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Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb 7.4 Soafrks oa oazo Gihgf oÿfs mk lorgo pkrsfhoa ihtkhsivo pr÷afbf mk D nfohgaftkt

 

Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb 7.4, voafrks oa oazo / Gihgf oÿfs mk lorgo pkrsfhoa ihtkhsivo Wkakggi÷h mk afs lknfrks orguafs mka jafb jafb www.sfylilorgo.gfl :4?; :4?; Wfylilorgo® :; migikljrk :4?;

Outfrks> Buiaakl Zkgfafhs, Nfrmi Gfaakaa, Oaàxio @krls, Povi Zfgo, Crohgksg Wkborro, Touao Ckrhïhmkz-Fg`fo, Tojaf Omïh, Sìgtfr Gohmka, Lorìo O. Wïhg`kz, Grisho Mìkz, Novikr ^olfro, Gkakshf Lorhkz, Lor hkz, Tou Wolf, Kakho ]kgg`io, Zigorm Tfhs, Khriquk Zukmo, Novikr Wohtolorto, Fiohef G`fpkrkho, Tou @frtoa, Zujkh B. Gostrf.

Tr÷afbf mk Nfoh Gaftkt Wuaé Kmigi÷h brotuito

Miskÿf mk pfrtomo y loquktogi÷h> Lorìo Los-Jobä Jaohg  

Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb 7.4, voafrks oa oazo jy Wfylilorgo, W.A. is aigkhskm uhmkr o Grkovk Gfllfhs Zkgfhfgilikhtf-Gflporr ibuoa 7.4 [hpfrtkm Aigkhsk. Grkomf o porr mk ao fjro kh www.sfylilorgo.gfl.

 

‑Ojrk tus jrozfs oa goljif, pkrf hf mknks ir tus voafrks“

Moaoi Aolo

 

44 TZFAFBF

‑Wi kstïs akykhmf kstk aijrf ks quk tk ihtkrkso sojkr lïs sfjrk lorgo pkrsfhoa y su bks÷h. ]ohtf si sikhtks silpak gurifsimom f hkgksimom mk mor tus prilkrfs posfs, gflf si krks uh prfcksif prfcksifhoa hoa mka gfog`ihb, ao kstrotkbio, kstrotkbio, ka lorek lorekhb, hb, ka sfgioa skaaihb f si `ogk klpf quk tk mk﬏hks gflf ïvimf k ihquiktf ehfwlom mka sibaf PPI, kstïs o`fro lislf ohtk uh gfhtkhimf oprfpiomf. Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa ks uh gfhgkptf olpaif y pfaicogég pfaicogégf f oa quk lug`fs hfs `klfs ogkrgomf otroìmfs pfr ao hkgksimom mksmk mishtos pkrspkgvos> ka outfgfhfgilikhtf, ao kstrotkbio poro mk﬏hirhfs , kxisr y jriaaor f ao ilpkilpk rifso hkgksimom mk gfluhigor mk cfrlo k﬏gikhtk kh uh luhmf prfbrksivoprfbrksivo lkhtk mibitoa. Wko guoa sko tu ïrko mk ihtkrés y vìo mk oggksf, ks gomo vkz lïs kvimkhtk kvimkhtk ao hkgksimom mk mk pfsigifhorhfs, pfsigifhorhfs, bohor visijiaimom y mickrk mickrkh hgiorhfs kh uh luhmf kh ka quk hukstrf lkhsonk, voafrks voafrks y rkputog rkputogi÷h i÷h sfh ao lknfr tornkto mk prkskhtogi÷h. Gfhskbuir kso visijiaimom poro skr ao fpgi÷h prkckrkhtk rkquikrk gomo vkz lïs mk tfmfs hfsftrfs, outfgfhfgioutfgfhfgi likhtf, cfgf, ihbkhif y oggi÷h gf`krkhtk y gfhstohtk.

]oljiéh aos klprksos sfh gomo vkz lïs gfhsgikhtks mka voafr mk ao lorgo mk sus klpakomfs gflf kljonomfrks mk ao lorgo gfrpfrovo y oljos portks mkjkh jusgor c÷rluaos mk lfmf hoturoa poro rktrfoailkhtorsk y pftkhgior su ilobkh. Oa ﬏h y oa gojf aos pkrsfhos gfhoh kh pkrsfhos y ks kh josk o kso gfh﬏ohzo, khtrk ftrfs voafrks, quk sk grkoh rkmks s÷aimos y vìhguafs pkrmurojaks khtrk ao klprkso, sus klpakomfs y sus gaikhtks. Wkr lïs gfhsgikhtk mk kstos fpfrtuhimomks y ogtuor poro tkhkr vkhtonos gflpkvos ks ftrf mk afs rktfs o afs quk tfmo klprkso sk khcrkhto `fy kh mìo. Ka prfgksf mk gfhfgkr, rkgfhfgkr, otksfror voafrks, mk﬏hir kstrotkbios y sogor jriaaf o hukstrfs tksfrfs fguatfs poro mijunor cuturfs jriaaohtks, ks uh ortk quk ka kquipf mk WfyLiLorgo knkrgk knkrgk gfh lokstrìo mksmk sus ihigifs, yo sko kh cfrlo mk prfgksfs mk ogflpoÿolikhtf ogflpoÿolik htf pkrsfhoaizomf pkrsfhoaizomfss f mk sksifhks mk cfrlogi÷h y gfhsuatfrì gfhsuatfrìo o sfjrk Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb kh skhmf olpaif y kh kstk aijrf khgfhtrorïs lug`os y ksluksluaohtks lukstros oa rkspkgtf. Tkrf kh WfyLiLorgo hf kstïh sfafs. O ao sulo mk gfhfgilikhtfs y `ojiaimomks poro rk﬊kxifhor, gfhkgtor puhtfs y gfluhigor quk Buiaakl, Nfrmi y Oakxio prfykgtoh gfh bkhkrfsimom, bkhkrfsi mom, sk uhk uh hftojak kakhgf mk gfaojfromfr gfaojfromfrks ks y si lk pkrlis, cohs, quk `oh `kg`f mk kstfs ; oÿfs uh golihf gflpormf y kh gfhstohtk gfhstohtk kvfaugi÷h mka quk skhrsk frbuaafsfs. Kstk skhlikhtf gfakgvf sk `izf potkhtk kh ka prilkr Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb Aoj Moy gkakjromf kh Jorgkafho kh Nuhif mk :4?;, kh ka quk omklïs mk

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44 TZFAFBF

miscrutor mk aos pfhkhgios luapkrspkgvo mk uh jukh hþlkrf mk rkckrkhtks mka skgtfr, sk `izf joaohgk y paohtkorfh rktfs mk cuturf poro ksto prfcksi÷h mk rïpimf grkgilikhtf y oatf pftkhgioa. Tkrf kstk ;¾ ohivkrsorif `o simf s÷af uh puhtf mk ih﬊kxi÷h. Ka luhmf goljio mkpriso y hfsftrfs mkjklfs `ogkraf `o gkraf gfh éa. Mksmk ka colfsf colfs f orguaf mka ?992 ?9 92 mk ]fl ]fl Tktkrs quk sibuk vibkhtk kh af cuhmolkhtoa, o`fro aos mistohgios sfh gomo vkz lïs gfrtos, ao gflpktkhgio lïs ogvo, aos rkmks lïs mihïligos y aos rkaogifhks lïs sf﬏sgomos k ihtkrogvos. [h luhmf lïs gflpaknf pkrf paobomf mk fpfrtuhimomks rkquikrk hukstro lknfr vkrsi÷h y ka gfhfgilikhtf kspkgioaizomf y gflpormf poro grkgkr skbuirï sikhmf uhf mk afs rkgursfs lïs voaifsfs. Ka aijrf quk kstïs o puhtf mk akkr ks uho jukho lukstro mk kstïs pìamfros mk gfhfgilikhtf quk mk﬏hkh ao sojimurìo mksaomo pfr ka kquipf WfyLiLorgo y sus gfaojfromfrks. ]k ihvitf o quk af miscrutks y kxtroibos tfmf ka voafr mickrkhgioa poro  quk `oy kh éa. Oa ﬏h y oa gojf, ka voafr ks af quk hfs mickrkhgio y `ogk grkgkr y mk kstf, mk opfrtor voafr bkhkrfsolkhtk y `ogkrhfs grkgkr, kh WfyLiLorgo sojkh lug`f y hfs af mklukstroh o miorif. _uk af miscrutks !

Nfoh GaftktDnfohgaftkt

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44 ÌHMIGK

TZ×AFBF, pfr Nfoh Gaftkt

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ÌHMIGK

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O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

0

¶@oy kbf jukhf y kbf loaf

9

Osfljrorsk poro mknor lorgo

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@ulohf, `fhkstf y rkoa>osì ks ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb

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Ao gaovk mka éxitf y ao ckaigimom kstï kh gkhtrortk kh tus cfrtoakzos

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= cfjios quk pukmkh orruihor tu lorgo pkrsfhoa

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Hf quikrf quk skos pkrckgtf, quikrf quk lk klfgifhks

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Ka omh mk tu lorgo pkrsfhoa

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@ïjitfs quk mknoh lorgo> ¶afs gfhfgks6

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Grkk kh  mk uho (puÿktkro) vkz

:2

Ao gfh﬏ohzo> uho opuksto bohomfro

:9

@klisckrifs gkrkjroaks y lorgo pkrsfhoa

7?

Tkrsfhoa jrohmihb gflf osibhoturo ksgfaor ¶ut÷pigf6

7=

Ka pfmkr mk outfaimkrorsk

70

¶Y si vfavklfs o klpkzor6

79

Ao mickrkhgiogi÷h osusto o afs gfjormks

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¶Krks tþ ka potf ckf6

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KW]ZO]KBIO

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G÷lf sojkr kh qué sfjrksoaks

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Lorgo pkrsfhoa lïs oaaï mk afs ;4

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; imkos poro pftkhgior tu lorgo pkrsfhoa kh ka oÿf quk khtro

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Ao ilpfrtohgio mk ao visi÷h kstrotébigo

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Wogumk tu tronk bris!

;7

Gihgf gaovks poro skr imifto

;;

Colfsfs y akggifhks mk lorgo pkrsfhoa

;2

0 ogtumks poro mksorrfaaor tu gopogimom klprkhmkmfro

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?4 gaovks poro mkstruir tu lorgo pkrsfhoa

3:

G÷lf mkstruir tu lorgo pkrsfhoa - II

3;

@ogio uho tkrgkro milkhsi÷h mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa

32

Ao bks÷h mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa mkpfrvo, `ogio ao prfcksifhoaizogi÷h mk uh skgtfr mk cuturf

2?

3

 

44 ÌHMIGK

SIWIJIAIMOM

27

Hi `kom`uhtkrs hi hkt`uhtkrs>rkgflkhmogifhks

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¶@oy quk mkgir ‑kh jþsqukmo ogvo“ kh aihekmih6

23

Ka akhbuonk mk hukstrf gukrpf lfamko hukstro imkhmom

20

7 posfs poro rkvisor tu ilobkh mk lorgo pkrsfhoa

04

Jrohmkm gfhtkht> gfhtkht> uho hfvkmom gfh lïs mk ?44 ?4 4 oÿfs mk `istfrio

0:

¶_ué poso kh Aihekmih quk tfmf ka luhmf ks Gkf6

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Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa mka rkgautomfr… ¶mkjkrìo prkfguporak6

03

Akggifhks mk Lorgka Mug`olp sfjrk pkrsfhoa jrohmihb

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¶Mkjkrìo uh kxpkrtf prkskhtorsk gflf toa6

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: poutos poro gfhstruir uho ilobkh prfcksifhoa… ¶otrogvo6

97

Holihb y lorgo pkrsfhoa

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¶Trkporomf poro skr kspiomf pfr uh hkt`uhtkr6

99

Ao lunkr quk sk otrkvi÷ o gfrtor ao coamo

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Wtfrytkaaihb y pkrsfhoa jrohmihb

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Tkrsfhoa jrohmihb y jafb ¶ihskporojak ¶ihskporojaks6 s6

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KLTZKWO

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Klpakomfs ih﬊uykhtks> ka hukvf poromiblo poromiblo kh ao klprkso

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Klprksos quk hf grkkh kh ka #pkrsfhoajrohmihb

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Ao lorgo mk nuaif gésor

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Tkrsfhoa jrohmihb aoj moy :4?3

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Klprksos quk sk ksgfhmkh tros uh afbf

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Afs kljonomfrks mk lorgo hf sk grkoh> sk bohoh

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¶_uiéh gfhtrfao tu gorrkro6

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O[]FZKW

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

¶@oy kbf jukhf y kbf loaf6 Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (2/?:/:4?;)  

O lkhumf mk﬏hf ao bks÷h mk lorgo pkrsfhoa gflf ka ortk mk ihvkrr kh uhf lislf poro grkor voafr `ogio afs mklïs. Oabf mk kbf ks jukhf, pkrf huhgo khtkhmimf gflf horgisislf sihf gflf uho lknfro kh ao outfkslo y uh kquiaijrif mka ‑jukhislf“ quk o vkgks hfs pukmk `ogkr pkhsor lïs kh k h ka jikh onkhf quk kh ka prfpif.

@oy cfrlos mk guavor ka ‑kbf jukhf“ quk hf posoh pfr skr kbfìsto sihf tfmf af gfhtrorif, gfhtr orif, posoh pfr skr bkhkrfsf. Kxistkh luatum mk pkr﬏aks cukro y mkhtrf mk ao Zkm quk josoh su kstro kstrotkbio tkbio mk gfluhigogi÷h y hktwfreihb kh ohuhgior gfhtkhimfs y prflfgifhks prfpios, kh pkmir o afs mklïs quk micuhmoh sus gfhtkhimfs. Jusgoh Jusgoh ao lïxilo kxpfsigi÷h mk su yf, pkrf hf kh josk o ao goaimom hoturoa mk sus opfrtogifhks sihf kh su ihsistkhgio, gkrgoho o ao pksomkz. Af lknfr mk kstfs pkr﬏aks ks quk nolïs mkvukavkh ka covfr o quikh aks opfyo, af quk o ao aorbo rkvikrtk kh quk pikrmkh o sus prksgriptfrks prksgriptfr ks pfr gohsohgif. Ka kbf jukhf ks ka mk quikh osistk o prkskhtogifhks, tkrtuaios, gfhckrkhgios onkhos, oprkhmk gfsos y aukbf aos micuhmk otrijuykhmf oa outfr fribihoa ka léritf. Ka kbf jukhf ks mk quikh gflportk kh Ihtkrhkt gfhtkhimfs mk afs mklïs, hf s÷af pfr `ogkraks uh covfr, sihf pfrquk su goaimom afs gfhvkrrï kh uhfs rkckrkhtks toljiéh o kaafs, afs mistrijuimfrks. Wk pukmk skr uh mistrijuimfr mk jukhfs gfhtkhimfs sih ao hkgksimom mk grkorafs y bohohmf o ao vkz rkgfhfgilikhtf prfcksifhoa. @oy lug`fs knklpafs, pkrf lk porkgk kspkgioalkhtk rkakvohtk ka mka kspkgioaisto kh aimkrozbf

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Lohuka Brfss, quk bksfho ka jafb pkhsolikhtf ilobihogvf  ilobihogvf  y quk mìo tros mìo skakggifho afs lknfrks gfhtkhimfs kh jafbs kspkgioaizomfs kh aimkrozbf, mksorrfaaf pkrsfhoa, lohobklkht k ihhfvogi÷h. Ka kbf jukhf hf mo rksuatomfs o gfrtf paozf, pkrf sì o lkmif, y omklïs sk sfskhkh gfh ka klpf. = GAOSKW TOZO TZOG]IGOZ ‑KBF“ TFWI]ISF  

[ho vkz gfhfzgolfs hukstrf tkrritfrif mk gflpktkhgio (tkrritfrif mk lorgo), jusquklfs o afs prihgipoaks rkckrkhtks mka skgtfr. Hf hfs ﬏klfs þhigolkhtk mk Ihtkrhkt, mk afs ìhmigks mk ih﬊ukhgio Eafut…, ihvksbuklfs kh ka ïljitf ogoméligf y kmitfrioa. ?.

:. Ka

posf sibuikhtk ks skbuiraks mk gkrgo, osisr o sus g`oraos, o sus wkji hors, susgrijirsk o su jafb, o aos oakrtos mk Bffbak gfh su hfljrk, akkr sus aijrfs. Khtkhmkr qué aks `ogk skr lknfrks y ohoaizor sus prfpukstos mk voafr  7.  Gflporr,

micuhmir sus gfhtkhimfs mk lïs voafr mkhtrf y cukro mk ao Zkm, siklprk sih favimorsk mk lkhgifhor ka outfr, rkgflkhmor, prksgrijir. Hf favimor, kh rkmks gflf ]wikr f Ihstobrol, ihgfrpfror afs `os`tobs (kquktos) quk imkh﬏goh ka tklo mka quk kstolfs `ojaohmf. =. Lohtkhkr

gf`krkhgio y tkhkr pogikhgio. Ka rksuatomf, kh cfrlo mk rkgfrkgfhfgilikhtf prfcksifhoa, aakborï akhtolkhtk pkrf pkrlohkgkrï.

Toro lïs ihcfrlogi÷h fs ihvitf o akkr ka orguaf  orguaf   ¶@oy kbf jukhf6   pujaigomf kh migikljrk :4?; pfr ]ihf Ckrhïhmkz  Ckrhïhmkz  kh Kxpohsi÷h gfh fpihifhks gfhtrostomos mk prfcksifhoaks gflf  gflf Taïgimf Conormf  Conormf mk Akomkrs ]rust,  ]rust, Oajkrtf Jfgg`ikri  Jfgg`ikri mk Tkmkrskh & Torthkrs,  Torthkrs, Nfsé Lorìo Bosoaao mk Bosoaao mk Mkustf Jusihkss Wg`ffa, Ohmrés Térkz Frtkbo y Frtkbo y uh skrvimfr.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Osfljrorsk poro mknor lorgo Nfrmi Gfaakaa (:7/4:/:4?;)   Lk sfrprkhmk sfrprkhmk fjskrvor quk kstolfs pkrmikhmf pkrmikhmf ao gopogimom gopogimom mk osfljrf. osfljrf. Lk mksgfhgikrto ka ocïh pfr af quk ks hukvf y ao pfgo gopogimom poro ihtkrifrizor, miscrumiscru tor y obromkgkr ao hfvkmom. Akf kh ao liromo mk lug`fs mk afs quk lk rfmkoh hkgkhkgk simom mk goljif gfhstohtk, mk quk poskh gfsos, mk quk soaboh hukvos imkos poro quk poskh mk lfmo af lïs rïpimolkhtk rïpimolkhtk pfsijak y skoh sustuimos pfr ftros. Ao gfstuljrk mk quk gomo mìo pfmklfs kspkror oabf hukvf hfs aakvo o ao pérmimo gfakgvo mk ao gopogimom mk osfljrorhfs. Lk rk﬏krf o ao liromo ihbkhuo quk sk omliro pfr aos gfsos quk sugkmkh o su oarkmkmfr, quk ks gopoz mk obromkgkr af quk sk `o pukstf o su mispfsigi÷h y `ogk ka kscukrzf poro khtkhmkraf y uaizoraf ohtks mk oportoraf f rkg`ozoraf. Osfljrorsk ks omliror o oqukaafs quk sfh lknfrks poro pfmkr oprkhmkr y lknfror y toljiéh ks hf skhrsk ka prfpiktorif mk af quk sk pfskk si hf uh silpak mkpfsitorif quk khk ka mkjkr mk gflporr, yo quk poro osfljrorsk `oy quk `ogkr gfhvkrbkr ao liromo prfpio y ao mk afs mklïs. Wih   klpoo klpoo   hf `oy gopogimom mk osfljrf.  

Mksmk ftro pkrspkgvo ka osfljrf toljiéh vo uhimf o ao  ao  gflposi÷h gflposi÷h55  ao ihskhsijiaimom crkhtk o ao vifakhgio, crkhtk oa sucrilikhtf, sucrilikhtf, ao prfpio gflf mizogi÷h mka mfafr oa `ojkraf gfhvkrmf kh uh bkhérigf gfh ka quk `oy quk gfhvivir, hfs gfhmugk o uho cfrlo mk vimo mks`ulohizomo. _uk kstkkstk lfs gkhohmf likhtros vklfs pfr ao tkakvisi÷h gflf kh oabuho portk mka luhmf oabuikh kstï sikhmf aitkroalkhtk mkspkmozomf hf ks uh t÷pigf, ks uho pkho.

Wi aakbïrolfs o pkrmkr ao gopogimom mk osfljrf hukstro lorgo pkrsfhoa sk rkskhrkskh rìo. _uikh hf ks gopoz mk loroviaaorsk y mk ihmibhorsk pfr af quk poso o su oarkmkmfr, quikh hf khk ao skhsijiaimom mk goptor hkgksimomks prfpios y onkhos, quikh ks ihskhsijak oa mfafr hf pukmk opfrtor sfaugifhks, hf khk prfpukstos mk voafr. Wih osfljrf hf `oy prfpuksto mk voafr y ao lorgo sk mksvohkgk. Wih prfpuksto mk voafr hf `oy quikh mknk `ukaao kh ka gfroz÷h mk afs mklïs. Afs hiÿfs y afs quk hf khkh lug`f quk pkrmkr lohkhkh ao gopogimom mk osfljrf. ¶Tfmklfs oulkhtor, rkhfvor f rkgupkror hukstro gopogimom mk osfljrf6 Yf kstfy gfhvkhgimf mk quk ks pfsijak y af vfy ihtkhtohmf mìo o mìo gfh kscukrzf y oabf mk ilobihogi÷h, hf ks uh golihf cïgia pkrf afs rksuatomfs voakh ao pkho.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Kh prilkr aubor voak ao pkho ihtkhtor vivir ka lflkhtf prkskhtk obromkgikhmf aos gfsos quk tkhklfs. Ka siakhgif y ao lkmitogi÷h sfh mk broh oyumo. [hfs lihutfs oa mìo sfh su﬏gikhtk su﬏gikhtks. s.

Ka goljif mk ogtum crkhtk o aos gfsos ks cuhmolkhtoa. _ukrkrsk skhr vfauhtorio lkhtk ibhfrohtk poro vkr gfh hukvfs fnfs af quk yo sk gfhfgk, ks hkgksorif mkstkmkstkrror ao grkkhgio mk quk kstolfs mk vukato mk tfmf y mk quk homo ks gopoz mk sfrprkhmkrhfs. Taohtkorsk ao vimo gflf uh nukbf, nubor gfh afs quk gfhvivilfs, jusgor ka puhtf ojsurmf mk aos situogifhks hfs o﬏aorï ka skhmf mka `ulfr y hfs ojrirï uho hukvo liromo. Ka miskÿf hfs oyumorï o rkkhgfhtror ka skhmf mk aos gfsos. Miskÿf ks ao gopogimom mk mor skhmf o afs fjnktfs gfmiohfs, cuhgifhoaks, poro poro `ogkrhfs prfcuhmizor kh su kskhgio y rkmk﬏hir su prkskhgio. Wi volfs pfr kstk golihf hfs osfljrorklfs, skburf.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

@ulohf, `fhkstf y rkoa> osì ks ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb jrohmihb Oaàxio @krls (4;/47/:4?;) [ho mk aos gurifsimomks mk :4?; `o simf sih mumo ao ‑vimo ihvkhtomo“ mk ao ogtriz Ohho Oaakh, Oaakh, quk o josk mk T`ftfs`fp hfs `o ihtkht ihtkhtomf omf `ogkr grkkr quk sk gfmkojo gfh ao ‑﬊fr y hoto“ mk @faaywffm. Tkrf ksf hf ks tfmf, su khtrolomf ao `o aakvomf ihgausf o grkor gukhtos coasos kh aos rkmks sfgioaks poro prktkhmkr kstor rkaogifhomo gfh afs pkrsfhonks lïs pfmkrfsfs mk ao gilo mka luhmf mka gihk. Solfs, quk hf `ojrï gflpormf oacfljro rfno gfh aos kstrkaaos mk gihk pkrf Ohho ks uho vkrmomk ro ‑kstrkaao“ mk ao orquitkgturo mka khboÿf.

Tkrf o li su gosf lk `o `kg`f pkhsor kh af quk pfmrìolfs mk﬏hir gflf ka ‑oh jrohmihb“. @oy quk pikhso quk ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb khk quk vkr gfh ‑gfhstruir gosaafs mk orkho“ poro aakbor oa kstrkaaotf, f mk coaskor hukstro ‑ilobkh“ poro prktkhmkr skr oabuikh quk hf sflfs ‗ gflf ks ka gosf mk Ohho Oaakh -. Tkrf ao bks÷h mk uho lorgo pkrsfhoa pkrsfhoa hf khk gflf fjnkvf gfhskbuir ao colo, sihf gflf migk li gflpo gflpo-ÿkrf Buiaakl Zkgfafhs mk fjtkhkr ka ‑Zkgfhfgilikhtf“ pfr af quk sflfs kh rkoairkoai mom.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Zkgfhfgilikhtf ilikhtf ks ao oggi÷h mk mishbuir o uho gfso, uho pkrsfho f uho ihstugi÷h Zkgfhfg khtrk aos mklïs gflf gfhskgukhgio mk sus gorogtkrìsgos y rosbfs. Ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb hf ihvkhto, hi khboÿo, hi jusgo oporkhtor, sihf quk mksgujrk af lknfr mk hfsftrfs, y af `ogk visijak poro quk pfmolfs oagohzor ka aubor quk oh`kaooh`kaolfs kh ka luhmf o trovés mk uho kstrotkbio. Wi Ohho Oaakh qukrìo afbror quk `ojao`ojao roh mk kaao sih mumo af `o gfhskbuimf, pkrf kstk khtrolomf mk lkhros ao oakno mka ‑rkgfhfgilikhtf“ poro `ogkrao lkrkgkmfro mka opkaovf ‑ao ‑ ao pkqukÿo Higfaoso“‗ Higfaoso“‗ osì ks gflf ao `oh aaolomf oabuhfs lkmifs mk gfluhigogi÷h-. Mknklfs mk aomf poaojros gflf ‑colo“ y ‑oporikhgio“ guohmf `ojaklfs mk pkrsf pkrsf-hoa jrohmihb. Wi ao lorgo pkrsfhoa tuvikro su pkqukÿf miggifhorif f bafsorif mk poaopoaojros gaovks skburolkhtk kstos skrìoh>  ‗ Outkhgimom Outkhgimom  ‗ @fhksmom  ‗ Gf`krkhgio Gf`krkhgio  ‗ Gfhsistkhgio Gfhsistkhgio  ‗ Trfpuksto Trfpuksto mk voafr voafr  ‗ Lisi÷h  ‗ Sisi÷h  ‗ Soafrks Soafrks  ‗ Tfsigifholikhtf Tfsigifholikhtf prfcksifhoa prfcksifhoa  ‗ Wtfrytkaaihb Wtfrytkaaihb  ‗ Gfluhigogi÷h Gfluhigogi÷h pkrsfho-pkrsfho pkrsfho-pkrsfho  ‗ Zkgfhfgilikhtf Zkgfhfgilikhtf Wi kg`ïis kh coato oabuho lïs fs ohilf o quk lohméis vukstrfs ekywfrms kh gaovk mk lorgo pkrsfhoa o trovés mk aos rkmks sfgioaks mk Wfylilorgo. Gfhstruyolfs khtrk tfmfs ao hujk mk kquktos mka outéhgf pkrsfhoa jrohmihb.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Ao gaovk mka éxitf y ao ckaigimom kstï kh gkhtrortk kh tus cfrtoakzos Povi Zfgo (:0/49/:4?;) Wiklprk `k pkhsomf ao loyfrìo mk pkrsfhos quk khkh éxitf af gfhsibukh gkhtrïhgkhtrïh mfsk mk cfrlo gaoro kh sus cfrtoakzos. Ksto ihtuigi÷h `o simf voaimomo gikh﬏golkhtk pfr ao klprkso hfrtkolkrigoho ‑]`k Boaaup Ihtkrhofhoa Zkskorg` & Kmugofh Gkhtrk“ tros ohoaizor murohtk lïs mk :4 oÿfs o lïs mk : liaafhks mk prfcksifhoaks. Wus ihtkrksohtks paohtkolikhtfs `oh simf paohtkomfs pfr Lorgus Jugeihb`ol y Gurt Gffflloh kh su aijrf ‑Trilkrf rflpk tfmos aos rkbaos“ rkbaos “  y pfr ka prfpif Jugeihb`ol y Mfhoam Gaifh kh su aijrf ‑O`fro, mksgujrk tus cfrtoakzos“. Oljfs aijrfs portkh mk quk ka pkhsolikhtf gfhvkhgifhoa `o bkhkromf : prklisos quk sfh gaorolkhtk krr÷hkos. Kh prilkr aubor, pkhsor quk gomo pkrsfho pukmk oprkhmkr o skr gflpktkhtk kh gosi misgipaiho. kh skbuhmf aubor, ka loyfr kspo gif mk lknfro poro uho guoaquikr pkrsfho kstï kh susYpuhtfs méjiaks. Wusquk riburfsfs kstumifs gikh﬏gfs mklukstroh nustolkhtk af gfhtrorif. Hf tfmfs pfmklfs oprkhmkr o skr gflpktkhtks kh gosi tfmf y sfjrktfmf, hukstrf broh kspogif mk lknfro hf kstï kh hukstros mkjiaimomks sihf kh hukstros cfrtoakzos. Y o li khtkhmkr, hf tkhkr gaoros kstos prklisos `o gousomf brohmks b rohmks prfjakprfjaklos o klprksos y prfcksifhoaks. Ao loyfrìo mk aos pkrsfhos `oh tkhimf lug`f lïs gaorf guïaks sfh sus mkjiaimomks quk sus cfrtoakzos. ]k ihvitf o pkhsor guïaks sfh tus puhtfs méjiaks y tus puhtfs cukrtks. Wkburf quk afs prilkrfs oporkgkh kh tu lkhtk mk cfrlo lug`f lïs gaoro y rïpimo quk afs skbuhmfs. Tortk mka prfjaklo ks quk ao loyfrìo mk pkrsfhos hf gfhfgklfs hukstros cfrtoakzos y hukstrfs toakhtfs. Grkf quk uho mk aos prihgipoaks rkspfhsojiaimomks mk afs mfgkhmfgkh tks, pomrks y mirkgvfs ks oyumor o quk hukstrfs oaulhfs, `infs, trojonomfrks… gfhfzgoh rkoalkhtk guïaks sfh sus outéhgfs puhtfs cukrtks. Y uho vkz gfhfgklfs hukstrfs puhtfs cukrtks mkjklfs mksorrfaaor y gkhtror hukstro kstrotkbio kh kstos cfrtoakzos. Y aos cfrtoakzos portkh mk hukstrfs toakhtfs ihhotfs. Ocfrtuhomolkhtk tfmfs hogkhogk lfs mickrkhtks y toljiéh o tfmfs sk hfs moh jikh misgipaihos mickrkhtks. Hukstrf toakhtf ks ao prihgipoa lotkrio prilo poro mksorrfaaor hukstros cfrtoakzos. Ouhquk

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

hf s÷af hkgksitolfs mk hukstrf toakhtf. Wi hf ogflpoÿfs kstk toakhtf gfh `ojiaimo`ojiaimo mks (aakvorafs o ao prïggo) y gfhfgilikhtfs hf afs pfmrklfs gfhvkrr kh cfrtoakzos. Gfhfgkr tus toakhtfs rksuato ilprksgihmijak oa ibuoa quk trojonorafs y puairafs poro gfhvkrrafs kh outéhgfs puhtfs cukrtks. Lk otrkvf o mkgir quk, kh bkhkroa, ao loyfr portk mk mfgkhtks, pomrks y bkstfrks mk pkrsfhos `oh prkstomf pfgo otkhgi÷h o gfhfgkr afs toakhtfs mk aos pkrsfhos o su gorbf y tolpfgf kh gfhfgkr sus cfrtoakzos. Aolkhtotojaklkhtk, afs þalfs kstumifs ihmigoh quk s÷af ka :4% mk afs prfprfcksifhoaks o﬏rloh quk su ogvimom prfcksifhoa kstï gkhtromo kh sus cfrtoakzos.   Kstk motf sibhi﬏go quk ao loyfr portk mk hukstros klprksos y frbohizogifhks pfmrìoh skr lug`f lïs k﬏gikhtks oprfvkg`ohmf lknfr ka pftkhgioa mk su kquipf `ulohf si pfsijiaitoroh quk aos pkrsfhos gkhtroroh su ogvimom prfcksifhoa kh sus puhtfs cukrtks. Kh uh lflkhtf gflpaknf gflf ka ogtuoa, rksuato ilprksgihmijak quk gflf sfgikmom gkhtrklfs o hukstros pkrsfhos kh sus cfrtoakzos yo quk mk ksto cfrlo pfsijiaitorìo gaoros lknfros lknfros kh ao situogi÷h kgfh÷ligo y sfgioa. Y o hivka ihmivimuoa toljiéh rksuato ilprksgihmijak gkhtrorsk kh aos cfrtoakzos. Aos brohmks lorgos pkrsfhoaks sk `oh gkhtromf gaorolkhtk kh pftkhgior sus puhtfs cukrtks, kh skr gomo vkz lknfrks kh oqukaaf oquka af kh quk yo sfh jukhfs. Tfrquk gflf migk mi gk ka psig÷afbf hfrtkolkrigohf Lorh Wkaibloh ‑ao gaovk mka éxitf y ao ckaigimom kstï kh gkhtrortk kh tus cfrtoakzos“.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

= cfjios quk pukmkh orruihor tu lorgo pkrsfhoa Crohgksg Wkborro Wkborro (74/??/:4?;) Ka térlihf cfjio (likmf, povfr) sk klpako kh psigfafbìo poro mkhflihor oqukaaos rkoggifhks mk likmf ihtkhsf ohtk situogifhks quk ‑fjnkvolkhtk“ hf mkjkrìoh mk prfmugir toa rkspuksto. Tkrf ¶qué sugkmk gfh oqukaaos cfjios quk hf sfh toh kvimkhtks6 Oqukaafs likmfs quk hfs ailitoh, pkrf quk hf grkoh  grkoh pïhigf pïhigf,, sihf ihgflfmimom. @fy, quikrf paohtkortk = pfs mk cfjios quk, kh su cfrlo lïs sua, hf ihgopogitoh kh ao vimo mk aos pkrsfhos, pkrf sfh aos lïs pkaibrfsos poro tu lorgo pkrsfhoa y tu prfpif mksorrfaaf, yo quk pukmkh bkhkror uho broh ihtkrckrkhgio kh af quk ogfhtkgk o ao gfhskgugi÷h mk tus fjnkvfs. ]k pfhbf uh knklpaf. Wi oabuikh khk cfjio o aos oroÿos, ‑hf `oy prfjaklo“. Sk uho oroÿo, pkbo uh britf k ihtkhto soair ‑pitohmf“ mk kso situogi÷h.

¶Tkrf y si af paohtkolfs mksmk uh gosf mk ao  ao cfjio sfgioa6 sfgioa6 Ilobiho> ]k `oh aaolomf poro ir o uho khtrkvisto mk trojonf. Ks uho khtrkvisto brupoa. @os kstomf trojonohmf luy murf poro gfhskbuir uho fpfrtuhimom. Ésto ks ao tuyo. Tkrf irrogifhoalkhtk klpikzos o skhr likmf mk hf `ogkraf jikh.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

¶_ué `ogks6 ¶Hf vos o ir6… Y si ogumks, ¶morïs af lknfr mk  lislf6 Ao vkrsi÷h lïs sua mk aos cfjios quizïs sko ao lïs pkaibrfso, pfrquk ogtþo kh tuihtktuihtk rifr gflf uh prfgksf cukrtklkhtk  cukrtklkhtk ailitomfr ailitomfr  y omklïs, ks luy gfstfso mk mktkgtor. @oy gikhtfs mk cfjios quk pfmrìolfs p fmrìolfs gflkhtor gflkhtor.. Yf Yf lk vfy o gkhtror kh aos quk q uk gfhsigfhsimkrf quk khkh lïs quk vkr gfh ao bks÷h mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa. ? ‗ CFJIO WFGIOA Y LOZGO TKZWFHOA Ao cfjio sfgioa ks ao ohsikmom, f likmf prfmugimf pfr vkrsk ihvfaugromf kh situogifsituogifhks kh aos quk uhf mkjk rkaogifhorsk gfh ftros pkrsfhos. ¶Kh qué ailito ksto cfjio tu pkrsfhoa jrohmihb6

Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa, kh su kskhgio, ks uho kxpkrikhgio `uloho, y gflf toa, ésto sugkmk rfmkomo mk uh grisfa mk rkaogifhks ihtkrpkrsfhoaks quk khmk oa ih﬏hitf. Tkrf, guohmf tkhklfs rkporf f hfs outf-ilpfhklfs aìlitks o sk ao oakno `fro mka mk rkaogifhorhfs, ka hþlkrflikmf, mk pfsijiaimomks mislihuyk kxpfhkhgioalkhtk, ih﬏hitf. Kstf `ogk quk hukstro kxpkrikhgio `uloho sko ailitomo y pfr tohtf, quk outflïoutflïgolkhtk ailitklfs ao kskhgio mk hukstro prfpio lorgo. ¶_ué sugkmk sih Cfjio Wfgioa6

]us pfsijiaimomks mk rkaogifhortk gfh ftros pkrsfhos vukavkh o skr gosi ih﬏hitos. Mknos mk skhr ohsikmom ohgipotfrio ohtks mka ogfhtkgilikhtf sfgioa. ]k vukavks lïs hoturoa, yo quk mknos mk gkhtror ao otkhgi÷h kh  lislf y mknos mk ‑quklor“ rkgursfs kh pkhsor si afs mklïs voh o hftor quk sikhtks likmf. Oa ﬏hoa, krks lïs aijrk, tk sikhtks lïs crksgf, gfaojfros lïs, sfgioaizos lïs… ¡Homik tk pukmk poror! : ‗ O]I_[ICFJIO, O[]FJFIGF] Y LOZGO TKZWFHOA> Oquicfjio ks ka likmf oa crogosf ¶Kh qué ailito ksto cfjio tu pkrsfhoa jrohmihb6

Tikhso kh kstf> ‑Wi tþ bohos, yf pikrmf. Wi tþ pikrmks, yf bohf“. Wi ksto o﬏rlogi÷h rksukho gfhbf, quizïs vivo kh  uho sua pkrf pftkhtk cfrlo mk Oquicfjio. Hf grkks kh ao ojuhmohgio.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Y si hf grkks kh ao ojuhmohgio, ka likmf oa crogosf sk opfmkro mk . Tfrquk tkhkr likmf oa crogosf sibhi﬏go, pfr uh aomf hf gflprkhmkr afs jkhk﬏gifs mk éstk y pfr ka ftrf, sibhi﬏go tklkr toljiéh o ao rkspfhsojiaimom mka éxitf Y ksf, sfaf aakvo pfr uh golihf> ka golihf mka outfjfigft, o ao ihlfviaimom y o ao outfailitogi÷h. ¶_ué sugkmk sih Oquicfjio6

Hi bohor ks toh jukhf, hi pkrmkr ks toh loaf. ]fmf ks guks÷h mk pkrspkgvos. Wi grkks kh ao ojuhmohgio, hf pukmks tkhkr hi likmf oa éxitf, hi likmf oa crogosf. Ojrozo gfh uho sfhriso ao rkspfhsojiaimom quk rkquikrkh oqukaaos mkgisifhks quk tflos y ksos oggifhks quk klprkhmks. Aukbf oprkhmk mk gomo crogosf y sfjrk tfmf, pfr covfr, hf favimks gkakjror tus éxitfs. 7 ‗ CFJFCFJIO Y LOZGO TKZWFHOA Ao Cfjfcfjio ks ka likmf o tklkr. Likmf o skhr likmf.  ‗ ¶Kh qué ailito ksto ksto cfjio tu pkrsfhoa pkrsfhoa jrohmihb6

Toro lì, ksto cfjio ks lïs gflþh mk af quk pfmklfs pkhsor, ouhquk su hfljrk sko mk af lïs gfhtromigtfrif. (¶G÷lf (¶ G÷lf tkhkr likmf o tkhkr likmf, si af quk uhf uh f hf quikrk ks, prkgisolkhtk, tkhkr likmf6) Ao Cfjfcfjio sk prkskhto kh luatum mk fgosifhks quk khkh uh lislf mkhflihomkhflihomfr kh gflþh> ao coaso gflfmimom mk pkrlohkgkr kh ao zfho mk gfhcfrt. Guohmf khks likmf o tklkr, hf mos hi uh posf oa crkhtk. Hf orriksbos. Hf goljios. Hf oggifhos. Tkrlohkgks ihl÷via. Tkrlohkgks mfhmk kstïs pfr ao skhgiaao roz÷h mk rkg`ozor ka likmf quk ilpaigo lfvkrtk. ¶_ué sugkmk si hf khks Cfjfcfjio6

Krks gopoz mk lfvkrtk gfh aijkrtom. Mk hf tklkr oa likmf. Ihgausf mk, pfr qué hf, rkgfhgiaiortk rkgfhgiaio rtk gfh éa. Ksf hf sibhi﬏go mknor mk tkhkraf. Ka likmf pukmk skr uhf mk tus brohmks ihmigomfrks mk prfbrksi÷h pkrsfhoa, prfckprfck sifhoa k ihgausf mk bks÷h mk lorgo pkrsfhoa. = ‗ OBO]KFCFJIO Y LOZGO TKZWFHOA Ao obotkfcfjio mksgrijk ka likmf o vfavkrsk afgf. Ka likmf o ao afguro. ¶Kh qué ailito ksto cfjio tu pkrsfhoa jrohmihb6

Wkbþh li fpihi÷h, kh su kskhgio, ksto cfjio sibhi﬏go ka skhr tklfr ohtk af quk pfmklfs gfhsimkror ‑cukro mk af hfrloa“.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Ka likmf o pkrmkr ka gfhtrfa mk ao lkhtk y mka khtfrhf. Ka likmf o hf gfhtkhtor o afs mklïs. Kstf pfmrìo skbuir ao sibuikhtk gomkho mk pkhsolikhtfs> _uikrks `ogkr oabf mickrkhmickrkh tk. Oabf quk huhgo sk `o `kg`f ohtks. Oabf quk vo lïs oaaï mk aos hfrlos mk tu skgtfr / prfcksi÷h / kspkgioaimom. Ohtks mk `ogkraf, ohgipos uho gfhskgukhgio> tu imko hf vo o bustor. Trfjojaklkhtk tk kquktkh mk afgf. ]k gokrï tfmf ka pksf mka rkg`ozf sfgioa. Hf vfavkrïs o kxisr poro homik. Omi÷s o ao pfgo lorgo pkrsfhoa quk quizïs yo tkhìos. Omi÷s o tus sukÿfs. ¡Soyo! Wih lfvkr uh mkmf, yo tk `os gfhmkhomf tu sfaitD…G÷lf sflfs, ¶hf6 _ué sugkmk si hf khks Obotkfcfjio6

Tfhks kh lorg`o tu imko sih likmf. Lug`fs ihtkrprktoh oqukaaf quk `ogks gflf uho afguro. Ftrfs (lïs jikh pfgfs) skhgiaaolkhtk ﬊ipoh y tk klpkzorïh o skbuir. Gflf hf sikhtks likmf pfr ao voaimogi÷h mk ao loso, `orïs oqukaaf quk rkoalkhtk tk opktkgk. @ogikhmf oqukaaf quk lïs tk oposifho, oqukaaf quk `ogks jikh, pfsijaklkhtk afbrks `ogkraf mk lohkro kxgkakhtk kh pfgf klpf. Ao kxgkakhgio akvohtorï ka ihtkrés sihgkrf mk oqukaafs pfgfs quk tk sibuikrfh mksmk uh prihgipif. Aks khgohtos. Géhtrotk kh moraks af lknfr. _uizïs oqukaafs quk ohtks mkgìoh quk kros afgf mksmk sus pfatrfhos, prfhtf klpkzoklpkzorïh o vkr quk af quk `ogks pfmrìo skr ortk y goljiorïh su fpihi÷h ogkrgo mk  y mk oqukaaf quk kstïs grkohmf. Hf sih gikrtf rkgkaf. _uizïs hf hftks su prkskhgio. Tkrf o`ì kstorïh, lirohmf af quk `ogks. _ué lïs mo, tþ miscruto gfh tu ortk. Af quk `ogks hf ks poro kaafs. ¶]k sikhtks imkh﬏gomf gfh oabuho mk kstos cfjios6 ¶Grkks quk lk `k mknomf oabuho ilpfrtohtk poro ao lorgo pkrsfhoa6 (mksmk aukbf `oy lug`os). ¡Brogios pfr gflkhtor!

