Personality

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Personality CHAPTER

3

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Learning Objectives In this chapter, you will: 

Understand personality.

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Discuss and distinguish the important personality theories.

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Identify factors that determine personality.

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Explain the personality traits used in Myers-Briggs type indicator and the Big Five model.

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Describe the maor personality attributes influencing !B.

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Differentiate personality fit in terms of personality"ob fit and personality"organi#ation fit.

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3.1 

What is Personality? Personality?

$ersonality is the sum total of %ays in %hich an individual reacts to and interacts %ith others.

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3.2

Personality Theories

 &ype

&heory of $ersonality

 &rait

&heory of $ersonality

 $sychoanalytic  'ocial  &he

&heory of $ersonality

(earning &heory of $ersonality

)umanistic *pproach *pproach

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3.2.1

Type Theory of Personality



&ype &ype theory relates the features of face or body to the personality.



E.g



-short plum person +endomorph,- slo% steady sociable relaxed and even tempered

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-muscular person +mesomorph, noisy noisy fond of physical activities

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&ype theory is simple and subective but it fails to explain the complexities of the personalities.

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insensitive

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3.2.1 

Type Theory of Personality

$sychologist arl /ung divided all personalities into introvert and extrovert based on sociability and interpersonal relationship orientation introvert

Extrovert

Introverts tend

to recharge by spending time alone. &hey lose energy from being around people for long periods of time particularly large cro%ds.

Extroverts

relaxed

!ut spo0en

passion

sociable

shy

brave

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gain energy from other people. Extroverts actually find their energy is sapped %hen they spend too much time alone. &hey recharge by being social

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3.2.1

Type Theory of Personality

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3.2.2

Trait Theory of Personality

&rait &rait theory describes personalities by a set of features based on the follo%ing1  Determining

the basic traits that provide a meaningful description of personalities.

 Finding

some %ay to measure the traits.

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3.2.2

Trait Theory of Personality cont.!

&o assess personality traits t%o methods are generally used1  'elf-assessment %hereby a person describes him2herself by ans%ering a set of 3uestions related to his2her personality or  'omeone else describes the personality through observation or ans%ering 3uestions related to his2her personality.

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3.2.2

Trait Theory of Personality cont.!

 * set of 3uestionnaire called called  personality inventory  inventory  is used for this purpose.  It is asset of 3uestions related to the attitudes feelings and behavior   4ating scale is a device for recording udgment about trait such as excellent to very poor 

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3.2.3

Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

$sychologist 'igmund Freud suggests that personality is composed of three elements1 id, ego and super ego. $ersonality is determined internally in the in"ivi"uals. in"ivi"uals. 

&he id refers exclusively to innate component of personality inherited at birth.

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&he ego relates to reality. reality.

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&he super ego is a set of norms values ethics and attitudes %hich are reasonably compatible %ith the society. It udges %hether an action ac tion is %rong or right. ri ght.

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3.2.3

Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

Psychoanalytic Theory

#usiness$an

%ri$inal

I" personality inherited at birth

-%ealth parents heredity -healthy live environment -dependent since childhood

-poor parents heredity -unhealthy live environment -independent -independent since childhood

E&o reality

-ris0 ta0er +normal, -Independent -stable of emotion

-4is0 ta0er +abnormal, -independent -unstable of emotion

'uper E&o norms values ethics and attitudes %hich reflected to society. society.

-polite -social -persuasion in ma0ing decision

-rude -antisocial -aggressive in ma0ing decision

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3.2.(

'ocial )earnin& Theory of Personality

'ocial learning theory of personality regards the situation to be an important determinant of behaviour. )umans learn by direct experience +learning through reinforcement, and vicarious learning +learning by observing,. Eg * strict person may be regarded differently %ithin a military setting compered to an office setting Understanding Organizational Behaviour

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3.2.*

The +u$anistic pproach

$ersonality is studied %ith emphasis on the person5s potentials for self-"irection an" free"o$ of choice. Using 4oger5s theory personality is explained by loo0ing at t%o concepts namely namely self and self-actuali#ation. 

'elf contains ideas perceptions and identity.

E.g elegant flexible formal creative innovative 

'elf-actualiation is 'elf-actualiation is the basic motivating factor influencing personality.

E.g professionalism leadership integrity Understanding Organizational Behaviour

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3.3 Personality /eter$inants0 actors 

+ere"ity1 +ere"ity1 Factors that %ere determined %hen personality %as first conceived such as physical stature facial attractiveness gender and temperament. It is also influenced by parents.

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E.g parents ability and talent body features

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Environ$ent: &he culture in %hich %e are raised6 our early conditioning6 the norms among our family friends and social groups6 and other influences that %e experience.

