? co 

9.0

Cfr`k`t Ofpfrh`y``g t` 9.96 9.9=6 9.90

9.996

co 

9.0

Cfr`k`t Ofpfrh`y``g t` 9.96 9.9=6 9.90

9.996

0

8.9:5

4.803

0=.9:4

80.5=0

48.46:

04

0.88:

0.:34

=.0=

=.658

=.2=0

=

0.554

=.2=

3.898

4.246

2.2=6

0:

0.888

0.:3

=.00

=.64:

=.525

8

0.485

=.868

8.05=

3.630

6.530

05

0.88

0.:83

=.090

=.66=

=.5:5

3

0.688

=.08=

=.::4

8.:3:

3.493

02

0.8=5

0.:=2

=.928

=.682

=.540

6

0.3:4

=.906

=.6:0

8.846

3.98=

=9

0.8=6

0.:=6

=.954

=.6=5

=.536

4

0.33

0.238

=.33:

8.038

8.:9:

=0

0.8=8

0.:=0

=.95

=.605

=.580

:

0.306

0.526

=.846

=.225

8.322

==

0.8=0

0.:0:

=.9:3

=.695

=.502

5

0.82:

0.54

=.894

=.524

8.866

=8

0.802

0.:03

=.942

=.6

=.59:

2

0.858

0.588

=.=4=

=.5=0

8.=6

=3

0.805

0.:00

=.943

=.32=

=.:2:

09

0.8:=

0.50=

=.==5

=.:43

8.042

=6

0.804

0.:95

=.94

=.356

=.:5:

00

0.848

0.:24

=.=90

=.:05

8.094

=4

0.806

0.:94

=.964

=.3:2

=.::2

0=

0.864

0.:5=

=.0:2

=.450

8.966

=:

0.803

0.:98

=.96=

=.3:8

=.::0

08

0.86

0.::0

=.04

=.46

8.90=

=5

0.808

0.:90

=.935

=.34:

=.:48

03

0.836

0.:40

=.036

=.4=3

=.2::

=2

0.800

0.422

=.936

=.34=

=.:64

06

0.830

0.:68

=.080

=.49=

=.23:

Bgd

0.=5=

0.436

0.24

=.8=4

=.6:4

 

Hngtne Xn`l YSO-0= X (Ub-U]`t`-r`t`) YSO- (Ub-U]`t`-r`t`)= O`o`p 00 YSO-00

Gn

S`eug

YSO-00 Yngtb`g`o 

(Ub-U]`t`-r`t`) YSO-0=

(Ub-U]`t`-r`t`) YSO-0=

0

=

8

3

6

4

:

5

0

0228

0:9

09=

39.3

0488.6

04.44:

=::.5

=

0223

50

29

-35.4

=849.8

3.44:

=0.5

8

0226

068

2=

=8.3

635.8

4.44:

33.3

3

0224

24

23

-88.4

00=:.5

5.44:

:6.0

6

022:

0==

53

-:.4

6:.6

-0.888

0.5

4

0225

036

24

06.3

=8:.:

09.44:

008.5

:

0222

0::

54

3:.3

==35.8

9.44:

9.3

5

=999

094

:=

-=8.4

664.=

-08.888

0::.5

2

=990

25

24

-80.4

22:.6

09.44:

008.5

09

=99=

098

59

-=4.4

:94.:

-6.888

=5.3

00

=998

053

:0

63.3

=240.=

-03.888

=96.3

0=

=993

0=9

40

-2.4

20.5

-=3.888

62=.0

0666.9

09=3.9

9.9

086=4.2

9.9

566.0

0=2.65

56.88

ua =

]`t`

=

 

Y`r`aftfr

X`apfl 0

X`apfl =

G

0=

0=

0=2.4

56.88

86.0

0=.8

X

0==2.:

069.=

co

==.9

U]`t`-r`t`

 

X =



 

=:.386

tEbtugj tS`mfl

   