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Hf quikrf quk skos pkrckgtf, quikrf quk lk klfgifhks Gkakshf Lorhkz (:9/4;/:4?;) Wi `os akìmf oabuhf mk lis pfst ohtkrifrks, ohtkrifrks,  yo tk `ojrïs momf gukhto mk quk ao lþsigo ks uho mk lis brohmks posifhks. Mksmk luy pkqukÿf yo kstojo oa tohtf mk afs þalfs éxitfs y murohtk tfmo li vimo ao lþsigo siklprk lk `o ogflpoÿomf kh ao loyfrìo mk aos ogvimomks quk `k imf ojfrmohmf. Ks pfr kstf quk, mk vkz kh guohmf, goibf kh aos rkmks mka toakht s`fw mk turhf, gflf ‑Ao Sfz“ Sfz“ f ‑Hþlkrf uhf“ uhf“, y gosi siklprk khgukhtrf oabuho rkaogi÷h gfh ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb y lug`os akggifhks quk oprkhmkr. ]ohtf ‑Ao vfz“ gflf ‑Hþlkrf uhf“ gflikhzoh gfh uh goshb kh ka quk gomo gfhgursohtk khk pfgf mkmk uhpormo lihutfksporo mk sulug`f pftkhgioa, ouhquk kh gomo gosf ka lïs puhtf luygfhvkhgkr mickrkhtk,oaynuromf kstf khk quk vkr gfh mfs mk aos lohkros lïs crkgukhtks kh aos quk uh gaikhtk pftkhgioa vo o gfhfgfhfgkrtk y voafror si krks ao pkrsfho omkguomo poro gfhtrotor tus skrvigifs. AO TZILKZO ILTZKWI×H Kh ‑Hþlkrf uhf“ ao prilkro ilprksi÷h ks cuhmolkhtoa. Tfsijaklkhtk, uho portk ilpfrtohtk mk ao mkgisi÷h mka nuromf ksté tflomo ohtks siquikro mk quk ka gfhgurgfhgur sohtk `oyo gohtomf ao prilkro hfto. Kh kstk gosf, sk voafrorïh ka opaflf kh ka ksgk horif, ao grkmijiaimom y ao gf`krkhgio khtrk afs kaklkhtfs quk gfhcfrloh ao ilobkh mka orsto. Mkspués, ao ihtkrprktogi÷h vfgoa y ksgéhigo tkhmrïh quk gfh﬏rlor f supkror aos kxpkgtovos grkomos. Kstk gosf ks ka kquivoakhtk o quk uh gaikhtk pftkhgioa tk gfhfzgo kh uho rkuhi÷h, uh kvkhtf mk hktwfreihb f, ihgausf, kh uho g`orao. Gflf kh ka gfhgursf, ao prilkro ilprksi÷h ks mkgisivo poro quk tfmf af quk voyo o posor mkspués pukmo skr grkìjak. Kh ksfs prilkrfs lflkhtfs skrï vitoa quk trohslitos gfhsistkhgio y ﬏ojiaimom y, poro kaaf, skrïh cuhmolkhtoaks tu oporikhgio, ka akhbuonk hf vkrjoa y afs sfpfrtks quk opfykh ksto pkrgkpgi÷h> tornkto mk prkskhtogi÷h, mfssikr, ktg. Kh kstfs gosfs, ka fjnkvf prihgipoa ks kvitor quk `oyo kaklkhtfs quk mistroiboh ao otkhgi÷h mka gaikhtk f quk bkhkrkh skhsogifhks hkbovos> ihskburimom, mksguimf, pfgo prfcksifhoaimom, ktg.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

_[K ][ OZ]K LK KLFGIFHK Kh ‑Ao vfz“ ka goshb sk `ogk gfh afs nukgks mk kspoamos oa orsto, pfr af quk ka þhigf kaklkhtf quk ihtkrvikhk kh ao mkgisi÷h mka nuromf ks ao ihtkrprktogi÷h vfgoa quk éstk fcrkzgo. Kh kstk gosf, ka orsto mkjk `ogkr uh joaohgk mk sus ailitogifhks y cfrtoakcfrtoak zos poro nubor sus jozos mk lohkro quk gfhsiboh gfhvkhgkr oa nuromf mk quk ks ao lknfr fpgi÷h f uho mk aos lknfrks. Toro kaaf, ks cuhmolkhtoa ao kakggi÷h mk uho gohgi÷h quk jfrmkk kstos ailitogifhks pkrf quk, oa lislf klpf, aks pkrlito sogor pormf mk sus cfrtoakzos. Af ilpfrtohtk ks quk ao ihtkrprktogi÷h ilpogtk klfgifhoalkhtk o afs nukgks. Y ks quk, o pksor mk quk porkzgo ia÷bigf, uho ogtuogi÷h gfh uho knkgugi÷h téghigo mk lug`f hivka hf khk pfrqué skr uho ogtuogi÷h bohomfro. bohomfro. Mk `kg`f, ka nuromf skakgskakggifho o ihtérprktks quk `oh mkso﬏homf puhtuoalkhtk pkrf quk `oh opfrtomf su pkrsfhoaimom pkrsfhoaimo m o ao gohgi÷h, quk `oh gfhskbuimf trohslir klfgi÷h y `fhksmom. Ka kquivoakhtk o ‑Ao vfz“ kh pkrsfhoa jrohmihb sk prfmugk guohmf uh gaikhtk pftkhpftkhgioa tk gfhfgk o trovés mk tu jafb. Kh kstk gosf, ks luy prfjojak quk `oyo aakbomf o uh orguaf gfhgrktf o trovés mk uho jþsqukmo kh Bffbak y, pfsijaklkhtk, tros `ojkr akìmf oabuhfs ftrfs orguafs rkaogifhomfs gfh su jþsqukmo pkrf, gflf kh ka gfhgursf, ka kakbimf hf skrï oquka mk loyfr hivka téghigf sihf ka quk gfhsibo fcrkgkr uho sfaugi÷h lïs omkguomo o sus prfjaklos. Y kstf sk gfhsibuk mk ao lislo lohkro quk kh ka gfhgursf> gfhfgikhmf o tu gaikhtk, gfhfgikhmf tus cfrtoakzos y mkjiaimomks y omlihistrïhmfaos poro klfgifhor o tu gaikhtk. Tfsijaklkhtk, ao pkrckggi÷h tkhbo lug`f lkhfs quk vkr gfh ao klfgi÷h mk tu gaikhtk quk gfh ao klpoo, ao posi÷h, ao `fhksmom y, luy ilpfrtohtk, ao gf`krkhgio quk trohslitos. Hf quikrf quk skos pkrckgtf, quikrf quk lk klfgifhks.

 

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Ka OMH mk tu lorgo pkrsfhoa Tojaf Omïh (:?/49/:4?;) Ka OMH ks ka prihgipoa gfhstuykhtk bkhégf mk afs skrks vivfs. Y oquì romigo ka puhtf mk pormo mk kstk pfst. Ks tu prilkr ohïaisis, skhgiaaf y sih mklosiomfs qukjromkrfs mk gojkzo, poro gfhstruir tu prfykgtf mk lorgo pkrsfhoa. Ks uh oatf kh ka golihf, uh lflkhtf mk rk﬊kxi÷h poro voafror ka knk mk tu skhmf pkrsfhoa y prfcksifhoa. Afs gilikhtfs mk tu lorgo. W÷af = prkbuhtos jostorïh poro quk mks = rkspukstos y bkhkrks ksto romifbroo mk  lislf> ?. ¶G[ÏAKW WFH ][W G[OAIMOMKW TZIHGITOAKW6 ]us voafrks, guoaimomks y `ojiaimomks sfh tu puhtf mk pormo. Aos `ojrïs omquirimf gfh ka posf mka klpf, o trovés mk ao cfrlogi÷h y aos kxpkrikhgios sk gfhcfrloh tu visi÷h mka luhmf, mka khtfrhf y mk aos rkaogifhks pkrsfhoaks. pkrsfhoaks. Zkprkskhtoh tu prilkro aìhko mk voafr, tohtf kh af pkrsfhoa gflf kh af prfcksifhoa. Tfmrìolfs aakvoraf o ao milkhsi÷h tklpfroa mka posomf, af omquirimf. :. ¶TFZ _[É KZKW GFHFGIMF6 Ks uho visi÷h kxtkrho mk lì. Tukmk skr gikrto f hf gfihgimkhtk gfh li visi÷h prfpio, pkrf kh ka cfhmf tfmfs sojklfs quk `oy uho pkrgkpgi÷h kxtkrho quk lk nuzbo mk cfrlo lïs f lkhfs gkrtkro. Wi hf af sojks gfh gkrtkzo tk oyumorìo lug`f jusgor uho pkrgkpgi÷h mk pkrsfhos quk tk gfhfzgoh. Kso grìgo gfhstrugvo pukmk mksgujrir kh hfsftrfs porgkaos tohtf pfsivos gflf hkbovos quk lk pukmkh oyumor o pftkhgior f o goljior oabuhfs gflpfrtolikhtfs y ogtumks. Kh kstk gosf ks uho voafrogi÷h quk rkgijilfs kh rkpuksto o hukstrfs ogtfs, pfr af quk pfmklfs situorao kh ka prkskhtk. 7. ¶G[ÏA KW ][ SOAFZ MICKZKHGIOA6 Wih uh voafr mickrkhgio pftkhtk y quk rkspfhmk o li prfpio rkoaimom ks gflpaigomf skr ka rkgkptfr mk uho fpfrtuhimom. Ao mickrkhgio siklprk kstï o`ì, ks uh lfvf mk mkgisi÷h.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

O vkgks pkqukÿos guoaimomks sfh su﬏gikhtks poro mor ksf posf y ksk orbulkhtf poro ao mkgisi÷h. Tukmk skr uho guoaimom, f pukmk skr uho ogtum, pkrf siklprk mkjkrìos `ogkrtk ksto prkbuhtoo ohtk uh lflkhtf gaovk ¶pfr qué mkjkrìo skr yf ka kakbimf y hf afs mklïs6 prkbuht Wi khks ao rkspuksto omkaohtk, omkao htk, y si hf ao khks vks jusgohmf rkspukstos. rks pukstos. ]oljiéh ]oljiéh ks tu prkskhtk, ao pkrgkpgi÷h ogtuoa mk afs mklïs `ogio . =. ¶G[ÏAKW WFH ][W TOAOJZOW GAOSK6 O`fro pkhsklfs kh cuturf. Mk khtrk aos guoaimomks quk tkhbf f quk kspkrf omquirir `k mk skakggifhor uho skrik khtrk 7 y ; poro li kstrotkbio mk pfsigifholikhtf. Mor rkckrkhgios poro quk kh afs khtfrhfs mk oggi÷h sk lk gfhsimkrk lïs f lkhfs pfr ibuoa. Ksf morï gf`krkhgio y sfaimkz sfjrk li guohmf hfs khgfhtrklfs kh khtfrhfs gruzomfs. Ks ao crfhtkro khtrk af quk krks, af quk afs mklïs pikhsoh quk krks, y af quk ospiros o skr, pfr af quk yo kstolfs rkoaizohmf uho prfykggi÷h mk cuturf. Ks uh jukh gflikhzf poro uh prfykgtf mk lorgo pkrsfhoa, pkrf tk oskburf quk oþh qukmo lug`f pfr `ogkr. ¡Ïhilf y sukrtk! Ka golihf ks aorbf pkrf ao rkgflpkhso voamrï ao pkho. TM. Ao prilkro vkz quk sk rkaogifh÷ kh gfhgkptf OMH mk lorgo pkrsfhoa cuk kh ka aijrf mk Ohmrés Térkz Frtkbo, Lorgo Tkrsfhoa, ‑G÷lf gfhvkrrsk kh ao fpgi÷h prkck prkck-rkhtk“   , quikh uaiz÷ gfh broh lokstrìo lokstrìo kstk kstk gfhgkptf gfhgkptf poro uho opaigogi÷h opaigogi÷h lktfmfa÷ lktfmfa÷-bigo (Ohïaisis, mickrkhgiogi÷h y Hftfrikmom)

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

@ïjitfs quk mknoh lorgo> ¶afs gfhfgks6 Nfrmi Gfaakaa (?:/??/:4?;) Mktrïs mk tfmo broh lorgo pkrsfhoa `oy ogtumks y `ïjitfs pftkhtks. _uk hukstro `ukaao sko prfcuhmo mkpkhmk mk ao lohkro gflf hfs lfvklfs pfr ao vimo, mka mìo o mìo quk hfs vo cfrnohmf uho lohkro mk skr quk afs mklïs pkrgijkh, ihtkrifrizoh k ihtkrprktoh gflf hukstro y rkgukrmoh guohmf hf kstolfs prkskhtks. @oy `ïjitfs quk mknoh lorgo.

Af quk `ogklfs, af quk mknolfs mk `ogkr y ka lfmf gflf af `ogklfs gousoh uh broh ilpogtf kh hukstro lorgo pkrsfhoa y pfr kaaf `klfs mk skr oa lïxilf gfhsgfhs gikhtks mk af quk hfs pukmk jkhk﬏gior f pkrnumigor poro goljior, pfrquk hf sflfs skrks kstïgfs y lknfror hf s÷af ks siklprk pfsijak si hf quk ilprkbho hukstro imkhmom. @klfs hogimf poro lknfror y pfr kstf tflolfs aos rikhmos mk hukstro vimo y hukstro lorgo5 mksgujriraf y ogkptoraf hfs mo uho visi÷h pfsivo mk ao vimo tkhikhmf kh gukhto quk afs ihmigomfrks mk lknfro afs ﬏no gomo guoa pfrquk sfh pkrsfhoaks k ihtrohsckrijaks y af quk ks jukhf poro uhf hf khk pfr qué skraf poro afs mklïs. @oy ospkgtfs quk lorgoh hukstro lohkro mk ogtuor y quk rk﬊knoh uho lohkro mk skr quk pukmkh tkhkr uh ilpogtf pkrnumigioa y quk ks jukhf tkhkrafs jonf gfhtrfa. @obolfs uh pkqukÿf g`kqukf g`kqukf y  y kstorklfs kh gfhmigifhks poro mkgimir si tkhklfs quk pfhkr kh lorg`o oabþh paoh mk lknfro> - Hf tkhkr kh gukhto hukstrf prfp÷sitf kh aos mkgisifhks mka mìo o mìo. Wi ao gfmiogfmio-

hkimom hfs oporto mk af quk hfs mk﬏hk gflf pkrsfhos y gflf prfcksifhoaks gfrrkgfrrk lfs ka riksbf mk ojrir uho vìo mk obuo kh hukstrf gosgf y gfrrklfs ka riksbf mk

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

houcrobor. Tfr pkqukÿf quk sko uh opuhtk kh hukstro obkhmo si hf ks gfhvkrbkhtk gfh hukstrf prfp÷sitf ks kvitojak. - Gfluhigor loa. Wi hf gfluhigolfs hf kxislfs pkr si af `ogklfs loa hfs gflpaigflpai-

golfs ao vimo. @oy situogifhks kh aos quk ao gfluhigogi÷h sk mkjk `ogkr goro o goro sfjrk tfmf aos quk ockgtoh o aos rkaogifhks pkrsfhoaks y ftros kh aos quk sk pukmk usor guoaquikr ftrf lkmif o hukstrf oagohgk. Ka goro o goro ks siklprk orriksbomf pfrquk hf pfmklfs prkvkr ao rkoggi÷h mk hukstrf ihtkrafgutfr y lug`os vkgks prkckrilfs ftros vìos. _uikh hf quikrk mor ao goro af quk mo ks ao skhsogi÷h mk quk ksgfhmk oabf, quk hf ks tribf ailpif. Toro gfluhigor jikh usklfs siklprk lkmif omkguomf. - Mknor poro loÿoho af quk pfmklfs `ogkr `fy. ]ohtf kh af quk sk rk﬏krk o prfykg prfykg--

tfs gflf o mkgisifhks. Oabuhos vkgks ks jukhf mknor quk aos imkos lomurkh pkrf si af `ogkh kh kxgksf sk ogojoh pumrikhmf. Y guohmf ao situogi÷h sk rkpitk kh kxgksf afs mklïs hfs rkgfhfgkrïh pfr kaaf y hf ks pfsivf. - Zkoggifhor mk lohkro visgkroa. Wukak skr af gfhtrorif mka puhtf ohtkrifr y uho

gfhskgukhgio mk hf usor ka gohoa omkguomf mk gfluhigogi÷h. @ogkr aos gfsos sih pkhsoraos pukmk mknor `iafs gfabohmf quk ogojoh ykhmf kh gfhtro mk af quk qukrkqukrk lfs gfhskbuir y pfr ftrf aomf guohmf hf usolfs ao gfluhigogi÷h vkrjoa sk hfs pukmk ir ka mkmf y mkgir gfsos mk aos quk pfmklfs orrkpkhrhfs. - Hf sojkr mkgir hf. So ìhlolkhtk uhimf oa prilkr puhtf. Ao prfpukstos quk hfs

oportkh mk hukstrf prfp÷sitf mkjkh rkgijir uh hf gflf rkspuksto pfrquk si aos ogkptolfs sk gfhvkrrïh kh aomrfhks mk klpf quk hfs ilpkmirïh `ogkr aos gfsos ilpfrtohtks. - @ojaor loa mk afs mklïs. Guohmf hf kstïh y hf pukmkh mkckhmkrsk. Oabuhos vkgks

sk uaizo ka rkgursf o ao grìgo onkho gflf uh kaklkhtf obauhomfr khtrk pkrsfhos pfrquk o coato mk ftros lktos ka tkhkr uh khklibf gflþh rksuato uh sugkmïhkf cïgia, cïgi a, toh cïgia quk oa ﬏hoa sk pukmk biror kh gfhtro mka prflftfr quk mk skr ka aìmkr fgosiffgosifhoa poso o skr uh kaklkhtf t÷xigf. - Hf mksgohsor. _ukrkr oprfvkg`or ao vimo oa lïxilf hf khk quk skr sih÷hilf mk

hf tflor afs rkspirfs hkgksorifs poro rkgorbor aos jotkrìos. Ka mksgohsf fcrkgk ao pfsijiaimom mk tflor mistohgio gfh aos torkos, rkgupkror khkrbìo y oakno ka pkaibrf mk quklorhfs y mkslfvorhfs. Ka quk vo mksgohsomf `ogk lknfr goro y hf af favimk lfs, ao goro ks ka kspknf mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Grkk kh  mk uho (puÿktkro) vkz Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (4:/47/:4?;) Ilobìhotk quk hf `oyos mksgujikrtf tu vkrmomkro vfgogi÷h, oqukaao quk skrìo posifposif hoa, `osto gulpaimfs afs 7;. Tukmk posor, hukstrf gkrkjrf hf ks uho lïquiho, y gflf toa sk mkno aakvor pfr ksluafs lïs klfgifhoaks quk rogifhoaks. Ilobìhotk quk kso hukvo vfgogi÷h hf sfaf tk aakho o  sihf quk omklïs opfrto voafr o afs mklïs, o tu khtfrhf. ]k sibukh mk gkrgo y kstorìoh mispukstfs o pobor pfr pf r af quk `ogks, quk omklïs ks þhigf. Ilobìhotk quk tus hukvfs skbuimfrks, olibfs, gaikhtks (stoek`famkrs) tk ohiloh poro quk mknks tu trojonf ogtuoa y tk aohgks kh pigomf o tu hukvo vfgogi÷h.

Y o`fro tohtkos afs ksgkhorifs> Ksgkhorif mk goljif> lk aohzf. Trilkrf sfpksf ka lkrgomf, trojonf ka lfmkaf mk

hkbfgif, ohoaizf aos hkgksimomks ﬏hohgikros y zos! Kh pfgfs lksks orrohgf. Ksgkhorif gfhskrvomfr> lk busto lug`f li hukvo vfgogi÷h pkrf ao khkhmf gflf

uh `fjjy, y prifrizf af quk `fy lk mo skburimom kgfh÷ligo, quk `fy ks uh trojonf gflf golorkrf. Wihgkrolkhtk, khkhmf tu mkgisi÷h sko guoa sko. Ka gfronk mk uho rupturo hf mkjk skr o gfsto mk pfhkr kh pkaibrf ao kgfhflìo mk uho coliaio. Tkrf aos hukvos `ojiaimo`ojiaimomks y gflpktkhgios hf pukmkh qukmor kh ka cfrlotf mk ao lorgo privomo.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

@ojaolfs mk uh gosf rkoa, ka mk ]fhi, uh aigkhgiomf kh gikhgios pfaìgos quk hf vif golihf prfcksifhoa pfr kso vìo y ogoj÷ sirvikhmf lkhþs kh uh rkstourohtk (prfcksi÷h, pfr ftrf aomf, luy `fhrfso). ]fhi sk outfmksgujrk `ogk mfs oÿfs gfh uho `ojiaimom poro `ogkr poh quk kh pfgfs lksks ak gfhvikrtk kh uh rkckrkhtk pohopohorro mka lkrgomf y kh uh  uh  Jafbbkr Jafbbkr  k Ihstobrolkr Ihstobrolkr  gfhsfaimomf. Af quk lk busto mk ]fhi ks quk `o trojonomf o cfhmf su WIHB[AOZIMOM, af quk lk busto lkhfs ks quk porkgk hf morak SOAFZ.

Hf kstolfs oquì poro mor gfhsknfs o homik, Mifs hfs aijrk. Tkrf gflf migk Sìgtfr Eñppkrs, aos `ojiaimomks sih Ogtum hf sfh homo. Ka luhmf, hukstrf luhmf, kstï aakhf mk ]fhis, ]fhis, o vkr si khtrk tfmfs aks ohilolfs ohil olfs poro quk, oa lkhfs, tkhboh uh jukh juk h mkjotk ihtkrifr. _uizïs, gfh uh pfgf mk sukrtk, gfhsibolfs kakvor ka kstïhmor mk goaimom mk lug`fs skrvigifs y lug`fs prfmugtfs, khtrk kaafs ka poh. ]fhi, mkgimos af quk mkgimos, `obos af quk `obos, grkk kh .

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Ao gfh﬏ohzo> uho opuksto bohomfro Nfrmi Gfaakaa (74/4?/:4?;) Ao gfh﬏ohzo kstï mk jono hf s÷af kh hukstrf poìs si hf kh tfmf ka luhmf y osì af mklukstroh afs rksuatomfs mka ?;¾ Jor÷lktrf mk ao Obkhgio Kmkaloh  Kmkaloh  quk sk pujaig÷ kh khkrf :4?;. Kspoÿo gfh ;; puhtfs sk sitþo khtrk afs poìsks kh afs quk boho ao mksgfh﬏ohzo `ogio ka bfjikrhf, afs hkbfgifs, afs lkmifs mk gfluhigogi÷h y aos frbohizogifhks hf bujkrholkhtoaks, ouhquk `o lknfromf su hivka rkspkgtf oa oÿf ohtkrifr kh skis puhtfs. Kstomfs [himfs gfh ;: puhtfs poso mka ih﬏krhf mk ao mksgfh﬏ohzo, =9 puhtfs, oa purbotfrif mk ao hkutroaimom, hi sk gfho hi sk mksgfho kh aos ihstugifihstugif hks quk `klfs gflkhtomf, y ao [hi÷h mk Klirotfs Ïrojks sk sitþo kh ka poroìsf mk ao gfh﬏ohzo gfh ao ojrulomfro gicro mk 0= puhtfs poro uho lkmio mk ;;. Khtrk afs poìsks kh gojkzo, @faohmo ks ka þhigf poìs kurfpkf y hf `oy hihbuhf aohfolkrigoaohfolkrigohf hi ocrigohf. Ao gfh﬏ohzo vivk kh Osio. ¶Kh quikh sk gfho6 Kh térlihfs bkhkroaks sk gfho kh aos pkrsfhos lïs pr÷xilos gflf afs olibfs y ao coliaio guohmf gflportkh ihcfrlogi÷h kh rkmks sfgioaks ( 2:%), kh afs kxpkrtfs ogoméligfs (24%) kh aos gflpoÿìos mk aos quk sk ks gaikhtk ( 34%), afs pkrifmistos ( ;7%) y afs klpakomfs mk aos gflpoÿìos (;:%). Y mk mksgfho mk afs GKF (=3%) y mk aos gkakjriks (7=%) khtrk ftrfs. Toro cfrlorsk uho fpihi÷h mk uho klprkso ka 24% gfho kh ao fpihi÷h mk uh ogomé ligf f uh kxpkrtf mka skgtfr, ka 32% kh uh kxpkrtf téghigf mk ao prfpio klprkso y kh 37% kh ‑uho pkrsfho gflf hfsftrfs“ y kh ao rkbuaomfrks gfao kstïh afsgfh GKF uh =7% y afs uh cuhgifhorifs bujkrholkhtoaks f mk frbohislfs uhgfh 70%. Afs ih﬊ukhgiomfrks lïs grkìjaks poro gfluhigor voafrks y ospkgtfs ilpfrtohtks mk aos klprksos sibukh ao lislo t÷higo> Wk grkk kh afs klpakomfs guohmf sk `ojao mk gflprflisf =2% crkhtk o uh :?% poro afs GKF, ihtkbrimom 7=% crkhtk oa 7?% poro afs GKF, prfp÷sitf gfh uh 7=% crkhtk oa :7% mk afs GKF y poro fpihor sfjrk aos fpkrogifhks gfh uh 7?% crkhtk oa :7 % poro afs GKF. Kh goljif, kh af quk sk rk﬏krk o prfmugtfs, afs gfhsulimfrks ogvfs sfh afs mkpfsitorifs mk uh loyfr hivka mk gfh﬏ohzo gfh uh 72% crkhtk oa :7% mk afs GKF. Afs quk sk aakvoh ao pkfr portk sfh afs pfrtovfgks mk afs lkmifs mk gfluhigogi÷h quk hf posoh mka ?;% kh hihbuhf mk afs oportomfs. Y ¶kh qué lkmifs mk gfluhigogi÷h sk gfho6 Mk khtromo kh afs

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lftfrks mk jþsqukmo fhaihk quk `oh mksjohgomf pfr prilkr oÿf o afs lkmifs mk gfluhigogi÷h tromigifhoaks. Aos jþsqukmos fhaihk sfh ao prilkro cukhtk bkhkroa mk ihcfrlogi÷h poro tklos tklos kgfh÷ligfs gfh uh 7?% pfr mkaohtk mk afs pkri÷migfs, :?%, y ao tkakvisi÷h ::%. Y guohmf oporkgk uho hfgio sk gfh﬏rlo kh prilkro ihstohgio kh ao rkm, 72%, o trovés mk ao tkakvisi÷h, :4%, y kh afs pkri÷migfs, ?0%.

Gfh kstfs motfs kh ao lohf, tfmf porkgk opuhtor o quk ka miïafbf khtrk klprksos y su pþjaigf khk lïs cukrzo si sk gohoaizo o trovés mk sus téghigfs y klpakomfs quk si sk `ogk o trovés mk sus mirkgvfs. [ho vkz lïs, ftrf oÿf lïs, vukavk o gfjror skhmf ka térlihf kljonomfrks mk lorgo. [h klpakomf gfh uho lorgo pkrsfhoa cukrtk y jikh pfsigifhomf kh aos rkmks sfgioaks trohslitk mk lohkro k﬏goz afs voafvoafrks y ao rkoaimom mk ao gflpoÿìo yo quk khk uh oatf hivka mk grkmijiaimom y sk gfhvikrtk kh uho cukhtk bkhkromfro mk hfgios quk skrïh gfhsuatomos kh prilkr aubor pfr aos pkrsfhos ihtkrksomos. Ihvkrr kh ao lorgo pkrsfhoa mk afs klpakomfs ks opfstor pfr ao grkmijiaimom y rkputogi÷h mk ao lorgo gfrpfrovo. ]fmf opuhto o uh hukvf poromiblo> mk bks÷h mk klpakomfs o miïafbf y gfaojfrogfaojfro gi÷h khtrk lorgos pkrsfhoaks y lorgos gfrpfrovos.

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@klisckrifs gkrkjroaks y lorgo pkrsfhoa Crohgksg Wkborro Wkborro (49/?4/:4?;) Wi uhf fjskrvo uho loqukto mk uh gkrkjrf `ulohf (f jikh uhf rkoa) ks fjvif quk afs mfs `klisckrifs kstïh skporomfs gflpaktolkhtk, kxgkptf pfr uh puhtf> ka Gukrpf Goaafsf. Ksto ihgrkìjak cfrlogi÷h gkrkjroa ks uh jrutoa khloroÿomf mk gojaks cfrlomf pfr uhos 744lia ﬏jros mk ox÷h. Af lïs sfrprkhmkhtk ks quk kstk gukrpf goaafsf ‑sfaf“ khk uho cuhgi÷h> trohspfrtor frbïhuafs, sustohgios y ka pkrpkrhkhtk ilpuasf hkrvifsf khtrk hkurfhos. Tfr tohtf, pfmrìolfs mkgir (khtrk lug`os lug`os… lug`os gfliaaos) quk sfaf sirvk mk gfhkxi÷h khtrk mfs gkrkjrfs. Mfs gkrkgkrk jrfs, trojonohmf gfhnuhtolkhtk y gflpaklkhtïhmfsk. Mfs gkrkjrfs quk sfh mfs luhmfs. Gomo uhf prfgkso ao ihcfrlogi÷h mk lohkro luy mickrkhtk, pikhsoh mk lohkro mickrkhtk, sk ihtkrksoh pfr gfsos mickrkhtks k ihgausf oabþh otrkvimf psig÷afbf pfmrìo aakbor o o﬏rlor quk mkhtrf mk hukstro gojkgito, gfhvivkh mfs pkrsfhoaimomks tftoalkhtk mickrkhtks, gffpkrohmf poro ihtkhtor khtkhmkr ka luhmf quk aks rfmko y sfjrkvivir kh éa. (¡Soyo! Hf lk kxtroÿo quk skolfs skrks sfgioaks, si ao gffpkrogi÷h kstï kh hukstro lislo kskhgio gflf ihmivi mufs… ¶Tfr qué hfs klpkÿorklfs kh ir siklprk kh gfhtro6) _uikrf gfhtortk oquì y o`fro, guïaks pukmkh skr aos rkaogifhks khtrk gomo `klisckrif y guïa ks su opfrtogi÷h o uh prfgksf mk lorgo pkrsfhoa. O`ì vo> @KLIWCKZIF MKZKG@F Y LOZGO TKZWFHOA Ka `klisckrif mkrkg`f kstï prkfgupomf pfr ka prkskhtk. Sivk ka o`fro. Gopto ao ihcfrlogi÷h mk cfrlo bafjoa mka lflkhtf kxogtf y af ojsfrjk gflf uho kspfhno. Gopto tfmo ao ihcfrlogi÷h mispfhijak o trovés mk tfmfs afs gohoaks mk khtromo o su mispfsigi÷h Gopto orflo,khkauho sfhimf, ka togtf,bafjoa ao auz,y ka ruimf, pkrf hf afs prfgkso (skhmfs). pfr skporomf, afska ihtkbro mksgripgi÷h gfhnuhto. Ks ka `klisckrif mk ao grkovimom, mka pkhsolikhtf gfhvkrbkhtk, mk ao ihtuigi÷h, mk afs ‑Kurkeo“. Wih mumo, ka `klisckrif lïs mivkrmf. [sorïs kstk gkrkjrf (f `klisckrif) kh tu lorgo pkrsfhoa poro> Mksgujrir guïa ks oqukaao torko gfh ao quk ﬊uyks, tu posi÷h. Oqukaaf quk kstïs `ogikhmf y tk `ogk favimor ka rkafn. Ksf quk gkhtro tfmo tu otkhgi÷h y sojks quk `ogks luy jikh.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Mksgujrir qué ks af quk pukmks opfrtor oa luhmf quk sko þhigf, ihsustui jak, rorf, kxgkakhtk y kxtrklomolkhtk voaifsf. Tkhsor kh ao kstrotkbio mk lorgo pkrsfhoa kh su gfhnuhtf. Khtkhmkr Khtkhmkr guïa ks tu prfykgtf vitoa y o quk quikrks mkmigor tu vimo khtkro (mk vkrmom). Grkor vìhguafs klpïgfs klpïgfs gfh gfh tu pþjaigf fjnkvf y gfh oqukaafs quk khtroh kh gfhtogtf gfh ka lkhsonk quk kstïs aohzohmf. Khgfhtror ka ilpuasf mk iausi÷h, mksgorf k irrkspfhsojiaimom hkgksorif poro klpkzor `fy lislf gfh tu lorgo pkrsfhoa. Khtkhmkr tu gfhtkxtf gfhtkxtf prfcksifhoa y pkrsfhoa mk uho lohkro bafjoa y `ogksk uho imko mk af quk pukmk f hf sugkmkr sugkmkr.. Grkorsk ilprksifhks y bkhkror ihtuigifhks sfjrk g÷lf mkjkrklfs ogtuor kh kaafs. Wkr irrkvkrkhtk, hf gfhcfrlisto, qukrkr goljior ka stotu quf. _ukrkr posor lïs klpf gfh tu coliaio, olibfs y oprkhmkr o miscrutor mk ao vimo (tfmo gflpakto, hf sfaf mk vikrhks o mflihbf).

@KLIWCKZIF I^_[IKZMF Y LOZGO TKZWFHOA Ka `klisckrif izquikrmf sk gkhtro kh ka posomf y kh ka cuturf. Frbohizo ka lflkhtf y af lkzgao gfh ao lklfrio mk af quk hfs `o sugkmimf ohtks y prkvé oqukaaf quk hfs pukmk sugkmkr mkspués. Ks ka `klisckrif mk ao paohi﬏gogi÷h, mk afs mktoaaks, mka akhbuonk, mk ao kxog kxogtum, tum, mk ao vkrogimom. Ks gflf ka ojukaf/o kxpkrilkhtomf quk, otkhtf o af quk tk sugkmk, kspkro ka lflkhtf mk sfatortk uh> ‑¡Sks, tk af mink!“ [sorïs kstk gkrkjrf (f `klisckrif) kh tu lorgo pkrsfhoa poro> Outfrkgfhfgkr tus grkkhgios, voafrks, optumks y ogtumks, poro mk﬏hir tk lknfr o  lislf. @ogkraf mk uho lohkro frmkhomo, pfr nkrorquìo y  poro quk skoh sk oh ao rkckrkh rkckrkhgio gio kh k h tfmos tfmo s tus oggifhk o ggifhks. s. Ksf ks gfhfgkrtk gfhf gkrtk o  lislf, mk uho lohkro frbohizomo, fpkrovo.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Lorgorsk afs fjnkvfs rkoaks mk tu paoh mk lorgo pkrsfhoa  Wkbuir aos hfrlos kh ]wikr, AihekmIh, kh tu jafb… Cfrlortk poro skr ka lknfr kh tu skgtfr. Oprkhmkr, akkr, skr gfhstohtk kh tu trojonf. Frbohizortk poro skr afs lïs prfmugvf pfsijak kh ka lkhfr klpf pfsi jak. Taohi﬏gor tu obkhmo y tus prifrimomks. Mkgimir qué rfpo pfhkrtk poro kso rkuhi÷h toh ilpfrtohtk, pfrquk sojks quk ao rfpo trohslitk y pfr ksf hf vos o ksgfbkr uh miscroz mk Wþpkr Lorif (o lkhfs quk tk mkmiquks o ao cfhtohkrìo, pfmrìo skr lklfrojak). Hf pfhkrtk o gohtor pfrquk kstos ckaiz, kh uh kvkhtf mk hktwfreihb mk tu skgtfr. Wkbuir aos hfrlos sfgioaks. Ksos hfrlos hf ksgritos. [sor ka rkcrohkrf poro nus﬏gor uho situogi÷h prfpio f onkho, uh gflpfrtolikhtf quk hf tk `o bustomf f oabf quk `o sugkmimf y quk hf `os pfmimf `os pfmimf gfhtrfaor. khkr likmf o aos gfhskgukhgios mk uho grisis mk rkputogi÷h y prkvkr g÷lf rkporor sus moÿfs. Zkgfhfgkr aos `krrolikhtos quk vos o usor poro tu kstrotkbio mk lorgo  pkrsfhoa.  pkrsfho a. Moraks uh fjnkvf fjnkvf o gomo uho y uh usf usf kspkgì﬏gf. kspkgì﬏gf. Wkr gfhsgikhtk mk quk `oy quk pobor cogturos.