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Eg. Most of uveniles %ho commit crime had pressured by unstable of family condition.

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3.3

Personality /eter$inants



'ituation1 'ituation1 Different demands of different situations call forth different aspects of one5s personality.

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E.g professionally in office setting vs strict discipline military urgency of life and death situation among doctors +chaos, vs regular health chec0ing among patient +calm,

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a$ily influences a$ily influences personality %hereby values are inculcated by the parents grandparents aunts and uncles as %ell as siblings.

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Eg !ld parents are more conservative +moderate and culture preserve, in molding children5s behavior as compared to modern parents %ho are more openness and liberal .

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3.3 Personality /eter$inants cont.!  'ocial1 'ocial1

Begins from the initial contact bet%een the mother and the infant other members of the family and social groups li0e peers school friends and members of the %or0 group.

 E.g

peer pressure friends and social unust

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3.(

Personality Traits

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Personality traits are traits are enduring characteristics that describe an individual5s behaviour. !ver !ver the years philosophers and psychologists have tried to isolate personality traits.

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In 789:s *llport identified more than 7;::: traits and since then numerous studies have embar0ed to identify 0ey traits or primary traits.

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3.(

Personality Traits cont.! cont.!

 &he

hinese have perfected the art of identifying the characteristics of certain animals %hereby people born in the particular year are said to possess the characteristics or personalities of the animals in the hinese Intuition

4ely on unconscious processes and loo0 at the @big picture5

& &hin0ing

Use reason and logic to handle problems

F Feeling

4ely on their personal values and emotions

/ /udging

Aant control and prefer their %orld to be ordered and structured

$ $erceiving

Flexible and spontaneous 'pontaneous in decision ma0ing All Rights Reserved

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3.(.2

The #i& ive o"el

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penness to experience1 experience 1 'omeone %ho has imagination im agination sensitivity and curiosity

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%onscientiousness1 %onscientiousness1 'omeone %ho is responsible dependable persistent and organi#ed.

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Extroversion1 Extroversion1 'omeone %ho is sociable gregarious gregarious and assertive.

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&reea4leness1 &reea4leness1 'omeone %ho is good-natured cooperative and trusting.

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5euroticis$ E$otional sta4ility!1 sta4ility! 1 'omeone %ho is calm selfconfident secure +positive, versus nervous depressed and insecure +negative,.



.

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3.(.2

The #i& ive o"el

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3.*

a6or Personality ttri4utes Influencin& r&aniational #ehaviour 

 9..7

(ocus of ontrol

 9..C

Machiavellianism

 9..9

'elf-Esteem

 9..

'elf-Monitoring

 9..

4is0 &a0ing

 9..=

&ype * $ersonality $ersonali ty

 9..;

$roactive $ersonality

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3.7

Personality an" 5ational %ulture

 *

study conducted in C= countries found a universal universal pattern of sex "ifferences on the Big Five model +osta &erracciano rraccia no and Mcrae C::7,.

 * cross-cultural

study conducted in  countries validated the Big Five instrument across "iverse cultures +'chmitt cultures +'chmitt 4ealo orace0 and *lli0 C::,.

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It is important to note that personality types vary across cultures as %ell as %ithin the respective cultures so you can find different types of personality regardless of %hich culture you belong to.

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3.8

chievin& Personality9 o4 it

 Personality " 6o4

fit theory is theory is a theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit bet%een personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover. turnover.

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3.8.1

The Personality9o4 it

 /ohn

)olland proposed a model of personality"  ob fit based on the the notion of fit bet%een bet%een an individual5s personality characteristics and his or her occupational environment.

 )olland

proposes six personality types namely 'ocial Enterprising onventional *rtistic *rtistic 4ealistic and Investigative.

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3.8.1 The Personality9o4 it cont.! 

)olland5s Model suggested the follo%ing1 

&here are intrinsic differences in personality among individuals



&here are different types of obs and

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$eople in ob environments that are congruent %ith their personality types should be more satisfied and less li0ely to voluntarily resign +4obbins 788=,.

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3.8.1

The Person9r&aniation it

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3.8.1

The Person9r&aniation it

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3.8.1

The Person9r&aniation it



$erson"organi#ation fit1 $eople find compatibility at %or0 %hen their personality matches %ith the organi#ation.

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If individuals 0no% their personality +either via MB&I or Big Five, and find a compatible organi#ation given their respective personality personality they %ill find a better fit %ith the t he organi#ational culture.

 *s

for yourself if you are an extrovert %hat 0ind of organi#ation %ould fit you betterG

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3.;