8.26 =.0:2

Sbc`o Enanjfg

@p`mbl` c`t` tbc`o enanjfg, a`o` c`t` euk`g c`rb ofcu` st`sbug cb`g`lbs` sfh`r` p`rsb` p`r sb`l. l. C`t C`t` ` cbn cbnl`e l`e sfh sfh`r` `r` p`r p`rsb` sb`l, l, y` y`ogb ogb cfg cfgj`g j`g afg afgft` ft`po` po`g g su` su`tu tu mfs mfs`r` `r`g g tfrtfgt tfrtfgtu u sfm` sfm`j`b j`b m`t`s m`w`e, sfl`gk sfl`gkutgy` utgy` sfau` mfs`r`g mfs`r  c`rb m`t`s m`w`e tfrsfmut cb`ambl c`g cbk`cbo`g m`jb`g sfrbc`t` c`t`y`gj ugtuolfmbe ofaucb`g cb`g`lbsbs sfpfrtb mb`s`. @p`mbl` c`t` enanjfg, a`o` c`t` euk`g c`rb ofcu` st`sbug cb`g`lbs` sfm`j`b st`sbug j`mugj`g (C`t` C`rb Ofcu` Xt`sbug Cbj`mugjo`g)

 

Hngtne Xn`l @g`lbs` C`t` Xfh`r` Y`rsb`l Xfm`j`b Hngtne, cb`ambl pfgjnl`e`g ugtuo t`eug 0228.

  Y`c` t`eug 0228 bgb, st`sbug YSO-00 afablbob c`t` a`osbaua p`c` t`gjj`l



=8 K`gu`rb, y`ogb 0:9 aa. Ofaucb`g c`t` euk`g p`c` st`sbug YSO-0= Xugj`b O`o`p p`c` t`gjj`l, mul`g c`g t`eug y`gj s`a` bout cb`ambl y`ogb 09 aa, ofaucb`g c`t` cbr`t`-r`t`o`g, sfebgjj` cbc`p`t gbl`b r`t`-r`t` r`t`-r `t` 0 `c`l`e

29 aa.

  Xfl`gkutgy` tbgk`u c`t` a`osbaua t`eug 0228 ugtuo st`sbug YSO-0= Xugj`b



O`o`p. Xt`sbug Xt`sbug YSO-0= Xugj`b O` O`o`p o`p afablbob c`t` a`osbaua p`c` t`gjj`l t`gjj`l =5 Notnmfr , y`ogb 09= aa. Ofaucb`g c`t` euk`g p` p`c` c` st`sb st`sbug ug YSO-00 Yngtb`g`o p`c` t`gjj`l, mul` mul`g g c`g tt`eug `eug y`gj s`a` bout cb`ambl, y`ogb 40 aa, ofaucb`g oftbj` c`t` cbr`t`-r`t`o`g, sfebgjj` cbc`p`t gbl`b r`t`-r`t` = `c`l`e 50.6

aa.

C`rb gbl`b r`t`-r`t` 0, c`g = cblbe`t gbl`b y`gj tfrmfs`r. Gbl`b r`t`-r`t` y`gj tfrmfs`r `c`l`e 29 aa, sfebgjj` c`t` bgb cbjug`o`g sfm`j`b c`t` a`osbaua

 

S`eug

Sjl

Mul`g

  YSO-00 Yngtb`g`o 

0228

=8

K`g

0:9

0223

0

Kul

50

YSO-0=   ]`t`-r`t` S`eug  X. O`o`p    

09 -

   

29 50

0228

  YSO-0= YSO-00   HE R`gj   ]`t`-r`t`  X. O`o`p Yngtb`g`o  Cbjug`o`g

Sjl

Mul`g

=5

Not

09=

 

40

03

@jt

29

 

-

 

0223 04

Not

29

 

34

50.6

29

:6.88

50

0226

=9

Kul

068

 

-

 

068

0226

09

Afb

2=

 

=5

 

49 49

068

0224

05

Kug

24

 

-

 

24

0224

=:

@jt

23

 

8=

 

48

24

022:

3

Kul

0==

 

:=

 

2:

022:

==

@pr

53

 

:3

 

:2

2:

0225

03

@pr

036

 

-

 

036

0225

6

Xfpt

24

 

0=4

 

000

036

0222

=6

Xfpt

0::

 

84

 

094.6

0222

00

@pr

54

 

63

 

:9 :9

094.6

=999

3

K`g

094

 

8:

 

:0.6

=999

6

K`g

:=

 

=9

 

34 34

:0.6

=990

8

@jt

25

 

49

 

:2

=990

89

K`g

24

 

-

 

24 24

24

=99=

:

Xfpt

098

098

=99=

=6

Xfpt

59

 

-

 

59 59

098

08

Afb

:0

 

06 6=.88

053

40 40

0=9

=998 =993

00 06

K`g Xfpt

053 0=9

     