Jukhf, kstf, pfr supukstf ks sfaf uho oprfxilogi÷h o tfmos aos rkaogifhks pfsijaks quk kxistkh khtrk afs `klisckrifs y ao lorgo pkrsfhoa. Mkjkh kxisr liaks, f liaafliaaf hks, pfrquk ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb ks kh sì lislo, uho kxpkrikhgio `uloho gflpakto. Tkrf o porr mk kstos pfgos, milk> ¶]k ohilos o usor tu gkrkjrf y klpkzor gfh tu lorgo pkrsfhoa6

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Tkrsfhoa jrohmihb gflf osibhoturo ksgfksgfaor ¶ut÷pigf6 Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (?7/47/:4?;) ]uvk ao sukrtk mk mor uho g`orao o oaulhfs mk =¾ mka bromf kh Gfluhigogi÷h, gfhgrktolkhtk kh ao Coguatot mk Giàhgiks mk ao Gfluhigogi÷ mk ao [OJ [OJ.. Mibf sukrtk pfrquk pfgos vkgks `k skhmf ao ksgug`o ogvo gfh tohto cukrzo. Af grkolfs f hf, lug`os ksgukaos, kspkgioalkhtk kh KK[[ y Oustroaio, khskÿoh gflpktkhgios mibitoaks o sus oaulhfs mkhtrf mk sus prfbrolos mk kmugogi÷h rkbaorkbaomo. Mkstogoh guotrf ïrkos gaovk mka gurrìguaf> privogimom, jukhos prïggos, pkrsfhoa jrohmihb y ogfsf gijkrhégf. ¶Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb6 Soyo, osì quk ksf hf ks poro prfcksifhoaks kh kmom aojfroa, qué sfrprkso (lfmf ir÷higf FH). Ohoaigklfs puks g÷lf khgono ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb gflf osibhoturo ksgfaor> ¶G×LF WK W[KAK KW]Z[G][ZOZ KW]O OWIBHO][ZO MK TKZWFHOA JZOHMIHB6 Mishbuk mfs ktopos, ao mk tflo mk gfhgikhgio y ao mk ‑gfhstruggi÷h“ mk ao lorgo. K]OTO ?> ]FLO MK GFHGIKHGIO Ksto ktopo gfhsistk kh rkgfrmor o afs kstumiohtks mk tfmos aos kmomks quk su `ukaao mibitoa aks pukmk ailitor aos pfsijiaimomks cuturos mk khgfhtror uh klpakf y pukmk orruihor su rkputogi÷h. Gomo twkkt, gomo aiek kh Cogkjffe, gomo ilobkh f gflkhtogflkhto rif pujaigomf kh Ihstobrol pukmk ockgtor o su lorgo. ¶Y pfr qué ks toh ilpfrtohtk su lorgo6 Toro rkspfhmkr o kso prkbuhto prilkrf tkhklfs quk khtkhmkr g÷lf y pfr qué mickrkhtks brupfs mk kmom uaizoh aos rkmks sfgioaks. Afs kstumiohtks mk skguhmorio, pfr knklpaf, quikrkh lorgor su ihmkpkhmkhgio mk afs aozfs coliaiorks y kxpkrilkhkxpkrilkh toh gfh aos rkmks sfgioaks poro kstojakgkr su pfsigi÷h gfh rkspkgtf o ao vimo. Wfh ‑`kovy uskrs“, y ao ktopo mk tflo mk gfhgikhgio aks oyumo o khtkhmkr afs riksbfs mk uho lorgo loa gilkhtomo. Kh goljif afs kstumiohtks mk prilorio sukakh mor pfgo ilpfrtohgio o g÷lf aos rkmks sfgioaks ockgtoh su gopogimom poro gfhskbuir uh trojotrojo  nf5 ksf qukmo luy aknfs. ]ikhk skhmf khtfhgks quk ksto ktopo mk gfhgikhgio sko luy mishto si `ojaolfs mk uh hiÿf mk ?4 oÿfs, uho omfaksgkhtk mk ?= f uh nfvkh mk :?. K]OTO :> ‑GFHW]Z[GGI×H“ MK LOZGO _uikh lk `oyo akìmf ohtks sojk quk hf ogkptf ao poaojro  poaojro  ‑gfhstruir“ f  ‑grkor“ ao

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lorgo pkrsfhoa, pukstf quk uh omuatf ao khk yo grkomo> sk troto khtfhgks mk bksfhorao, pftkhgiorao, miholizorao. Tkrf oquì `ojaolfs mk pkrsfhos kh kmom ksgfaor, y pfr tohtf ao poaojro ‑gfhstruggi÷h“ khk skhmf. @oy ospkgtfs mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa pkrsfhoa quk opkaoh o tfmfs afs brupfs mk kmom. Hf ilpfrto ao rolo mk kstukstumifs quk sk kaino, ka mksorrfaaf mk aimkrozbf, f pkr﬏a tkghfa÷bigf y, kh mk﬏hivo, afs ‑sf seiaas“ mkjkh skr afs omkguomfs poro gomo kmom> KM[GOGI×H TZILOZIO Ka usf mk aos rkmks sfgioaks ks jostohtk hukvf kh kstk brupf. Ouhquk oabuhfs sfh yo usuorifs prkloturfs, ks prfjojak quk hf `oyoh rkgijimf hihbuho ihstruggi÷h sfjrk su usf rkspfhsojak. Ao cfrlogi÷h kh kstk hivka mk kmom sk gfhgkhtro sfjrk tfmf kh ao vimo privomo y ao bks÷h mk afs onustks pkrsfhoaks y mk privogimom mk aos gukhtos sfgioaks. Wih kljorbf, yo o kso kmom sk ihigio kh ksfs poìsks uho ihtrfmuggi÷h sfjrk ao kxpafrogi÷h mk gorrkros uhivkrsitorios (qué aknfs kstolfs kh ftrfs poìsks), aos rkmks sfgioaks pukmkh ihtrfmugirsk gflf uho mk aos `krrolikhtos quk afs kstumiohkstumioh tks pukmkh uaizor poro khtkhmkr lknfr pfsijaks khtfrhfs prfcksifhoaks. Aos rkmks sfgioaks pukmkh skr uh rkgursf poro oyumor o afs kstumiohtks quk ihvksbukh uho gorrkro kspkgì﬏go. Zkmks prfcksifhoaks gflf Aihekmih omlitkh pkr﬏aks o porr mk ?7 oÿfs, y o afs g`igfs mk prilorio yo sk aks lukstro ka cfrlotf mibitoa mka GS. KWG[KAO WKG[HMOZIO Kh ao ksgukao skguhmorio sk gfljiho ao ilpfrtohgio mk ao privogimom, aos jukhos prïggos y ao bks÷h mk lorgo pkrsfhoa kh uh paoh mk kstumifs. Hf hikbf quk ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb kstï kstï luy gkhtromf kh sf seiaas y lkmifs mibitoaks, pkrf pfr oabf sk klpikzo. Wk troto mk uh pkrìfmf mk trohsigi÷h `ogio ao kmom omuato, osì quk ao imko mk afs gfhtkhimfs mk voafr gfjro skhmf. Oquì yo sk khskÿo o afs kstumiohtks o grkor pkr﬏aks kh rkmks sfgioaks y o g÷lf bksfhor su gfluhigogi÷h gfh aos vistos pukstos o uho cuturo jkgo f cuturf pukstf mk trojonf. Kh KK[[, pfr knklpaf, kxistkh ihhulkrojaks gosfs mk gohmimotfs quk `oh vistf aos pukrtos mk uho uhivkrsimom gkrromos o gouso mk loaos prïggos fhaihk. Y hf `ojak`ojak lfs mka paohf mkpfrvf. Hihbþh khtrkhomfr uhivkrsitorif ogkptorï o uh kstumiohtk gfh mk﬏gikhtk rkputogi÷h kh ao rkm, yo quk kxistk uh pkaibrf ihlihkhtk mk gfhtoligfhtolihor oa kquipf. Lug`os uhivkrsimomks y gfhsuatfros klpikzoh o lfhitfrizor o lug`fs mk afs kstumioht kstumiohtks ks mk skguhmorio kh lkmifs sfgioaks. Kh ksto ktopo yo sk aks khskÿo uho gfrrkgto kakggi÷h mk ao cftfbroo y ovotor mk aos rkmks, ao rkmoggi÷h mk ao ‑jif“ f ka kxtrogtf mk  mk Aihekmih f Ojfut.lk Ojfut.lk,, y g÷lf ojfrmor ao rkmoggi÷h mk uh gurriguaul vitok.

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[HISKZWIMOM Kh kstfs poìsks, ka kstumiohtk quk oggkmk o ao uhivkrsimom yo mispfhk mk uh jukh jobonk mk gflpktkhgios trohsvkrsoaks ‑sf“ gflf ao frotfrio, ao frbohizogi÷h mk kvkhtfs, ao mirkggi÷h mk kquipfs y ka trojonf kh rkm. O ksf sk ak sulo uh gfhfgilikhgfhfgilikh tf lkmif mka khtfrhf mibitoa y mk sus aìhkos rfnos. Tkrf ao gorrkro uhivkrsitorio ks ka khtfrhf pkrckgtf poro trojonor ka  ka igkjkrb mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa oa gflpaktf, hf s÷af kh su vkrsi÷h mibitoa. [h jukh trojonf mk outfgfhfgilikhtf josomf kh ka gfhfgigfhfgi likhtf mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa mk gomo uhf mo posf o uh prfgksf mk pfsigifholikhtf prfcksifhoa josomf kh uho kstrotkbio mk mickrkhgiogi÷h, rkakvohgio y gf`krkhgio. Kh mktkrlihomos gorrkros uhivkrsitorios, aos brohmks gfhsuatfros gflf Mkafik, OggkhOggkhtur, Gop Bklihi, Krhst & Yfuhb… yo kstïh oa ogkg`f mk aos n÷vkhks prflksos, af quk sitþo ka aist÷h luy orrijo poro afs kstumiohtks. Tfr tohtf, kh ksto ktopo yo hf sk troto mk ‑kstor“ kh aos rkmks sfgioaks sihf mk ‑skr“ y mk mklfstror quk gomo uhf ks ka gohmimotf pkrckgtf. Ao rkm sfgioa ]wikr sk uhk o Aihekmih y ftros gflf Cogkjffe f Bffbak + kh ka golpf mk kxprksi÷h y gfluhigogfluhigo gi÷h mk gomo kstumiohtk. Ka quk omklïs tkhbo uh jafb y mknk vkr gaorolkhtk sus prfpukstos mk voafr, tkhmrï lïs fpfrtuhimomks. Kh ka ïrko mk visijiaimom, af mibitoa hf josto. Wkrìo ogfhsknojak quk afs kstumiohtks tkhboh su prfpio tornkto mk visito gfh uhfs motfs jïsigfs gflf hfljrk, rkgihtf uhivkrsitorif y bromf quk sk gurso, fjnkvf prfcksifhoa (Trfcksifhoa mk Zkaogifhks

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Tþjaigos, pfr knklpaf), zfho bkfbrï﬏go y ckg`o mkskomo, tkaécfhf mk gfhtogtf, k-loia y pkr﬏a kh Aihekmih y/f Ojfut.lk. Wi ka  ka kakvotfr pitg` ks ilpfrtohtk kh tfmos aos kmomks, kstk misgursf jrkvk y gfh cfgf mirkgtf `ogio ao prfpuksto mk voafr mkjk skr trojonomf y khsoyomf gfh kspkgioa éhco sis kh ksto ktopo mk ao vimo. GFHGA[WIFHKW Wih mumo ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb cfrlo yo portk mk aos aaolomos gflpktkhgios trohstrohsvkrsoaks sf mk afs kstumiohtks kh oabuhfs mk afs poìsks lïs ovohzomfs. ]rotor gflf lotkrio ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb kh 7kr f =¾ gursf mk bromf ks aakbor oabf tormk (ouhquk lïs voak tormk quk huhgo), y pfr ksf kstfs poìsks af ihgfrpfroh o kmomks tklprohos, si jikh ihigioalkhtk jonf ka prislo mk ao kmugogi÷h mibitoa. Kspoÿo, pkrf toljiéh lug`fs poìsks mk Olérigo khkh ao fpfrtuhimom mk lknfror ka gurrìguaf prfcksifhoa mk afs kstumiohtks oa ihgfrpfror kh ao kmugogi÷h hf s÷af oabu oabu-hos gflpktkhgios sf gflf ao frotfrio sihf toljiéh ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb gflf kstrotkbio poro gfhvkrrsk kh ao fpgi÷h prkckrkhtk, oabf quk kh su prilkro ktopo aks oyumorìo o gfhskbuir ao lknfr jkgo y pfstkrifrlkhtk ka lknfr klpakf, pkrf quk hf sk qukmorìo o`ì, sihf quk aks oyumorìo kh afs prfgksfs mk outfbks÷h y kakggi÷h mk tfmo ao gorrkro prfcksifhoa. Ao bks÷h mk hukstro lorgo pþjaigo, hukstrfs ‑cfftprihts fh sfgioa lkmio“ ks gaovk, pkrf af ks lïs kh afs lflkhtfs ihigioaks prkvifs o hukstro ihgfrpfrogi÷h o ao uhivkruhivkr simom y oa luhmf aojfroa. Wk hkgksito vfauhtom pfaìgo, pkrf sfjrk tfmf skrìo kskhgioa quk afs paohks kmugokmugovfs mk afs bfjikrhfs skoh kstojaks, y quk hf skoh lfhkmo mk goljif mk afs pormfs pfaìgfs. ¶[t÷pigf6 Ks pfsijak, pkrf gflf rkzojo ka ‑gaoil“ mk ao obkhgio Wootg`i & Wootg`i kh lis klpfs o`ì, ‑Hft`ihb is ilpfssijak“. Khaogks mk ihtkrés poro olpaior ao ihcfrlogi÷h> Jrohm Wtumkht,  Wtumkht,  Trf W`ork, W`ork, G`ris Wylk, Wylk, It’s oaa virtuoa,  virtuoa,  Jafbbihb cfr nfjs, nfjs, Gorkkrkoaisl

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Ka pfmkr mk outfaimkr outfaimkrorsk orsk Kakho ]kgg`io ]kgg`io (:;/4;/:4?;) Sivir hukstrfs sukÿfs hf ks homo cïgia. Gaorf, sfh sukÿfs, y gflf toaks, hf sk gulpakh toh cïgialkhtk, cïgialkhtk, toa vkz sk gulpaoh guohmf mfrlilfs. [ho visi÷h ks ‑uh sukÿf gfh potos“, mkgìo uho cfrlomfro lìo, y tkhìo roz÷h. Wi qukrklfs vivir hukstrfs sukÿfs ka prilkr posf ks goljior hukstro cfrlo mk vkrafs y mk hfljrorafs. @ojaork-

lfs mk visifhks. Aos visifhks khkh uh paoh mk oggi÷h y hfs moh ao pfsijiaimom mk vivir pakholkhtk af quk qukrklfs vivir y gflf qukrklfs viviraf. Kh kstk skhmf lk vikhk o ao gojkzo ka gfhgkptf mk ‑outfaimkrozbf“, ka pfmkr mk aimkrorsk. Wi aimkrozbf aimkrozbf khk o quk vkr gfh ih﬊ukhgio, ka outfaimkrozbf outfaimkrozbf khk o quk vkr gfh ka outf ih﬊ukhgiorsk, f sko, vivir hukstros prfpios visifhks gfh afs posfs omkguomfs. Ka outfaimkrozbf ks uh voafr, ks uho lohkro mk vivir. Ksf hf sibhi﬏go quk hukstro vimo kstï migtomo þhigolkhtk þhigolkhtk pfr ao misgipaiho y ao skrikmom, oa gfhtror gfhtrorif. if. Wi sojklfs af quk vivilfs, af quk qukrklfs vivir y gflf af qukrklfs vivir, khtfhgks ks lïs cïgia lfvkrsk kh ao ‑nuhbao“ mk ao sfgikmom, `ogkr kakggifhks omkguomos kh hukstro vimo, kaibikhmf af quk mk vkrmom hfs pkrtkhkgk.  

Ks uho guks÷h mk gaorimom. Wi hukstro lkto kstï gaoro, yo vkrklfs gflf skrï ka golihf. Lk ogukrmf mk uho ilobkh mk li cfrlomfro, Lohukao, gfh afs jrozfs ojikrtfs oa gikaf, aos lohfs ojikrtos migikhmf ‑mkno quk ao vimo tk `obo aakbor af quk hkgksitks“ hkgksitks“.. Hf ao grkìo, pkrf ks osì.

Hf ks lobio, ks oabf a÷bigf> si sk af quk quikrf y gfhfzgf li visi÷h, pukmf hf sfaf vkr aos fpfrtuhimomks mk ao vimo, sihf toljiéh kakbir aos fpfrtuhimomks quk lk aakboh. @oz uh kxpkrilkhtf> gfnk uh orguaf kh uh pkri÷migf y jusgo sfaf ao aktro O, gfhgéhtrotk gfhgéhtr otk jikh. O`fro lukvk tus fnfs, vkrïs quk khgfhtror khgfhtrorïh ïh aos O sih prfjaklos, sk favimorïh mk aos ftros aktros. Osì ks lïs f lkhfs gflf cuhgifho, ks gflf tkhkr uh romor quk hfs oyumo o jusgor aos fpfrtuhimomks mk ao vimo skbþh hukstro visi÷h. Afs voafrks quk tkhklfs hfs buìoh toljiéh, gaorf, hukstro visi÷h kstï aibomo o afs voafrks, skbþh hukstrfs voafrks kakbilfs olibos y olibfs, hukstro porkno, hukstrf trojonf… Sivir hukstro visi÷h ks outfaimkroz outfaimkrozbf, bf, vivir hukstro vimo skbþh hukstrfs voafrks toljiéh ks outfaimkro outfaimkrozbf. zbf. ‑@oz af hkgksorif poro afbror tu lïs ormikhtk mkskf y ogojorïs afbrïhmfaf“ (Jkkt`fvkh)

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¶Y si vfavklfs o klpkzor6 Novikr ^olfro (?9/??/:4?;) Grkor uho lorgo pkrsfhoa aakvo klpf, kscukrzf y lug`os `fros mk trojonf, ihgausf gfhtohmf gfh prfcksifhoaks o tu aomf, pkrf mkspués mk ao omrkhoaiho mka mkspkbuk sk khk quk lohtkhkr ao vkafgimom mk grugkrf. Mìo tros mìo vos trojonohmf `osto quk sk voh gfhvirkhmf kh oÿfs y tu lorgo pkrsf hoa gflikhzo o skr rkgfhfgimo. Kh ksk ihstohtk kg`os ao visto otrïs y af quk klpkz÷ sikhmf uh orguaf kh tu jafb `oh ogojomf sikhmf gikhtfs, af quk kro tu prilkr gaikhtk o`fro yo sfh lïs, oqukaaos gfaojfrogifhks sk `oh gfhvkrmf kh prfykgtfs f guohmf ogumks o uh kvkhtf yo ao bkhtk tk rkgfhfgk… Tkrf g÷lf skbuir oÿf tros oÿf sih pkrmkr ao lfvogi÷h lfvogi÷h,, y grkkrlk quk sukak posor, pkrìfmfs kh afs quk mumos quk golihf ksgfbkr, oggifhks quk hf `oh tkhimf ao rkpkr gusi÷h quk kspkrojos f skrvigifs quk sk `oh mklfgrozomf pkrmikhmf ka voafr mickrkhgioa mickrk hgioa ihigioa.  

@k vistf o prfcksifhoaks gflkhzor su lorgo pkrsfhoa gfh lug`os bohos pkrf mkscoaakgkr mkscoaakgkr oa prihgipif mka golihf

Murohtk kstk klpf `k vistf o prfcksifhoaks gflkhzor su lorgo pkrsfhoa gfh lug`os bohos pkrf mkscoaakgkr oa prihgipif mka golihf, ftrfs mknoraf guohmf gfhsibukh uh pukstf kh uho klprkso y ftrfs tohtfs quk grkìoh quk kstor prkskhtk kh aos rkmks sfgioaks sih uh paoh gaorf kro lïs quk su﬏gikhtk.

Af quk rkoalkhtk tk pukmk obftor ks ka klpf k ir gfhstruykhmf tu lorgo pkrsfhoa kh gìrguafs, sih uh golihf gaorf quk skbuir. Zkpikhmf siklprk afs lislfs lfvilikhtfs, aos lislos oggifhks, sih kvfaugifhor hi omoptortk, grkykhmf quk oqukaaf quk tk mickrkhgiojo pkrmuroro siklprk. Fs vfy o gfhtor mk qué cfrlo jusgf ao lfvogi÷h, ihtkhtf gomo oÿf ocrfhtoraf gflf si cukro ka prilkrf, vfavkr o klpkzor, rktfrhor o aos loripfsos quk sikhtks guohmf ksgrijks tu prilkr pfst f tk aaolo tu prilkr gaikhtk. Kso ks ao gaovk poro lohtkhkr tu vkafgimom mk grugkrf, poro quk gomo oÿf hukvfs prfykgtfs f gfaojfrogifhks vkoh ao auz, ao lobio mk skbuir lfviéhmftk guohmf tfmf porkgk pororsk. ¶Guïa ks ka tuyf6 #hfsvolfsomivkrr #hfsvolfsomivkrr

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Ao mickrkhgiogi÷h osusto o afs gfjormks Nfrmi Gfaakaa (?0/49/:4?;) Ka lilkslf ks ao gopogimom quk khkh oabuhfs skrks vivfs poro porkgkrsk porkgkrsk o ftrfs skrks vivfs f oa khtfrhf kh ka quk sk lukvkh poro fjtkhkr oabþh jkhk﬏gif f oaknor oabþh pkaibrf. Osì hfs khgfhtrolfs gfh ihskgtfs quk porkgkh rolos mk ïrjfa, lorilori pfsos quk porkgkh `fnos, lfsgos quk porkgkh ojknos f ovispos y, pfr supukstf, afs goloakfhks quk goljioh ka gfafr mk su pika crkhtk o mktkrlihomos girguhstohgios. Aos pkrsfhos toljiéh proggolfs ka lilkslf pkrf gflf hf tkhklfs ao gopogi mom mk oatkror mk lohkro rïpimo hukstro gorogtkrìsgos sigos af `ogklfs o trovés mk aos `ojiaimomks sfgioaks.  

Wkr mickrk mickrkhtk htk hfs pfhk kh situogi÷h mk riksbf. Mishbuirhfs khtrk uho lua tum hfs `ogk lïs vuahkrojaks pfrquk pkrlitk quk afs mklïs sk cfgoaigkh kh hfsftrfs y skolfs ka jaohgf pkrckgtf poro af pfsivf y poro af hkbovf.

Lilkzorsk ks siklprk uh lkgohislf mk mkckhso. Zkgukrmf lug`os vkgks afs gfhsknfs mk lis pomrks oa prihgipif mk gomo gursf> ‑`inf, quk hf tk vkoh mklosiomf“, ao lknfr cfrlo mk prftkggi÷h kro ao cusi÷h gfh ka brupf, ka ohfhilotf, ka posor mksopkrgijimf. Ao om`ksi÷h o ao loyfrìo ks uho cfrlo mk lilkzogi÷h sfgioa, sih hkgksimom mk gitor kstumifs oa rkspkgtf, guïhtos vkgks hfs `klfs khgfhtromf kh rkuhifhks pfgf prfmugvos kh aos quk sk `o `kg`f migia ovohzor pfrquk mojo ao skhsogi÷h mk quk `ojìo uhohilimom pfrquk tfmfs afs porgipohtks sk uhìoh o ao prilkro fpihi÷h. Ka fjnkvf mk ao lilkzogi÷h ks kvitor ao liromo y ao otkhgi÷h mk afs mklïs, ks jusgor ka ohfhilotf, ks cuhmirsk gfh ka khtfrhf poro kstor sih skr vistf, ks mknor mk kxisr pfrquk, pfrquk, hf af favimklfs, si hf hfs vkh hf kxislfs o afs fnfs mk afs mklïs. Ao prumkhgio ks uho ogtum f uho guoaimom quk hfs aakvo o ogtuor mk lohkro rk﬊kxirk﬊kxi vo poro kvitor pfsijaks moÿfs, ao prumkhgio hf crkho ao oggi÷h si hf quk aolfmuao poro hf soair loaporomf. Ka prumkhtk hf sk ksgfhmk si hf quk sk lohi﬏ksto y mo ao goro guohmf gfhsimkro quk ks ka lflkhtf fpfrtuhf.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

Ka quk sk ksgfhmk jusgo ohtk tfmf su prftkggi÷h lïs oaaï mk su cfgf y mk sus gfhviggfhvig gifhks pfrquk pfhk pfr mkaohtk ka likmf y o ksto ogtum sk ak aaolo gflþhlkhtk gfjormìo. Ka gfjormk kvito ao oggi÷h guohmf visauljro ao pfsijiaimom mk uh riksbf y pfr kaaf toljiéh kvito ao kxpfsigi÷h. Ao bks÷h mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa hf omlitk lilkslfs, poro skr gfhfgimfs, rkgfhfrkgfhf gimfs, lklfrojaks y kakbimfs `klfs mk kstor siklprk visijaks. _uikh sk ksgfhmk hf mkno lorgo.

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

¶Krks tþ ka potf ckf6 Zujéh B. Gostrf (:2/4:/:4?;)

Ka ftrf mìo kh ao soao mk kspkro mka mkhsto lk mi÷ pfr gfbkr uhf mk afs gukhtfs quk pfhkh kh ao lksito mk gkhtrf. Ksgfbì ‑Ka potf ckf“. Hf `oy homo gflf jukho aitkroturo gfh lug`fs mijunitfs, ohtks mk skhtorsk kh ao siaao mk Crohekhstkih.

Ka gukhtf mka potf ckf, ks uh gukhtf mohés ksgritf pfr  pfr @ohs G`risoh Ohmkrskh  Ohmkrskh kh ?0=7. Gukhto ao `istfrio quk uh `ukvf mk gishk goy÷ pfr krrfr kh uh himf mk potfs. Guohmf hogi÷ kro toh mickrkhtk mka rkstf mk afs `krlohfs quk cuk rkpumiomf pfr kaafs y pfr su lomrk. Kro ka `oz lk rkìr mka rkstf mk ohiloaks mk ao brohno pfr su brozhimf y su kvimkhtk mickrkhgio gfrpfroa. gfrpfroa. Ka potf cuk ojohmfhomf, `osto quk uh jukh mìo sk pusf o aafror mksgfhsfaomolkhtk kh ka kstohquk. [ho lolo gishk gfh sus grìos posojo pfr oaaì, ‑pfr ksos gosuoaimomks mk ao vimo“ y af fy÷ aafror aafror,, sk ogkrg÷ o éa, sk aakh÷ mk tkrhuro y af ogfbi÷ nuhtf o sus grìos. Ka potf ckf oa vkr su hukvo lolï, sk mif gukhto quk ao mickrkhgio quk ak `ojìo lorgomf oa hogkr tkhmrìo su rkgflpkhso guohmf grkgikro. Ao vkrmom ks quk ka gukhtf hf aakb÷ o rkaonorlk gflf kspkrojo. Gflf kh tfmfs afs gukhtfs siklprk tk moh uho mk goa y ftro mk orkho. Ao lfroakno mka gukhtf vo miribimo o oqukaafs hiÿfs quk sk sikhtkh mickrkhtks mickrkhtks y tristks pfr kaaf, ohilïhmfafs o quk hf sk sikhtoh ovkrbfhzomfs, yo quk ksos mickrkhgios pukmkh gfhvkrrsk kh guoaimomks kspkgioaks, quk ka cuturf prkliorï. prkliorï.

Wi af khcfgolfs o aos pkrsfhos omuatos y o su jþsqukmo mk éxitf prfcksifhoa, pfmrìo-

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4? O[]FGFHFGILIKH]F

lfs vkr ao ilpfrtohgio mk mickrkhgiorsk, mk fcrkgkr oqukaaf quk homik f pfgo bkhtk fcrkgk y britoraf o afs guotrf vikhtfs kh ka kstohquk lïs omkguomf y skburf quk vkhmrï lolï gishk (tu pþjaigf) o jusgortk. Ka kstohquk ks ao paozo mka pukjaf, sfh aos rkmks sfgioaks, grkor uh gohoa kh  kh  yfutujk yfutujk,, ka hktwfreihb, ksgrijir uh aijrf, mor uho gfhckrkhgio, fcrkgkr gursfs y toaakrks, ktg, ktg. [ho jukho kstrotkbio mk lorgo pkrsfhoa pukmk `ogkr `o gkr quk tu mickrkhgio y tu voafr, aakbuk o lïs bkhtk y pfr tohtf quk skos ksgfbimf. Khgfhtror ao mickrkhgio, gfh tus gflpkmfrks, pukmk skr gaovk poro mkstogor y skr rkgfhfgimf gfh loyfr cogiaimom. Kstf tk ovkhtono, pkrf sk `o mk gfluhigor gfrrkgtogfrrkgto lkhtk y trozor ka golihf lïs omkguomf poro khgfhtror ka kstohquk mfhmk tk ksté kspkrohmf lolï gishk. Ksto ks li lfroakno5 khgukhtro tu mickrkhgio y `oz quk tu pþjaigf sk khtkrk! tfmfs tkhklfs oabf mk potf ckf. Ao pr÷xilo vkz lk gfnf ka Akgturos. Af prflktf!! Mknf ka khaogk oa gukhtf quk ihtkrprkt÷ Roat Mishky> `ps>//www.yfutujk.gfl/wotg`6v Gfhsknfs, imkos y trugfs poro gfhskbuir klpakf kh ka :4?;‑, :4?; ‑, quk o su vkz mo opfyf o uho ihigiovo ihtkrksohtk poro afs quk quikro khgfhtror ka trojonf quk jusgoh. @k tkhimf ka paogkr mk gfaojfror gfh uh gopìtuaf kh quk `ojaf mk ao ilpfrtohgio mk mickrkhgiorsk ‑G÷lf sojkr kh qué sfjrksoaks. Wfjrksoair hf ks uh aunf, ks uho hkgksimom‑. Kh hukstros sksifhks gfh gaikhtk y kh hukstrfs gursfs mk  mk  cfrlogi÷h ih-gflpohy  ih-gflpohy  sfjrk lorgo pkrsfhoa pkrsfhoa ihsislfs mk prihgipif o ﬏h kh ao hkgksimom mk mor o khtkhmkr quk hukstro prfpuksto mk voafr ks þhigo, mickrkhgioa y rkakvohtk. Tfr oabuho roz÷h porkgk quk aos pkrsfhos o prifri hf tkhklfs uho jukho fpihi÷h cfrlomo sfjrk af quk hfs `ogk sihbuaorks. sihb uaorks. Kh ksk gosf `oy quk rkgurrir rkgurr ir o oyumo kxtkrho, y hf lk rk﬏krk﬏krf þhigolkhtk o kspkgioaistos, ka khtfrhf gkrgohf pukmk mor lug`os pistos sfjrk afs rosbfs mk lorgo quk hfs `ogkh skr þhigfs (coliaio, olibfs, gfakbos, gflpoÿkrfs mk kstumifs). Tkmir ckkmjoge ks gaovk, yo quk hf mfliholfs oa ?44% ao ihcfrlogi÷h sfjrk hukstros gopogimomks.

Ksto skloho posomo li gfakbo  gfakbo Oaàxio @krls  @krls y yf kstuvilfs mohmf uho cfrlogi÷h o uh kxgkakhtk kquipf mk prfcksifhoaks mk uho broh klprkso, y hfs milfs gukhto mk quk lug`os pkrsfhos o prifri pikhsoh quk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa sk joso kh ao kxpfsigi÷h (y sfjrk-kxpfsigi÷h) mk gomo uhf. Tkrf s÷af sk pukmk gfhsimkror sfjrkkxpfsigi÷h guohmf afs lkhsonks quk sk aohzoh (sfjrk tfmf kh aos rkmks sfgioaks) hf opfrtoh SOAFZ. Mor afs jukhfs mìos kh ]wikr tk pukmk pfsigifhorgflf oabuikh luy kmugomf y oakbrk, pkrf pfgf lïs5 osì quk yo pukstfs, ¶Tfr qué hf mos afs jukhfs mìos gfh uho crosk, hfgio f ilobkh quk sfrprkhmo y opfrtk6. Y oþh miré lïs

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4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

¶Tfr qué hf khks ksfs lkhsonks paohi﬏gomfs mk ohtklohf gflf portk mk uho kstrotkbio mk gfluhigogi÷h pkrsfhoa6. Wojkr kh qué sfjrksoaks tk morï oaos poro pfsigifhortk prfcksifhoalkhtk y bohor  bohor  rkgfhfgilikhtf rkgfhfgilikhtf,, oabf mk loyfr voafr quk ka lkrf gfhfgilikhtf. Sfavikhmf Sfavik hmf oa k-jffe, ao kstrugturo mka aijrf y sus outfrks sfh>  

?. _uk pikhskh prilkrf kh , guohmf jusqukh o oabuikh mk tu pkr﬏a.  Nfsé Auis Fri`ukao.

 

:. G÷lf sojkr kh qué sfjrksoaks. Wfjrksoair yo hf ks uh aunf, ks uho hkgksi mom.  Buiaakl Zkgfafhs mom.

 

7. Zkmks sfgioaks> tkghfafbìos mka klpfmkrolikht klpfmkrolikhtf f y ao porgipogi÷h. Mfafrs Zkib

 

=. Hktwfreihb :.4> mkno mk jusgor klpakf y klpikzo o gfhfgkr bkhtk.  Oacfhsf Oagïhtoro Oagïhtoro

 

;. ¶Zkoalkhtk kstïs mksklpako mksklpakomf6  mf6  Jkaéh  Jkaéh Gaovkr 

 

3. ]u rkm mk gfhtogt gfhtogtfs> fs> gfhsknfs prïggfs poro gflkhzor o grkorao. Kakho @ukrbo

 

2. Wih rkm mk gfhtogt gfhtogtfs fs s÷af oggkmkrïs oa :4% mka klpakf. Gàaio @ia 

 

0. G÷lf khcrkhtor ka hktwfreihb hktwfreihb.. Iÿoei Bfhzïakz

 

9. Lorgo pkrsfhoa poro ao lknfro prfcksifhoa. prfcksifhoa.  Kmuormf Lfrkhf

Oquì mknf li gfaojfrogi÷h, gfaojfrogi÷h, uho akgturo rïpimo mk sfaf mfs pïbihos. Kspkrf quk opfrtk.

=3

 

4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

Lorgo pkrsfhoa pkrsfhoa lïs oaaï mk afs ;4 Nfrmi Gfaakaa (?7/40/:4?;) ]khkr lïs mk ;4 hf ks hihbuho ‑bohbo“ pkrf tolpfgf ks uho loamigi÷h. O ﬏h mk gukhtos sflfs lug`fs y si hfs af prfpfhklfs pfmklfs gfhskbuir tkhkr uh popka rkakvohtk. Aos gfsos kstïh osì skbþh hfs gukhto  gukhto  Nfrmi Bfuao  Bfuao  kh Ao Sohbuormio mka mflihbf ?: mk nuaif mk :4?;>  

Kh Kspoÿo afs loyfrks mk ;4 oÿfs supkroh kh 3 liaafhks o afs lkhfrks mk :; oÿfs. Tfjaogi÷h khvknkgimo, khvknkgimo, kstf kstf ks uho kvimkhgio pkrf loyfritorilkhloyfritorilkh-

 

tk  soho y gfh uho kspkrohzo mk vimo kh oulkhtf. tk oulkhtf. Tfsijak crkhf poro aos bkhkrogifhks n÷vkhks pkrf cukhtk mk kxpkrikhgio y gfhfgilikhtf. Bkhkroa lkhtk gfh `infs yo loyfrks pkrf gfh pomrks mkpkhmikhtks f gfh tkhmkhgio o ao mkpkhmkhgio. Ka pohfrolo ks gflpaigomf.

Tfr kstor kh kstk skblkhtf gfhfzgf mivkrsfs pfs mk pkrsfhos quk qu k vivkh su kmom mk lohkros luy mivkrsos>  ‗ Afs quk kspkroh o piks nuhaaos su nujiaogi÷h y si pukmk skr ohgipomo lknfr. lknfr. Wfh oqukaafs quk khkh ao sukrtk mk tkhkr uh trojonf ﬏nf f rkgurrkhtk, quk yo hf khkh quk sfpfrtor gorbos coliaiorks y / f khkh uhfs o`frrfs quk aks pkrlitkh vkr ka cuturf mksmk ka puhtf mk visto kgfh÷ligf gfh fplislf y quk grkkh quk su lflkhtf aojfroa sk `o ogojomf y quk si khkh uho opfrtogi÷h voaifso o `ogkr ao aakvorïh o gojf mksmk ka vfauhtoriomf.  ‗ Afs quk hf pukmkh pkhsor kh nujiaorsk pfrquk khkh gorbo gorboss coliaiork coliaiorkss quk sk prfykgto kh uh cuturf o lkmif paozf y hf mispfhkh mk afs cfhmfs hkgksorifs vivir mk prfykgto ao pkhsi÷h y quk pfr af tohtf su prkfgupogi÷h ks lohtkhkrsk kh uho ogvimom rklurkluhkromo gflf sko.  ‗ Afs quk quk hf quikrkh quikrkh nujiaorsk nujiaorsk pfrquk sk khgukhtroh khgukhtroh kh jukh kstomf kstomf sigf y lkhtoa lkhtoa y gfhsimkroh quk tfmovìo khkh uho opfrtogi÷h voaifso quk `ogkr pfr ao quk pukmkh fjtkhkr ihbrksfs.  ‗ Afs quk yo kstïh nujiaomfs pkrf quk sk lohkhkh prfcks prfcksifhoalkhtk ifhoalkhtk ogvfs o trovés mk uh trojonf hf rkluhkromf o covfr mk ao sfgikmom mìbosk vfauhtoriomf.

=2

 

4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

rkluhkromf y kstïh  ‗ Afs quk hf sojkh af quk quikrkh pkrf quk khkh uh trojonf rkluhkromf ao kxpkhsos mk af quk afs mklïs mkgimoh.  ‗ Afs quk qukrrìoh trojonor pkrf hf khgukhtr khgukhtroh oh uh klpakf pfr lïs klpkÿf quk pfhboh kh kaaf. Wi `ogklfs uho akgturo sihgkro mk aos situogifhks ohtkrifrks, pfsijaklkhtk lk `k mknomf oabuho pfr rkckrkhgior, vkrklfs quk ao situogi÷h mk afs loyfrks mk ;4 oÿfs hf mi﬏krk kh lug`f o ao mk guoaquikr ftrf trolf mk kmom kxgkptf kh af quk o ao  nujiaogi÷h sk rk﬏kr rk﬏krkk y sk pukmk fptor pfr tkhkr uh popka ogvf f mknor quk aos girguhstohgios poskh. Taohtorsk ao pfsijiaimom mk tkhkr uh popka ogvf, mk gfbkr ka tfrf pfr afs gukrhfs, o porr mk afs ;4 khk su rkakvoh rkakvohgio gio pfrquk pukmk skr quk hf `oyo lug`os lïs fpfrtuhimomks yo quk ka gigaf vitoa khmk o ogkrgorsk o su ﬏h pfr af quk voak ao pkho tflïrskaf kh skrif. Toro tkhkr uh popka ogvf ks ilpfrtohtk prkbuhtorsk pfr af lkhfs mfs gfsos ao prilkro ks quk sk quikrk `ogkr kh afs pr÷xilfs oÿfs y ao skbuhmo qué sk pukmk opfrtor. Wi sk `o aakbomf o afs ;4 sih uho `fno mk ruto f gfh uho pfgf mk﬏himo ks ka lflkhtf poro gfrrkbir ka ruljf f ﬏noraf, huhgo ks tormk poro kaaf, y paohtkorsk afs fjnkvfs poro afs pr÷xilfs oÿfs y ao lohkro mk oagohzorafs sk gfhvikrtk kh uh knkrknkr gigif mk supkrvivkhgio. Wi sk `o aakbomf o afs ;4, quk yo sfh jostoht jostohtks, ks, skburolkhtk skburolkhtk hf sk `ojrï `kg`f gfh ao lfg`iao vogìo y murohtk afs oÿfs prkgkmkhtks sk `ojrï oguluaomf kxpkrikhgio, kxpkrikhgio, gfhfgilikhtfs y toakhtf quk sfh aos poaohgos poro mk﬏hir ao opfrtogi÷h quk sk pukmk `ogkr o afs mklïs kh ka cuturf, rkhuhgior u fguator ka posomf ks ilpkmir quk afs mklïs pukmoh jkhk﬏giorsk jkhk﬏giorsk mk af quk sk `o imf oguluaohoguluaohmf kh ka golihf y ks pkrsfhoalkhtk ihk﬏gikhtk y sfgioalkhtk ihnustf. Afs ;4 sfh uho jukho kmom poro bksfhor mk uho vkz pfr tfmos ao lorgo pkrsfhoa, poro skr gfhfgimfs, rkgfhfgimfs, rkakvohtks por o afs mklïs y sfjrk tfmf ksgfbimfs. Ao bks÷h mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa hf khk kmom.

=0

 

4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

; imkos poro pftkhgior tu lorgo pkrsfhoa kh ka oÿf quk khtro Povikr Zfgo (4:/4?/:4?;) O gfhhuogi÷h tk prkskhtf ; imkos quk kstfy skburf tk oyumorïh o pftkhgior tu lorgo pkrsfhoa kh kstk hukvf oÿf>

C÷rlotk> mksmk li puhtf mk visto, ao cfrlogi÷h ks ao lknfr ihvkrsi÷h quk pukmks rkoaizor kstk oÿf. Hihbuho ftro ihvkrsi÷h tk vo o fcrkgkr lknfr rktfrhf. Y guohmf `ojaf mk cfrlogi÷h hf s÷af lk rk﬏krf o gursor uh lostkr f oabþh gursf kh gfhgrktf. Lk rk﬏krf o akkr aijrfs y orguafs, osisr o sklihorifs y gfhckrkhgios… kh mk﬏hivo, c÷rlotk y omquikrk hukvfs gfhfgilikhtfs. Khgukhtro ka klpf (y ka mihkrf) poro oprkhmkr. Ka cogtfr lïs ilpfrtohtk poro mksorrfaaor uho broh lorgo pkrsfhoa ks quk skos rkoalkhtk rkoalkhtk jukhf kh af quk `ogks. Mk homo sirvk quk tk gfluhiquks luy jikh, quk `obos luy jukh lorekhb pkrsfhoa si hf krks uh broh prfcksifhoa. Y poro kaaf, ao cfrlogi÷h (nuhtf o uho olpaio kxpkrikhgio), rksuato ilprksgihmijak. Gflportf tftoalkhtk ao gfhfgimo gito ‑si pikhsos quk ao cfrlogi÷h rksuato goro, prukjo gfh ao ibhfrohgio“.

=9

 

4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

Gfh÷gktk lïs> sih mumo uhf mk afs prihgipoaks toafhks mk Oquiaks mk lug`fs prfcksifhoaks. ]k ogfhsknf khgorkgimolkhtk mkmiquks klpf o gfhfgkrtk lknfr. Ohoaizo o cfhmf guïaks sfh tus toakhtfs, tus gflpktkhgios, qué misgipaihos f `ojiaimomks sk tk moh jikh. Gflpïroaf gfh tus lfvogifhks, gfh oqukaaf quk miscrutos rkoaizohmf, rkoaizohmf, gfh oqukaaos torkos quk tk oposifhoh, kh aos quk ka klpf vukao, quk aos `orìos ihgausf ouhquk hf tk poboroh pfr rkoaizoraos. Y sfjrk tfmf, hf tk favimks mk kstumior ka lkrgomf> ¶oabuikh kstorï mispukstf o pobor pfr tus gflpktkhgios y tus lfvogiflfvogif hks6 Zkgukrmo ao colfso crosk ‑ka mksgfhfgilikhtf mk uhf lislf ks ka outéhgf ohoacojkslf mka sibaf PPI“. O﬏ho tu kstrotkbio> o li khtkhmkr, aolkhtojaklkhtk uhf mk afs ospkgtfs mk bks÷h mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa lïs favimomfs. Lug`os pkrsfhos mkmigoh broh gohmom mk klpf o gfluhigor su prfpuksto mk voafr. Grkf sihgkrolkhtk quk kh lug`fs gosfs fjtkhmrìoh lknfrks rksuatomfs gfluhigohmf oabf lkhfs y prkporohmf lknfr su kstrotkbio. ]khkr gaorf ka puhtf mk pormo, m÷hmk quikrks aakbor y qué golihf vos o skbuir poro gfhskbuiraf rksuato cuhmolkhtoa. Gflf mkgìo Wéhkgo> ‑Hf `oy jukh vikhtf poro quikh hf sojk o qué pukrtf vo“ Troggo ka hktwfreihb> soa o ao goaak, osistk o gfhbrksfs, sklihorifs, porgipo kh kvkhtfs. Zkgukrmo quk ka hktwfreihb ks uh mkpfrtk mk gfhtogtf. Zksuato uho broh cfrlo mk ogtuoaizor tus gfhfgilikhtfs, mk gfhfgkr pkrsfhos ihtkrksohtks, mk ihtkrgoljior kxpkrikhgios… Kh ao ogtuoaimom, ao loyfr portk mk fpfrtuhimomks prfcksifhoaks sk gfhsibukh o trovés mk afs gfhtogtfs. Gflf mkgìo ]fl Tktkrs ‑ka hktwfreihb ks ao lknfr `krrolikhto poro mksorrfaaor ao lorgo pkrsfhoa.“ Oprfvkg`o ka pftkhgioa mk ao gfluhigogi÷h mibitoa> aos pkrsfhos kstolfs mk kh`frojukho. Kh ao ogtuoaimom tkhklfs o hukstro mispfsigi÷h `krrolikhtos mk gfluhigogi÷h quk `ogk luy pfgf klpf s÷af kstojoh o mispfsigi÷h mk aos brohmks klprksos. klprksos. Omklïs ao loyfrìo sfh brotuitos (f luy kgfh÷ligos). Zkskrvo guohtf ohtks tu mflihif y prkporo tu pïbiho wkj, quk mkjk skr ka knk gkhtroa mk tu gfluhigogi÷h fhaihk. Oprfvkg`o aos rkmks sfgioaks poro gfluhigor tu prfpuksto mk voafr gfh tu pþjaigf fjnkvf. Ohoaizo qué migk Bffbak mk  gfh crkgukhgio. Y sfjrk tfmf limk tu ogvimom fhaihk, rkviso y ohoaizo tus rksuatomfs y gfrribk tu kstrotkbio. Omklïs, kh ka khtfrhf mibitoa tfmf goljio luy rïpimolkhtk osì quk fjaìbotk o kstor oa mìo y ogtuoaizo tus gfhfgilikhtfs mibitoaks. Kh mk﬏hivo, ; imkos gfh aos quk pftkhgior tu lorgo pkrsfhoa, ao lknfr lohkro mk tkhkr éxitf y skr ckaiz. ¡]K MKWKF [H L[Y J[KH OßF!

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4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

Ao ilpfrtohgio mk ao visi÷h kstrotébigo Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (7?/40/:4?;) Hf tkhbf ihtkhgi÷h mk paohtkor uh tf-mf-aist mk oggifhks o rkoaizor poro uho gfrrkgto kstrotkbio, s÷af mk rklorgor ao trklkhmo ilpfrtohgio mk ao kstrotkbio y ao rkaovo ilpfrtohgio mk aos `krrolikhtos tïggos. Lk kxpaigf> hf ks quk aos `krrolikhtos hf skoh gaovk, sihf quk yo kxistkh. Af quk coato ks ao vfauhtom mk miribiraos y gffrmihoraos `ogio uh fjnkvf loyfr quk pukmo trojonor kh ka lkmif y aorbf paozf, y pukmo osilislf kvitor f lihilizor prfjaklos quk pukmoh surbir kh ka cuturf poro ka loyfr hþlkrf pfsijak mk pkrsfhos. Hf sk lk fgurrk lknfr lohkro mk paoslor ao ilpfrtohgio mk ao kstrotkbio quk ihvitorfs o vkr uh vìmkf luy jrkvk (uh ]KM) mka tkg`ik, ihhfvomfr y ﬏aïhtrfpf Jiaa Botks mk `ogk opkhos skis lksks jonf ka tuaf> tuaf> ‑]`k hkxt futjrkoe6 Rk’rk hft Zkomy“, quk loa tromugimf skrìo oabf osì gflf ‑Hf kstolfs prkporomfs poro ao pr÷xilo kpimklio“.

Gaig kh ao ilobkh poro vkr ka vìmkf. Tukmks ogtivor sujtìtuafs kh ka imiflo quk quikros, afs ]KM sukakh kstor luy jikh tromugimfs.

AO SIWI×H KW]ZO]ÉBIGO MK BO]KW Lug`os vkgks `ojaf mk ao visi÷h quk tuvikrfh Jiaa Botks y Toua Oaakh guohmf cuhmorfh Ligrfsf kh ?92;. Omklïs mk skr ihspiromfr ihspiromfro, o, ksto visi÷h rkspfhmk o uh sukÿf (quk `oyo uh frmkhomfr kh gomo goso y kh gomo lkso mk f﬏giho), o uho gfhtrijugi÷h, gfhtr ijugi÷h, o ao imko mk mknor uh akbomf poro ao `ulohimom. Hf sfaolkhtk af `igikrfh, sihf quk Botks, o trovés mk su  su  Jiaa & Lkaihmo Botks Cfuhmofh, Cfuhmofh, kstï ihvksbohmf mk cfrlo gfhhuo sfjrk ihhfvogi÷h poro `ogkr mk kstk uh luhmf lknfr poro vivir.

;?

 

4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

Kh ka gosf mka vìmkf quk hfs fgupo, Botks fcrkgk uho imko lobistroa o ao `ulohimom, gflf sukak `ogkr. Éa paohtko quk frbohizogifhks gflf Lémigfs sih Crfhtkros f siliaorks `ogkh uh kxgkakhtk trojonf, quk afs ihvksbomfrks mk voguhos toljiéh af `ogkh, quk afs mishtfs bfjikrhfs ihvfaugromfs kh kpimklios gflf ka Éjfao f ao bripk ovior toljiéh `ogkh uh broh trojonf. Tkrf pfr mksbrogio ksk trojonf hf skrvirï mk homo ohtk uho hukvo olkhozo quk hf sk bkstk kh tkrrkhf ruroa y oaknomf oaknom f sihf quk tkhbo aubor kh brohmks brohmks giumomks. ¶Tfr qué6, ¶pfr qué hf skrvirï mk homo6 Tfrquk hf kxistk uh paoh quk af prkvko hi quk gukhtk gfh gfhtihbkhtks mk lfviaizogi÷h rïpimo (gflf pfmrìo skr ka knérgitf rkbuaor). Botks pfhk kh noquk o ao FLW ao FLW   y su coato mk visi÷h kstrotébigo ohtk af quk pfmrìo skr s kr ao loyfr gotïstrfck mk ao `ulohimom, supkrohmf o ao ?ª y :ª bukrros luhmioaks nuhtos. Ao opfrtogi÷h mk Botks, rkgfbimo kh ka vìmkf, hf pukmk skr lïs silpak, a÷bigo y kgfh÷ligo> uaizor afs lfmkafs ihcfrlïgfs ogtuoaks poro prkvkhir ka prfjaklo y

mijunor aos pfsijaks gfhskgukhgios y uaizor ka pftkhgioa afbìsgf mk afs knérgitfs fggimkhtoaks fggimkhto aks (`fy sfh uh gukrpf mk prkvkhgi÷h k ihtkrvkhgi÷h rïpimo gflf hihbþh ftrf) poro gohoaizor o tfmf ka khtfrhf sohitorif `ogio afs mishtfs mkshfs y borohboroh zor ao opaigogi÷h mk afs prftfgfafs poro krromigor ao kpimklio. ¶Y HFWF]ZFW6 Tfsijaklkhtk tk prkbuhtks qué horigks tkhmrï kstf quk vkr gfh ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb. Lug`f. Wih kstrotkbio sflfs uh gfhnuhtf mk crosks bkhioaks, mk pkr﬏aks kh rkm ihtkrksohtks, mk hktwfrekrs sih ruljf. Botks hfs khskÿo quk hf `ogk coato skr ihlkhsolkhtk rigf poro tkhkr jukhos imkos (ouhquk skburf quk gfhsibuks lïs oumikhgios) sihf quk sk hkgksito pkhsor trohsvkrsoalkhtk kh aos sfaugifhks lïs skhgiaaos y kgfh÷ligos, pfr trohsbrksfros quk pukmoh porkgkr, pkrf siklprk kh pfs mk fjnkvfs gaorfs y lkmijaks.  

Tfhtk kh ka aubor mk Botks k ilobìhotk mohmf uho g`orao ohtk uh brupf mk pkrsfhos. ¶_ué lurfs mkrrijorïs6 ¶_ué prfjaklos f hukvfs lurfs quk pfmrïh olkhozor tu skgtfr mk hkbfgif6 ¶G÷lf pikhsos khcfgor uho sfaugi÷h quk vukavo o rflpkr hukvfs lurfs tfmovìo loyfrks6

;:

 

4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

Wogumk tu tronk bris! Touao Ckrhïhmkz-Fg`fo (49/4?/:4?;) Lug`fs prfcksifhoaks sk ockrroh o ao tromigi÷h pfr likmf o uh goljif mrïsgf quk aks soquk mk su zfho mk gfhcfrt y prk﬏krkh qukmorsk khtrk joljoaihos…

Tkrf kh ao gfyuhturo sfgifkgfh÷ligo ogtuoa, sukho guoa lþsigo mk cfhmf ao gito ‑Goljio ohtks mk quk tkhbos quk `ogkraf“, mk  mk  Noge Rkag`, Rkag`, gfh su lkhsonk mk quk poro prfbrksor `oy quk ohgiporsk, tflor mkgisifhks voaikhtks, ihhfvor, mickrkhgiormickrkhgiorsk y gfhskbuir vkhtono crkhtk o tus gflpkmfrks. Ksk posf oa crkhtk y kso bks÷h mk ao ihhfvogi÷h, grkovimom y lknfro sfh afs quk mktkrlihoh vkhgkmfrks y pkrmkmfrks. Wi gfhgkhtros tu khkrbìo þhigolkhtk kh af quk `osto o`fro `o cuhgifhomf rkhuhgiohmf o afs riksbfs…favìmotk mk ao supkrvivkhgio kh ka hukvf ksgkhorif! Ks cïgia khgfhtror kxgusos quk tk oborrkh o tu tronk bris. Tkrf ksk prfcksifhoa yo hf kxistk, `o qukmomf fjsfaktf kh ka lkrgomf. ]ikhks quk ihhfvor si quikrks skr gflpkvf, kxpafror hukvfs khtfrhfs y kstor frikhtomf o aos hkgksimomks mka gaikhtk, ‐Jkgflihb Gustflkr gkhtrig khtkrprisk’.  

@fy ao gaovk kstï kh bkhkror voafr grkohmf kxpkrikhgios, kh goljior ao kqukto mk ‑prfvkkmfr mk skrvigifs“ poro posor o skr uh ‑prfvkkmfr mk kxpkrikhgios“, uh ‑gfhsuatfr mk gfh﬏ohzo“.

@ojaolfs mk skrvigifs gfh oalo, puks aos klfgifhks gfhkgtoh. Ka prfcksifhoa mkjk gfhskbuir uho pkrckgto pkr ckgto ihtkroggi÷h khtrk aos trks milkhsifhks mk skr, skhr y rozfhor rozfhor

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4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

poro quk su ogtum trohslito khtusioslf y afbrk ka khgorbf prfcksifhoa. Mkjk gfhsgfhstruir grkmijiaimom y bkhkror gfh﬏ohzo sikhmf y porkgikhmf jukhf, trohslir outkhoutkh gimom, fcrkgkr ihtohbijaks aibomfs oa gfroz gfroz÷h…?44% ÷h…?44% lorgo pkrsfhoa! Kh uho rkgikhtk gfhckrkhgio sfjrk vkhtos,  vkhtos,  Lorgfs [rortk, [rortk,  Trksimkhtk mk T@OZFW, `izf uho rk﬊kxi÷h rkspkgtf o ao grisis y afs prfcksifhoaks quk kh ésto tkhìoh éxitf. Toro kaaf aohz÷ ao prkbuhto oa oirk mk qué ak÷h kro lïs gflpkvf, ka quk vivk kh ao skavo f ka quk kstï kh uh zff… Luy brï﬏gf kh ka skgtfr akboa, akboa , puks yo hf kxistkh ksfs zffa÷bigfs guoa ﬏rlos kh afs quk afs akfhks (ojfbomfs) kspkrojoh kh sus nouaos (mkspog`fs) ao gflimo (gaikhtks) poro oailkhtor su cogturogi÷h. Aos rkbaos mka nukbf `oh goljiomf y ka prfcksifhoa mkjk omoptorsk o kaaos. Mkjk rkihvkhtorsk, skmugir… …vksrsk gfh sus lknfrks boaos sogumikhmf su tronk bris!

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4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

Gihgf gaovks poro skr imifto Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (?4/42/:4?;)

Ka ftrf mìo goy÷ kh lis lohfs uh orguaf tuaomf ‑Gihgf ‑ Gihgf trugfs poro porkgkr lïs aistf“.. Hf ihgauyf ka khaogk, pkrf si tk ihtkrkso lug`f hf tk gfstorï aistf“ gfstorï khgfhtroraf pfr ka tuaf. Ohtks mk klpkzor o akkr, lk ilobihojo quk `ojrìo rkgflkhmogifhks mk aijrfs, pkaìguaos, kstumifs, gursfs, vionks, skbuir o gikrtos pkrsfhos kh aos rkmks… Tkrf hf, gaorf, ka tuaf ks ihkquìvfgf, `ojao mk ‑porkgkr“ lïs aistf, hf mk skraf. Wkmugimf pfr ka tuaf, lk mkgimf o ojrir ka khaogk y lk khgukhtrf gfh aos sibuikhtks rkgflkhmogifhks rkgflkhm ogifhks poro ‑porkgkr“ lïs aistf

 

?-Aakvo bocos bocos (oporkgk  (oporkgk uh gfh ak sfhriso coaso khtros sus gflpoÿkrfs mkpf trojonf ibhfroh pfrlohknohmf gflpaktf).uho ]ojakt li-

 

:-Wibuk oa aìmkr (oporkgk uho po gfh sfhriso coaso lohknohmf uho ]ojakt likhtros sus gflpoÿkrfs ao liroh o kaao).

 

7-Luéstrotk mickrkhtk (y oporkgk uh pf gfh uh tronk quk ak vo 7 toaaos lïs brohmk).

 

=-Gfhviértktk kh prftobfhisto (oporkgk uho g`igo ksgrijikhmf oabf kh uh gristoa, homik liro af quk ksgrijk, ao liroh o kaao).

 

;-Gfhtrfao tus kxprksifhks cogioaks (cftf cogioaks (cftf mk uh `fljrk quk porkgk quk ogojo mk pkrmkr oabuikh luy gkrgohf).

;;

 

4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

¶_[É ]K TOZKGK6 Wfrprkhmimf pfr ao goaimom ihguksfhojak mk aos prfpukstos, lk mkgimf o prkporor lis gfhtro-rkgflkhmogifhks kh cfrlotf lorgo pkrsfhoa.  

?-

Wi pukmks kvitor aakvor bocos, hf aos aakvks, ks uh khbfrrf. ]k af migk

oabuikh quk aos hkgksito poro akkr. Aakvor bocos sih hkgksimom hf `orï quk tus gflpoÿkrfs mk trojonf tk lirkh likhtros trojonos gfh tu ]ojakt.

 

:-

Wibuk o quikh tk mé ao boho y quikh grkos quk tk opfrtorï voafr. voafr. Nolïs

favimks quk @itakr toljiéh cuk uh aìmkr.  

7-

Hf tk lukstrks mickrkhtk, ovkribuo qué tk `ogk mishtf y gfhviértkaf

kh prfpuksto mk voafr, kh [WT f kh af quk prk﬏kros. Y pfr covfr, hf vistos trks toaaos lïs ‗hi trks lkhfs-, tk lfstrorïs gflf uh poyosf f uho ogtriz pfrhf kh pakho ogtuogi÷h.  

=-

Wkr prftobfhisto mkpkhmk mk afs mklïs, hf mk . Wi tu lkhsonk ks gfh-  

vihgkhtk y rkakvohtk, skrï gkhtrf mk otkhgi÷h y grkomfr mk voafr poro afs mklïs. Hf tk aaolks o  lislf burþ o hf skr quk quikros skr pkrgijimf gflf uh cohtoslo (jfgozos).  

;-

]us kxprksifhks cogioaks sfh portk mk tu lorgo lorgo.. R`ffpi Bfamjkrb hf

`ujikro momf uh posf kh ka gihk sih sus kxprksifhks. Wé tu lislf, hf trotks mk skr ftro pkrsfho, y lohi﬏ksto tus klfgifhks sih gflpaknfs. Tfr supukstf, hf sfy homik poro rkgflkhmor homo, pkrf af quk ks gosi skburf ks quk si sibuks o ronotojao ronotojao afs gihgf trugfs poro porkgkr lïs aistf hf posorï lug`f klpf `osto quk tk pkrgijoh gflf uh imifto gkr﬏gomf. Tfr gikrtf, si omklïs quikrks uh pfsbromf kh imiftkz, hf favimks proggor ka suh jurh ort (af mk ao cftf)

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4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

Colfsfs y akggifhks mk lorgo pkrsfhoa Oaàxio @krls (4;/4?/:4?;) Ouhquk hf af porkzgo afs colfsfs hfs pukmkh khskÿor oabuhos gfsos sfjrk ka ortk mka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb. Toro Toro lug`fs uho gkakjrimom hf ks k s lïs quk uh rfstr rfstrf f gfhfgimf f uho lorgo pkrsfhoa pfpuaor, pfpuaor, pkrf ao vkrmom ks quk mktrïs mk oabuhfs mk kaafs ‗ hf tfmfs ‗ `oy uh kstrotkbio jikh trozomo mk lorgo pkrsfhoa. O gfhhuogi÷h fs mknf ; akggifhks mk pkrsfhoa jrohmihb quk pfmklfs oprkhmkr mk aos gkakjrimomks lïs ihtkrhogifhoaks. ]fmfs ]fmfs pfmklfs sogor oabf mk sus krrfrks y sus ogikrtfs.

?. Imkh﬏gor tu brohmkzo Ao kxpfsigi÷h lkmiïgo quk khk uh colfsf ak fjaibo o bksfhor su lorgo gfhstoh-

tklkhtk. Afs colfsfs ogtþoh, afs lkmifs fpihoh y su pþjaigf mkgimk. Osì quk mkjkh opfstor pfr trojonor y pftkhgior oqukaaf quk afs `ogk þhigfs k irrkpkjaks kh tfmf lflkhtf. Biskak Jñhmg`kh pfr knklpaf, supf mickrkhgiorsk lïs oaaï mk su jkaakzo poro skr

rkgfhfgimo pfr ka  ka  ‑`frsk woae‑, su porguaor cfrlo mk mks﬏aor. Ao lfmkaf supf uaizor uhf mk sus voafrks mickrkhgioaks mickrkhgioaks poro hf skr ‑uho lfmkaf lïs“ y ksf nuhtf o su gorislo y toakhtf ao `oh kakvomf o af lïs oatf mkhtrf mka luhmf mk ao lfmo.

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4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

:. ‑Wkr gfhfgimf“ hf ks af lislf quk ‑Wkr rkgfhfgimf“ Ao pfaéligo pukmk oyumor o oulkhtor ao hftfrikmom mk oabuhfs colfsfs pfr uh klpf, pkrf si kso pfaéligo hf sk sustkhto kh voafrks s÷aimfs y sfstkhijaks o aorbf paozf, mk pfgf aks vo o skrvir. Liaky Gyrus ‗ mkspués mk su rkihvkhgi÷h ‗ `o rkgurrimf o ao  ao pfaéligo pfaéligo  poro oporkgkr kh afs lkmifs mk gfluhigogi÷h mk tfmf ka luhmf, pkrf ao rkoaimom ks quk pfgf o pfgf su kstrotkbio vo pkrmikhmf cukrzo, kh goljif ]oyafr Wwi  Wwi  `o opfstomf pfr voafrks gflf ao gflpfsigi÷h lusigoa, y ksf o ao aorbo skburolkhtk ak oskburk uho gorrkro lusigoa lïs rkgfhfgimo y voafromo. 7. Lfmkaf mk hkbfgif Afs colfsfs sojkh sogor rkhmilikhtf kgfh÷ligf o su lorgo pkrsfhoa, y ka rkstf mk afs lfrtoaks ‗ o hukstro lohkro ‗ toljiéh pfmklfs `ogkraf. Tfr ksf ks ilpfrtohtk quk hfs khcfquklfs kh trojonor hukstrf prfpif lfmkaf mk hkbfgif. Li gflpoÿkrf Nfrmi Gfaakaa fs af gukhto kh kstk  kstk  pfst pfst.. =. Wi hf khgono gfh tus voafrks, hf af `obos Gf`krkhgio y gfhsistkhgio, mfs cogtfrks quk mkjkrìoh mk kstor luy prkskhtks kh aos gojkzos mk oabuhfs colfsfs. Mkgimir gfhvkrrsk kh kljonomfr mk uho lorgo gflkrgioa mkjk mk skr oabf lkmitomf y sfjrktfmf gf`krkhtk gfh su prfpio lorgo. Nolïs khtkhmì aos rozfhks pfr aos quk Ohmrés quk  Ohmrés Ihiksto cuk Ihiksto cuk ilobkh mk uho lorgo mk `kaomfs, pkrf si `ujikro tkhimf uh osksfr mk lorgo pkrsfhoa toa vkz sk `ujikro mkgohtomf pfr skr kljonomfr mk oabf quk sì tuvikro quk vkr gfh afs voafrks quk rkprkskhto. ;. Ka pftkhgioa mka fhaihk SW ka pfmkr mka f﬍ihk

Toro afs colfsfs aos rkmks sfgioaks sfh uh gohoa mk gfluhigogi÷h mirkgtf gfh su gfluhimom cohs y uho cukhtk mk hkbfgif y prflfgi÷h. Gfljihor af pkrsfhoa y af prfcksifhoa prfck sifhoa ks uh ortk quk hf tfmfs afs colfsfs mflihoh, pfr ksf lug`fs mk kaafs gflktkh krrfrks o ao `fro mk bksfhor su gfluhigogi÷h :.4. Wfh lug`os aos grisis mk rkputogi÷h mibitoa quk `oh prftobfhiz prftobfhizomf omf hulkrfsfs colfsfs, pfr ksf tkhkr uho aìhko kmitfrioa f uhos poutos jïsigos ks ilprksgihmijak. Af quk sk prfykgto kh su vimo rkoa `o mk kstor jikh khaozomf gfh su oatkr kbf virtuoa.

;0

 

4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

0 ogtumks poro mksorrfaaor tu gopogimom klprkhmkmfro Nfrmi Gfaakaa (:0/?4/:4?;) Wkr klprkhmkmfr ks oabf quk gfhgkptuoalk gfhgkptuoalkhtk htk sk rkivihmigo mksmk afs lïs voriomfs cfrfs. @ojaolfs mk klprkhmkmurìo o afs kstumiohtks mk þalf gursf mk bromf, o afs quk quikrkh prfspkror kh uho klprkso, o afs quk sk `oh qukmomf sih trojonf y hf sojkh pfr m÷hmk ror, hfs af opaigolfs o hfsftrfs guohmf pkhsolfs kh gaovk mk cuturf y `osto aolkhtolfs su ouskhgio guohmf hfs rkckrilfs o ao rkoaimom klprksorioa mk hukstrf poìs. O afs klprkhmkm klprkhmkmfrks frks afs kg`olfs kh coato guohmf hf kstïh y afs grigolfs guohmf hfs mksauljroh gfh prfykgtfs orriksbomfs. [hf mk lis nkck gflkhtojo quk su situogi÷h imkoa `ujikro simf uho klprkso sih gaikhtks hi klpakomfs hi prfvkkmfr prfvkkmfrks ks y siklprk quk af mkgìo lk ilobihojo ka gukrhf mk ao ojuhmohgio mka quk lohojoh aos pksktos mk ao épfgo kh cfrlo mk lfhkmos, jiaaktks y g`kquks gfh cfhmfs, li nkck toljiéh mkgìo quk ka hf `ojìo hogimf poro klprksorif si hf poro omlihistromfr, poro mirkgvf pfrquk kh mk﬏hivo ak tkhìo uh likmf gkrvoa oa riksbf.

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4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

Ka riksbf y ao ihgkrmuljrk kstïh siklprk prkskhtks kh hukstros vimos pfrquk gfhtrfaolfs s÷af uho pkqukÿo portk mk aos voriojaks quk ih﬊uykh kh hfsftrfs, hukstrfs prfykgtfs y hukstrf khtfrhf. ]flohmf gfhsgikhgio mk ao rkoaimom sflfs gopogks mk imkh﬏gor afs riksbfs quk hfsyogkg`oh y rkmugir ao ks ihgkrmuljrk pkrf gfhtrfaorafs ks téghigolkhtk ilpfsijak qukrkr kailihorafs uho quilkro. Ka riksbf y ao ihgkrmuljrk sfh ih`krkhtks ih`krkhtks o ao gfhmigi÷h `uloho. ¶Y kh lkmif mk kstk jkrkhnkhoa qué pihtoh afs klprkhmkmfrks6 .[h klprkhmkmfr ks oabuikh gopoz mk mksorrfaaor uh prfykgtf kh gfhmigifhks kxtrklos mk ihgkrmulihgkrmuljrk yo sko mkhtrf mk uho frbohizogi÷h, orriksbohmf afs rkgursfs onkhfs pfr mkakbogi÷h, f pfr su gukhto, orriksbohmf orriksbohmf sus prfpifs rkgursfs. ¶_ué sk hkgksito poro skr klprkhmkmfr6 Kh afs klpfs quk gfrrkh gfh uho rkoairkoai mom quk ﬊uyk mk lohkro gfhstohtk, sih rkckrkhtks gaorfs y gfh uh `frizfhtk pfgf `oaobñkÿf guohmf ks visijak ks ilprksgihmijak tkhkr uho s÷aimo cfrlogi÷h `uloho y téghigo poro pfmkr aakbor gfh gfhfgilikhtf mfhmk hf sk pukmo aakbor o trovés mk ao kxpkrikhgio f poro pfmkr oprfvkg`or kh hukstrf jkhk﬏gif aos kxpkrikhgios y aos rk﬊kxifhks mk afs quk hfs `oh prkgkmimf. _uikh o﬏rlk quk poro klprkhmkr hf sk hkgksito cfrlogi÷h f sk kquivfgo f ksgfhmk oabuho gorkhgio prfpio y tfmf kaaf o pksor mk knklpafs hftfrifs quk siklprk soakh mk oabuho g`istkro quk pukmkh porkgkr mklfstror af gfhtrorif pkrf quk s÷af gfhstuykh uho kxgkpgi÷h. Toro skr klprkhmkmfr sk hkgksito toljiéh ogtum khtkhmimo g÷lf ao lohkro mk kstor y mk gflpfrtorsk y quk vikhk sfpfrtomo pfr mktkrlihomos `ojiaimomks pkrsfhoaks quk f jikh sk pfskkh mk ohtklohf f sk pukmkh omquirir o trovés mk ao prïggo y mk ao vfauhtom. ¶G[ÏAKW WFH AOW @OJIAIMOMKW _[K GOZOG]KZI^OH O [H KLTZKHMKMFZ6 ?. Gurifsimom> Gurifsimom> Wih gurifsimom ao rkoaimom poso pfr hukstrf aomf sih quk hfs mklfs gukhto pfrquk skr gurifsf ks tkhkr afs fnfs y afs fìmfs luy ojikrtfs o aos gfsos y o aos imkos hukvos y qukrkr kstor oprkhmikhmf siklprk. :. Ihhfvogi÷h y grkovimom> Toro pfmkr rksfavkr prfjaklos gflpaknfs gfh sfaugif-

hks ihbkhifsos y þaks. 7. Klpoo> Toro pfmkr kstor gfhkgtomfs gfh afs mklïs. [h klprkhmkmfr quk hf ks

gopoz mk gfhkgtorsk gfh su pþjaigf ogojo sikhmf uh houcrobf sfaf kh uho isao mksikrto.

=. Zksiaikhgioporo Zksiaikhgio> > Toaojrito rkpkmo y hf pfr kaaf luy Kh mk﬏hivo ks ao gopogimom vfavkrluy o klpkzor guohmf sk rkgijk uh ilpfrtohtk. rkvés.

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4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

;. Gfh﬏ohzo kh uhf lislf> Ao gfh﬏ohzo ks oabf quk sk trohslitk y quikh hf grkk

kh sus pfsijiaimomks poro ror omkaohtk migialkhtk pfmrï klfgifhor o afs mklïs poro quk ak siboh. 3. Fplislf> Mka lislf lfmf quk aos imkos viknos hf sirvkh poro sfaugifhor

prfjaklos hukvfs, grkkr grkkr quk af posomf ks lknfr quk af quk vkhmrï aknfs mk lfvor mkslfviaizo. Liror ka cuturf gfh gfh﬏ohzo ks puks ilprksgihmijak. 2. @uliamom> @uliamom> Toro pkmir oyumo guohmf sko hkgksorif. Ogumir o prfcksifhoaks quk pukmkh gflpaktor aos prfpios mkjiaimomks, ogkptor ao buìo mk uh lkhtfr f uaizor `krrolikhtos quk cogiaitoh ao vimo sfh oabuhfs mk afs jkhk﬏gifs quk fjkhkh aos pkrsfhos `uliamks. 0. ]rojonor> ]rojonor> Tfrquk gomo guoa mkjk klpunor ao portk mka gorrf quk ak gfrrkspfhmk. @oy quk kstor mispukstf o orrklohborsk, trobor soaivo y ror omkaohtk guohmf afs mklïs ojohmfhoh pfrquk oa ﬏hoa quikh ao pkrsibuk ao gfhsibuk trojonohmf murf. _uikh sk sikhto imkh﬏gomf gfh kstos `ojiaimomks f ks uh klprkhmkmfr gfhsobromf f ogojo mk mksgujrir su outéhgo vfgogi÷h y quikh kg`k kh coato oabuho quk hf sk mksohilk pfrquk sk pukmkh omquirir y mksorrfaaor.

3?

 

4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

?4 gaovks poro mkstruir tu lorgo pkrsfhoa Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (?3/47/:4?;) ¶Guïhtos vkgks `ojrïs akìmf orguafs gfh tuafs gflf ‑?4 gaovks poro gfhstruir tu lorgo pkrsfhoa“6 Yf lug`os, gomo mìo lïs. @fy hf ks migia quk guoaquikro sk aohgk oa rukmf tros `ojkr akìmf trks f guotrf pfsts sfjrk ka tklo. @k qukrimf uaizor ao prfpio lkmigiho mk kstfs ‑burþs“ (quk `fy sfh burþs mk Lorgo Tkrsfhoa y loÿoho af skrïh mk Jib Moto y mk afs bostrfjorks) poro ohuhgior af sibuikhtk> AO LOZGO TKZWFHOA KW GFLF AO LO]KZIO, LO]KZIO, HI WK W K GZKO HI WK MKW]Z[YK, W×AF WK ]ZOHCFZLO

Mig`f kstf, li sibuikhtk o﬏rlogi÷h ks mk gorïgtkr hulérigf> ¶Tfr qué siklprk `oh mk skr ?4 gaovks, hf pukmkh skr ??6 Wì, kh kckgtf, qukrimf/o akgtfr/o, ao lorgo pkrsfhoa HF sk grko, yo ao aakvos ‑puksto“, ks gflf ao pkrsfhoaimom, guyf mksorrfaaf vo kh poroakaf o hukstrf grkgilikhtf klfgifhoa mksmk quk hogklfs. Mk ao lislo lohkro, tolpfgf sk mkstruyk5 ks pfsijak mkstruir ao ZKT[]OGI×H, y `ogkraf kh skbuhmfs, pkrf ao lorgo pkrsfhoa hf oporkgk hi mksoporkgk gflf ka gfhknf mk ao g`istkro mk uh lobf. Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa sk trohscfrlo. F, gflf prkckrilfs mkgir afs pkrsfhoa jrohmkrs, ao lorgo pkrsfhoa sk BKW]IFHO. Khtrk aos mikz gaovks quk lug`fs o﬏rloh o﬏rlo h quk sfh poro ‑gfhstruir ao lorgo pkrsfhoa“, quisikro gflkhtor oabuhos kstupimkgks quk gomo mìo akf pfr o`ì y quk aos aaolorklfs ‑?4 gaovks poro mkstruir tu lorgo pkrsfhoa“.

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4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

?. Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa ks poro tfmf ka luhmf. COAWF. ]fmf oquka quk o﬏rlk hf tkhkr klpf poro bksfhor su lorgo pkrsfhoa qukmo cukro mk nukbf. Wfjrk kstk tklo, `oy jukho aitkroturo mk Ohmrés Térkz> ao lorgo pkrsfhoa ks s÷af poro quikh quikrk trojonor o cfhmfkh su uh kstrotkbio gfh kauh fjnkvf mk gfhhuf, skr fpgi÷hhfprkckrkhtk, rksuator kakbimf prfgksf,pkrsfhoa y rkprkskhto kscukrzf ks ﬊fr mk mk uh lks f uh oÿf. :. Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa gfhsistk kh tkhkr pkr﬏aks kh aos rkmks sfgioaks. COAWF. F oa lkhfs, ihgflpaktf. Aos rkmks sfgioaks sfh uh lkmif, hf uh ﬏h, gflf toljiéh af pukmk skr ksgrijir uh aijrf, mor uho g`orao, tkhkr uho tornkto mk visito. Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa sk bksfho mksmk ka outfgfhfgilikhtf, sih gfhfgkr tu lorgo privomo y pþjaigo hf pukmks posor o ao sibuikhtk cosk, ao mk kaojfror tu kstrotkbio pkrsfhoa, tu lfmkaf mk hkbfgif, tu lkhsonk, y sih ésto tolpfgf tolpfgf pukmks bksfhor tu visijiaimom, mortk o gfhfgkr kh aos rkmks f cukro mk kaaos. Zkgukrmo, sih lkhsonk hf `oy lkmif, y sih lkmif ka lkhsonk hf aakbo. 7. Wk troto mk lorekhb pkrsfhoa. COAWF. Ao portk mk lorekhb pkrsfhoa ks ao pfstkpfstkrifr oa outfgfhfgilikhtf, ka lorekhb pkrsfhoa pkrsfhoa pfr si s÷af ks uh prfgksf ihgflpakihgflpaktf, y pfr tohtf, hf pfmrìolfs kquipororaf o ao bks÷h mk lorgo pkrsfhoa. =. Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa s÷af ks poro pkrsfhos, hf poro klprksos. COAWF. Ao guks÷h ks ¶mk qué kstïh cfrlomos aos klprksos sihf mk pkrsfhos6. Ka rfa mka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb mk klprkso ks kskhgioa poro lknfror ao gfluhigogi÷h ihtkrho y kxtkrho, yo quk homik gflf afs prfcksifhoaks fcrkgk loyfrks hivkaks mk gfh﬏ohzo pþjaigo `ogio ka lkrgomf. ;. Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa ks poro rigfs y colfsfs. COAWF. Ouhquk kaafs, sfjrk tfmf afs colfsfs, toljiéh hkgksitoh bksfhorao (y lug`f), ao kstrotkbio pkrsfhoa ks poro tfmfs afs quk qukrolfs tkhkr uh lopo, uho `fno mk ruto quk hfs oyumk o gfhskbuir hukstrfs fjnkvfs. 3. Gfh uho lorgo pkrsfhoa kxitfso sk gfhsibukh lug`fs gfhtogtfs. COAWF. Wi rkoalkhtk ks kxitfso sk gfhsibukh J[KHFW gfhtogtfs, quk siklprk ks lïs ihtkrkihtkrk sohtk quk ‑lug`fs“. ¶Toro qué quikrks tohtfs6 ¶Afs gfakggifhos6 2. Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa prflukvk ka kbfìslf. COAWF. Ao gfrrkgto bks÷h mk lorgo prflukvk tfmf af gfhtrorif, prflukvk afs lorgfs gfaojfrovfs, ka trojonf kh kquipf y ao bks÷h mk gflpktkhgios gflpaklkhtorios. Guohmf sk `ojao mk YF, W.O.

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sk `ojao mk quk hfs outfbksfhklfs gflf uho klprkso, bohohmf outfhflo. Kh uho mk﬏higi÷h prfpio `ojaf mk lorgo pkrsfhoa gflf mka ortk mk ihvkrr kh , pkrf hf mk gfhvkrrtk kh ka gkhtrf mka uhivkrsf. 0. Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa sirvk poro khgfhtror trojonf. trojonf. COAWF pfr ihgflpaktf. Wirvk poro lug`os gfsos, khtrk kaaos poro gfhskbuir trojonf. Tkrf sfjrk tfmf sirvk poro visuoaizor hukstrf cuturf y pfhkr tfmos aos `krrolikhtos poro aakbor `osto éa. Zkgupkrf uhf mk afs gaoils mk ao ktopo ihigioa mk Wfylilorgo> [h trojonf ks tklpfroa, uho lorgo ks poro siklprk. 9. Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa gfhsistk kh tkhkr lïs mk uho imkhmom. COAWF. Lorgo k imkh imkh-mom tkhklfs uho, pkrf rfaks pfmklfs tkhkr vorifs. Tfr knklpaf, yf sfy pomrk, lorimf, prfcksfr, olibf, gfhsuatfr, ruhhkr… Y huhgo `oy quk favimor quk ka voafr piaor mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa ks ao outkhgimom. ?4. Hf tkhbf lorgo pkrsfhoa. COAWF. Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa ks ao ilprksi÷h quk mknos kh afs mklïs. Hf sk grko, sk khk. Trivomo y pþjaigo. Oa prfgksf mk bks÷h mk kso lorgo poro gfhskbuir fjnkvfs af aaololfs pkrsfhoa jrohmihb. ??. Afs prfcksifhoaks mk lorgo pkrsfhoa sfh uhfs g`oraotohks. COAWF, oa lkhfs ??. gflf o﬏rlogi÷h bkhkroa. Gikrtf, `ojkrafs, `oyafs, gflf kh tfmfs afs hkbfgifs. Ibuoa quk porkgk quk tfmf ka luhmf ks gfog` f tfmfs tkhklfs uh prilf quk `ogk wkjs, kh kstf mk ao lorgo `o `ojimf lïs mk uh oprfvkg`om oprfvkg`omf f quk khk uh ‑hkbfgif“ lualuahivka mk ksfs pirolimoaks y af aaolo lorgo pkrsfhoa. ]ikhk mk `ojkr mk tfmf kh ao viÿo mka Wkÿfr. @ogìo klpf quk qukrìo rkmogtor uh orguaf mk kstfs rïpimfs mk akkr gfh ‑?4 Gaovks“. Yo lk `k mksquitomf. Kspkrf oa lkhfs `ojkrtk oyumomf o skporor ka brohf mk ao pono. Trfcksifhoaks ‑outéhgfs“ afs `oy, y ocfrtuhomolkhtk hf ks migia imkhimkh ﬏gorafs> hf sukakh gflktkr kstfs ?? krrfrks.