-

 

-

053  

0=9

=998 =993

80

Not

:0

 

-

=8

K`g

40

 

-

 

 

Yfgy`rbgj`g Yfgy`rbgj` g C`t` Ebcrnlnjb Vkb Ongsbstfgsb Vkb ongsbstfgsb afgjukb l`p`gj`g cbpf cb pfgj gj`r `rue uebb nlfe nlmfr`rtb fe ofs` ofs`l` l`e` e`g g ofmfg`r`g p`c` p`c` s``t s``tc`t` pfgj pfgjbr brba ba`g `g y`gj `t`u `t`u tbc`o s``t s``t pfgj pf gjuo uour ur`g `g,, c`t` c`t` tfrs tfrsfm fmut ut e`ru e`rus s mftu mftull-mf mftu tull afgj afgjj` j`am am`r `ro` o`g g dfgnafg` ebcrnlnjb sfpfrtb of`c``g sfmfg`rgy` cb l`p`gj`g. Vkbb ongs Vk ongsbs bstf tfgs gsbb (ofp (ofp`g `gjj jj`e `e`g `g)) c`p` c`p`tt cbl` cbl`ou ouo` o`g g cf cfgj gj`g `g m`gy m`gy`o `o h`r`, cb`gt`r`gy`? Cnumlf A`ss Cnumlf A`ss Hurvf, Hurvf, T`g Gfua`g Gfua`gg g ]`tbn, ]`tbn, Hua Huaul` ul`tbv tbvf f Cfvb`t Cfvb`tbng bng (@ckus (@c kustfc tfc Y`tb`l Y`tb`l Xua), Xua), Znrsl Znrslfy fy Lboflb Lboflbenn ennc c ]`tbn ]`tbn Sfst, Yrnsfc Yrnsfcur  ur  M`yfsb`g.

 

Cnumlf A`ss Hurvf Cbbgtfrprfst`sbo`g sfm`j`b mfrbout? 0. @p`m @p`mbl bl` ` c` c`t` t` st`s st`sbu bug g y` y`gj gj cb cbuk ukbb ongs ongsbs bstf tfg, g, a`o` a`o` j`rb j`rbs s y` y`gj gj tfrm tfrmfg fgtu tuo o afrup`o`g j`rbs lurus cfgj`g l`gc`b (slnpf) y`gj tbc`o mfrum`e =. @p`mbl` @p`mbl` j`rbs tfrsfmut afgugku afgugkuoo`g oo`g pfrum`e`g pfrum`e`g l`gc`b, mfr`rtb tfl`e tfrk`cb pfrum`e`g sbd`t euk`g p`c` t`eug tfrsfmut, y`gj mfr`rtb c`t` tbc`o ongsbstfg

 

Mfgtuo Ourv` Kbo` C`t` Ongsbstfg

 

Mfgtuo Ourv` Kbo` C`t` BgOngsbstfg

 

Tng Gfua`gg ]`tbn g  0

  Rb

G 

b 0 g

b 0

Rb  1

Rb

Rb  0 R

=

=

Cfrft c`t`

R 

1

]`t`-r`t` gbl`b Rb

 

1

@gc`b`g lngh`t`g gbl`b r`t`-r`t` r`t`-r `t` sfsuc`e c`t` of a

@p`mbl` G 1 =, a`o` cfrft c`t` cbsbapulo`g ongsbstfg/p`gjj`e 

 

Hngtne Xn`l Rb S`eug

 

Rb-Rb+0

 

(Rb-Rb+0)

Rb  R 

=

Rb  R

=

0

=

8

3

6

0228

0:9

52

:2=0

39.3=

0488.60

0223

50

-:=

6053

-35.65

=849.83

0226

068

6:

8=32

=8.3=

635.83

0224

24

-=4

4:4

-88.65

00=:.53

022:

0==

-=8

6=2

-:.65

6:.60

0225

036

-8=

09=3

06.3=

=8:.4:

0222

0::

:0

6930

3:.3=

==35.83

=999

094

5

43

-=8.65

664.0:

=990

25

-6

=6

-80.65

22:.60

=99=

098

-50

4640

-=4.65

:94.4:

=998

053

43

3924

63.3=

=240.0:

=993

0=9

0=9

03399

-2.65

20.53

R



0=2.65

X 1 86.9:

35::9.99

086=4.2= G1

3

0. =. 8. 3. 6.