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G÷lf mkstruir tu lorgo pkrsfhoa - II Oaéxio @krls (:7/47/:4?;) Wibf ao kstkao mk li gflpoÿkrf Buiaakl Zkgfafhs y su pfst ‑ ?4 gaovks poro mkstruir tu lorgo pkrsfhoa“ pkrsfhoa“ gfh ; coasos grkkhgios f lkhros lïs sfjrk ka pkrsfhoa jrohjroh mihb. Gomo uho ogflpoÿomo mk uho rkoaimom f rk﬊kxi÷h, pfr si o oabuikh ak qukmo oabuho mumo ?. Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa ks sfaf poro afs quk jusgoh trojonf> COAWF Grkkrsk ksto o﬏rlogi÷h ks uh brovk krrfr, y hf sfaf ksf, ks vivir khboÿomf. Gflf migk li gflpoÿkrf Nfrmi Gfaakaa sfaf hfs ogfrmolfs mk Wohto Jorjoro guohmf trukho, y guohmf aos gfsos voh jikh y tkhklfs trojonf porkgk quk hukstro lorgo pkrsfhoa hf hfs ilpfrtk homo. Tuks mkjkrìo, yo quk hukstro lorgo ks ibuoa f lïs ilpfrtohtk guohmf trojonf quk guohmf hf afmkjkrìolfs tkhklfs. Osì quk tkhbolfs bksfhor hukstro lorgo ks uhtkhklfs `ïjitf luy soaumojak quk tfmfs tkhkr, trojonf f hf.  

Zkoaimom> ‑@oy uho lorgo poro ao quk trojonorklfs ka rkstf mk huksZkoaimom> ‑@oy tro vimo> hukstro lorgo pkrsfhoa“ pfr Dsfylilorgo

:. O li homik lk vo o ‑Bffbakor“ nolïs > COAWF ‑Bffbakor“ sk `o gfhvkrmf yo kh uh vkrjf. Y tfmfs af `ogklfs o miorif. Wih kljorkljorbf, migkh afs kstumifs quk hfs sflfs gfhsgikhtks mk quk ao loyfrìo sflfs y skrklfs bffbakomfs ka rkstf mk hukstro vimo. Osì quk af qukrolfs f hf Bffbak khk oabf quk mkgir sfjrk hfsftrfs.  

Zkoaimom> ‑Mk pfgf tk skrvirï `ojkrtk bromuomf kh ihbkhikrìo si Zkoaimom> ‑Mk guohmf bffbakf tu hfljrk oporkgk uho strkopkr“ pfr Dbuiaaklrkgfafhs

7. Li imkhmom mibitoa hf ks toh ilpfrtohtk gflf ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb kh ao vimo rkoa> COAWF Aos prilkros ilprksifhks kh ao vimo rkoa sfh pfmkrfsfs, pkrf toljiéh af sfh ka luhmf :.4. ]rojonor uho jukho imkhmom mibitoa y guimor hukstro rkputogi÷h ks ilprksgihmijak poro quk hukstro prilkro ilprksi÷h kh ao rkm prfykgtk af lknfr mk

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hfsftrfs y mk ksto lohkro ojrolfs ao pukrto o ‑mksvirtuoaizor“ gfhtogtfs y otrokr fpfrtuhimomks. @oy quk guimom y bksfhor hukstro lorgo pfr ibuoa, ka fhaihk y ka f﬍ihk sk rktrfoailkhtoh y nuhtfs siklprk suloh.  

Zkoaimom> ‑Ogtuoalkhtk Zkoaimom>  ‑Ogtuoalkhtk vivilfs kh mfs luhmfs poroakafs y mickrkhtks> ka fhaihk y ka f﬍ihk“ pfr ^ybluht Jouloh

=. Hf `ogk coato `ulohizor li lorgo pkrsfhoa pkrsfhoa :.4 Kstolfs lïs gfhkgtomfs quk ohtks, pkrf lïs mksgfhkgtomfs quk huhgo. Jusgolfs bkhkror ‑khbobklkht“ gfh af quk pujaigolfs, osì quk omkrkzor afs gfhtkhimfs quk gflporlfs gfh uho pizgo mk hukstro cogkto lïs pkrsfhoa ks af quk rkoalkhtk hfs pukmk mickrkhgior y sfjrktfmf `ulohizor. Wkbþh ‑ Wkbþh  ‑]`k ]`k Bfjjakmybffe Lohickstf“ Lohickstf“ mk Movim Lkkrloh Wgf, `oy poaojros quk `oh pkrmimf su sibhi﬏gomf oa skr uaizomos y rkpkmos uho y ftro vkz kh afs gfluhigomfs mk prkhso y lkhsonks pujaigitorifs mk aos klprksos. Mklfstror quk mfliholfs ka akhbuonk mk hukstrf skgtfr kstï jikh, pkrf hukstrfs skbuimfrks toljiéh voafroh lkhsonks lïs skhgiaafs y pkrsfhoaizomfs.  

Zkoaimom> ‑Afs Zkoaimom>  ‑Afs jukhfs gfhtkhimfs yo hf sfh ao prkliso jïsigo poro bkhkror otroggi÷h, ao gaovks ks oÿomir kxpkrikhgio klfgifhoa“ pfr Doakxio`krls

;. ]wikr hf voak poro homo, josto gfh kstor kh Aihekmih. @oy quk kstor kh Aihekmih, sì f sì. Tkrf hf ks ao þhigo paotocfrlo. Lug`os pkrsfhos vkh kh ]wikr uh uhivkrsf ojrulomfr y kstrksohtk ilpfsijak mk bksfhor, pkrf ]wikr ks uho broh cukhtk mk gfhfgilikhtf k ih﬊ukhgio. Tfmklfs skbuir o aìmkrks mk fpihi÷h, prfcksifhoaks rkakvohtks y klprksos. Y si sflfs gopogks mk ksgug`or, tkhmrklfs ao fpfrtuhimom fpfr tuhimom mk oprkhmkr oprkhm kr.. Y hf þhigolkhtk mk oprkhmkr, sihf quk toltoljiéh hfs oyumo o pfsigifhorhfs prfcksifhoalkhtk y o `ogkr hktwfreihb gfh ftrfs usuorifs, sih mumo uho `krrolikhto ilprksgihmijak poro bksfhor hukstro lorgo pkrsfhoa :.4.  

Zkoaimom> ‑]wikr sk `o gfhvkrmf kh ka sistklo hkrvifsf mk hukstros sfgikmomks, y `oy quk oprkhmkr o uaizoraf“, Nfsé Auis Fri`ukao, prfcksfr mk ao [hivkrsimom mk Hovorro.

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@ogio uho tkrgkro milkhsi÷h mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (43/4=/:4?;) Ao kvfaugi÷h mka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb, jrohmihb, khtkhmimf kh su milkhsi÷h `faìsgo (outfgf(outfgf hfgilikhtf, kstrotkbio y visijiaimom) trohsgurrk kh poroakaf o ao kvfaugi÷h sfgioa mka `fljrk y o ao mk afs lfmkafs mk gfhmugto mk afs þalfs vkihtk oÿfs.

Aos trks milkhsifhks mka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb kh kstfs oÿfs sk mk﬏hirìoh gflf cuhgifgflf cuhgifhoa, mickrkhgioa y kspirituoa, kspirituoa, y af gikrtf ks quk sfh gflpaklkhtorios. C[HGIFHOAIMOM Kh aos prilkros cosks mka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb ao prkbuhto quk hfs `ogìolfs kro ¶qué `obf, qué sk `ogkr6. `ogkr6. Kro uho ktopo cuhgifhoa rkbimo pfr aos gflpktkhgios oprkhmimos, aos gfhfgimos gflf ‑`orm seiaas“. Af ilpfrtohtk kh ksto ktopo cuhgifhoa sk gkhtrojo kh ka gfhgkptf mk uaimom, mk rkhmilikhtf sigf, pkrf toljiéh kh ao kspkgioaizogi÷h. Wi uh lémigf sk kspkgioaizojo kh, pfr knklpaf, fhgfafbìo, tkhìo lïs pfsijiaimomks mk rkgfhfgilikhtf quk sus ibuoaks sih kspkgioaizogi÷h. Mk ksto épfgo mkstogo ao oporigi÷h mk afs pfstbromfs y ao hkgksimom mk mflihor imiflos poro ocrfhtor hf ao bafjoaizogi÷h pkrf sì ao ilpaohtogi÷h aojfroa mk aos brohmks luahogifhoaks.

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Aos lorgos gflkrgioaks hf kroh onkhos o kstk ckh÷lkhf, gfh prflksos luy gkhtromos kh af cuhgifhoa> aovo lïs jaohgf (Trfgtkr jaohgf (Trfgtkr & Boljak, Orika), f oailkhto gflf uh jistkg (Mohfhk, jistkg (Mohfhk, Tkt Wuissk). ]oljiéh pkrtkhkgk o ksto épfgo ao imko mka rk﬊knf ospirogifhoa ospirogifhoa,, mk ogkrgorsk oa lfmkaf pkrckgtf, jusgohmf rkckrkhgios o ksaf mk vimo y pkrtkhkhgio o uho triju. Knklpafs mk lorgos gflkrgioaks skrìoh mfs gflpkmfros, Gfgo Gfao gfh  gfh   Ao g`ispo mk ao vimo y vimo y Tkpsi gfh  gfh ]`k g`figk fc t`k hkw bkhkrofh. bkhkrofh. Kh ka prilkr gosf vklfs uho milkhsi÷h sfgioa y kh ka mk Tkpsi oporkgk gfh cukrzo ao imko mk pkrtkhkhgio o uh gfakgvf lfméaigf. Ka gurrìguaul gurrìguaul   kro ka knk gkhtroa mk ihcfrlogi÷h prfcksifhoa sfjrk uho pkrsfho, y ka jrohmihb vkhìo mk ao lohf mk rkgflkhmogifhks kxtkrhos rkoaizomos jikh pfr ksgritf f jikh pfr ka ‑jfgo-frkno“, uhf mk afs sistklos lïs kckgvfs y oþh vibkhtks kh ao ogtuoaimom. Mkhtrf mka gurrìguaf, ao cfrlogi÷h ‑`orm“ y ao kxpkrikhgio kroh afs cogtfrks mk loyfr voafrogi÷h, y aos gflpktkhgios trohsvkrsoaks lïs pkrsfhoaks, oqukaaos rkaogifhomos gfh aos `ojiaimomks gfluhigovos, s÷af kroh rkakvohtks kh uho khtrkkhtrkvisto goro o goro gfh uh rkgautomfr. Ao milkhsi÷h pþjaigo mk pþjaigo mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa kro ksgoso, y aos jþsqukmos mk ihcfrlogi÷h sfjrk uh prfcksifhoa posojoh fjaibotfriolkhtk pfr kstfs lkmifs gitomfs> gurrìguaul, rkgflkhmogifhks y khtrkvisto. Ksto cosk cuhgifhoa `o simf osfgiomo o lkhumf gfh ka opkaovf ?.4.

MICKZKHGIOGI×H Ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb khk lug`f quk vkr gfh pfsigifholikht pfsigifholikhtf f pkrsfhoa pkrsfhoa,, y mk o`ì ao imko mk quk þhigolkhtk hukstrfs rkgursfs kmugovfs y hukstro kxpkrikhgio hf sfh su﬏gikhtks poro skr kakbimfs kh prfgksfs. Ao prkbuhto quk ribk kh ksto cosk ks> ¶g÷lf af `obf6, `obf6, y oquì khtroh kh nukbf aos gfhfgimos gflf gflpktkhgios trohsvkrsoaks ‑sf“ soaks  ‑sf“ rkaogifhomos gfh `ojiaimomks mk gfluhigogi÷h y klpoo. Khtro kh nukbf ka rkaotf pkrsfhoa, uho kvfaugi÷h mka ‑kakvotfr pitg`“ quk ihgauyk uho ihcfrlogi÷h lïs rigo, skgukhgiomo, y quk rkgfbk ospkgtfs klfgifhoaks gflf lfvogifhks, mktfhohtks, ktopos mk goljif. Af ilpfrtohtk oquì yo supkro af cuhgifhoa mka ‑qué `ogks“ poro omkhtrorsk kh ka ‑qué opfrtos“ opfrtos“ y ‑g÷lf ‑g÷lf af `ogks“ `ogks“.

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Ka lfmkaf mk hkbfgif ‑Gohvos ‑Gohvos““ grkomf pfr Oakxohmkr Fstkrwoamkr  Fstkrwoamkr  irrulpk gfh cukrzo poro mktkrlihor trks voriojaks gaovk mk ao pkrsfho> aos prfpukstos mk voafr (knk mickrkhgioa), afs jkhk﬏giorifs mk hukstros oggifhks, afs gaikhtks (knk gaikhtks (knk gflkrgioa) y afs sfgifsmk gaovk gaovk (knk  (knk hktwfreihb). Wk supkro khtfhgks ka gurrìguaf, gkhtromf khpkrf afs ospkgtfs rkakvohgio y kxpkrikhgio, poro aakbor o uh lfmkaf jikh gilkhtomf gfh uho omvkrtkhgio luy gaoro ‑hf tfmf voak“. Klpikzoh o gfhsimkrorsk afs voafrks pkrsfhoaks  gflf cogtfrks misgrilihohtks pfsivfs, y mka jur÷h ﬏hohgikrf mk Roaa pkrsfhoaks Wtrkkt posolfs o ao imko mk uh prfcksifhoa guyfs gflprflisfs voh lïs oaaï mk ao klprkso, sfh coliaiorks y sfgioaks. Kh ksto cosk oporkgkh lkmifs mk gfluhigogi÷h pkrsfhoa pkrsfhoa gflf afs jafbs f aos rkmks sfgioaks quk, sfgioaks  quk, oa lfvkrsk kh ka tkrritfrif ojikrtf mk Ihtkrhkt, gfhvikrtkh ka gurrìguaf mk popka kh skguhmorif. Ks ao gfhfgimo gflf wkj :.4 f gfaojfrovo, quk khkhmk ka lkrgomf gflf uho broh gfhvkrsogi÷h (Zkc. ( Zkc. ]`k Gauktroih Lohickstf ?999). ?999). Aos klprksos omoptoh su misgursf y sus lkmifs o ksto hukvo milkhsi÷h sfgioa. Mk ksto épfgo moto ka ‑¶tk ‑¶tk busto gfhmugir6“ gfhmugir6“ (JLR Kspoÿo) f ka ‑Tfrquk ‑ Tfrquk yf af voabf“ voabf“ mk A’Frkoa. Tkrf toljiéh ks mk kstk klpf ao pfsijiaimom mk lorgos y usuorifs mk gfluhigorsk mirkgtolkhtk pfr prilkro vkz kh g÷mibf ojikrtf (]wikr, Cogkjffe…) f ihmirkgtolkhtk (]ripomvisfr, Cfursquork…). Ao ZWG rkspfhsojiaimom sfgioa gfrpfrovo, quk kh ao cosk ?.4 hogk gflf lkgohislf mk gflpkhsogi÷h (mkvfavkr o ao sfgiksfgikmom portk mka quk `o momf o uho klprkso), tflo uho milkhsi÷h lkhfs rkogvo y lïs prfogvo. Ka gurrìguaf sk gfhvikrtk kh uh cfrlotf ojikrtf, mibitoa y mihïligf, uaizohmf paotopaoto cfrlos gflf Aihekmih, Waimks`ork y Yfu]ujk Yfu]ujk,, y ao pfsijiaimom mk pujaigor sk `ogk kxtkhsivo poro guoaquikr prfcksifhoa gfh uh lkhsonk mk voafr, sih hkgksimom mk skr pkrifmisto. TZFT×WI]F Ao prkbuhto quk klkrbk kh ksto cosk ks> ¶pfr qué af `obf6 Yo `obf6 Yo hf hfs gfhcfrlolfs gfh skr þaks (cuhgifhoaimom) hi gfh opfrtor voafr y klpoo (mickrkhgiogi÷h), (mickrkhgiogi÷h), jusgojusgolfs mk﬏hir uh fjnkvf supkrifr, uh prfp÷sitf, gfh ao imko mk mknor uh akbomf pfsipfsivf. Oquì khtro kh nukbf uho nukbf uho milkhsi÷h hukvo, hukvo, ao kspirituoa, kspirituoa, luy rkaogifhomo gfh hukstrfs voafrks y gfh su khgonk kh ao sfgikmom. ]khklfs gaorf quk hf tfmf voak poro aakbor, osì quk skrï ilpfrtohtk y hkgksorif mispfhkr mk oabf porkgimf o uh g÷mibf mkfhtfa÷bigf pkrsfhoa k ihtrohsckrijak6

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4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

 

Ka psig÷afbf Sietfr Crohea  pujaig÷ uho fjro luy ogaorotfrio sfjrk ka prfp÷sitf gfh su aijrf ‑Ka ‑Ka `fljrk kh jusgo mk skhmf“, skhmf “, kh quk rkaotojo aos vivkhgios mk sus gflpoÿkrfs mk golpf mk gfhgkhtrogi÷h murohtk ao II bukrro WkbþhmkCrohea, lug`os pkrsfhos sk moh pfr coato mkluhmioa. uh prfp÷sitf, uh skhmf o sus vimos. @ogkrsk kstovkhgimos prkbuhtopfr ks cïgia, rkspfhmkrao ks gflpaknf, pkrf ks uh knkrgigif mk outfgfhfgilikhtf ihmispkhsojak poro pfmkr tknkr uho kstrotkbio oa skrvigif mka prfp÷sitf.

Ao `krrolikhto mk jrohmihb quk lïs sk omkguo oa prfp÷sitf ks ao rkmoggi÷h mk ao SIWI×H pkrsfhoa. pkrsfhoa. Ao jusgo mk ao ckaigimom hf pukmk skr ka þhigf skhmf mk hukstro vimo, ks ilpfrtohtk ka akbomf, akbomf, prkbuhtorhfs qué pf mk voafrks y khskÿohzos qukrkqukrk lfs mknor o hukstrfs `infs, oaulhfs, olibfs, o hukstro sfgikmom, sfgikmom, o hukstrf luhmf. Tfr ﬏hoaisto quk pukmo porkgkr, ka trotor mk ksgrijir kh uh popka hukstrf prfpif kpito﬏f pukmk skr mk broh oyumo poro khtkhmkr guïa ks ka skhmf mk hukstro vimo, hukstrf prfp÷sitf. Aos klprksos kstïh klpkzohmf o omoptor su misgursf o ksto hukvo cosk prkmflihomo pfr afs voafrks y ao `ulohizogi÷h mk aos lorgos. [h jukh knklpaf mk pkrsfhoa jrohmihb opaigomf o ao gfluhigogi÷h gfrpfrovo af tkhmrìolfs kh aos þalos gol gol-poÿos mk ao lorgo Joaoy Joaoy,, y luy gfhgrktolkhtk kh uho kh quk uho lunkr mk ao gomkho mk cojrigogi÷h ohuhgio uh `frhf, mo sus gorogtkrìsgos y ﬏hoalkhtk oÿomk ‑…y khk uh pfgf mk lì “. “. Ksto imko mk mftor mk milkhsi÷h `uloho o uh prfmugtf f uh skrvigif ao `oh trotomf gfh éxitf ftrfs lorgos, gflf ao oskburomfro ^urig` f aos þalos golpoÿos mka Johgf mk Wojomkaa. Wojomkaa. Kh ka paohf pkrsfhoa, ka mk﬏hir uh prfp÷sitf, uh mkshf, `orï quk ka vionk sko lïs ihtkrksohtk. G÷lf mkgìo ka pfkto brikbf Efhstohmihfs T. Eovo﬏s, hf sk troto s÷af mk aakbor aa kbor oa mkshf sihf mk miscrutor ao trovksìo. Hukstrf misgursf cuhgifhoa sk `o khriqukgimf gfh uh misgursf oarkmkmfr mka voafr quk opfrtolfs o afs mklïs, mklï s, y o`fro pukmk rkcfrzorsk si ak molfs uh skhskhmf o aorbf paozf, uho buìo kspirituoa quk omklïs mk mickrkhgiorhfs, hfs gfhvikrto kh ao fpgi÷h lïs sfstkhijak poro ka loÿoho.

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4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

Ao bks÷h mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa mkpfrvo, `ogio ao prfcksifhoaizogi÷h mk uh skgtfr mk Novikr cuturf ^olfro (?9/4?/:4?;) Kh prilkr aubor quikrf obromkgkr ka trotf y ao gfh﬏ohzo mk afs brohmks prfcksifhoaks quk gflpfhkh Wfylilorgo, osì gflf sus opfrtogifhks o ao ihvksbogi÷h.

]ros trks oÿfs mk ihvksbogi÷h `k pfmimf fjtkhkr uho skrik mk gfhgausifhks sfjrk aos gorkhgios kh ao bks÷h mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa kh ka ïljitf mkpfrvf. O su vkz, `k mktkrlihomf uh pkr﬏a y uho lktfmfafbìo mk bks÷h poro rksfavkraos. Éstos sfh aos imkos lïs rkakvohtks mk ao ihvksbogi÷h>  

?- Ka cuturf mka mkpfrsto ks uho mk aos osibhoturos pkhmikhtks pkhmikhtks mk afs bks-  bks-  tfrks kh sus kstrotkbios mk paohi﬏gogi÷h.

 

:- Ao prfcksifhoaizogi÷h kh ao bks÷h oyumorï o afs mkpfrstos prfcksifho  prfcksifho  aks mk ‑gaosk lkmio“ o gfhskbuir potrfgihomfrks.

 

7- Afs lfmkafs fjsfaktfs mk potrfgihifs mo posf o mkpfrstos `oljrikhtfs  `oljrikhtfs   mk hukvos c÷rluaos y prfcksifhoaks aistfs mk oailkhtorafs.

 

=- Ka gfhsulf mk ihcfrlogi÷h y gfhtkhimf mkpfrvf fhaihk ks gaovk poro prkskhtor y mor o gfhfgkr ao lorgo pkrsfhoa mka mkpfrsto.

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4: KW]ZO]KBIO 

 

;- @oy quk prfvkg`or afs kvkhtfs mkpfrvfs mk prilkr hivka, ouhquk ka mkpfrsto hf porgipk, poro bkhkror gfhtkhimfs fh y fffl aihk otrogvfs y  y  gflkrgioaizojaks.

 

3- Ka mkpfrsto khk quk skr khtkhmimf gflf uho klprkso y pfr tohtf mkjk kstojakgkr uh paoh mk gfluhigogi÷h y lorekhb.

 

2- Ks hkgksorif opaigor uho lktfmfafbìo quk sk omoptk oa gfhmigifhohtk `ulohf mka mkpfrsto y khkhmo ka gfhtkxtf klfgifhoa mfhmk sk lukvk.

 

0- Ka pkr﬏a imkoa poro mig`o bks÷h ks uh prfcksifhoa mka ïljitf mk ao gflu-  gflu-   higogi÷h gfh gfhfgilikhtfs gfhf gilikhtfs mk lorekhb y kxpkrikhgio kh ka skgtfr.

  9- Wk ojrk uho fpfrtuhimom mk cfrlogi÷h kh lorgo pkrsfhoa poro prfcksifhoaks mka ïljitf mk ao gfluhigogi÷h y lorekhb.  

?4- Hf `oy quk favimor quk `oy lïs vimo mkspués mka mkpfrtk, ao cfrlogi÷h

mka mkpfrsto kh lorgo pkrsfhoa ks gaovk poro supkror ksk lurf. Tfr þalf, guoaquikr mkpfrsto, gauj, ckmkrogi÷h f obkhtks mk mkpfrstos quk quikro ogvor prfcksifhoalkhtk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa mkpfrvo, sih gokr kh krrfrks mka posomf, mkjkh gfhtor gfh outéhgfs prfcksifhoaks kh lorgo pkrsfhoa.

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47 SIWIJIAIMOM

Hi `kom`uhtkrs hi hkt`uhtkrs> rkgflkhmogifhks Nfrmi Gfaakaa (42/?4/:4?;)

Wi hf hfs vkh, hf kxislfs y sih gfhtogtfs hf sflfs homo. Mfs crosks quk iaustroh ka lflkhtf prkskhtk sfjrk tfmf poro afs quk jusgoh trojonf y quikrkh rkoalkhtk khgfhtroraf. Kh ka OSK `ogio Lomrim akìo uh orguaf pujaigomf kh  kh   Ka Toìs sfjrk ka popka cuhmolkhtoa mk aos rkckrkhgios ihtkrhos poro ao gfhtrotogi÷h mk prfcksifhoaks

[ho portk luy ilpfrtohtk mk aos gfhtrotogifhks quk sk rkoaizoh kh aos brohmks klprksos sk prfmugkh o trovés mk aos rkgflkhmogifhks mk afs prfpifs klpakomfs

quk kh oabuhfs gosfs rkgijkh ihgkhvfs si oa ﬏hoa mka prfgksf su rkgflkhmomf sk ihgfrpfro ao gflpoÿìo. Y ao gfso vo kh skrif pfrquk hfsy gukhtoh quk kh Kspoÿo s÷af uho mko gomo gihgf fckrtos mk klpakf sk `ogk pþjaigo ka rkstf sk lukvk cukro mk afs girguitfs tromigifhoaks fgupohmf uh aubor mkstogomf aos rkckrkhgios quk prfpfrgifhoh prfpfrgifho h afs klpakomfs.

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47 SIWIJIAIMOM

¶Orrihgfhorïh aos rkgflkhmogifhks o afs `kom`uhtkrs f o afs hkt`uhtkrs6 Ks luy pfsijak quk hf, pfrquk hf tfmos aos ihgfrpfrogifhks pukmkh prfmugirsk pfr kstk létfmf o lkhfs quk sk quikro gfrrkr ka riksbf mk gokr kh uho situogi÷h mk khmfbolio quk ogojk gfh ao riqukzo mk ao mivkrsimom. Ks uho fpgi÷h quk sk oÿomk o aos yo kxistkhtks pkrf quk kstï khtrohmf gfh lug`o borro. Kh guoaquikro mk afs gosfs tkhkr uh jukh pkr﬏a kh ka luhmf ks ilprksgihmijak poro poro quk oabuikh sko olibf f uh prfcksi prfcksifhoa fhoa mk ao jþsqukmo ogvo sk ﬏nk kh hfsftrfs, si hf kstolfs prkskhtks mk lohkro ogvo mkhtrf y cukro mk ao rkm, si hf gfhtolfs af quk sflfs gopogks mk `ogkr y af quk qukrklfs o afs lïs gkrgohfs y o afs lïs aknohfs, si hf tkhklfs uh lkhsonk gaorf y uh gohoa prkgisf poro `ogkrafs aakbor o mfhmk sko hkgksorifs skbuirklfs pkrmikhmf fpfrtuhimomks. Yo hf sirvk tolpfgf skr uh jukh prfcksifhoa pfrquk `oy lug`fs y aolkhtojaklkhtk luy pfgfs tfmovìo sojkh kxpaigoraf mk lohkro gaoro y rftuhmo. Sfavikhmf o aos mfs crosks mka prihgipif tkhklfs uh lfvf lïs poro bksfhor huksSfavikhmf tro lorgo pkrsfhoa> quk hfs vkoh y hfs rkgflikhmkh.

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47 SIWIJIAIMOM

¶@oy quk mkgir ‑kh jþsqukmo ogvo“ kh aihekmih6 Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (47/?:/:4?;)

_uikrf pkhsor quk ka kucklislf ‑kh jþsqukmo ogvo“ sk rk﬏krk o prfcksifhoaks kh ka porf quk khkh uh paoh kstrugturomf y mkmigoh 0` miorios o jusgor trojonf. Lk busto ka rozfholikhtf mk  Ohmrés Térkz Frtkbo  oarkmkmfr mk ao ﬏buro mka poromf gflf ‑sih gaikhtks“, ks luy brï﬏gf y rkoaisto. Tfr ka gfhtrorif, ilobihf quk ka ‑jusgomfr posivf“ ks oquka quk, tkhbo paoh f hf, hf jusgo trojonf sihf quk kspkro uho aaolomo. Wko gflf sko, sk `o paohtkomf uho prkbuhto kh aos rkmks sfgioaks o roìz mka wkjihor mk  Ihcfnfjs mk Ihcfnfjs  kh quk porgipé mk tuaf ‑G÷lf skr ka mirkgtfr mk tu lorgo pkrsfhoa“ pkrsfhoa “ y quk sk gfrrkspfhmk gfh ka tuaf mk kstk orguaf> ¶@oy quk mkgir ‑kh jþsqukmo ogvo“ kh Aihekmih6

 

Ao khguksto orrfn÷ uh rksuatomf mk 34% sì y =4% hf, pkrf gaorf kstï quk o vkgks aos gfsos hf sfh jaohgos f hkbros, y kh ka loz kstï ao gaovk. Wì, pfr supukstf `oy quk mkgiraf, pkrf hf kh ka tuaor prfcksifhoa

Ksto ks li prfpuksto, `oy quk mkgir kh Aihekmih quk jusgolfs trojonf, pkrf `oy quk mkgiraf kh ka aubor omkguomf.

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Ilobihélfhfs quk ohmf jusgohmf ihbkhikrfs quìligfs poro uh prfykgtf mk hukvo klprkso. Yf hf jusgf oabuikh kh jþsqukmo ogvo quk sko ihbkhikrf quìligf, jusgf oa lknfr ihbkhikrf quìligf pfsijak quk khgonk kh ao fckrto mk klpakf. Toro khgfh tror ksf kh Aihekmih pukmf ogumir o ao jfaso mk trojonf f skhgiaaolkhtk `ogkr uho jþsqukmo gfh ao poaojro gaovk ‑ihbkhikrf quìligf“. Kh kstk skbuhmf gosf, ka ‑WKF“ mk Aihekmih gfafgorï kh prilkr aubor o oqukaaos pkrsfhos quk lïs vkgks tkhboh kh su pkr﬏a ksgrito ao poaojro gaovk y prifrizorï ao gkrgohìo o li rkm, ks mkgir, lk pfhmrï kh prilkr aubor o afs gfhtogtfs hivka ? (mirkgtfs) y skbuimolkhtk afs mk hivka : y 7. Wi `os mksoprfvkg`omf ka kspogif rkskrvomf poro ka tuaf prfcksifhoa gfh uh ‑Kh jþsqukmo ogvo“ sih lïs, tk posoré mk aorbf, yo quk migialkhtk vkré o silpak visto quk krks ihbkhikrf quìligf. Tfr tohtf, li rkgflkhmogi÷h ks quk oprfvkg`ks ka tuaf poro gfafgor tu prfpuksto mk voafr, y si ks pfsijak, sibuk ka knklpaf mk Woro` @orlfh, rkspfhsojak mk Aihekmih kh Kspoÿo> hf `ojao mk gorbfs, `ojao mk af quk

aos

klprksos quk ao gfhtrotkh soamrïh bohohmf (ao prfpuksto mk voafr). ¶M÷hmk gfafgor khtfhgks ao ihcf sfjrk ‑jþsqukmo ogvo“6 Kh ka kxtrogtf, pfr supukstf, y omklïs guoaquikr `kom`uhtkr kxpkrilkhtomf kh ksto rkm af vkrï kh skbuimo oa kstor vogìf ka golpf mk ‑trojonf ogtuoa“. Wi kstf hf tk gfhvkhgk, siklprk pfmrïs khgfhtror uh golihf ihtkrlkmif. Hf ks af imkoa pkrf quizïs tk pkrlito mfrlir lknfr> Gfafgor kh ka tuaf prfcksifhoa uho lkzgao mk ao prfpuksto mk voafr gfh ka kstomf ogtuoa aojf roa, pfr knklpaf> ‑Wfy ka ihbkhikrf quìligf quk su prfykgtf hkgksi to“ to“,, af quk sualkhtk ihmigo mispfhijiaimom ihlkmioto pkrf hf rkhuhgio o ao prfpuksto mk voafr sihf quk ao obrohmo. Kspkrf `ojkrtk oyumomf, khkhmf quk ao situogi÷h mk uh poromf pukmo skr mksks pkromo, pkrf ksf hf quito quk hf sk ogtþk gfh gikrto `ojiaimom. Tikhso silpaklkhtk quk pkrsfhos kh jþsqukmo ogvo pukmk `ojkr liaafhks, pkrf ihbkhikrfs quìligfs gfh kxpkrikhgio ojikrtfs o hukvfs prfykgtfs `oy lkhfs.

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Ka akhbuonk mk hukstrf gukrpf lfamko hukstro imkhmom Kakho ]kgg`io (43/4:/:4?;) Hfs busto sfgioaizor. ]rojonolfs kh kquipf, `ogklfs hktwfreihb, hfs gosolfs, frbohizolfs ﬏kstos y kvkhtfs, volfs o gkhor gfh olibfs y olibos, posolfs klpf gfh ao coliaio… Ka skr `ulohf hf kstï kh kstk luhmf poro kstor sfaf. Ao gikhgio `o mklfstromf quk kstor sfafs hfs prfmugk mkprksi÷h, tristkzo, y aakbo o mksorrfaaorhfs khckrlkmomks lkhtoaks. Ao sfaitum hf ks poro hfsftrfs.

Ka skr `ulohf khk ao vfz y ao poaojro, poro gfluhigorsk gfh skrks sìliaks. Guohmf `ojaolfs gfh oabuikh ao vfz ks lïs oato, cukrtk y mirkgto quk guohmf hfs `ojaolfs o hfsftrfs lislfs (gfhtïhmfhfs gfsos quk tkhklfs quk `ogkr f lfvïhmfhfs), tfmf kstf soak hoturoa. Ka skr `ulohf sk gfluhigo toljiéh o trovés mka akhbuonk hf vkrjoa> ka akhbuonk gfrpfroa. @ojaolfs mk akhbuonk gfrpfroa guohmf `ojaolfs mk ao pfsturo, lìligo, bkstfs,, pkrf toljiéh mk ao rfpo quk aakvolfs, mka sif quk fgupolfs kh uho hkbfbkstfs giogi÷h, mk ao lohkro quk goliholfs… tfmf kstf gukhto `istfrios sfjrk hfsftrfs. Ka akhbuonk hf vkrjoa `ogk ao gfluhigogi÷h lïs cïgia, mo ftro ihcfrlogi÷h ilpfrtohtk, ilpfrtohtk, osì sk khkhmk sih oljibñkmomks af quk qukrklfs mkgir. Khtfhgks, ¶pfmklfs khtkhmkr siklprk af quk quikrks mkgir ka ftrf6 Hf, gaorolkhtk hf. O vkgks `oy loakhtkhmimfs. loakhtkhmimfs. ¶_ué pfmklfs `ogkr6

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47 SIWIJIAIMOM

Cfrlorsk, sih kxobkror, kh ao ihtkrprktogi÷h, ks ilpfrtohtk, sibhi﬏go quk hf pfmklfs ihtkrprktor ka gflpfrtolikhtf mk ftro pkrsfho sih tkhkr uh ckkmjoge, ckkmjog e, osì quk, gflf kstumifs hfs ihmigoh, afs fnfs ojonf, o ao izquikr-

mo, hf likhtkh y afs jrozfs gruzomfs hf siklprk sfh uho jorrkro gfh ka ihtkrafgutfr. Ka ckkmjoge ks ilpfrtohtk khtfhgks, y prkbuhtor, mioafbor gfh hukstrf ihtkrafgutfr y kstor gfhsgikhtk mk aos situogifhks y gfhtkxtfs kh afs quk kstolfs ogtuohmf. ]oljiéh hukstro gopogimom mk ihtkrprktor ks lknfr guohmf yo gfhfgklfs o ao ftro pkrsfho, pfrquk pfmklfs hftor goljifs kvkhtuoaks mk vfz y mk gflpfrtolikhtf. Wojkr gflf gfluhigorsk ks uh ortk quk huhgo mknolfs mk mksorrfaaor. Tkrgijilfs aos mickrkhgios guaturoaks vionohmf, f guohmf gfhfgklfs o ftros pkrsfhos mk ftros guaturos. Aos gflpktkhgios gfluhigovos sfh vitoaks, mirìo yf, pfrquk hfs oyumoh o gfhskbuir hukstrfs fjnkvfs.

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7 posfs poro rkvisor tu ilobkh mk lorgo pkrsfhoa Lorìo O. Wïhg`kz (?:/4?/:4?;) Mk tfmfs ks sojimf quk ao ilobkh ks gfluhigogi÷h, y sih kljorbf, guohmf prkbuhtf o gaikhtks y oaulhfs qué mkskoh gfluhigor gfh uho mk aos pikzos mk rfpo quk aakvoh, hf sojkh rkspfhmkr… kstïh `ojaohmf sih sojkr af quk migkh! G÷lf luapaigor ao k﬏gogio mk ao ‐Lorgo yf’’6 Gfh uho oporikhgio gfh ihtkhgi÷h gfluhigovo (omklïs mk kljkaakgimo soaumojak y lotklïgolkhtk). ¶‐Lorkos’ gfluhigohmf mickrkhtks lkhsonks6 Lukstro tu ‐lorgo’!

Afs lknfrks kxpkrtfs kh Lorgo Tkrsfhoa y Zkmks Wfgioaks rksoatoh ao ilpfrtohgio mk guimor ao oporikhgio kh aos cftfbroos y vìmkfs quk gfabolfs kh ao rkm, y skbuir kh ao lislo aìhko oa mksvirtuoaizor ao rkaogi÷h, sfjrk tfmf guohmf ésto ks prfcksifhoa. Kstfy tftoalkhtk mk ogukrmf… aìhkos mksgkhmkhtks kh coggifhks u `fljrfs, coamos luy gfrtos f pohtoafhks luy aorbfs, puhaaos, rkjkgos… kaklkhtfs quk rkstoh k﬏gogio gfluhigovo.

Ka prfgksf> 7 posfs

Toro quikhks mkskéis aakvor o gojf uho I]S, mk lfmf outfmimogto, oquì tkhéis ao josk mka prfgksf mk miskÿf mk ‐Ilobkh mk Lorgo Tkrsfhoa’>

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?)  Ksgrijk tu ‐crosk prfcksifhoa’, gfh aos poaojros quk gfhsimkrks quk tk

rkprkskhtoh> prfcksifhoaimom, skburimom, miholislf, ktg. Zkgflikhmf o lis osksfromDs quk ojroh su ‐aijrf mk lorgo’, y voyoh ohftohmf guoaimomks (uho aijrkto jukho, otrogvo, cojrigomo gkrgo, mk popka rkgigaomf… quk hfs rkprkskhtk!). :) Liro gomo ïrko mk af quk kainos poro gfhstruir tu oporikhgio, pfr skporo-

mf, y oskbþrotk quk af gfluhiquk> Gojkaaf, vkstuorif, gflpaklkhtfs… kh kstk aijrf mk lorgo (toljiéh aaolomo ‑aijrkto lïbigo“) irklfs rkgfpiaoh mf ksafs mk pkihomf y vkstuorif quk grkolfs quk gfluhigoh hukstro ‐crosk’. Kh gosf mk quk skoh ilïbkhks mk ao rkm, hulkromaos (4? pkihomf, 4? vkstuorif…) y ohftom su mksgripgi÷h… pfr qué grkklfs quk af gfluhigoh6 7) _uk ka bkstf cogioa y gfrpfroa trohslito ksos guoaimomks. Hfs oyumorï

lug`f uhir kso ‐crosk mk lorgo’ o uho rkspirogi÷h prfcuhmo, quk `orklfs siklprk ohtks mk uho girguhstohgio ilpfrtohtk. Tfgf o pfgf, `ork -

lfs kso rkspirogi÷h lïs o lkhumf, af quk oyumorï o ao sohbrk o rkporr afs hutrikhtks o tfmf ka frbohislf, ao pika sk vkrï lknfr, ]oljiéh ka jaohgf mk afs fnfs (oljfs lorgomfrks mk jkaakzo). Ilpfrtohtk ka khtrkholikhtf mk ao ‐Tkrgkpgi÷h Sisuoa’ Cftfbro﬏orhfs lug`f, `osto tkhkr afs = f ; ‐uhicfrlks prfcksifhoaks’ gfrrkspfh mikhtks o hukstro ‐Lorgo’ y tkhkr prkskhtks ksos ilïbkhks skakggifhomos, y afs trks posfs quk `klfs vistf, guohmf voyolfs o prkporor hukstro oporikhgio (af quk ogfhsknf `ogkr pfr ao hfg`k, puks kvitorï quk hfs vistolfs mka `ulfr quk hfs akvohtklfs).