Onln Onlna a 0 1 c`t` c`t` Onlna Onlna = 1 m`rbs m`rbs 0 Onl 0  ‘  ‘ m`rbs  m`rbs = onl = cst Onlna 8 1 Y`gjo`t Y`gjo`t cu` onlna = Onlna 3 1 Gbl`b Gbl`b tb`p tb`p m`rbs onl 0  ‘  r`t`-r`t`  ‘ r`t`-r`t` Onlna 61 Y`gjo`t Y`gjo`t cu` onlna 3 g  0

  Rb

Gbl`b G c`rb ruaus G

b 0 g

b 0

 G

Rb   0

=

=

Rb

R

35::9 

 

086=4.2=



3

 

Aftncf Huaaul`tbvf Cfvb`tbng ( @  @ ckus ck us tfc Y`rtb`l Y `rtb`l X Xnaf naf) ]uaus y`gj cbjug`o`g? o 

X* o  

g…..........…………………..…….( …………………..…….(0) 0)  Rb  R , cfgj`g o 1 0, =, 8,…., g….......... b 0

o 

C

=

R



Rb  R .………… .…………...... ......….……………… ….………………........... ...........………………...( ………………...(=) =)

 b 0

X**o  1

X *o  Cy

=

g

8) cfgj`g o 1 9, 0, =, …. g ……………......... …………….........…………………….( …………………….(8)

C`l`a afgfgtuo`g ongsbstfg `t`u tbc`o, sflgkutgy` cbebtugj gbl`b

P

 `t`u

] 

g g (cbpblbe s`l`e s`tu, `t`u mnlfe ofcu`-cu`gy`) y`gj `o`g cbm`gcbgjo`g cfgj`g t`mfl mfrbout?

 

 

 

S`m S` mfl Gb G b l`b l`b O r b tb o P c`g ] ] 

P  

g

g

g

29%

26%

22%

29%

26%

22%

09

0.96

0.03

0.=2

0.=0

0.=5

0.85

=9

0.0

0.==

0.3=

0.83

0.38

0.49

89

0.0=

0.=3

0.34

0.3

0.6

0.:9

39

0.08

0.=4

0.69

0.3=

0.68

0.:3

69

0.03

0.=:

0.6=

0.33

0.66

0.:5

099

0.0:

0.=2

0.66

0.6

0.4=

0.54

0.==

0.84

0.48

0.4=

0.:6

=.99



 

Xuamfr? Xrb E`rtn, =999?30

 Gbl`b P c`g ] cbc`p`t c`rb pfrs`a``g? P1

a`x

  X  9  o  g a`x

X 

**

**

o 

……… ……….. ..……………………. ……………………... ..………………… …………………..…………….( …………….(3) 3)

  

abg x

X

**

] 1 9 o  g o    9 o  g   o  …… ……..………..………...……………………………..( ………..………...……………………………..(6) 6) P afrup`o`g gbl`b ouaul`tbd cfvb`sb c`g ] `c`l`e gbl`b ]`gjf, c`g g kual`e c`t`.  

 

 

Hngtne Xn`l Rb

Rb-R

X*O

0

=

8

3

0228

0:9

39.3=

39.3=

0.068

0223

50

-35.65

-35.65

-0.856

0226

068

=8.3=

=8.3=

9.445

X**O  

`.  A`suo`g c`t` (Rb) c`g h`rb r`t`-r`t`gy` (Rb) (Onlna 0), ebtugj gbl`b r`t`-

S`eug

r`t`gy` c`g st`gc`r cfvb`sbgy`.

 m. Ebtugj sflbsbe `gt`r` c`t` of-b cfgj`g gbl`b r`t`-r`t`gy` (Rb-R) (Onlna =) h.  Ebtugj ouaul`tbd pfgybap`gj`g tfre`c`p gbl`b r`t`-r`t` (X*o) (Onlna 8) o 

0224

24

-88.65

-88.65

-9.265

022:

0==

-:.65

-:.65

-9.=04

0225

036

06.3=

06.3=

9.339

0222

0::

3:.3=

3:.3=

0.86=

=999 =990

094

-=8.65

25

-80.65

-=8.65 -80.65

-9.4:8

098

-=4.65

-=4.65

-9.:65

=998

053

63.3=

63.3=

0.66=

=993

0=9

-2.65

-2.65

-9.=:8

R 1 0=2.65

P 1 0.66=

X 1 86.9:

] 1 =.28:

1 9.33:262

g

P

S`mfl 1

 

g

  0.064

o 





  Rb  R , cfgj`g o 1 0, =, 8,…., g  g  b 0

c. Ebtugj Ebtugj ]fsh`lfc  ]fsh`lfc @ckustfc Y`rtb`l Xuas/  ]@YX  ]@YX (X**O), (Onlna 3) X**o  1

X *o  Cy

o 

cfgj`g o 1 9, 0, =, …. G, c`g C= R    b 0

Rb  R   =

g

-9.290

=99=

P

X

*

Ongsbstfg

f.  Ebtugj P 1

a`x

  X

9 o  g

P

d.  Ebtugj

g  `t`u

a`x

** o 

 `t`u ] 1 9

 o  g

X 

**

abg x o    9  o  g

 

X

** o 

.

]  g   ebtugj, c`g m`gcbgjo`g gbl`bgy` cfgj`g

t`mfl gbl`l`b

orbtbo P c`g ]. @p`mbl` gbl`b P (p`r`aftfr st`tbstbo pfgjukb`g ongsbstfgsb), o ngsbstfgsb), sfm`j`b `hu`g, a`o` P P ebtugj < t`mfl `c`l`e ongsbstfg/p`gjj`e. G`aug mbl` gbl`b ] sfm`j`b g g ]  ]  `hu`g, a`o` ebtugj 7  t`mfl `c`l`e ongsbstfg/p`gjj`e. g g

 

Aftncf Znrslfy Lboflbennc ]`tbn Sfs Sfstt Vgtuo Vgtu o ukb ukb ofp fp` `gj gjj` j`e` e`g g cb cbju jug` g`o o`g ru ruau aus s   Znrslfy‒s   Lbof Lboflb lben ennc nc ]` ]`tb tbn n Sfs fst. t. Afapfr Afa pfre`t e`tbo` bo`g g ofa ofam`l m`lbb pfr pfrs`a s`a``g ``g pfg pfgjukb jukb`g `g c`p c`p`t `t cbl`ouo cbl`ouo`g `g cfg cfgj`g j`g st`t st`tbst bstbo bo Z, y`btu;

Z   

Cfgj`g

t o 

t o 

  a`x

0 o    g 0

`c`l`e st`tbstbo stucfgt‒s ugtuo c`t` o pfrt`a`

c`g (g-o) mfrboutgy`. Eumugj`ggy` cfgj`g ‒`ckustfc p`rtb`l suas‒ `c`l`e ;  ;  *

[o 

o g    



o 

9,6  





*

Xo  ,

o 1 0 ,............, ,............, g g ‘   ‘  0  0

Zfbjetfc ]fsh`lfc @ckustfc Y`rtb`l Xuas (Z]@YX) `c`l`e [ , *   *

o 

**

 [ o 

 



 [ o   C y

T 

**  a`x  [ o  0 o    g 0

  Z 



A`o` ;

T 

(g =)9,6 

(0



=)

T 

9, 6

 

Cfgj`g cfabob`g a`o` Znrslfy (Mubse`gc, 025=) afgft`po`g m`ew`q ukb T s`a` cfgj`g ukb Z  ‘  Vkb Z cbtft`po`g cfgj`g t`mfl mfrbout?

 

S`mfl Xt`tbstbo Z Yfrsfg

G

9

29 26 Fx`ht Yfrhfgt`jf Ynbgts

22

8

9.65

0 = .: 0

= 6 .3 6

0=:.8=

3

9.6=

6 .8 3

:.46

0:.=5

6

9.3:

3 .0 5

6.82

2.34

4

9.33

8 .8 :

3 .4

:.0:

:

9.30

8 .3 4

3 .=

4.03

5 2

9.82 9.8:

8 .8 = 8 .= 0

8.26 8.:5

6.64 6.02

09

9.84

8 .0 3

8.44

3.28

@pprnxba`tf Ynbgts Drna Xbaul`tbng 06

9 .8

= .2 :

8.84

3.8=

=9

9.84

= .2

8.=5

3.08

=6

9.=3

= .5 2

8.=8

8.23

89

9.==

= .5 4

8.02

8.54

86

9 .=

= .5 5

8.=0

8.5:

39

9.02

= .5 5

8.0:

8.::

36

9.05

= .5 4

8.05

8.:2

69

9.0:

= .5 :

8.04

8.:2

 