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Jrohmkm gfhtkht> uho hfvkmom gfh lïs mk ?44 oÿfs mk `istfrio Grisho Mìkz (:2/4=/:4?;) Gfh ao kro mk ‑Ka gfhtkhimf ks ka rky“ tfmovìo rkihohmf, kh afs þalfs klpfs oporkgk gomo vkz gfh lïs crkgukhgio ka ‑Jrohmkm gfhtkht“ gflf uho mk aos tkhmkhgios lïs hfvkmfsos.

]fmf biro oarkmkmfr mka Jrohmkm gfhtkht> af cohtïsgf quk ks, af jikh quk cuhgifho… pkrf ¶guohtfs sojkh qué ks kxogtolkhtk6 IOJ,, Jrohmkm gfhtkht> Wkbþh ao IOJ

‑ks uh gfhtkhimf rkakvohtk, f ihtkrksohtk, ospkgtfgfh hf pujaigitorif, bkhkromf pfr uhokhtrktkhimf lorgo poro grkor oumikhgio mk y gfhkgtor kaao. Ka gfhtkhimf gfluhigo mk cfrlo ilpaìgito afs voafrks osfgiomfs o ao lorgo, ouhquk ésto poso o skbuhmf paohf“. Gfh ao ihcfxigogi÷h quk sucrk ka ihtkrhouto, ka Jrohmkm Gfhtkht ks uho cfrlo mk aakbor oa kspkgtomfr `uykhmf ao rkpkgi÷h mk afs ilpogtfs pujaigitorifs quk ks af quk `o vkhimf sugkmikhmf. [hf mk afs þalfs gosfs mk Jrohmkm Gfhtkht quk loyfr rkpkrgusi÷h `o oagohzomf `o simf ka soatf quk  quk  Ckaix Joulbothkr  Joulbothkr  rkoaiz÷ mksmk ao kstrotfsckro kh fgtujrk mk :4?:. Mktrïs mka soatf sk khgfhtrojo Zkm Juaa, quk gfh ao `ozoÿo mk Joulbothkr gfhsibui÷ uho gftos mk visijiaimom ilpfsijaks mk ilobihor.

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Torkgk luy hfvkmfsf, pkrf si gfhsuatolfs ao `istfrio, hf af ks tohtf. [hf mk afs prilkrfs gosfs mk Jrohmkm Gfhtkht mka quk sk khk gfhstohgio sk rklfhto o ?944. Tfr oquka khtfhgks Ohmré Lig`kaih sk af fgurri÷ grkor uho buìo gfh tfmf pf mk gfhsknfs þaks poro tfmfs oqukaafs usuorifs quk sk pumikroh qukmor romfs kh lkmif mk ao homo kspkrohmf ka rkgoljif mk uho rukmo quk pfmìo tormor kh aakbor lïs mk trks f guotrf mìo. Osì hogi÷ ao buìo Lig`kaih> uho kspkgik mk skrvigif pfst vkhto quk fcrkgìo oyumo o o afs prilkrfs gfhmugtfrks o trovés mk uho gflpakto aisto mk lkgïhigfs, paohfs mk giumomks y lémigfs kh gosf mk ovkrìo. Af quk hogi÷ poro skr uho oyumo oa gfhmugtfr, prfhtf sk gfhvir÷ kh uh rkckrkhtk mk kxgkakhgio turìsgo y guaihorio. Y ouhquk porkzgo quk ka pksf kspkgì﬏gf mk afs hkulïgfs sk `oyo miauimf pfr ao ilpfrtohgio bostrfh÷ligo, bostrfh÷ligo, af gikrtf ks quk ao buìo Buìo Lig`kaih kstï kstrkg`olkhtk rkaogifhomo o ao gorrktkro, o afs outfl÷viaks y o afs hkulïgfs. Ftrf mk afs gosfs mk Jrohmkm Gfhtkht colfsfs ks ka gosf mk Tfpkyk. Ka pkrsfhonk mk Tfpkyk hogi÷ kh ?9:9 gflf uho ro mk g÷ligo poro uh pkri÷migf. Mktrïs mk ksto ro sk khgfhtrojoh afs prfmugtfrks mk kspiho gos, quk mkgimikrfh grkor uh pkrsfhonk quk kstuvikro soaumojak brogios o aos hulkrfsos virtumks mk aos kspihogos. Cuk toa ka éxitf mk ksto golpoÿo quk o lkmimo quk ijo grkgikhmf ao pfpuaorimom mk Tfpkyk, ao prfmuggi÷h mk kspihogos grkgi÷ `osto hivkaks huhgo vistfs. ]ohtf ks osì quk kh Kstomfs [himfs tfmovìo kxistkh lfhulkhtfs kh `fhfr oa pkrsfhonk mk ﬏ggi÷h. Osì puks, guohmf `ojaolfs mk ao hfvkmom kh ka Jrohmkm Gfhtkht hf sk kstï rk﬏rikh mf tohtf kh ao c÷rluao sihf kh ka gohoa. Ka jrohmkm gfhtkht khk gflf cogtfr mish mi shvf ka khtrktkhilikhtf y éstk sk khgukhtro sfjrk tfmf kh ka fhaihk, quk fcrkgk pfsijiaimomks gosi ih﬏hitos. Ka jrohmkm gfhvivk gfh térlihfs pr÷xilfs gflf ka gfhtkht lorekhb  f ka prfmugt paogklkht  quk `ojitoh kh ka lislf uhivkrsf pkrf biroh oarkmkmfr mk paohktos mishtfs. Af ilpfrtohtk ks hf mknorsk aakvor pfr ao klfgi÷h quk gfhaakvo tfmf af jouzomf gflf ‑hukvf“ y hf favimor pkmir ka MHI o quikh sk ogkrgo ohtks mk khtror o ao ﬏ksto.

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¶_ué poso kh Aihekmih quk tfmf ka luhmf ks Gkf6 Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (?9/?4/:4?;)

Hf sé si af `ojrïs hftomf. Þalolkhtk guohmf lkrfmkos pfr Aihekmih Aihekmih   tk mos gukhto mk quk kstï rkpaktf mk GKF’s. Y ksf hf khgono gfh aos kstomìsgos. Skolfs, uho gfso ks quk  quk  Aihekmih sko ao rkm prkckrimo pfr afs GKF’s mk aos klprksos, klprksos, y ftro luy mishto ks quk uh toxisto f uh miskÿomfr brï﬏gf ihmkpkhmikhtk ‗gfh tfmf ka rkspktf- sk `oboh aaolor GKF. Wì, yf toljiéh akì o ]fl o ]fl Tktkrs  Tktkrs y su prfpuksto mk quk tflfs sflfs afs GKF mk hukstrf YF, YF, W.O. (kh ihbaés Lk, IHG), pkrf mk o`ì o quk tfmfs afs out÷hflfs f pkqukÿfs klprksorifs sk outfmkhflihkh GKF kh su mk﬏higi÷h mk pkr﬏a `oy uh trkg`f.

Guéhtolk qué pukmks `ogkr pfr lì, hf afs boafhks quk aakvos kh tu g`oqukto

Hf sfy homik poro mor akggifhks sfjrk g÷lf trojonor gfrrkgtolkhtk uh pkr﬏a kh ksto rkm prfcksifhoa, poro ksf `oy jukhfs kspkgioaistos gflf Oakx A÷pkz, Tkmrf mk Sigkhtk,, Gàaio @ia…, pkrf porkgk mk skhmf gflþh quk ka tuaor prfcksifhoa kh Aihekmih tk mkjk trotor sfjrk ao prfpuksto mk voafr, hf sfjrk ka gorbf hi sfjrk ao klprkso kh ao quk uhf trojono (poro ksf yo `oy oportomfs kspkgì﬏gfs). Kh ftros poaojros, guéhto lk qué pukmks `ogkr pfr lì, hf afs boafhks quk aakvos kh tu g`oqukto. @k vistf gkhtkhorks mk pkr﬏aks mk Aihekmih gfh ka tuaor prfcksifhoa ‑Mirkgtfr Bkhk roa“ f ‑GKF“… ¶mk qué6 ¶mk uho brohno ovìgfao6 ¶mk uh johgf6 Hf sukaf ogkptor ka gfhtogtf mk pkrsfhos quk sk prkskhtoh osì, sukakh skr pkr﬏aks sfspkg`fsolkhtk

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spollkrs f mk pkrsfhos gfh luy jono outfkslo quk hkgksitoh gfmkorsk gfh afs ilpfrtohtks mk kso rkm. Hf hfs khboÿklfs, kh afs brupfs mk mirkgvfs mk Aihekmih ka 04% hf sfh mirkgvfs

Wi uhf jusgo brupfs mk mirkgvfs, `oy lug`fs, y oabuhfs sfjrkposoh ihgausf ao gicro mk ?=4.444 likljrfs. Tkrf Tkrf hf hfs khboÿklfs, kh afs brupfs mk mirkgvfs mk Aihekmih ka 04% hf sfh mirkgvfs. _uizïs sfh ospirohtks o skraf, hf af hikbf, pkrf ka `kg`f ks quk HF sfh mirkgvfs. ]fmf kstf lk aakvo o prkbuhtorlk pfr qué `oy pkrsfhos quk grkkh quk ks toh ilpfrtohtk outfmk﬏hirsk gflf oabf quk hf sfh poro gfhskbuir uh supukstf hktwfreihb hktwfre ihb ‑mk oaturo“. oaturo“. ¶Mk vkrmom oabuikh oabui kh pikhso `fy kh mìo ksf mk skr GKF ilprksifho6 Mk ogukrmf, quizïs skr ka GKF mk Sirbih Brfup sko ilpfrtohtk, pkrf khtfhgks ¶Tfr qué  qué Zig`orm Jrohsfh sk gfhcfrlo gfh uh ‑cfuhmkr“6 Yo af vks, ka quk ks outéhgolkhtk GKF hf siklprk sk mk﬏hk gflf toa, osì quk ksf hfs ihgaiho cïgialkhtk o pkhsor quk afs quk sk outfmkhflihoh GKF hf sfh lïs ‑quikrfyhfpukmf“. Kh aos rkmks khboÿos uho vkz5 o ao skbuhmo yo kstïs cukro mk  nukbf. Wi krks ka GKF mk tu YF, YF, W.O. oprkhmk o kxpaigor kxpaigor tu prfpuksto prfpuksto mk voafr, voafr, af quk yf ohmf jusgohmf ks pkrsfhos quk lk rksukavoh lis prfjaklos, hf GKF’s. ¶[h jukh gfhsknf poro quk hf tk goai﬏qukh gflf uh lkhrfsf kh Aihekmih6 Ouhquk tkhbo yo oÿfs, aéktk kstk cohtïsgf   pfst mk Sìgtfr Gohmka, Gohmka, tk oyumorï o bksfhor tu lorgo jonf ka voafr kskhgioa mk ao gfh﬏ohzo> ao outkhgimom.

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Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa mka rkgautomfr… ¶mkjkrìo prkfguporak6 Sigtfr Gohmka (:0/4?/:4?;) Ao oporigi÷h mk aos  aos rkmks sfgioaks `o gfhskbuimf mor uh vukagf o ao cfrlo kh ao quk afs prfcksifhoaks mk Zkgursfs @ulohfs rkgautolfs o aos pkrsfhos quk rkquikrkh hukstros klprksos, `ogikhmf quk mknklfs mk prkbuhtorhfs g÷lf gfhtogtor gfh gohmimotfs im÷hkfs quk kh fgosifhks kstïh trojonohmf kh ftros frbohizogifhks, y mknohmf mk kxisr mickrkhgios khtrk afs prfcksifhoaks quk sk khgukhtroh jusgohmf ogvolkhtk ogvolkh tk klpakf y oqukaafs quk hf af `ogkh. O`fro s÷af kxistk ao jþsqukmo mka lknfr toakhtf, hf ilpfrtohmf si sk troto mk ‑gohmimotfs ogvfs“ f ‑gohmimotfs posi vfs“. Tkrf poro aakvor o gojf kstk pf mk Zkgautolikhtf Wfgioa, hf s÷af omquikrk broh ilpfrtohgio quk ka gohmimotf tkhbo uho osfgiogi÷h pfsivo mk ao lorgo klpakomfro mk uho klprkso, sihf toljiéh mk ao Lorgo Tkrsfhoa mka Zkgautomfr.  

Ks uh krrfr luy gflþh mor pfr `kg`f quk kstf mk ao a o lorgo pkrsfhoa hf ks gfso mk afs quk fckrtoh trojonf.

Y yf tk prkbuhtf, ¶Tfr qué uho pkrsfho mkjkrìo prkstortk otkhgi÷h f gfh﬏or kh af quk ak kstos migikhmf guohmf gfhtogtos gfh kaao o trovés mk tu pkr﬏a sfgioa, lkmiohtk uho aaolomo mk tkaécfhf f pfr lkmif mk uh gfrrkf kakgtr÷higf, poro fcrkgkrak uho fpfrtuhimom aojfroa f prfykg prfykgtf6. tf6.

Ao  mksgfh﬏ohzo  ks uho ogtum quk hfs pkrlitk skr goutfs y kvitor khboÿfs kh huks Ao

tros rkaogifhks sfgioaks, y mk cfrlo bkhkroaizomo guoaquikr pkrsfho quk hf jusgo ogvolkhtk klpakf, mksgfho mk uho prfpuksto aojfroa si hf gfhfgk homo sfjrk ao pkrsfho quk ak rkoaizo mig`o fckrto.

Murohtk oÿfs afs prfcksifhoaks mka rkgautolikhtf `klfs rkoaizomf prfgksfs mk skakggi÷h fsgurfs, kh afs quk afs pfstuaohtks mksgfhfgìoh quikh kro ao pkrsfho quk aks rkoaizorìo uho khtrkvisto, quiéh gfhtogtojo gfh kaafs, k ihgausf g÷lf sk mksorrf aaorìo ka prfgksf kh sì. Ks oquì mfhmk khtro kh ksgkho ao lorgo pkrsfhoa mka rkgautomfr, yo quk si tu ilobkh prfcksifhoa vikhk rkspoamomo pfr uho lorgo visijak, trohsporkhtk, gf`krkhtk y

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josomo kh `kg`fs y hf kh poaojros, aos pukrtos poro kstojakgkr uho gfhvkrsogi÷h gfh uh pftkhgioa gohmimotf, sk ojrirïh sfaos. Osì gflf uh rkgautomfr jusgo kh Bffbak  ihcfrlogi÷h sfjrk sus pftkhgioaks gohmimotfs, kstfs toljiéh mkskoh gfhfgkr lïs ihcfrlogi÷h sfjrk ka rkgautomfr, pfr af quk rkoaizoh jþsqukmos kh ao rkm. @ogk uhfs oÿfs, guohmf gfhtog gfhtogtojo tojo gfh uh gohmimotf posivf y ak fcrkgìo uh pfsijak pukstf mk trojonf, kh ao loyfrìo mk fgosifhks, f hf rkgijìo rkspuksto, f sk gfhvkro kh uho hkbovo o ksgug`or ao prfpuksto. Trihgipoalkhtk mkjimf o ao coato mk gfh﬏ohzo, oabuhfs pkhsojoh quk pfmìo trotorsk mk uho trolpo mk su prfpio klprk so, quk kstojo ihtkhtohmf pfhkr o prukjo su ﬏mkaimom `ogio kaao5 ftrfs oa hf gfhfgkrtk silpaklkhtk mksgfh﬏ojoh mk si rkoalkhtk sk trotojo uho vkrmomkro fpfrtu himom.

O`fro ao gfso `o goljiomf. _[É GOLJIFW @K TKZGIJIMF MKWMK _[K GFLKHGÉ O MKWOZZFAAOZ LI LOZGO TKZWFHOA Gflf kh ka gosf mk guoaquikr ftrf pf mk prfcksifhoa, mkmigor klpf y kscukrzf poro mksorrfaaor tu prfpio lorgo, mkjk cfrlor portk mk tu ruho miorio gflf rkgautomfr. Tkrsfhoalkhtk, mksmk quk gflkhgé kstk golihf `ogk gosi trks oÿfs, afs jkhk﬏gifs fjtkhimfs `oh supkromf guoaquikr pf mk kxpkgtovo quk pumikro tkhkr. ?. Broh portk mka éxitf mk uh rkgautomfr sk joso kh ao cfrlo mk gfluhigorsk gfh sus

gohmimotfs. Afs rkgautomfrks quk sfh oggksijaks kh ao gfluhigogi÷h y skhsijaks o rkspfhmkr guoaquikr mumo quk sk ak paohtko o uho pkrsfho, sukakh gfhskbuir bohorsk su gfh﬏ohzo. ¶_ué grkks quk pkhsorï uh pftkhgioa gohmimotf si oa jusgortk kh

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Bffbak f kh rkmks sfgioaks, khgukhtro o uho pkrsfho ojikrto quk khtojao gfhvkrso gifhks y kstojakg kstojakgkk rkaogifhks gfh sus pfsijaks gohmimotf gohmimotfs6 s6 :. Guohmf mksorrfaaos tu lorgo pkrsfhoa y ksto sk `ogk rkgfhfgimo, ka toakhtf vikhk

o  y kh lug`os fgosifhks hf khks hi siquikro quk soair o jusgoraf.

7. Ao lorgo pkrsfhoa ks uh voaifsf y muromkrf ogvf, oabf quk pkrlohkgk gfhbf

ouhquk goljiks mk klprkso. ]khkr uh mktkrlihomf hþlkrf mk gfhkxifhks, mk skbuimfrks y ftros kstomìsgos… tk `orïh otrogvf poro ftros klprksos gflf prfcksifhoa mka rkgautolikhtf.

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Akggifhks mk Lorgka Mug`olp sfjrk pkrsfhoa jrohmihb Khriquk Zukmo (:7/?4/:4?;) Lorgka Mug`olp cuk uhf mk afs pomrks mka  mka momoìslf y uh orsto gaovk poro ka mksorrfaaf, ao gfhtkxtuoaizogi÷h y ao gflprkhsi÷h mk aos prfpukstos orsgos mka sibaf xx y mka ortk lïs rkgikhtk, aos prfpukstos quk sk khbafjoh mkhtrf mk ao kqukto «ortk gfhtklpfrïhkfµ. gfhtklp frïhkfµ. O prihgipifs mka sibaf xx mksorrfaa÷ sus gfhfgimfs rkomylomks, kh afs quk uh fjnktf gfmiohf skakggifhomf pfr ka orsto omquirìo, kh gfaojfrogi÷ gfaojfrogi÷h h gfh ao hukvo liromo mka kspkgtomfr, ka kstotus mk fjro orsgo.

Gfh Zukmo mk jigigakto f Wkgomfr mk jftkaaos, ao ksguaturo mk pkmkstoa y ao fjro ors-

go crutf ao ihspirogi÷h y mkafsaofjnktfs lohucogturo mka orsto-bkhif skportk toljoakojoh y sk pfhìoh khmk guks÷h, posohmf hf orsgfs o fgupor ao lïs sobromo mk ao fjro orsgo tromigifhoa. Kh ?9?2, o lfmf mk gualihogi÷h mk kstk prfgksf mk mksogroaizogi÷h mksogroaizogi÷h mk ao fjro mk ortk, Mug`olp prkskht÷ su  su  Cukhtk  kh ka Woa÷h mk afs Ihmkpkhmikhtks mk Hukvo Yfre. Wk trotojo mk uh urihorif gfhvkhgifhoa quk cuk rkromf o gouso mka ksgïhmoaf prfvfgomf pfr uh fjnktf quk hf cuk gfhgkjimf gflf uho ksguaturo pfr ka nuromf. Omklïs, ao fjro hf cuk ﬏rlomo pfr Mug`olp, sihf jonf ka pskum÷hilf mk Zfjkrt Lu, gfh af quk ao outfrìo mk ao fjro fribihoa pfr portk mk uh orsto sk pfhìo toljiéh kh guks÷h.

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Lk bustorìo mkstogor uho fjro ohtkrifr mk Mug`olp, quizï lkhfs gfhfgimo pkrf luy sibhi﬏govo, yo quk ks prkgursfro mk afs paohtkolikhtfs orsgfs quk mkckhmkrìo su outfr kh pkrìfmfs pfstkrifrks. pfstkrifrks. Lk rk﬏kr rk﬏krf f oa Mkshumf jonohmf uho ksgoakro. Kh kaao sk rkprkskhto uh gukrpf kh lfvilikhtf brogios o ao luapaigogi÷h mk paohfs y puhtfs mk visto, kh sihtfhìo gfh aos cfrlos mk rkprkskhtogi÷h gujistos. Af sibhi﬏go vf mk ksto fjro ks quk ka crutf mk ksk lfvilikhtf `ogk quk ka gukrpf guk rpf prïggolkh tk mksoporkzgo. Tfmrìolfs mkgir quk ka guomrf rk﬊kno ka lfvilikhtf mksprfvistf yo mk gukrpf gflf uho `ukaao mka gukrpf quk cuk. Kh rksulkh, Mug`olp hfs khskÿo quk ao fjro orsgo ks uho gfhskgukhgio mk uho imko, mk uh gfhgkptf quk, oa skr gflpormf gfh ka kspkgtomfr, pkrlitk pfhkr kh  nukbf fjnktfs, gfhtk gfhtkxtfs, xtfs, situogifhks y girguhst girguhstohgios ohgios ”ilpkhsojaks `osto ksk lflkhtf”, o ao `fro mk kvoauor y goai﬏gor ao fjro mk ortk gflf toa. Gflf opfrtogi÷h porguaor oa pkrsfhoa jrohmihb, lk qukmf gfh kso `ukaao rksuatohtk mk ao rkprkskhtogi÷h mka lfvilikhtf, quk pfmrìolfs kquiporor gfh ao `ukaao quk mknolfs kh ao gojkzo mk afs mklïs ouhquk yo hf kstklfs prkskhtks y hfs `oyolfs gfhvkrmf gfhvkr mf kh uho ouskhgio lklfrojak, gflf kh ka Mkshumf jonohmf uho ksgoakro.

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¶Mkjkrìo uh kxpkrtf prkskhtorsk prkskhtorsk gflf toa6 Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (49/??/:4?;) @oy uho misgusi÷h khgkhmimo kh ka khtfrhf prfcksifhoa sfjrk si uh kxpkrtf mkjk prkskhtorsk o si lislf gflf kxpkrtf f ks lknfr quk rkakbuk ksto cuhgi÷h kh afs mklïs. Yf mishbuirìo, poro kvitor krrfrks mk ihtkrprktogi÷h, oa kspkgioaisto mka ih﬊ukhgkr y mka kxpkrtf. Kspkgioaisto > khk quk vkr gfh aos gflpktkhgios `orm, aos mka gfhfgilikhtf, y ks uho fpgi÷h luy ogfhsknojak poro mishbuirsk mka bkhkroaisto y opfrtor voafr oÿomimf. Knklpafs gaorfs afs tkhklfs kh ka khtfrhf lémigf, ka akboa, ka mk gfluhigogi÷h f aos ihbkhikrìos. [h kspkgioaisto hf khk pfrquk skr uh ih﬊ukhgkr hi uh kxpkrtf, pkrf pukmk aakbor o skraf. Ih﬊ukhgkr > khk lug`f quk vkr gfh aos gflpktkhgios mk gfluhigogi÷h (sf). Wfh pkrsfhos guyo cfrlo þhigo mk kxpaigor aos gfsos aos sitþo kh ka gkhtrf mk otkhgi÷h lkmiïgo, yo sko kh su prfpif p rfpif khtfrhf prfcksifhoa f kh ftrfs onkhfs. Wukakh uaizor luy jikh afs rkgurs rkgursfs fs mk gfluhigogi÷h. Tukmkh skr f hf skr kspkgioaistos y kxpkrtfs. Wi hf sfh uho gfso hi ao ftro, lug`fs afs pukmkh vkr gflf vkhmkmfrks mk `ulf. Kxpkrtf> khk rkaogi÷h gfh ao kxgkakhgio y ka voafr quk sk opfrto o afs mklïs. Ks uho lkzgao mk gflpktkhgios `orm y sf, y bfzo mka rkgfhfgilikhtf mk su prfcksi÷h gflf rkckrkhtk. Hf khk pfr qué kstor rkaogifhomf gfh aos mftks mk aimkrozbf mk ao pkrsfho, pkrf mksmk aukbf, ka aimkrozbf klfgifhoa oyumo. Ka jrohmihb khk lug`f quk vkr gfh ka kxpkrtf, yo quk sukakh skr tkrgkros pkrsfhos quikhks kquktoh o oabuikh gflf kxpkrtf. Ka kxpkrtf pukmk skr f hf skr kspkgioaisto f ih﬊ukhgkr, pkrf ks lïs cïgia aakbor o skr oabuikh gfh ih﬊ukhgio si ohtks `o `ojimf ka rkgfhfgilikhtf kxpkrtf. Kxpkrtfs5 `ojkrafs, `oyafs. Tkrf pkrsfhoalkhtk hf af rkgflkhmorìo, yo quk ogkhtþo ka ‑yfìslf“, oabf hf luy jikh vistf kh hukstro kro mk voafrks 7.4. Outfmkhflihorsk ‑kxpkrtf“ f ‑burþ“ pukmk ihmigor gikrto coato mk lfmkso, ouhquk ks gikrtf quk lug`fs kxpkrtfs uaizoh ka vkrjol mk uh tkrgkrf poro gfaor kh su lkhsonk af mk ‑burþ“ f ‑kxpkrtf“ ‑kxpkrtf“..

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Kh ao ilobkh, ao gojkgkro wkj mk Riaaiol Orrumo, Orrumo, kh quk uaizo uho crosk khtrkgfli aaomo nuhtf oa outfr mk ao lislo poro kxpfhkr su gfhmigi÷h mk ‑burþ“. Zkgfrmklfs> prilkrf ao ao oggi÷h y aukbf ao gfluhigogi÷h Kh guoaquikr gosf, si hf `os afbromf ka rkgfhfgilikhtf mk kxpkrtf pfr portk mk tu gfluhimom, vkhmkrtk gflf toa s÷af pukmk ogkakror quk tk ogojkh gfhsimkrohmf gflf uh vkhmkmfr mk `ulf. Zkgukrmo> prilkrf ao ao oggi÷h y aukbf ao gfluhigo gi÷h. KA TOTKA TOTKA MKA JZOHMIHB TKZWFHOA

Wi af quk uhf quikrk ks skr rkgfhfgimf gflf kxpkrtf mkjk pfhkr kh lorg`o uho kstrotkbio mk pkrsfhoa jrohmihb y kspkror quk mé sus crutfs tros uh pkrìfmf mk gfhsistkhgio, jukh cfhmf, jukho cfrlo y uho jukho rkm mk gfhtogtfs.

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: poutos poro gfhstruir uho ilobkh prfcksifhoa… ¶otrogvo6 Lorìo O. Wïhg`kz (:4/4;/:4?;) O vukatos gfh ka Gopitoa Kr÷gf Lug`fs `oh simf afs gflkhtorifs quk hfs `oh aakbomf o porr mka pfst sfjrk afs ‐siakhgifs vkrjoaks y visuoaks’ visuoaks’, brogios. ]fmf mkjotk, gfh rkspktf, khriqukgk. Kh ksto fgosi÷h, ka tklo ks ao otroggi÷h. Migk ka Miggifhorif mk ao  ao  Zkoa Ogomklio mk ao akhbuo Kspoÿfao ,  mka gfhgkptf

‐otrogvf-vo’> _uk otrok f khk cukrzo poro otrokr. Kh gaosk sukaf prkbuhtor o aos oaulhos quk o﬏rloh quk mkskoh kstor otrogvos tol jiéh kh situogifhks prfcksifhoaks> y uho vkz quk `os ‐otroìmf’ gfh tu oporikhgio o oabuikh… ¶_ué6 ¶@os pkhsomf kh ka sibuikhtk posf6 Gfhsimkrf quk ka vkstuorif prfcksifhoa cklkhihf ‐f﬏gioa’ kstï pfr miskÿor y quk sk mkjk o quk, aos lunkrks sflfs rkaovolkhtk hfvotos (opkhos ;4 oÿfs) kh kstf mk skr prfcksifhoaks kh ftrf ïljitf mishtf oa mka `fbor. Soyo mksmk oquì uho obromkgimo afo o aDs kxpkrtDs kh torkos mka `fbor, griohzo mk hiÿDs, ktg… si ks af quk mkgimkh `ogkr. Guimoh mk hukstrf cuturf. Sfavikhmf oa uhicfrlk prfcksifhoa cklkhihf, kh kstk lflkhtf lk gfhsto quk `oy voriDs miskÿomfrDs kstumiohmf pfsijiaimomks. Mk lflkhtf, kh aos posorkaos sfaf vklfs vkstuorif poro lunkrks quk voh mk ﬏ksto y mk vogogifhks y pfgos, pfgos, lfmkafs gfh oporikhgio mk ir oa trojonf. Lk bust÷ ao pkrspkgvo quk ak mif o ao lunkr prfcksifhoa  Nfoquiho Ckrhïhmk Ckrhïhmkzz, kh su g`orao ‐]oakhtf Cklkhihf kh Oggi÷h’, quk ilpor÷ kh  kh  ]KMxBrohSioRflkh ]KMxBrohSioRflkh.. Lohtkhikhmf ao mistohgio sfjrk su kxpkrikhgio pkrsfhoa kh guohtf o rkck rkhtks. Ks gikrtf quk crkhtk o afs :44 oÿfs mk ‐uhicfrlk prfcksifhoa’ losguaihf, hfsftros gosi ogojolfs mk ‐otkrrizor’. @osto `ogk rkaovolkhtk pfgf klpf, ka fjnkvf cklkhihf pfr kxgkakhgio kro otrokr (gfh ka ﬏h mk skr kakbimo gflf lomrk mk su

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‐golomo’) o uh `fljrk cukrtk, quk lohtuvikro o ao coliaio quk ak morìolfs. Kh kaaf pfhìo ao lunkr tfmf su kscukrzf, lknfr f pkfr oakggifhomos pfr aos lunkrks mk ao coliaio. Kh hukstrfs mìos `o goljiomf lug`f ao kmugogi÷h, pkrf hf tohtf ka ihshtf mk hukstro hoturoakzo mk lunkr, quk gfhhuo kh hukstrf gkrkjrf, gfh ka ﬏h mk pkrpktuor ao kspkgik. Gflf jukh ‐ihshtf’, ks ihgfhsgikhtk y pfgf ak ilpfrto quk ka khtfrhf mk ao ‐`kljro’ `o goljiomf, quk `oy girguhstohgios kh aos quk sfaf tkhklfs ihtkrksks prfcksifhoaks. ‑¡Ks gikrtf! O lkhumf, hfs sfrprkhmklfs, kh uho hkbfgiogi÷h mk trojonf, jusgohmf ao liromo mk oprfjogi÷h mka `fljrk, y gflporïhmfhfs gfh aos ftros lunkrks, si aos `oy.“ Lk sukakh gflkhtor oaulhos y gaikhtks aojfroalkhtk luy jikh pfsigifhomos. K ihgausf lkhfsprkgiïhmfaos, siklprk aks rkspfhmf, pfrquk hukstrf gkrkjrf ‐prilorif’ aos pkrgijk gflf rivoaks ohtk ka log`f.

Nfoquiho Ckrhïhmkz hfs rkgflikhmo, kh ao ohtks lkhgifhomo g`orao, uho ihtkaibkhtk sfaugi÷h> pfhkr ao ihtkhgi÷h kh ka outfgfhfgilikhtf y kh cfrlorhfs poro pfmkr mksorrfaaor hukstrf toakhtf. Y yf oÿomf> Lirohmf ‐mk aknfs’ gomo girguhstohgio, gflf ‐fjskrvomfro’ (quk mirìo Oho ]flïs, gfog` y broh olibo) poro misfgiorhfs klfgifhoalkhtk y pfmkr vksr gfh uh fjnkvf kh lkhtk> gfluhigor hukstro ‐Lorgo Tkrsf hoa’. Gfh ao imko mka pkrsfhonk quk prftobfhizolfs kh lkhtk> aojfr quk mksklpk ÿolfs y nkrorquìo quk tkhklfs. Ilpfrtohtk> prkporor ka vkstuorif prfcksifhoa pfr ao hfg`k, poro kvitor vksrhfs mka `ulfr quk hfs akvohtolfs, mk ao lohf mk aos klf gifhks. Kstf (ka mkskor ihshvolkhtk otrokr) hf ks uh prfjaklo, sfaf uho gorogtkrìsgo crutf mk hukstro hoturoakzo lïs jïsigo quk o﬊fro. Ka prfjaklo kxistk guohmf rkog gifholfs ilpuasivolkhtk. Toro kvitoraf, sfaf tkhklfs quk rkspiror mk uh lfmf gfhsgikhtk, tflor gfhgikhgio mka ilpuasf y mor posf o ao roz÷h. Af gfhtrorif hfs aakvo o kakbir ‐goptomfrks mk otkhgi÷h’ kh cfrlo mk fjnktfs (sfhfros puaskros, pkhmikhtks / gfaaorks l÷viaks, ktg.) f kxprksifhks mk ihgfhsgikhtk gfquktkf ( liromos mk rkfnf y/f risos hkrvifsos cukro mk tfhf). ¶Ks loaf6 Wì, si hfs mksvìoh mk hukstrf fjnkvf mk ksk lflkhtf. Wukaf rkpkr uho crosk mk Gorlkh Borgìo Zijos ‐ Wkmugir ks pfmkr, gfquktkor ks sulisi÷h’.’. Kaao toljiéh hfs rkgflikhmo rkspiror… y sfhrkìr ohtk ksk ilpuasf. Wfjrk sulisi÷h

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tfmf, skr kstrotébigos, gflf ksgrijk kh ka pr÷afbf mk li aijrf HF Ilobkh> Lorgo Tkrsfhoa, Woaum y Jkaakzo Gikh﬏go. Afs kxpkrtfs ohuhgioh quk ksto rkoggi÷h mk hukstrf gkrkjrf los prilorif, kh situo gifhks prfcksifhoaks, irï mislihuykhmf, quk tfmovìo ks prfhtf poro vkr ao omoptogi÷h oa lkmif. Wukaf `ojaor loyfrlkhtk mk ao situogi÷h mk ao lunkr, pfrquk kstï mirkgtolkhtk rkaogifhomo gfh li kspkgioaimom> ao bks÷h mk ao ‐Imkhmom Sisuoa’ f Ilobkh mk Lorgo Tkrsfhoa, pkrf ao rkoggi÷h mk ao quk `ojaf hf hfs ockgto sfaf o hfsftros… o afs `fljrks aks sugkmk ftrf tohtf. Ks toljiéh gflþh quk sk sikhtoh otroìmfs pfr gflpoÿkrDs mk trojonf, y `oh mk tflor aos rikhmos mk su ihshtf jïsigf, (quk aks klpuno o gfpuaor, toljiéh poro pkrpktuor ao kspkgik) poro crkhoraf, y gfhhuor trojonohmf gfh hfrloaimom. Kh guohtf o ‐g÷mibfs visuoaks’ (aéosk pkihomf / vkstuorif), kaafs af khk lïs cïgia> Gojkaaf gfrtf, g`oqukto (mkpkhmikhmf mk ao nkrorquìo quk mkskkh trohslir), goliso y pohtoa÷h. Gfrjoto si/hf mkpkhmikhmf mk ao cfrloaimom. Hf vfy o khtror kh ao gfhvkhikhgio mk skr lïs gf`krkhtks y si mkskolfs guimor ka lkmif oljikhtk, mkjkrìolfs mk gflkhzor o goljior ka prftfgfaf mk vkstuorif kh prfcksifhoa losgu aihf kh obfstf. Ksk skrï ftrf pfst. Af mig`f> sk troto mk skr gfhsgikhtks mk quk kxistk kso portk kh hukstro hoturoakzo `uloho y ‐vkr vkhir’ ao rkoggi÷h, poro ‐rkspirorao’. Ks gurifsf guïhtf sk porkgk kstk sistklo oa quk rkgflikhmoh poro mknor uh `ïjitf (tojogf, gflkr gflpuasivolkhtk, ktg.) Kstk `kg`f (ka mk quk aos lunkrks sihtolfs ao ‐hkgksimom’ mk kstor otrogvos) hf hfs mkjk prkfgupor, hfs mkjk ‐fgupor’. F lknfr mig`f, sì, hfs mkjk prk-fgupor> kh ka skhmf mk quk hfs fgupklfs mk kaaf prkviolkhtk, poro kvitor ao situogi÷h. Ka prfgksf ks toh silpak gflf skbuir kstfs mfs posfs>  

?> Mickrkhgior Mickrkhgior,, oa omquirir uho pikzo mk rfpo, uhfs zopotfs, guoaquikr kak-

lkhtf mk ao oporikhgio, si ao volfs o uaizor gflf omfrhf (poro otrokr), f gflf uhicfrlk uhicfrlk mk trojonf trojonf (poro gfluhigor). Oljfs Oljfs fjnkvfs sk rkstoh rkstoh k﬏gogio nuhtfs.

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:> Trkporor hukstrf ‐uhicfrlk prfcksifhoa’ pfr ao hfg`k, pkhsohmf kh ka

lflkhtf lïs ilpfrtohtk mka mìo sibuikhtk. Ks toh cïgia rkstor cukrzo o ao ‐Lorgo Tkrsfhoa’ mk lunkrks luy prkporomos prfcksif hoalkhtk, gflf mknorsk aakvor pfr hukstro ‐hoturoakzo mk `kljro’ y pfhkr kh lorg`o af quk o`fro sk aaolo ‑Gopitoa Kr÷gf“. ]rks gfsos oa rkspkgtf> ?> Aaolomo mk otkhgi÷h poro rkgfrmor oabf quk gfhsimkrf grugioa> ao bkhtk

quk hfs lfstrol lfstrolfs, fs, tkhklfs lug`o rkspfhsojiaimom, pfrquk hfs liroh, hfs gfpioh’, guimomf af quk `ogklfs y mkgilfs. :> Zkckrkhgior ka orguaf mka sklohoa mk  mk Ka Toìs poro ka quk lk khtrkvistorfh 7> Ksgkhi﬏gor uh gosf rkgikhtk, mk uho gfakbo o ao quk omlirf lug`f y o

ao quk vi kakbir o, poro ogflpoÿorlk o uho situogi÷h prfcksifhoa ilpfr tohtk, uho ‐otroykhtklkhtk kr÷go’ goliso skli-trohsporkhtk5 uho coamo toh gfrto quk ak mknojo ihg÷lfmolkhtk afs lusafs oa oirk oa skhtorsk. ]fmf kaaf ak `izf hf kstor oa ?44%, omklïs kstuvf, murohtk aos 0 `fros quk mur÷, ‐sujimo’ o uhfs togfhks mk lïs mk ?4 gls (guohmf ao rkgflkhmo gi÷h mka ihstutf jiflkgïhigf rkgflikhm rkgflikhmoo uh lïxilf mk = gls., p a ot o cfrlos oportk). Wucrìo pfr kaao, si… pkrf omklïs, ìjolfs nuhtos…yf gflporo portk mk su lorgo> af pfgf hoturoa quk rksuatojo ao pfsturo gfrpfroa cfrzomo, pfrquk sk ka mfjaojoh aos gfrvos y joaohgkojo su pkavis. Wih gfhtor af ihsoaujrk quk ks, pfrquk mfjao aos auljorks, `osto cfrzor aos gkrvigoaks y prfvfgor aksifhks. Kh lis gfhsuatos, gaosks y gfhckrkhgios lk `ortf mk mkgir quk ao ilobkh mk afs mklïs hf ilpfrto. O lì ao mk li olibo sì lk ilpfrtojo. Trilkrf, pfrquk omklïs mk kstrfpkor su gukrpf, kstrfpkojo ‐hukstro Lorgo Tkrsfhoa’ oa pfhkr su ‐Gopitoa Kr÷gf’ kh lorg`o kh uho situogi÷h kh ao quk gflporo ‐gortka’ gfhlibf.

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Holihb y lorgo pkrsfhoa Tou Wolf (:3/4?/:4?;) G×LF MKJKZÌO AAOLOZLK TOZO ]KHKZ [HO #LOZGOTKZWFHOA GFH [H J[KH HOLIHB

F tus pomrks sfh uhfs Tkrsfhoa Jrohmkrs luy omkaohtomfs y prkvisfrks f pukmks ogojor aaolïhmftk Auis Borgìo f Lorìo Wïhg`kz (kh cuhgi÷h mk tu skxf hfrloalkhtk tkhmrïs uhf u ftrf). Kstf kh sì lislf hf ks loaf pkrf yo sojks quk ka Hfljrk mk Lorgo mk uh prfmugtf ks uh kaklkhtf gaovk poro ka éxitf f crogosf mka lislf. Afs hfljrks mk Lorgo gflkrgioa lïs voaifsfs mka luhmf khkh lug`ìsilo pftkhgio y gulpakh uho lisi÷h gaorìsilo. Ka hfljrk imkh﬏go o uh prfmugtf y ks portk mk ao lìsgo ihtohbijak quk cfrtoakgk ao Lorgo. Guohmf ksgug`olfs Hiek, Tkpsi, Wtorjuges f Olozfh kstolfs luy skburfs mk quiéh ks gomo uhf. Kstf ks Lorgo kh kstomf purf. Tfr kstk lfvf, aaolorsk Ohtfhif A÷pkz hf ks loaf pkrf gfh ka hfljrk o poaf skgf gfstorï lug`f imkh﬏gor quiéh ks kxogtolkhtk khtrk afs liaks mk Ohtfhif A÷pkz quk `oy kh ka luhmf. Tfgfs tkhklfs ao sukrtk mk tkhkr uh hfljrk þhigf gflf ka lìf, Tou Wolf, mk lflkhtf ks uho kxgausivo lìo y lk `o pkrlimf skr rkgfhfgimf cïgialkhtk cïgialkh tk o porr mk li hfljrk. @k pfmimf, pfr knklpaf, gflpror gflpror lis mflihifs kh ihtkrhktt y usor lì hfljrk kh rkmks sfgioaks sih hihbþh prfjaklo. O`fro jikh, ¶_ué ihtkrhk poso si tk aaolos ibuoa quk 0.444 pkrsfhos lïs6 Tuks nustf af gfhtrorif, hf pukmks usor tu hfljrk hi kh tu mflihif hi kh rkmks y tfmf sk gflpaigo.

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Wi tu pomrk f lomrk tk `ujikskh aaolomf Goaïhigf A÷pkz kh aubor mk Ohtfhif f Mocrfso  A÷pkz kh aubor mk Lorìo (kxistkh oljfs) af `ujiksks tkhimf lïs cïgia y

omklïs tus pomrks skrìoh uhfs jrohmkrs cojuafsfs. Wi hf `os tkhimf ao loroviaafso sukrtk mk aaolortk Goaïhigf f Mocrfso tfmovìo khks sfaugi÷h. @oy quiéh uso ka skbuhmf opkaaimf f o vkgks uh pskum÷hilf y guoaquikr sfaugi÷h ks jukho si tk `ogk lïs þhigf k imkh﬏gojak. Lk busto kxpaigor kstk tklo gfh uh knklpaf quk pikhsf quk kstï sþpkr jikh rksukatf. Kh Kspoÿo tuvilfs o uh prksimkhtk mka bfjikrhf quk sk aaolo Nfsk Auìs Zfmrìbukz ^opotkrf. Gurifsolkhtk ak gfhfgklfs gflf ^opotkrf, gfh su skbuhmf opkaaimf, hf ks quk sko þhigf pkrf hf kstojo luy kxpaftomf o hivka lkmiïgf y cuhgifh÷ luy jikh. Ihgausf goa÷ luy prfcuhmolkhtk uh pskum÷hilf luy gurifsf, murohtk uho golpoÿo af aaololfs ^T. Gosi homik rkgfhfgk o ao pkrsfho pfr ka hfljrk Nfsk Auis Zfmrìbukz, af quk `ujikro simf af lïs a÷bigf u fjvif. Ka prfjaklo ks quk yo `ojìo ftrf Nfsk Auis Zfmrìbukz lug`f lïs colfsf, gfh lug`f lïs gorislo y sfjrk tfmf gfh lug`f lïs soakrf. @ojaf mk Nfsé Auis Zfmrìbukz ‑Ka Tulo“ Tulo“, quk pfr gikrtf, fpt÷ pfr ao vìo mka pskum÷hilf. Wih mumo, kh ka gosf mka prksimkht prksimkhtkk cuk uh broh paohtkolikhtf usor ka opkaaimf ^opotkrf gflf knk gkhtroa kh ka holihb mk su jrohmihb pkrsfhoa. Ftrf knklpaf luy jikh rksuatf ks ka mk Crohgisgf Zojohkmo, quk sk `ogk aaolor  Togf Zojohhk, lug`f lïs omkguomf o su pþjaigf fjnkvf. Y si ihvksbos uh pfgf mksgu jrirïs o lþsigfs, ksgritfrks y ftrfs orstos gfh hfljrks f pskum÷hilfs luy jikh paohtkomfs. G`kr, Sfatoirk f Ozfrìh sfh knklpafs luy jukhfs. ]oljiéh qukmo ao fpgi÷h mk goljiortk ka hfljrk, pkrf voyo, tus pomrks sk pfmrìoh misbustor. Oa ﬏h y oa gojf ka holihb ks uhf mk afs prilkrfs y lïs brohmks mfafrks mk gojkzo kh jrohmihb, ilobìhotk si khgilo kstï gfhmigifhomf o tu hfljrk, sko guoa sko. ]fgo rflpkrsk ka gfgf, gfgf, oquì khks uh orguaf  orguaf mfhmk `ojaf lïs sfjrk ka tklo.

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¶Trkporomf poro skr kspiomf pfr uh hkt`uhtkr6

Oaàxio @krls (40/4;/:4?;) Jikhvkhimf o ao kro mka Hkt`uhhb. Wì, ao poaojro @kom`uhtkr  `o kvfaugifhomf oa luhmf mk afs jits. Ka Hkt`uhtkr ks ka hukvf rkgautomfr aojfroa :.4, quk jusgo pfsijaks gohmimotfs o ao klprkso o trovés mk sus pkr﬏aks kh aos rkmks sfgioaks.

Af qukrolfs f hf,  hf, Bffbak khk oabf quk mkgir sfjrk hfsftrfs. Zksisrsk o khtror kh ka luhmf :.4 pukmk supfhkr pkrmkr fpfrtuhimomks prfcksifhoaks, y hf þhigolkhtk ksf, toljiéh rkhuhgior ka mkrkg`f quk tfmfs tkhklfs o bksfhor hukstro imkhmom mibitoa. Toro afs quk tkhboh mumos, o gfhhuogi÷h fs mknf oabuhos gfhgausifhks gfhtuhmkhtks gfhtuhmkht ks kxtroìmos mka ‑Wfgioa Zkgruhb Wurvky Zksuats“ ‗ uh kstumif rkoaizomf o prfcksifhoaks mk afs rkgursfs `ulohfs- , pfr Nfjvitk Nfjvitk..

 ‗ Ka 9:% mk afs rkgautomfrks uaizoh f khkh pkhsomf uaizor uaizor aos rkmks sfgioaks poro goptor pkr﬏aks prfcksifhoaks. ‗ Ao rkm sfgioa pfr kxgkakhgio mk afs rkgautomfrks ks Aihekmih, pkrf Cogkjffe y ]wikr kstïh bohohmf kh ilpfrtohgio. ‗ Ka 27% mk afs rkgautomfrks `oh gfhtrotomf kxitfsolkhtk kxitfsolkhtk o gohmimotfs quk cukrfh imkh﬏gomfs o trovés mk uho rkm sfgioa.

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‗ Ka 03% mk afs rkgautomfrks liro afs pkr﬏aks kh aos rkmks sfgioaks y ao imkhmom mibitoa mk afs gohmimotfs ohtks mk khtrkvistorafs.

Kh uh luhmf kh ka quk gomo skbuhmf skbu hmf gukhto, kh ka quk af klkrf kstï o ao frmkh mka mìo, kh ka quk aos prilkros ilprksifhks khkh toljiéh su vkrsi÷h mibitoa `oy quk kstor prkporomf prkporomf poro hf mknor ksgopor hihbuho fpfrtuhimom. O gfhhuogi÷h oabuhos rkgflkhmogifhks poro kstor prkporomfs si jusgolfs trojonf f qukrklfs ohgipor hfs y guimor hukstro `ukaao mibitoa>  ‗ Krk s af qu qukk Bf Bffb fbak ak mi migk gk mk > ‑B ‑Bff ffba bako kotk tk““ y oh ohoa oaiz izoo tu pr pril ilkr kroo il ilpr prks ksi÷ i÷h h fhaihk, ksf kquivoak o aos ?4 prilkros khtromos kh Bffbak. Wi huhgo `os gflpormf homo prfjojaklkhtk oporkzgos kh mirkgtfrifs quk hi ilobihos, y si yo khks prkskhgio mibitoa ohoaizo si af q uk oporkgk rk﬊kno tu lorgo pkrsfhoa. Taohi﬏go kh quk rkmks tk gfhvikhk lïs kstor y kaojfro uh Bffbak tfp ?4 imkoa quk mkjks skr gopoz mk oagohzor.  ‗ Af quk gflportks gflportks `ojao mk > hukstro hukstro imkhmom fhaihk sk gflpfhk kh kh broh portk portk mk afs gfhtkhimfs quk gflporlfs. ]fmf af quk pfstkos, twitkos f gflportks rkvkao ihcfrlogi÷h y tk pfsigifho. Mksorrfaao uho pkqukÿo aìhko mk gfhtkhimfs poro gflporr oqukaaf quk rkoalkhtk prfykgto ihcfrlogi÷h voaifso sfjrk tu pkr﬏a prfck sifhoa> Hfgios mk pujaigogifhks mk rkckrkhgio, kstumifs mka skgtfr, kstomìsgos, rkgflkhmogifhks mk aijrfs… Gfhsknf>  Afs cogtfrks quk gousoh pkfr ilprksi÷h o afs prfcksifhoaks mk

afs rkgursfs `ulohfs kh ka luhmf fhaihk sfh> rkckrkhgios o sujstohgios iakboaks, gfhtkhimfs gfh gfhhftogifhks skxuoaks, gfhtkhimfs mk loa bustf f johoaks, coatos frtfbrï﬏gos k ilïbkhks gfhsulikhmf jkjimos oagf`÷ai gos. Tfr ftrf aomf, afs lïs voafromfs sfh> ao pkrtkhkhgio o frbohizogifhks prfcksifhoaks prfcks ifhoaks y ka vfauhtorio vfauhtoriomf mf f ao porgipogi÷h kh gousos sfgioaks.  ‗ ¶_ué pf mk ‑prfsulkr“ krks6> ]u hivka mk ogvimom y tu gflpfrtolikhtf gflpfrtolikhtf kh ao rkm rkspfhmk o uh pkr﬏a mktkrlihomf. Moak uh vistozf oa guomrf quk khks o gfhhuogi÷h k imkh﬏go guïa ks ka tuyf. Afs hkt`uhtkrs sk mkgohtoh pfr pkr﬏aks gfh gikrto ih﬊ukhgio kh ao rkm, quk fpihoh y bkhkroh gfhtkhimfs mk voafr, y toljiéh pkr﬏aks gfh uho s÷aimo gfluhimom mk skbuimfrks, afs sfgioa hktwfre hktwfrekrs. krs.

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Bksfhor uho lorgo pkrsfhoa hf sk joso þhigolkhtk kh tkhkr prkskhgio kh aos rkmks sfgioaks, ks uho rkspfhsojiaimom y gflprflisf lug`f loyfr gfh hfsftrfs lislfs. Tkrf uho vkz skhtklfs aos josks mk hukstro lorgo pkrsfhoa, aos rkmks sfgioaks hfs pukmkh oyumo o gfhstruir uho jukho `ukaao mibitoa poro kxpfhkr hukstrf toakhtf o afs ‑fnfs virtuoaks“ mk afs Hkt`uhtkrs.

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47 SIWIJIAIMOM

Ao lunkr quk sk otrkvi÷ o gfrtor ao coamo Fiohef Fiohe f G`fpkrkho (:=/40/:4?;) Aos pkrsfhos hfs `klfs gfhvkrmf kh kso rozo kh ka quk ka mìo o mìo af mkspkrmigio lfs mk lohkro vuabor, vuabor, kh ka quk ka klpf hfs ojsfrjk sih aakbor o lktos f klprkhmkr ovkhturos, uho rozo quk hf prfcuhmizo f hf mkmigo klpf o khtkhmkr f voafror ka pfr quk mk aos gfsos quk hfs rfmkoh, hfs `klfs gfhvkrmf kh lkrfs fjskrvomfrks mka mìo o mìo, kh lkrfs fjnktfs posivfs mk uho ruho kh ao quk hf oprkgiolfs oqukaaf quk hfs rfmko.

Afs boafs tklìoh oa gikaf pkhsohmf quk oabþh mìo sk aks pfmrìo gokr khgilo, `fy kh mìo ao loyfrìo mk afs lfrtoaks hi toh siquikro ak mkmigolfs uh lihutf o fjskrvor y o omliror ao jkaakzo y ao siljfafbìo quk hfs rkboao ao jkaakzo mk aos kstrkaaos, f toh siquikro kh sfÿor kh vkr uho kstrkaao cuboz pkrmimo kh ka gikaf… `klfs gfhvkrmf ao vimo kh lkro trovksìo kh ao quk kljorgolfs, hovkbolfs y olorrolfs… Tfr sukrtk `oy pkrsfhos quk vivkh ao vimo khtrk pakolorks, lorknomos, tfrlkhtos, giojfbos f ihgausf aakbohmf o khgoaaor gfh uho ihtkhsimom quk pfmrìo aakbor o sfrprkhmkr y kh ao quk ao kh ao loyfrìo mk afs gosfs tkrliho kh uh crosgf sih toh siquikro aakbor o skr voafromo f mksgujikrto. Ksf lislf fgurrk gfh afs prfmugtfs quk hfs rfmkoh, khkh uho lorgo lorgo pfr af quk afs gflprolfs y afs gfhsulilfs, gfhsulilfs, pkrf hf pkhsolfs kh ka pfrqué mk kaafs, kh ka gflf `oh aakbomf o hfsftrfs f ao `istfrio quk tkhmrïh oarkmkmfr mk kaafs. Kstf lk fgurri÷ gfh uh pkqukÿf crosgf quk khgfhtrolfs kh aos pkrculkrìos mk hukstros giumomks, uh pkqukÿf crosgf kquktomf gfh ka H¾;  y opkaaimomf G`ohka, mktrïs mk kstk pkqukÿf crosgf `oy uh hfljrk mk uho broh lunkr, ka mk Bojriaak Jfh`kur, uho aug`omfro quk hogi÷ kh ao pfjrkzo sikhmf ojohmfhomo nuhtf o su `krloho

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47 SIWIJIAIMOM

kh uh frcohotf frcohotf mk Oujozihk pfr su pomrk, uh vkhmkmfr oljuaohtk oljuaohtk pkrf quk tkrlih÷ rkvfaugifhohmf ka luhmf mk ao oato gfsturo kh ao Crohgio lïs kakbohtk mk afs oÿfs :4 rfmkïhmfsk mk muquks, pihtfrks mk ao toaao mk Tigossf f lfmistfs omliromfs pfr Gfgf G`ohka gflf  gflf  Gristfjoa Joakhgiobo  quk cuk omquirikhmf rkhfljrk y mka quk G`ohka aakb÷ o mkgir quk kro ka þhigf lfmistf lfmistf quk kxiso yo quk afs mklïs hf kroh los quk lkrfs miskÿomfrks… G`ohka cuk uho lunkr quk sk gfhvir÷ kh uh sìljfaf mk ao lunkr lfmkrho, klprksorioa y aijkroa kh uho mk aos épfgos los muros kh Kurfpo kh gfhhuf kstoaaimf mk cfhks o lfmf mk bukrros. Lug`fs silpaklkhtk gfhfgkh su lorgo, su afbfpf, y rkoalkhtk hf gfhfgklfs ka sìljfaf y ao broh lorgo pkrsfhoa quk pukmk `ojkr mktrïs mk kaaf, kaaf, f quk su skum÷hilf ‑Gfgf“ sk af pusf uh opukstf opukstf liaitor hozi tros uho jukho ihtkrprktogi÷h kh uh gocé mk uho gohgi÷h aaolomo ‑_ui qudo vu Gfgf6“ Gfgf6“ (_uiéh `o vistf o Gfgf). Ao cukrzo sk gfhstruyk gfh afs crogosfs, hf gfh afs éxitfs

[ho lunkr gfh imkhmom prfpio quk vivi÷ gfhcfrlk o af quk pkhsojo y grkìo, sih tkhkr likmf o skr mickrkhtk k ir gfhtro gfrrikhtk, uho lunkr quk klpkz÷ gfh uho pkqukÿo khmo mk sfljrkrfs kh ka :? mk ao Zuk Goljfh mk Torìs, ao giumom mk ao auz, uho lunkr quk sk otrkvi÷ o prkskhtorsk kh pakho ÷pkro gfh ka gojkaaf gfrtf gfhaakvohmf gfhaakvohm f uho vkrmomkr vkrmomkroo rkvfaugi÷h mk ilobkh kh ao lunkr y gfhsibuikhmf quk aos lunkrks klpkzoroh o gfrtorsk ka pkaf, uho lunkr quk `izf gfpior aos pkraos quk su olibf Militri Wtrovihsey oa quk gfhfgi÷ kh Jiorritz y af gfhvir÷ kh uh gfaaor mk pkraos gfh lþapaks vukatos gfhviréhmfsk kh uhf mk sus igfhfs, uho lunkr quk sk otrkvi÷ o gfrtor ao coamo y mkshumor ka tfjiaaf cklkhihf f grkor ka ‑g`ohka Wuit“ pfr khgilo mk ao rfmiaao mknohmf ohfhomomfs o afs los puristos, f ihgausf o ir o uho gogkrìo kh pohtoa÷h sfrprkhmikhmf o tfmfs afs prkskhtks. Oa ﬏h y oa gojf uho lunkr quk vivi÷, sucri÷ y triuhc÷ mk ao quk lug`fs mkjkrìolfs oprkhmkr, yo quk gflf  gflf  Gfgf G`ohka mkgìo, ‑ao cukrzo sk gfhstruyk gfh afs crogosfs, hf gfh afs éxitfs‑.

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Wtfrytkaaihb y pkrsfhoa jrohmihb Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (?3/??/:4?;) Lk gflpaogk gflporr uh kxgkakhtk vìmkf mka kspkgioaisto kh stfrytkaaihb  stfrytkaaihb  Ohtfhif Hþÿkz  kh quk mk uho lohkro luy silpak mkstogo afs gihgf pfs gihgf pfs mk rkaotfs pkrsfhoaks quk sk pukmk uaizor poro gfhkgtor gfh afs mklïs, oyumor o gfhs truir su ksaf mk aimkrozbf y grkor su lorgo pkrsfhoa. Wtfrytkaaihb y pkrsfhoa jrohmihb, broh jihflif.

?- Ka rkaotf ‑_uiéh sfy yf“ 

]ìpigo mk rkuhifhks mk hkbfgifs, gfhckrkhgios. Hþÿkz gflkhto quk si hf ihtrfmugi lfs ka kaklkhtf klfgifhoa y volfs gfh afs tuafs pfr mkaohtk skburf quk hf gfhkgtolfs. :- Ka rkaotf ‑Tfr qué kstfy oquì“ 

Kh oabuhos guaturos hf kxpaigolfs ao roz÷h f ka fjnkvf mk af quk qukrklfs gfhsk buir, af quk sukak bkhkror mksgfh﬏ohzo. 7- Ka rkaotf ‑visifhorif“ 

Ka gosf ‑I `ovk o mrkol“ sk joso kh uho visi÷h, uh sukÿf, uh prfp÷sitf. Ks uh rkaotf ihspiromfr y kh gaovk mk `ip÷tksis, mk ksgkhorifs mk cuturf, mk ‑qué posorìo si…“. =- Ka rkaotf ‑mimïggf“ 

Wi yo `os gfhkgtomf gfh tu oumikhgio, quizïs tk coatk kxpaigor g÷lf cuhgifho tu imko mk uho lohkro luy prïggo.

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47 SIWIJIAIMOM

;- Ka rkaotf ‑Wé af quk kstïis pkhsohmf“ 

Ka rkaotf ks pkrckgtf poro oumikhgios quk sfh ksgépgos f khkh uho imko prkgfhgkprkgfhgk jimo hkbovo sfjrk af quk voh o fìr, uh gosf kh quk sk rkgflikhmo mktkhkr ka spkkg` y pkhsor qué ks af quk coaao y rkgfhmugir ao prkskhtogi÷h. Oquì tkhklfs ka vìmkf, quk fs ogfhsknf vkr, ks jrkvk y luy mirkgtf.

Kh gfhsuatfrìo mk lorgo pkrsfhoa sfaklfs trojonor ao omoptogi÷h mka lkhsonk pkrsfpkrsfhoa o mishtfs cfrlotfs, toaks gflf ao prkskhtogi÷h tkakc÷higo, ka  ka   kakvotfr pitg`, pitg`, ka kxtrogtf mk  mk Aihekmih Aihekmih,, ka pkr﬏a mk  mk ]wikr ]wikr… … pkrf ks ogkrtomf pkhsor, gflf `ogk OhtfOhtfhif Hþÿkz, kh afs mishtfs pfs mk oumikhgio quk pfmklfs khgfhtror khgfhtror y kh su prkmisprkmispfsigi÷h `ogio hukstrf misgursf. Ohtfhif Hþÿkz ks outfr mk vorifs aijrfs, khtrk kaafs ‑Wkrï lknfr quk af gukhtks“ gukhtks“ (Klprkso Ogvo), uh lust mka stfrytkaaihb,  stfrytkaaihb,  ‑Ao kstrotkbio mka pihbñihf“ pihbñihf“ (Kmitfrioa Gfhkgto), broh tkxtf sfjrk ao gfluhigogi÷h mibitoa y kh gomkho y toljiéh ‑Wtfrytkaaihb kh uho skloho“ skloho“ (Bks÷h :444), uho ihtrfmuggi÷h oa ortk mka rkaotf.

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47 SIWIJIAIMOM

Tkrsfhoa jrohmihb y jafb ¶ihskporojaks6 Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (4=/4;/:4?;) @ogk uh klpf ksgrijì uh pfst jonf ka tuaf ‑¶_uiéh migk quk sk lukrkh afs jafbs6“ jafbs6“ quk pfhìo mk lohi﬏kstf ao k﬏gogio mk afs jafbs kh ao bks÷h mk lorgo pkrsfhoa pkrf quk yo omvkro uh trosaomf mk ao gfhvkrsogi÷h `ogio aos rkmks sfgioaks, gfso quk rkmuhmojo kh lkhfs gflkhtorifs kh afs jafbs, oabf quk `fy homik pukmk misgur quk sugkmk. Gomo vkz oporkgkh lïs burþs quk yo `ojaoh gfh gkrtkzo mk quk afs jafbs `oh lukrtf y sfh gfsos mk guorkhtfhks gfh `infs. Ks ka gosf mk Nosfh Efek kh su pfst kh Hkiloh Aojs. Kxpaigojo Efek quk o`fro ao bkhtk, tuitko, ihstobrolko, f rkpfstko kh ]uljar, pkrf quk yo homik ksgrijk pfsts. Af porom÷nigf mka tklo ks quk éa lislf uaizo uh jafb poro ihcfrlor sfjrk ao lukrtk mka jafb. Gurifsf, ¶hf6 O ksf ak uhf aos lug`os prkbuhtos quk hfs `ogkh gaikhtks y kstumiohtks guohmf aks gfhtolfs quk ka jafb pukmk skr ka gkhtrf mk uho kstrotkbio mk gfluhigogi÷h mibitoa kh uh prfgksf mk pkrsfhoa jrohmihb. Aos prkbuhtos sukakh skr mka pf> ¶Y si hf sé ksgrijir6 ¶Y si hf sé sfjrk qué ksgrijir6 ¶Zkoalkhtk ks hkgksorif ka jafb6 Wfh trks guksfhks luy crkgukhtks y quk o lkhumf lkh umf poroaizoh, osì quk q uk vfy o trotor mk mor uho rkspuksto gf`krkhtk. ?. ¶Y WI HF WÉ KWGZIJIZ6 Wi hf sojks ksgrijir yo sojks quk khks mfs fpgifhks. Oprkhmkr f mknoraf gfrrkr. Wì, uhf pukmk oprkhmkr o ksgrijir si af mksko, `fy tkhklfs o kxgkakhtks prfcksifhoaks quk khskÿoh o `ogkraf. `ogkra f. ]oljiéh ]oljiéh pukmk posor pos or quk sì skpos ksgrijir ksgriji r pkrf hf tk otrkvos o mor ka posf5 quizïs pfr vkrbñkhzo. Gfhfzgf gosfs y luy gkrgohfs. Toso gflf gfh afs imiflos, tk `os posomf oÿfs kstumiïhmfafs, pkrf si hf tk aohzos o `ojaorafs mk pfgf tk skrvirïh. Wi hf quikrks ksgrijir pkrf ihsistks kh tkhkr tu jafb, quk skpos quk ks pfsijak, yo quk pukmks grkor tu cftfjafb, f si sk tk mo jikh ao gïloro tu vimkfjafb. Y oþh `oy uho fpgi÷h lïs cïgia, luy gflþh khtrk afs quk uaizoh ]uljar, quk ks rkjafbukor, oabf osì gflf rkprfmugir afs pfsts quk tk porkzgoh lïs voaifsfs (lkhgifhohmf outfr y fribkh) poro gfhvkrrtk kh uh jukh skakggifhomfr. skakgg ifhomfr. Ks mkgir, mkgir, hf nukbos ka pormf pkrf kaibks o afs lknfrks nubomfrks. nubomfrks.

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:. ¶Y WI HF WÉ WFJZK _[É KWGZIJIZ6 Ménolk mkgirtk quk kstk prfjaklo poroaizo lïs quk ka prilkrf, yo quk ihtkrhkt kstï aakhf mk jafbs ojohmfhomfs (poro lì uh ojohmfhf ks guohmf vkf uh oÿf sih pujaigogifhks). Ao sfaugi÷h o ksf sk aaolo paohi﬏gogi÷h, y ks uho mk aos portks mk uh prfgksf mk bks÷h mk lorgo pkrsfhoa. O porr mk tus gflpktkhgios, tus prfpukstos mk voafr y tus ogvimomks gaovk pukmks bkhkror uho aisto mk gotkbfrìos mka jafb y o porr mk oquì jusgor cukhtks mk ihcfrlogi÷h gfh oakrtos poro mfgulkhtortk. Y sfjrk tfmf hf mkjks prkfguport prkfguportk, k, `oy jafbukrfs luy gfhsfaimomfs quk ksgrijkh ilprfvisohmf, sih ksquklo prk﬏nomf, pfr knklpaf Nuoh knklpaf  Nuoh Lkrfmif, Lkrfmif, y hf aks vo loa. 7. ¶ZKOALKH]K KW HKGKWOZIF KA JAFB6 Hf. Hkgksorif hf. Omkguomf sì. @fy `oy paotocfrlos mibitoaks gflf Aihekmih quk `oh grkomf kspogifs poro quk guoaquikr likljrf pukmo pujaigor oabf porkgimf o uh pfst, gfhsfgioaks… gosi tfmosOmkguomf aos `krrolikhtos uh jafb, gopogimom gflporr kh rkmks pfrquk omkpksor mka oubk mk aos mk rkmks sfgioakskay ksgritf mk sus ligrfcfrlotfs, poro ksgrijir uh tkxtf gfh kaklkhtfs gfhgkptuoaks gflpaktfs sk hkgksito kspogif, y si ka kspogif ks prfpif, lknfr quk lknfr. Gfhvkrsor kh ?=4 gorogtkrks, ka gosf mk  mk ]wikr ]wikr,, khk sus ailitogifhks, ouhquk ks gikrtf quk `fy ka ckkmjoge quk bkhkro uh pfst sk rkgfbk lïs kh aos rkmks sfgioaks quk kh ka prfpif pfst. Trfjojaklkhtk si tuvikros quk mk﬏hir guïa ks tu ‑goso mibitoa“ hf kakbirìos uho rkm sfgioa guyf ihtkrcogk hf gfhtrfaos gfhtrfa os mirkgtolkhtk y goljio gomo mfs pfr trks. Kh tu jafb pukmks rkgfbkr tu rkaotf pkrsfhoa f prfcksifhoa, tus rkckrkhtks (jafbrfaa), tu lfmkaf mk hkbfgif, skrvigifs, tus kspkgioaimomks, tus vìmkfs, cftfbroos, cftfbroos, trojonfs, … Ksf hf af mo -`fy pfr `fy- hihbuho rkm sfgioa. Tkrsfhoa jrohmihb y jafb. _uizïs hf skoh ihskporojaks, pkrf lk guksto vkr uho gfso sih ao ftro, oþh `fy.

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= KLTZKWO

 

4= KLTZKWO 

Klpakomfs ih﬊uykhtks> ka hukvf poromiblo kh ao klprkso Nfrmi Gfaakaa (:4/47/:4?;)  

Aos klprksos sfh uh rk﬊knf mk ao sfgikmom . Bafjoaizogi÷h y bks÷h mk ao mivkrsimom sfh gorogtkrìsgos gorogtkrìsgos mka luhmf kh quk vivilfs y toljiéh af sfh mk aos gfrpfrogifhks. Ka khtfrhf sfgioa y ka klprksorioa sk oailkhtoh lutuolkhtk, lutuolkhtk, ka luhmf hf skrìo gflf ks si hf cukro pfr aos klprksos quk af `oh lfmkaomf o trovés mk sus prïggos y kstos hf tkhmrìoh gojimo kh uho sfgikmom quk hf cukro gopoz mk omoptorsk.

Hukvfs khtfrhfs sigfs y frbohizovfs ilpaigoh hukvos prïggos, ao ihgfrpfrogi÷h mk aos tkghfafbìos mk ao ihcfrlogi÷h `o goljiomf ka luhmf y `o mklfgrozomf ka gfhtogtf khtrk pkrsfhos `osto kxtrklfs quk `ogk guotrf austrfs cfrlojoh portk mka ilobiho rif mk ao gikhgio ﬏ggi÷h. Aos rkmks sfgioaks `oh ogkrgomf ka ihtkrgoljif mk kxpkrikhgios, ihcfrlogi÷h y gfhvkr sogifhks khtrk pkrsfhos poro ihtkrgoljior ihcfrlogi÷h f silpaklkhtk poro rkaogif horsk, pfrquk af quk ohtks sk `ogìo þhigo y kxgausivolkhtk kh ka kspogif sigf o`fro sk `ogk toljiéh kh ka virtuoa quk af khriqukgk y gflpaklkht gflpaklkhto o pkrf hf af sustuyk.

?49

 

4= KLTZKWO 

Mkhtrf mk aos brohmks klprksos gfhvivkh k ihtkrogtþoh mivkrsos bkhkrogifhks quk hkgksitoh hf s÷af gfluhigorsk sihf ihtkrogtuor y grkor gfhnuhtolkhtk guaturo, gfhfgi likhtf osì gflf riqukzo poro sus oggifhistos. Wi kh ka luhmf ka ihtkrgoljif sk rkoaizo o trovés mk aos rkmks sfgioaks kh aos klprksos sk `o rkpaigomf ka lfmkaf gfh ao grkogi÷h mk aos rkmks sfgioaks gfrpfrovos. Aos rkmks sfgioaks gfrpfrovos sfh khtfrhfs quk rkþhkh aos gorogtkrìsgos mk aos rkmks sfgioaks quk tfmfs gfhfgklfs y cogiaitoh gfhvkrsogifhks, visuoaizogi÷h mk pkr﬏aks, ligrfjafbbihb, ckkms, ihtkrgoljif mk mfgulkhtogi÷h y quk kstïh kspkgioalkhtk misk ÿomfs poro quk afs klpakomfs pukmoh gfluhigorsk gfluhigorsk khtrk si mk lohkro lïs ïbia quk ao tromigifhoa tromigifh oa gflf sfh aos rkuhifhks y ka prfpif gfrrkf kakgtr÷higf. Aos rkmks sfgioaks gfrpfrovos gfrpfrovos khmkh o gfhvkrr kh hfrloa mkhtrf mk aos klprksos af quk o hivka sfgioa yo af ks. Toro quk aos rkmks sfgioaks gfrpfrovos cuhgifhkh gfh ﬊uimkz y pukmoh skr þaks sk hkgksitoh goljifs guaturoaks ilpfrtohtks kh ao bks÷h mk aos pkrsfhos. Mk homo sirvkh hukvfs khtfrhfs si sk opaigoh létfmfs mk trojonf ohbufs. Afs usuorifs mkjkh kstor prkporomfs y cfrlomfs poro porgipor kh khtfrhfs quk cogiaitoh ao gfaojfrogi÷h y lknfroh ka rkhmilikhtf yo quk oulkhtoh ao lfvogi÷h y rkcukrzoh su vihguaogi÷h gfh ao guaturo mk ao klprkso. Afs khtfrhfs sfgioaks gfrpfrovfs sfh toljiéh paotocfrlos mk gfaojfrogi÷h quk pkrlitkh trojonor mk lohkro out÷hflo kh josk o rksuatomfs sih tkhkr ka khgfrskto likhtf mk `frorifs y klpfs mk prkskhgio kstériaks y poro kaaf aos pkrsfhos mkjkh tkhkr ao gopogimom mk gffrmihor sus fjnkvfs pkrsfhoaks gfh afs mk ao frbohizogi÷h, sojkr gfluhigor kh ka skhmf lïs olpaif mka térlihf y bohorsk ao gfh﬏ohzo mk sus ihtkrafgutfrks. Wk hkgksitoh klpakomfs gopogks mk bksfhor su lorgo pkrsfhoa mk lohkro quk sk gfhvikrtoh kh kljonomfrks mk sus mkportolkhtfs y mk afs prfykgtfs gfrpfrovfs kh ka ihtkrifr mk ao frbohizogi÷h, gopogks mk knkrgkr ih﬊ukhgio o tfmfs afs hivkaks poro afbror afs fjnkvfs prfpukstfs, pkrsfhos kh mk﬏hivo gfhfgimos, rkgfhfgimos, lklfrojaks k ih﬊uykhtks. Ks ka hukvf poromiblo mka aimkrozbf. Wih ao bks÷h mk ao lorgo pkrsfhoa y prfcksifhoa mk afs klpakomfs aos rkmks sfgioaks gfrpfrovos migialkhtk afbrorïh sus fjnkvfs.

??4

 

4= KLTZKWO 

Klprksos quk hf grkkh kh ka #pkrsfhoajrohmihb Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (49/47/:4?;)  

Kh pfgf lkhfs mk gihgf oÿfs lk `ojré tfpomf yo gfh uho vkihtkho mk klprksorifs quk gfafgoh ao gfrpfrogi÷h pfr khgilo mk sus prfcksifh prfcksifhoaks. oaks. Mk pfgf sirvk kxpaigor quk `fy afs `fy  afs lkrgomfs sfh gfhvkrsogifhks y gfhvkrsogifhks y quk afs stoek`famkrs, quk ihgauykh o hukstrfs gaikhtks, gfhoh lïs kh hfsftrfs gflf pkrsfhos quk kh ao lorgo f klprkso poro ao quk trojonolfs. Li sfgif Nfrmi Gfaakaa aohzojo ka posomf 74 khkrf :4?; uh  uh  pfst pfst   mklfakmfr gfh aos gfhgausifhks mka Kstumif mk Gfh﬏ohzo Kmkaloh :4?;  :4?; quk sitþo oa bfjikrhf, afs hkbfgifs, afs lkmifs mk gfluhigog gfluhigogi÷h i÷h y aos frbohizogifhks frbohizogifhks hf bujkrholkhtoaks kh ka aìlitk lïs jonf mk gfh﬏ohzo pfr portk mk giumomohfs y gfhsulimfrks. Ka kstumif toljiéh gfhgauyk quk sk grkk kh afs klpakomfs guohmf sk `ojao mk gflprfli gflprflisf sf =2% crkhtk o uh :?% poro afs GKF, ihtkbrimom 7=% crkhtk oa 7?% poro afs GKF, prfp÷sitf gfh uh 7=% crkhtk oa :7% mk afs GKF y poro fpihor sfjrk aos fpkrogifhks gfh uh 7?% crkhtk oa :7 % poro afs GKF. Ao kxguso H? quk moh afs klprksorifs poro hkborsk o opaigor prfbrolos mk Klpafykk Jrohmihb ks Jrohmihb  ks quk khkh likmf mk quk sus prfcksifhoaks mknkh ao klprkso y sk aakvkh ka ehfw-`fw y ao portk mk prflfgi÷h pkrsfhoa. ‑ Hfsftrfs opfstolfs pfr ao lorgo gfrpfrovo, aos pkrsfhos s÷af kstolfs mk posf“. Kso ks uho crosk rkgurrkhtk, y ouhquk sko gikrto af þhigf quk trohslitk ks ‑tkhbf likmf“. Likmf mk pfhkr lis rkgursfs tros uhfs prfcksifhoaks quk quizïs loÿoho sk voyoh o ao gflpktkhgio. Ohtk ksf, tkhbf vorios rkspukstos> ?- Afs rkgursfs sfh gflpormfs. Ka prfcksifhoa quk mkgimk ogtuor gflf kljonomfr mk lorgo `o tkhimf quk ihvkrr uh klpf prkgifsf kh khtkhmkr gflf homik ka mickrkhgioa mk ao lorgo gfrpfrovo, su visi÷h, lisi÷h y voafrks. @o tkhimf quk ohoaizor aos pfsijaks siljifsis pkrsfhoaks gfh aos mk ao lorgo quk ak pkrlitoh uh misgursf grkìjak y rkakvohtk ohtk gaikhtks, gfaojfromfrks, prfvkkmfrks, oggifhistos… Tfr tohtf, hf sk troto mk af quk ka klprksorif ihvikrto kh ka prfcksifhoa, sk troto mk uho ihvkrsi÷h gfhnuhto. :- Lorg`orï ohtks. Ka prfcksifhoa quk prktkhmo mknor ao gflpoÿìo k irsk o ao gflpktkh gio af `orï ohtks y gfh loyfr ilpuasf si vk quk su gflpoÿìo hf opuksto pfr éa. O`ì kstï ka likmf vkrmomkrf.

??? ?? ?

 

4= KLTZKWO 

7- Ihtroklprkhmkmfrks. Ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb cuk mk﬏himf pfr prilkro vkz pfr ]fl Tktkrs kh su orguaf ‑ orguaf ‑]`k ]`k jrohm goaakm Yfu“ Yfu“ mk ?992 kh quk pfhìo mk lohi﬏kstf ao ilpfrtohgio mk quk gomo prfcksifhoa cukro GKF mk si lislf y uh klprkhmkmfr gfh vfz y outfhflìo outfhflìo prfpio y kljonomfr mk su prfpio lorgo lorgo y mk ao mk aos lorgos lorgos gfrpfrovos. =- Aos pkrsfhos `ojaoh gfh pkrsfhos. Ka viknf lfmkaf mk gfluhigogi÷h josomf þhigolkhtk kh ao pujaigimom (lfmkaf uhi-mirkggifhoa) `o momf posf o ao gfluhigogi÷h khtrk ibuoaks. [ho klprkso hf sk pukmk gfluhigor mk cfrlo ji-mirkggifhoa gfh pkrsfhos. Toro kaaf hkgksito o sus prfcksifhoaks, afs kljonomfrks mk sus lorgos. Aos klprksos mkjkh `ulohizorsk f skbuirïh rfjfzomos, crìos, cuhgifhoaks. Ao milkhsi÷h kspirituoa mk aos lorgos ks ilpfsijak sih ao ilpaigogi÷h ilpaigogi÷h mirkgto mk aos pkrsfhos, pkrsfhos, y sih milkhsi÷h kspirituoa hf `oy klpoo. Wkbuirklfs khgfhtrohmf klprksorifs quk hf opukstkh pfr sus prfcksifhoaks, ksfs quk pikhsoh quk ks lknfr ihvkrr uh liaa÷h kh ohuhgifs kh tkakvisi÷h quk lkmif liaa÷h kh su bkhtk. Tkrf gomo vkz lkhfs. Ka lfmkaf mk aimkrozbf josomf kh ao fguatogi÷h sistklïgo mka toakhtf khk afs mìos gfhtomfs. Hf `oy klprkso si hf `oy prfcksif hoaks, y afs prfcksi prfcksifhoaks fhoaks sfh pkrsfhos.

??:

 

4= KLTZKWO 

Ao lorgo mk nuaif gésor Novikr Wohtolorto (::/42/:4?;)  

Boius Iuaius Goksor, Nuaif Gésor, f mig`f mk ftrf lfmf sih mkgaihor hi pkhsor kh su prfhuhgiogi÷h gfrrkgto, Gésor . F Nuaif, gflf ak mkgìoh kh  kh Ostérix Ostérix,, uh rkckrkhtk visuoa yo gaïsigf poro rkgfrmor oa quk huhgo cuk rky hi lug`f lkhfs, klpkromfr. Wih kljorbf, su hfljrk, `o simf sih÷hilf mk af quk huhgo cuk. Hi ospir÷ siquikro. Y kh lug`fs ftrfs imiflos poro gfalf y mk lohkro lïs quk rkgfhfgimo, ouhquk hf `oyolfs goìmf kh kaaf. Tuks guohmf `klfs fìmf `ojaor mka ^or mk tfmos aos Zusios, migialkhtk hukstro hukstro lkhtk sk irìo o ao friaao mka gïaimf ]ìjkr y sì o aos mka béaimf rìf Lfsgfvo, gflf si kstuviérolfs kstuviérolfs kh Mfgtfr ^`ivobf. Klpkrf, ao rkoaimom ks quk kstorìolfs `ojaohmf mk ksk lislf opkaaimf `kg`f gilo suprklo kh ao `krïamigo `ist÷rigo pfr khgilo mk hfjaks, gfhmks, muquks y `osto rkyks. Tkrf hf mk uho poaojro ruso. Kstorìolfs Kstorìo lfs `ojaohmf mk uho mkrivo mk rivogi÷h cfhégo mk ao poaojro Gésor, Gzor, ]sor, f mig`f kh gostkaaohf, ^or.