Hngtne Xn`l Rb

Rb  R

XO*

[O*

[O**

0

=

8

3

6

0

505

-465.58

-465.58

-025.46

-9.=5

=

2=6

-660.58

-0=09.4:

-=:9.:0

-9.82

8

:34

-:89.58

-0230.69

-8:8.43

-9.68

3

:83

-:3=.58

-=453.88

-3:3.68

-9.45

6

068=

66.0:

-=4=2.0:

-333.30

-9.43

4

0802

-06:.58

-=:5:.99

-343.69

-9.4:

:

=384

262.0:

-05=:.58

-895.24

-9.33

5

0936

-380.58

-==62.4:

-822.34

-9.6:

2

0290

3=3.0:

-0586.69

-868.=3

-9.60

09

==:8

:24.0:

-0982.88

-=8=.39

-9.88

00

0=:0

-=96.58

-0=36.0:

-8:6.38

-9.63

0=

=:==

0=36.0:

9.99

o 

R 1 03:4.58 X 1 C 425.30

 

0. O 1 Gn c`t` c`t` p`c p`c` ` Onl 0 =. On Onln lna a 0 1 C` C`t` t` 8. Onl Onlna na = 1 G Gbl` bl`bb O Onl nl 0  ‘  ]`t`= 3. On Onlna lna 8 1 M`rb M`rbs s 0 `c `c`l `l`e `e gbl gbl`b `b m`r m`rbs bs 0 Onlna =, M`rbs = `c`l`e m`rbs = onlna =+m`rbs 0 onlna 8, m`rbs 8 `c`l`e m`rbs 8 onlna = + m`rbs = onlna 8 cst 6. Onlna 3 afgjj afgjjug`o` ug`o`g g ruaus [O* 4. Onlna 6 1 Gbl`b tb`p m`rbs Onlna 3 cbm`jb cfgj`g st`gc`r cfvb`sb (X 1 C) :. Gb Gbl` l`bb T `c `c`l `l`e `e gb gbl` l`bb tf tfrmf rmfs` s`rr c` c`rb rb gb gbl` l`bb onlna 6 1 -9.45 (gbl`b gfj`tbd tfrmfs`r) 5. Gbl`b Z e ebtugj btugj cbh`r cbh`rbb cf cfgj`g gj`g ruaus Z 2. Gbl`b Z t`mf t`mfo o ugt ugtuo uo o 1 0=, cbh`rb sfh` sfh`r` r` bgtfrpnl`sb cfgj`g e`sbl sfpfrtb mfrbout?

ZS`mfl 1

9.99 T1

-9.45

Z1

-=.2=5

g S`mfl

09

8.44

g Bgtfrpnl`sb

0=

8.639

g

06

8.84

 A`x

S`mfl  

Suj`s?? Cbof Suj`s Cboft`e t`eub ub c`t c`t` ` sfpfrt sfpfrtbb mfr mfrbou boutt (S (Sb`p b`p c`t` c`t` cbt`am` cbt`am`eo` eo`g g cfgj`g cfgj`g gn uru urutt `msfg s`uc`r`) GN

S ` eug

C`t` Euk`g Xt`sbug @

C`t` Euk`g Xt`sbug M

0

0228

0=0

0=4

=

0223

63

56

8

0226

68

32

3

0224

09

048

6

022:

035

:0

4

0225

59

6:

:

0222

4=

53

5

=999

5=

69

2

=990

49

8=

09

=99=

=0

40

00

=998

50

49

0=

=993

49

2=

08

=996

20

006

0. L` L`ouo` ouo`g g Vkb Enanj Enanjfgb fgbt`s t`s (Kb (Kbo` o` tbc tbc`o `o enan en anjf jfg g h` h`rb rb gbl` gbl`bb c` c`t` t` y`gj y`gj e` e`ru rus s cbjug`o`g sfh`r` p`rsb`l =. L` L`ouo` ouo`g g Vkb Ongsbs Ongsbstfg tfgsb sb cfgj` cfgj`g g Tng Gfua`gg ]`tbn, Huaaul`tbvf Cfvb Cf vb`t `tbn bng g ( @ckustfc Y`rtb`l Xnaf Xnaf), ), Znrslfy‒s Lboflbennc Znrslfy‒s  Lboflbennc ]`tbn Sfst 8. Suj`s Cbouapulo`g 0 abgjju sftfl`e pfrtfau`g bgb