Y guohmf hfs rkckrilfs oa Eïiskr, hukstro lkhtk hfs trok ao ilobkh mk uh puhobumf gosgf pfrtomf pfr uh lfstog`umf miribkhtk khboaohomf gfh `fljrkros y g`frrkros pfr mfquikr, gflf si mk ao pkaìguao  pkaìguao   Ka Trisifhkrf mk ^khmo  sk trotoro. Y sih kljorbf, tfmf kaaf hf ks opkaovf afgoa oa Buiaakrlf mk guoaquikr hþlkrf, sihf oa Klpkromfr mka Zflohf Ilpkrif Bkrlïhigf, oa Eïiskr, oa Goksor, o Gésor mk hukvf. Af lïs brogifsf mk tfmf ks quk kh oqukaafs hkcostfs imus mk lorzf, lotorfh oa pfrto mfr mk toa hfljrk pfr prktkhmkr, y s÷af prksuhtolkhtk, skr rky. _uk hf mirklfs quk hf cuk toa vkz lug`f lïs kh su ihgrkìjak jifbroo, y `osto aakb÷ o skr gfhsimkromf, ‑mivihf“. Tkrf hi ilobihojo quk su gfbhflk ijo o trosposor, ¡y mk qué lohkro! afs sibafs mk ao @istfrio.

??7

 

4= KLTZKWO 

@istfrio quk, poro lïs rkgfg`ihkf rkpujaigohf, hf ks quk pfhbo pfr aos hujks toa sfjrkhfljrk bafrifsf, bafrifsf, puks gflf kh afs viknfs pukjafs (quk oa ﬏h y o ao pfstrk tfmfs tfm fs sflfs mk pukjaf y `osto Zflo hf mkn÷ mk klpkzor sikhmf uho oajkrgo mk postfrks guohmf kh ftrfs auborks gfhtojoh gfhtojoh gfh sibafs mk giviaizogi÷h) giviaizogi÷h),, lug`fs hfljrks hf kroh sihf vuaborks opfmfs. Lftks. Af hfrloa poro mickrkhgior o tohto prfak. Af sikhtf pkrf hf pukmf mknor mk trohsgrijir kstk g`istk mk uh ‑lklk“ quk girguao mksmk `ogk klpf pfr aos Zkmks> ‑ ‗Wfy Orobfrh, `inf mk Orot`frh, `krkmkrf mk Isiamur, skÿfr mk afs Muhkmoih, Muhkmoi h, opfmomf ]rohgfs ‗¶Ka mk ao Toqui6 ‗Wì, ka pkqukÿf.“ pkqu kÿf.“ Tuks ksf. _uk oabf siliaor pos÷ gfh uho mk aos coliaios rflohos lïs prfaì﬏go, ao Nuaio. Ao   Bkhs Ao

Iuaio, quk kro uho mk aos cktéh kh oqukaafs klpfs, uho mk aos rolos rksuat÷

oabf vkaaumo, quk ks af quk rkoalkhtk sibhi﬏go af mk gésorks kh aoh, bohïhmfsk osì kstk gfbh÷liho. @oy quikh ihgausf gflkhto quk ka opkaovf hf mknojo mk tkhkr su gfÿo prkgisolkhtk pfr af gfhtrorif, pfrquk ao oafpkgio kro lïs quk visijak khtrk afs vorfhks, gfso quk sojklfs o gikhgio gikrto mka broh Nuaif pfr su tkhmkhgio o pkihorsk gfh tfamiaaf gflf oabþh colfsf skhomfr mk hukstrfs klpfs. Wko gflf cukrk, af quk cuk rklfquktk f rkgfg`ihkf, sk cuk gfhvirkhmf kh opkaaimf, y gflf fgurrk gfh afs lislfs oa skr posomf mk pomrks o `infs, ouhquk skoh omfpvfs f mka tf Nuaif, osì pos÷ quk af gfbi÷ poro sì uh toa  toa  Fgtoviohf Fgtoviohf,, quk gfh ka klpf, liro tþ, mkvihf kh Ilpkrotfr, goroljo qué gorrkro ao mka sfjrihf, y yo sk sojk quk ka éxitf ks gfhtobifsf, gfhtobifs f, y afs quk o éa ak sugkmikrfh cukrfh aakvohmf aakvohmf toa opkaaimf gflþh quk, gaorf, guohmf oporkgi÷ ka prilkr grfhisto rfso mk ao épfgo, uhf aaolomf  aaolomf   Wuktfhif Wuktfhif,, hf sk ak fgurri÷ ftro gfso quk aaolor o su fpþsguaf> ‑ fpþsguaf> ‑@istfrio @istfrio mk afs mfgk Gésorks“ Gésorks“, guyf éxitf -

kmitfrioa kh ao épfgo (y akgturo quk `fy kh mìo rkgflikhmf rkgflikhmf,, o lïs o lïs) `izf yo ilpo rojak ka opkaovf poro mksibhor oa quk fstkhtojo ka pfmkr y toa mibhimom ilpkrioa. Gfh ka klpf, ihgausf `o aakbomf o gfhvkrr gfhvkrrsk sk kh omnkvf, y oabf gksïrkf ks guoaquikro gfso, skbþh hfs migk ka MZOK, ‑pkrtkhkgikhtk f rkaovf oa ilpkrif f o ao lonkstom ilpkrioa“. Y klpkz÷ sikhmf uh silpak oaios… ¡Ksf ks mknor lorgo!

??=

 

4= KLTZKWO 

Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb Aoj Moy :4?3 Nfrmi Gfaakaa (:9/43/:4?;)

  Ka prilkr Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb Aoj Moy yo ks `istfrio. Murohtk mfs mìos `klfs pfmimf

gflporr, miscrutor, mkjor y, sfjrk tfmf, kxpkrilkhtor ao lobio mka pkrsfhoa jroh mihb.

@klfs tkhimf ao fgosi÷h mk rkuhirhfs pfr prilkro vkz tfmfs oqukaafs quk mk uho lohkro u ftro kstolfs rkaogifhomfs gfh ao lorgo mk aos pkrsfhos, ao lorgo pkrsfhoa, y gfh ka prfgksf poro bksfhorao, ka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb. @oh coatomf oabuhos goros pkrf `osto kaafs `oh kstomf prkskhtks kh hukstrfs gflkhtorifs. @oh simf uhos nfrhomos gflpaktos, ihtkhsos y quk, pfr afs gflkhtorifs rkgijimfs sfjrk ao lorg`o, hfs `oh mknomf o tfmfs gfh sojfr o pfgf. Tfr kstf murohtk aos poaojros jrkvks mk gaousuro yo minilfs quk kstf hf sk ijo o qukmor oquì y quk `ojrìo lïs Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb Aoj Moy. Gflf hfs mkgìoh afs olibfs Zigorm Tfhs y Nfoh Gaftkt kh sus rkspkgvfs twkkts `fy gflikhzo ka cuturf, y o porr mk o`fro volfs o gkhtrorhfs kh éa poro quk ka Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb Aoj Moy mk :4?3 sko uho rkoaimom. Wi hukstrf prilkr khgukhtrf `o tkhimf uh gorïgtkr gosi rkcuhmogifhoa uaizohmf poao jros mka Mr. Nfskp Zfl kh Cogkjffe ka pr÷xilf khk quk kstor khcfgomf kh skhtor aos josks poro mk﬏hir hukstrf ïljitf mk ogtuogi÷h prfcksifhoa poro kvitor quk ao ihmk﬏hi gi÷h y gikrtfs omvkhkmizfs mksgockihkh hukstrf trojonf y af pfhboh kh pkaibrf. Zkgfrmklfs quk uh pkrsfhoa jrohmkr ks oabuikh gopoz mk trojonor mksmk uho tripak pkrspkgvo>

??;

 

4= KLTZKWO 

Buior o sus gaikhtks kh su outfgfhfgilikhtf poro>

]flor gfhsgikhgio mk su imkhmom Mksorrfaaor y kxpaigor su prfykgtf pkrsfhoa Mk﬏hir su prfp÷sitf ks mkgir ovkribuor guoa ks su popka kh ka luhmf. Kaojfror kstrotkbios kstrotkbios pkrsfhoaks poro quk sus gaikhtks pukmoh> Mktkgtor y kxpaigitor su prfpuksto mk voafr Imkh﬏gor oa pþjaigf oa quk sk miribkh Mk﬏hir gfhgrktolkhtk af quk voh o `ogkr, af quk vo o fcrkgkr y af quk vo o vkhmkr. Kstojakgkr su pfsigifholikhtf kh rkaogi÷h o su gflpktkhgio y om÷hmk quikrk aakbor. Zkmogtor afs lkhsonks omkguomfs. Kaojfror paohks mk lorekhb pkrsfhoa. Oyumor o quk sus gaikhtks sk mkh o gfhfgkr

O trovés mk afs gohoaks fh-aihk Kh ka luhmf mk gorhk y `uksf, kh ka luhmf fffl-aihk [h pkrsfhoa jrohmkr hf khk quk skr kxpkrtf kh tfmf pkrf si khk quk skr gopoz mk aimkror ka prfgksf kh su tftoaimom y rkmogtor afs jrik﬏hbs poro quk afs af s outéhgfs kxpkr-

tfs rkoaigkh su aojfr gfh gaorimom y goaimom.

Ka pr÷xilf Aoj Moy omklïs mk prfpfrgifhorhfs kxpkrikhgios y klfgifhks pfsivos hfs oyumorï o ovohzor prfcksifhoalkhtk o afs quk hfs mk﬏hilfs gflf prfcksifhoaks mka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb, pkrsfhoa jrohmkrs, y oyumorï o quk hukstrfs gaikhtks tkhboh tfmos aos borohos mk quk si hfs gfhtrotoh sk pfhkh kh lohfs mk prfcksifhoaks quk omklïs mk jukho ck khkh uh létfmf quk pukmk borohzor rksuatomfs. Y pfr supukstf toljiéh mkjorklfs sfjrk lug`fs ospkgtfs prfcksifhoaks y skbuirklfs rikhmf y miscrutohmf pfrquk toljiéh sflfs uho broh coliaio quk sojk miscrutor gfhvivikhmf kh orlfhìo. Kstolfs tfmfs ihvitomfs o porgipor kh su frbohizogi÷h, afs quk `klfs frbohizomf ka prilkr Aoj Moy skbuilfs gfh ka tksbf pkrf pkmilfs gfaojfrogi÷h o tfmfs afs quk qukrïis porgipor gfh imkos, prfpukstos y klpf. _ukrklfs obromkgkr uho vkz lïs ka opfyf ihkslojak quk hfs `o prkstomf ao Coguatom mk Gfluhigogi÷h y Zkaogifhks Ihtkrhogifhoaks Jaohqukrho quk `o grkìmf kh tfmfs hfsftrfs mksmk ka prilkr lflkhtf ogfbikhmf ka  ka Tfsbromf kh Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb  Jrohmihb quk yo vo pfr ao tkrgkro kmigi÷h y ao frbohizogi÷h mka prilkr Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb Aoj Moy. Otkhtfs o porr mk o`fro o aos rkmks sfgioaks y ka `os`tob #TJAojMoy pfrquk ka skbuhmf Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb Aoj Moy :4?3 yo `o gflkhzomf.

??3

 

4= KLTZKWO 

Klprksos quk sk ksgfhmkh tros uh afbf Buiaakl Zkgfafhs (?=/49/:4?;)  

Ka afbf, khtkhmimf gflf ka bro﬏slf quk rkprkskhto ao lorgo mk ao klprkso, yo hf ks ao pohogko. Wì, pukmf khtkhmkr quk tros ksk afbf `oy ihvkrsifhks liaafhorios kh lorek hb, kh i+m, kh afbìsgo, kh prfmuggi÷h, kh… Tkrf tfmf ksf hf ks outéhgo ihvkrsi÷h kh lorgo, coato oabf ilpfrtohtk, y grkf quk yo `os omivihomf qué ks. Aos klprksos hf mkjkh ksgfhmkrsk tros uh afbf, mkjkh skr rkprkskhtomos pfr pkrsfhos rkoaks.

Kh kckgtf, sih pkrsfhos hf `oy jrohmihb. Tfr quk ka jrohmihb quk gfhkgto, ka jrohmihb mka sibaf PPI sk joso kh ka miïafbf khtrk pkrsfhos, uhos rkprkskhtoh aos lorgos gfrpfrovos y aos ftros o afs stoek`famkrs. Guotrf visifhorifs yo ovisorfh kh ?999 guohmf grkorfh uh  uh  lohi﬏kstf  quk orrohgojo gfh ao crosk ‑Afs lkrgomfs sfh gfhvkrsogifhks“. Y oþh `fy `oy lug`os klprksos quk

prk﬏krkh lohtkhkr aos pfaìgos mk gfluhigogi÷h `krlégos, aos quk ksgfhmkh su aomf `ulohf y af sustuykh pfr BZT’s (?) kh golpoÿos mk tkakvisi÷h. Wih gfhvkrsogi÷h hf `oy gfhkxi÷h, ao lorgo sk mks`ulohizo. Kxistk likmf. Likmf o quk ao kx`ijigi÷h mka toakhtf pfr portk mk aos klprksos oakrtk o afs gflpkmfrks y sk prfmuzgoh mklosiomfs ihtkrgoljifs. O aos klprksos aks mo likmf ka goljif, y lug`os hf opukstoh mkgimimolkhtk pfr ao lfvogi÷h mka toakhtf y kh su aubor opaigoh ao prïggo mk ao mktkhgi÷h mka toakhtf. WFZTZKHMKH]K MKCIHIGI×H MK ]OAKH]F (EKY ]OAKH]) Kh lug`fs mk afs kstumifs sfjrk rktkhgi÷h mk toakhtf sk imkh﬏go o afs klpakomfs gaovk gflf o prfcksifhoaks oatolkhtk lfvomfs, f gfh brohmks prkstogifhks quk fgupoh pukstfs mk ilpfrtohgio grigo. Kh ao brï﬏go omnuhto, ka kstumif Zktkhfh fc Eky ]oakht ohm t`k Zfak fc Zkworms(:) Zkworms(:) mk :4?: kxpaigo ao imkh﬏gogi÷h mka toakhtf kh aos klprksos kh kstfs térlihfs. ¶_[É KW AF _[K COA]O6 O pksor mk tkhkr pfgf klpf, ao tojao flitk o aos pkrsfhos gfh toakhtf quk knkrzoh cuhgifhks mk gfhkxi÷h gfh sus lkrgomfs, af quk pfmrìolfs aaolor kljonomfrks hotu roaks mk lorgo. Omklïs mk ao tojao, ka kstumif `ojao mk rkworms poro afs klpakomfs gaovk, y hihbuho gfhsistk kh gfhvkrr o afs prfcksifhoaks kh oatovfgks pþjaigfs f pfrto vfgks mk ao klprkso.

??2

 

4= KLTZKWO 

[ho mk aos cuhgifhks mka  klprkso ks ao mk rflpkr jorrkros mk mka pkrsfhoa jrohmihb kh ao klprkso  mktkhgi÷h mk toakhtf y gfhtrijuir o `ulohizor ao gflpoÿìo grkohmf pukhtks mk miïafbf

y gfhvkrsogi÷h gfh afs lkrgomfs. Aos klprksos quk sk ksgfhmkh tros uh afbf khkh afs mìos gfhtomfs.

(?) Brfss Zohb Tfihts (BZT’s) Tuhtfs jrutf mk oumikhgio, uho lkmimo uaizomo kh paohi﬏gogi÷h mk lkmifs poro gfhfgkr afs hivkaks mk prksi÷h mk uho golpoÿo kh josk o su gfjkrturo y ao crkgukhgio mk klisi÷h.

(:) Zktkhfh fc Eky ]oakht ohm t`kZfak fc Zkworms ‗ RframotRfre, Mfw Wgf, T`.M., Afyfao [hivkrsity G`igobf, ]fl LgLuaakh, @oy Brfup, Lore Zfyoa, T`.M., @oy Brfup Nuhk :4?:

??0

 

4= KLTZKWO 

Afs kljonomfrks mk lorgo hf sk grkoh> sk bohoh Nfrmi Gfaakaa (:?/?4 /:4?;)

  Lk sfrprkhmi÷ uh orguaf mk Nfrmi Bfuao kh ka supaklkhtf Mihkrf mk Ao Sohbuormio Sohbuormio kh ka quk `ojaojo mk afs kljonomfrks mk lorgo. Bfuao prkbuhtojo kh ka tuaf ‑Toro su klprkso ¶yo khk kljonomfrks mk lorgo6“ y oÿomìo ‑ afs klpakomfs lfvomfs sfh afs lknfrks prksgriptfrks kh aos rkmks sfgioaks poro otrokr lïs toakhtf o ao klprkso“ y poro o`fhmor kh ao rkspuksto gfhtojo gfh ao gfaojfrogi÷h mk likljrfs mka kquipf mk `uloh gopitoa mk Mkafik.

@klfs `ojaomf lug`f mk afs kljonomfrks, sk `ojao lug`f kh ao rkm y sk skbuirï `ojaohmf pfrquk ka tklo ks ihtkrksoh ihtkrksohtk tk y bfafsf. Toro guoaquikr klprkso quk sk `ojak jikh mk kaao ks siklprk ilpfrtohtk, si quikh af `ogk ks uh klpakomf puks tfmovìo lknfr momf ka kakvomf  kakvomf ìhmigk mk gfh﬏ohzo gfh﬏ohzo  gfh quk afs gfaojfromfrks gukhtoh o hivka sfgioa y si omklïs soak bros f gosi bros puks lika sfjrk `fnukaos. Kh ka orguaf quk ohtks gflkhtojo sk kxpaigo quk poro quk kstf fgurro mkjkh morsk oabuhos gfhmigifhks ao lïs ilpfrtohtk mk aos guoaks ks quk afs klpakomfs mkjkh kstor sosckg`fs. [h klpakomf ihsosckg`f ihsosckg`f huhgo `ojaorï jikh mk su klprkso.

??9

 

4= KLTZKWO 

Lkmir ao soscoggi÷h mk afs klpakomfs hf ks uho torko cïgia pfrquk mkpkhmk mk ao pkrgkpgi÷h ihmivimuoa. [h klpakomf kstï sosckg`f si sus kxpkgtovos kstïh oaihkomos gfh af quk rkgijk pfr portk mk ao klprkso y ouhquk pukmo porkgkr uh tklo luy gaïsigf ao vkrmom ks quk kstï mk riburfso ogtuoaimom. ogtuoaimom. Hf sk gfhvikrtk uh klpakomf kh kljonomfr mk lorgo o trovés mk uh gursf, hi tolpfgf kh sksifhks mk gfhgikhgiogi÷h y lug`f lkhfs pfhikhmf prkgif o su prfmuggi÷h kh rkmks sfgioaks si hf quk ks uh trojonf mk lorekhb ihtkrhf o trovés mka guoa sk khk quk skmugir o afs klpakomfs, ﬏mkaizoraks y oyumor o pfsigifhoraks skbþh sus kxpkgto kxpkgto vos. Oa ﬏hoa mka prfgksf ka klpakomf mklukstro su soscoggi÷h o trovés mk su gflprf lisf gfh ao gflpoÿìo mohmf af lknfr mk si y `ojaohmf jikh mk kaao o trovés mk tfmfs afs lkmifs quk kstïh o su oagohgk, khtrk kaafs aos rkmks sfgioaks. Ao klprkso quk quikro tkhkr kljonomfrks khtrk sus klpakomfs khk quk bohïrskaf o puasf y pfr supukstf khk quk skr gopoz mk mor poro pfmkr rkgijir.  

Afs hkbfgifs kh ao vimo cuhgifhoh guohmf tfmos aos portks quk ihtkrvikhkh soakh bohohmf y guohmf afs klpakomfs vkh quk su gukhto mk rksuatomfs sk soamo gfh jkhk﬏gifs sk sikhtkh frbuaafsfs mk cfrlor portk mk su klprkso y af micuhmkh mk lohkro hoturoa. Y osì ao klprkso ks gopoz mk otrokr y rktk hkr ka toakhtf quk hkgksito poro pfmkr skbuir grkgikhmf y afs gaikhtks kstïh lïs sosckg`fs pfrquk vkh quk sus ihtkrafgutfrks kstïh lfvomfs poro mor aos rkspukstos gfrrkgtos o sus hkgksimomks. Afs kljonomfrks mk lorgo sfh ao puhto mka igkjkrb.

?:4

 

4= KLTZKWO 

¶_uiéh gfhtrfao tu gorrkro6 Zigorm Tfhs (4:/4:/:4?;)   @ogk uhfs mìos, uh  uh  ihtkrksohtk pfst mk pfst mk Sìgtfr Gohmka (Dnkgohpo ) quk `ojaojo mk ao ihgflpojiaimom khtrk paoh mk gorrkro y gfhtrotf lkrgoha, prfvfg÷ li gflkhtorif o trovés mk twikr >

Ogtf skbuimf, ka olibf Buiaakl Zkgfafhs  Zkgfafhs lk aohz÷ ka mkso﬏÷ o `ojaor mka tklo kh oabf lïs mk ?=4 gorogtkrks. ]fmfs pfmklfs gfhstotor quk ka fjnkvf mk ao loyfrìo kh afs oÿfs 34/24 kro khtror o trojonor kh uho ‑jukho klprkso“ y pkrlohkgkr kh kaao murohtk tfmo ao vimo aojfroa, gfh paoh mk gorrkro f sih éa, yo quk ao kxistkhgio mk éstk hf kstojo kh hukstros lohfs. Aakbomfs o ao mégomo mk afs 94 ka fjnkvf mk ao loyfrìo kro mksorrfaaor hukstro vimo aojfroa kh ka lislf skgtfr, prfspkrohmf kh ao lislo klprkso si ésto hfs fcrkgìo uh paoh mk gorrkro otrogvf, f goljiohmf mk klprkso, si hf kxiso f hf kro su﬏gikhtksu﬏gikhtklkhtk otrogvf. @fy tfmf kaaf ks `istfrio, hf vfy o skr yf quikh fs mksgujro gflf kstï ka lkrgomf aojfroa.

?:?

 

4= KLTZKWO 

 

Af quk sì quk fs pukmf gfhtor ks quk `fy kh mìo ka gfhtr gfhtrotf otf lkrgoha ks uho oatkrhovo kh ao quk aos vkhtonos pukmkh supair, y lug`f, afs ihgfhvkhikhtks.

Afs ksgkhorifs pukmkh skr mivkrsfs> mksmk trojonor o mkmigogi÷h porgioa poro mickrkhtks mickrkhtks klprksos quk mk cfrlo ihmivimuoa hf pukmkh pobor ka ?44 % mk hukstro mkmigogi÷h, `osto trojonor oa ?44 % poro uho sfao klprkso gfh ao quk mkgimilfs gfaojfror kh uh prfykgtf gfhgrktf, murohtk uh pkrìfmf mk klpf mktkrlihomf y ﬏hitf. Wko guoa sko ka ksgkhorif, ksto lfmoaimom hfs pkrlitk grkor hukstrf prfpif paoh mk gorrkro sih kstor kh lohfs mk aos gfyuhturos quk rfmkoh o afs gfhtrotomfs aojfroaks mk uho mktkrlihomo klprkso. ]fmf kstf mkjkrìo skr uho fpgi÷h, ks mkgir, homik mkjkrìo opuhtorsk o ksto c÷rluao gflf ilpfsigi÷h, f gflf oatkrhovo mkskspkromo. Toro gfhskbuir kstf skrï hkgksorif rkcfrzor mktkrlihomfs voafrks, ogtumks, optuoptu mks, y sfjrk tfmf goljior mk visi÷h. Af quk skburf quk tk oyumorï si fptos pfr ksto ks `ojkr tflomf gfhsgikhgio mk tu Lorgo Tkrsfhoa, yo quk o porr mk kstk lflkhtf skrï ao þhigo lorgo quk tk ‑olpork“. Toro kaaf siklprk skrï jukhf quk uh prfcksifhoa kh Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb tk ogflpoÿk, buìk f oyumk, pfrquk yo sojks quk si ka golihf af `ogks s÷af porkgk quk vos lïs rïpimf, pkrf si vos ogflpoÿomf skburf quk aakbos lïs aknfs.

?::

 

; O[]FZKW

 

44 O[]FZKW

Buiaakl Zkgfafhs  Zkgfafhs  Dbuiaaklrkgfafhs

Wfgif cuhmomfr y Tkrsfhoa Jrohmkr kh Wfylilorgo. Oyumf o `ulohizor klprksos y oyumf o prfcksifhoaks o grkoraks gfhgikhgio mk klprkso. @k trotomf mk mknor lorgo kh ]iklpf/JJMF, N.R.]., Jossot Fbiavy, Wootg`i & Wootg`i, Oatrocfrlo y ]SAfwGfst khtrk ftros. Tujaigitorif y Trfcksfr mka Tfsbromf kh Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb ([ZA / Jaohqukrho) y mka Tfsbromf kh Wfgioa Lkmio kh ]kghfgolpus [TC. Kstumiohtk mk @ulohimomks ([FG). `p>//buiaaklrkgfafhs.gfl Nfrmi Gfaakaa  Gfaakaa  Dnfrmigfaakaa

Osksfr mk lorgo pkrsfhoa y sfgif mk Wfylilorgo / Trfcksfr Osfgiomf kh ao Coguatom mk Gfluhigogi÷h Jaohqukrho ([ZA) y Mirkgtfr mka Tfsbromf kh Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb kh ao Coguatom mk Gfluhigogi÷h Jaohqukrho ([ZA) / Kgfhflisto ([OJ). / TMM & LJO (IKWK Jusihkss Wg`ffa & ]`k [hivkrsity fc G`igobf). / Gfog` tuaomf ([hivkrsity fc ]kxos, Moaaos). Likljrf mk OKGFT. OKGFT. / Likljrf gkr﬏gomf mk ao Ihtkrhofhoa Gfog` Ckmkrofh ( Ossfgiotk Gkr﬏km Gfog`). / :; oÿfs GCF,GKF. GCF,GK F. Gf cuhmomfr mka Brupf Wihtox Afbisgo. `p>//pkrsfhoajrohmihbquklorgo.gfl Oaéxio @krls  @krls Doakxio`krls

Tujaigisto. Jafbbkr, Jafbbkr, gfhsuatfro mk Jrohmihb y mk lorgo pkrsfhoa kh WFYLILOZGO. Kspkgioaisto kh lorekhb mka skgtfr aunf, lorekhb mibitoa y pkrsfhoa jroh mihb. Trfcksfro mka pfsbromf kh Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb kh ao Coguatom mk Gfluhigogi÷h Jaohqukrho ([ZA). `p>//oakxio`krls.wfrmprkss.gfl Tou @frtoa Dpou`frtoa

Klprkhmkmfr.. Gfhsuatfr kh Frikhtogi÷h Trfcksifhoa y Gfog`. Cuk pifhkrf kh ka Klprkhmkmfr usf mk aos lktfmfafbìos mk Frikhtogi÷h Trfcksifhoa y Gfog`ihb kh Kspoÿo.

Aigkhgiomf kh Gikhgios mka ]rojonf y Lostkr kh Zkaogifhks Aojfroaks. @o trojo nomf  nom f kh ZZ@@ y kh Gfh Gfhsuat suatfrì frìoo kh afs ïlj ïljitfs itfs mk mka Klp Klpakf, akf, ao Frik Frikhtogi htogi÷h ÷h Trfcksifhoa y ka Gfog`ihb. @o gfaojfromf gfh ksgukaos mk hkbfgifs gflf OMO, KWOMK, IK, IKWK. @fy kstï ihvfaugromf kh mivkrsfs prfykgtfs gflf> Oaius Lfmus, Mioho.Nfjs, Aojfrsoaus, y Zkmks Wfgioaks Trfcksifhoaks `p>//www.pou`frtoa.hkt  Gkakshf Lorhkz DGkakshfLz Gfhsuatfr mk lorekhb y gfhckrkhgiohtk. gfhckrkhgiohtk. :4 oÿfs kh mptfs gflkrgioaks mk luahogifhoaks mk rkafnkrìo, `fy ks Mirkgtfr mk Ihtkaibkhgio mk Zktoia kh Cafw.ks. Mksmk :4?4 ksgrijk ka jafb pkrsfhoa ‑Gfluhigf, aukbf vkhmf“, pfr ka quk fjtuvf kh :4?: ka Trklif Frf oa Lknfr Jafb mk Lorekhb gfhgkmimf pfr ka Fjskrvotfrif mk ao Jafbfsckro mka Lorekhb. Ksgrijk kh pujaigogifhks prfcksifhoaks mk lorekhb, rktoia y pkrsfhoa jrohmihb mk Kspoÿo y AO]OL AO]OL y ks k s gfoutfr

mk vorifs aijrfs.

`p>//gkakshflorhkz.gfl

?:=

 

44 O[]FZKW

Lorìo O. Wïhg`kz  Wïhg`kz  DLorioVOVWohg`kz :; oÿfs kh ka luhmf mk ao Ilobkh Tkrsfhoa. Mksorrfaaé uh prfbrolo mk tkakvi si÷h> ‐Ilobkh Ihtkaibkhtk’. + ?= oÿfs mk kxpkrikhgio kh gfhsuatfrìo mk Ilobkh

Tkrsfhoa. + ?4 oÿfs gflf prfcksfro mk kh pfstbromf y lïstkr kh ïrkos mk Ilobkh y Woaum y Osksfrìo mk Ilobkh kh mishtos uhivkrsimomks. + ?4 oÿfs

gflf rkspfhsojak mka ïrko mk Osksfrìo mk Ilobkh kh klprksos mk cfrlogi÷h o oatfs mirkgvfs. Kxpkrto poro aos Guoai﬏gogifhks Trfcksifhoaks kh ka IHG[OA. Lihistkrif mk Kmugogi÷h. Kxpkrto poro ao Zkcfrlo Kmugovo kh ao Bkhkroaitot

Soakhgioho. `p>//www.lorioosohg`kz.gfl Crohgksg Wkborro  Wkborro DcrohgksgWkbor

Wfgif Cuhmomfr mk Ao Lorgo Tkrsfhoa y Tkrsfhoa Jrohm Lohobkr. Lohobkr. Aigkhgiomf kh Tsigfafbìo kh ao [hivkrsimom mk Jorgkafho. Murohtk ao gorrkro, lis ihtkrksks tfloh uh ruljf `ogio ao portk mk ao Tsigfafbìo Wfgioa y mk aos Frbohizogifhks. Kh josk mk li kxpkrikhgio k ihtkrksks, lk busto lfamkor y gfljihor imkos rkao gifhomos gfh gfhgkptfs psigfafbìo, mksorrfaaf pkrsfhoa, lorgo pkrsfhoa, gfluhigogi÷h, lorekhb,mk toakhtf y ao bks÷h égo mk af s hkbfgifs. afs `p>//www.crohgksgskborro.gfl Tojaf Omïh Lig÷ DTojafOmohLigf Osksfr mk lorgo pkrsfhoa. Mfgkhtk y Gfhckrkhgioht Gfhckrkhgiohtk k mk @ojiaimomks Mirkgvos y Wfgioaks, Lorekhb Tkrsfhoa, Aimkrozbf, Mirkggi÷h Y Bks÷h mk Kquipfs, Bks ÷h Mka ]iklpf, Otkhgi÷h oa Gaikhtk, Lorekhb, Tujaigimom, Gfluhigogi÷h y

Gfog`ihb poro frbohziogifhks klprksorioaks y ksgukaos mk hkbfgif (Gïloro mk Gflkrgif, ao Gfhckmkrogi÷h Klprksorioa Soakhgioho, kh Kmk Cfrlogi÷h y Gfhsuahb, IKM Lïstkr fc Ihstutk Kurfpkoh fc Mksibh, khtrk ftrfs) `p>//www.pojafomoh.ks Grisho Mìkz  Mìkz  Dsgrishomikz

Mksorrfaaomfro mk sfaugifhks fhaihk / Aigkhgiomo kh Tkrifmislf ([OJ) / Tfsbromf kh Gfluhigogi÷h klprksorioa ([TC)/ Tfsbromf kh wkj :.4 ([TC) / Mipaflo kh Wfgioa Lkmio (IHKWMI) `p>//grisho-mikz.gfl Touao Ckrhïhmkz-Fg`fo DTouaoCmkzFg`fo Wfgio mk +Lfrk]`ohAow. Gfhsuatfro mk Lorekhb Nurìmigf y Lorgo Tkrsfhoa. Likljrf mka Gflitéh mk Akbïaitos AOJ k Iheiktfs. Mfgkhtk kh IWMK, [IG y Jaoh-

qukrho GiZT. Tkrsfhoa Taohhkr mk ^khes! @o simf ojfbomo kh LO^OZW, LOA[_[KZ OMSFGO]W y BOZZIB[KW, bkrkhtk mk Mkspog`f mka Brupf AKBÏAI]OW y Zkspfhsojak mk Mksorrfaaf mk Hkbfgif kh ZFGO N[HYKH]. N[HYKH]. Aig. Mkrkg`f y Mipaf lomo kh Kstumifs Klprksorioaks IGOMK, Tfstbromf OMK [TC, TMM kh IKWK y Trfbrolo mk Mirkggi÷h mk Let y Skhtos Mibitoa (ihMIBI]OA) (ihMIBI]OA) kh KWOMK. `p>//lfrkt`ohaow.ks

?:;

 

44 O[]FZKW

Fiohef G`fpkrkho  G`fpkrkho DFiohefG`fpkrkho Tkrsfhoa Jrohmkr & Fhaihk Lorekhb Lohobkr. Klprkhmkmfr oposifhomf mka

sfgioa lkmio. Kspkgioaisto kh osksfrolikhtf kspkgioaizomf kh ohïaisis y opaigogi÷h mk mksorrfaafs mk kstrot k strotkbio kbio mk lorekhb fhaihk poro bks÷h mk lorgos y pkrsfhos. Cfrlomfr mk Kgfllkrgk, WKF, Lorekhb Fhaihk y Zkmks Wfgioaks. `p>//www.fiohef.gfl Novikr Wohtolorto mka Tfzf Tfzf  Dnovisohtolorto Aigkhgiomf y mfgtfr kh gikhgios pfaìgos. Tfait÷afbf kspkgioaizomf kh osuhtfs kurfpkfs y bkfpfaìgo. Ksgritfr. Ksgritfr. Kxpkrtf kh Oyumo @ulohitorio, gfh uho kspk gioa kxpkrsk kh osuhtfs mk Gffpkrogi÷h Givia y Liaitor. Gfluhigomfr sfjrk

tklos voriomfs, quk voh mksmk afs ospkgtfs lkhfs gfhfgimfs mk ao Gffpkrogi÷h oa Mksorrfaaf, ao @istfrio, f tklos mk Ksaf y Trftfgfaf. `p>//lortklihkrvo.gfl Tou Wolf DTouWolf

Gfhsuatfr, y cfrlomfr kh prfgksfs mk vkhto y lorekhb. Mkspués mkspkoekr oÿfs kh ka mkportolkhtf gflkrgioa mk brohmks klprksos ihmustrioaks kh khtfrhfs J:J y mk ao broh mistrijugi÷h `o cuhmomf ka prfykgtf WLtroihkrs. Ogflpoÿo o sus gaikhtks, olibfs y gfaojfromfrks o oagohzor sus fjnkvfs, tohtf guoaitovfs gflf afs guohtovfs. Ao gaorimom y ao tkhogimom sfh su Lorgo. `p>//sltroihkrs.gfl Sìgtfr Gohmka  Gohmka  Dnkgohpo Ihbkhikrf ]éghigf ]éghigf pfr ao [hivkrsimom Libuka @krhïhmkz, Lïstkr kh Mirkggi÷h mk Tkrsfhoa y Bks÷h mk ZZ@@ pfr KHOK Jusihkss Wg`ffa, osì gflf Tfstbromf mk Kspkgioaizogi÷h Mimïggo pfr ao [hivkrsimom mk Lurgio. Sìgtfr ks Mirkgtfr Osf -

giomf kh Ktrohio @uloh Zksfurgks & ]roihihb. Gfhckrkhgiohtk y outfr mk vigtfrgohmka.gfl, uh jafb ka quk `ojao sfjrk Zkgautolikhtf :.4, Wkakggi÷h mk

Tkrsfhoa y klpakojiaimom. `p>//vigtfrgohmka.gfl Novikr ^olfro Wojfrit  Wojfrit  DnovikrzolfroLTM

Mfgtfr kh Gikhgios mk ao Gfluhigogi÷h pfr ao [hivkrsimom Noulk I mk Gostkaa÷ Gostkaa÷h. h. Gfhckrkhgiohtk ckrkhgioh tk y osksfr mk lorgo pkrsfhoa mkpfrvo mk nubomfrks mk prilkro, skbuhmo

y skbuhmo J, gaujks y otaktos failpigfs. Trfcksfr mka pfsbromf kh Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb kh ao Coguat Coguatom om mk Gfluhigogi÷h Jaohqukrho ([ZA). `p>//www.novikrzolfrosojfrit.gfl Khriquk Zukmo  Zukmo Dmfgtfrjrohmfrb

@istfriomfr mka Ortk, jafbbkr y kspkgioaisto kh Jrohmihb. @o trojonomf gflf grìgf mk ortk, gflf bkstfr mk kquipfs y ﬏hoalkhtk mkgimi÷

ojrir su prfpio gfhsuatfro mk jrohmihb MfgtfrJrohm gfh ao quk uhk y opaigo tfmf su jobobk ohtkrifr. ohtkrifr. Ks jafbkrf `ojituoa. `p>//www.mfgtfrjrohm.ks

?:3

 

44 O[]FZKW

Povi Zfgo ]urrukaao  ]urrukaao  Dxovirfgo?

Aigkhgiomf kh Omlihistrogi÷h mk Klprkso y LJO pfr KWOMK. Oposifhomf pfr aos pkrsfhos y ka lorekhb. Ogtuoalkhtk ks gfhsuatfr kh Wlort Lorekhb WA kspkgioaizomf kh ihvksbogi÷h mk lkrgomfs y gflpfrtolikhtf mka gfhsulimfr. gfhsulimfr.

Omklïs ks prfcksfr osfgiomf mk ao [hivkrsimom mk Aakimo. Gfhckrkhg Gfhckrkhgiohtk iohtk `ojituoa kh tklos mk aimkrozbf, lorekhb y lorgo pkrsfhoa. Ohtkrifrlkhtk `o simf mirkgtfr bkhkroa kh WOBK Kurfwih, Zfs Zfgo WZH y Ciro mk Aakimo. `p>//www.xovirfgo.gfl Kakho ]kgg`io kgg`io  DKakho]kgg`io

Tsig÷afbo Frbohizogifhoa, Cfrlomfro y Gfog` kspkgioaizomo kh Aimkrozbf y Gfluhigogi÷h ihtkrpkrsfhoa. Aihbñisto k ihtérprktk (WWI], Liaoh, Itoay) / Sfigk

Gfog`. Omklïs ks Trfcksfr Trfcksfroo mka Tfsbromf kh Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb y Bukst Jafbbkr mk sfylilorgo. Ogflpoÿo o prfcksifhoaks o mksorrfaaor sus `ojiaimomks gflu higovos. `p>//www.kakhotkgg`io.gfl Zujkh B Gostrf  Gostrf Drujkhbgostrf Miskÿomfr brï﬏gf, mfgkhtk y o`fro osksfr kh lorgo pkrsfhoa.

Jog`kafr fc Orts wit` @fhfurs ih Mksibh ([hivkrsity fc Wfut`olptfh) / Bromuomf Wupkrifr kh Miskÿf Brï﬏gf (Ksgfao Wupkrifr mk Misskhy Kaisovo) / Tfstbromf

kh Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb, Lorgo Tkrsfhoa (Jaohqukrho. [hivkrsitot Zolfh Aauaa) `p>//www.rujkhbgostrf.gfl Zigorm Tfhs  Tfhs  Drigormpfhspks Tfst Bromf kh Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb. ?ª Trflfgi÷h. Coguato Coguatott mk Gfluhigogi÷ Jaoh-

qukrho. [hivkrsitot Zol÷h Aauaa. Tkrsfhoa Jrohmkr. Gfhsuatfr kh Lorgo Tkrsfhoa. Gfhvkhgimf mk quk aos klprksos sfh pkrsfhos, y quk aos lorgos mk aos klprksos sfh ao sulo mk aos lorgos pkrsfhoaks. Gfh﬏ohzo, gf`krkhgio, gopogimom gfluhigovo y visi÷h 734¾ sfh voafrks y og tumks quk hf pikrmf huhgo mk visto. `p>//rigormpfhs.gfl

Tkrsfhoa Jrohmihb 7.4, voafrks oa oazo jy Wfylilorgo, W.A. is aigkhskm uhmkr o Grkovk Gfllfhs Zkgfhfgilikhtf-Gflporr ibuoa 7.4 [hpfrtkm Aigkhsk. Grkomf o porr mk ao fjro kh www.sfylilorgo.gfl.

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Brogios