PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION.docx

International School of Asia and the Pacific 1 Subject: Dactyloscopy REVIEW NOTES ON PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION (DACTYLOSCOPY)

2.

China – It was a common practice for the Chinese to use ink fingerprints on official documents, land scales, contracts, loans and acknowledgements of debt. Finger seals for sealing documents to prove its authenticity. Early in the 12th century, in the novel, “The Story of the River Bank,” fingerprint found itself already in the criminal procedure of China; and in the 16th century, a custom prevailed in connection with the sale of children. Palm and sole impressions were stamped of sale to prevent impersonation.

3.

Japan – A Japanese Historian, Kamagusu Minakata furthere commented about blood stamping. Apparently, contracts were accompanied by a written oath confirmed with a blood stamp. The blood stamp was a print of the ring finger in blood drawn from that digit.

4.

France – The most famous ancient stone carvings is found in the L’lle de Gavrinis of the coast of France. Here a burial chamber, or dolman, was discovered dating back to Neolithis times. Its inner walls are covered with incised designs- systems of horse-shoe form, more or less circular concentric figures, spiral, arching lines sinuous and straight lines and other markings occurring in various combinations. Many anthropologists interpret these lines as representing finger or palm print patterns.

5.

Nova Scotia – An outline of a hand was scratched into slate rock beside Kejiomkujil Lake by an aboriginal Indian. The carving is an outline of a hand and fingers. Within the outline the flexion creases of the palm and fingers are depicted. This carving has considerable historical significance. Although it does not demonstrate knowledge of the individuality of friction ridges or palmar flexion creases, it clearly illustrates an early awareness of the presence of those formations. Babylonia - References by ancient historians have been found describing how finger seals were used on legal contracts from 1855-1913 B.C. This practice identified the author and protected against forgery.

DEFINITION OF TERMS: 1.

2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Fingerprint – An impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger. A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the palmar (palm and fingers) or plantar (sole and toes) skin, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin. These ridges are sometimes known as "dermal ridges" or "dermal papillae". Dactyloscopy – is the practical application of fingerprints or the process of identification by fingerprint comparison and the classification of fingerprints. Dactylography – is the scientific study of fingerprints as a means of identification. Poroscopy – the scientific study of pores or science of identification by means of the pores. Podoscopy - the science of identification through friction ridge characteristics existing on the sole of the human foot. Chiroscopy – the science of identification through friction ridge characteristics existing on palms. Ridgeology –the study of poroscopy, edgeoscopy, and ridge characteristics for the purpose of the positive identification of fingerprints. Edgeoscopy – the study of the characteristics formed by the sides or edges of papillary ridges as a means of identification.

Dogmatic Principle of Fingerprint 1. 2. 3.

Principle of Individuality – no two fingerprints are exactly alike Principle of Permanency – configuration and details of individual ridges remain constant and unchanging. Principle of Infallibility – fingerprint is the most reliable means of identification. 6.

Fingerprints in other species The Koala is one of the few mammals (other than primates) that have fingerprints. In fact, koala fingerprints are remarkably similar to human fingerprints; even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the two.

7.

Palestine – William Frederick Bade, Director of the Palestine Institute of Archeology, conducted excavations at various sites in Palestine and at one place found finger imprints on many pieces of broken pottery. These “identifications” permitted the confuse debris to dated accurately to the fourth century A.D. Commenting on his case, Fingerprint magazine (1973) stated that “these impression were obviously intentional and no doubt, represented the workman’s individual trade mark.”

8.

Holland and Ancient China – Identification of individuals was by means of branding, tattooing, mutilation and also manifested by wearing of cloths of different designs.

History and Development A.

Primitive Knowledge

1.

Egypt – The earliest evidence of ridge detail on the hands and feet of humans was seen in the 4,000 year old mummies of ancient Egypt. The hands and feet of mummies have been examined on numerous occasions and they confirmed the presence of ridge detail on the mummies’ digits.

aries gallandez_12

#GOBACKTOBASIC

International School of Asia and the Pacific 2 Subject: Dactyloscopy B.

PERSONALITIES

1.

Constantinople In treaty ratification, the sultan soaked hi hand in a sheep’s blood and impressed in on the document as his seal.

2.

Thomas Bewick (1753-1828) – A British author, naturalist and engraver became England’s finest engraver who made fingerprint stamps. He made wooden engravings of fingerprints and published their images in his books where he used an engraving of his fingerprints as a signature. The engravings demonstrate familiarity with the construction of skin ridge. In two of the books he added “Thomas Bewick, his mark” under the impressions.

3.

Sir William J. Herschel – Credited as being the first European to recognize the value of friction ridge points and to actually use them for identification purposes.

4.

Dr. J.C.A. Mayer (1788) of Germany – He published the following statements in his anatomical atlas; although the arrangement of skin ridges is never duplicated in two persons, nevertheless the similarities are closer among some individuals. In others the differences are marked, yet in spite of their peculiarities of arrangement all have a certain likeness.” This deduction was published 100 years before the Konai contract. Dr. Henry Faulds (1843-1930) – In 1875 Faulds had opened a missionary hospital and a year later started a medical school in Japan where he may have been exposed to fingerprints. He wrote a letter to Charles Darwin telling him of his studies and requesting assistance. He mentioned that fingerprints can be classified easily and that ridge detail is unique. He pointed out the value of fingerprints of being in “medico legal studies” and commented that photographs of people change over the years but rugae (friction ridges) never change.

5.

6.

7.

Thomas Taylor (1877) - A microscopist of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC who also suggested that fingerprints could be used to solve crime. Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914) – He devised the first truly scientific method of criminal identification in Paris France called anthropometry or Bertillonage. He conceived the idea of using anatomical measurements to distinguish one criminal from another. He decided to use various body measurements such as head length, head breadth, length of left middle finger, length of the left cubit (forearm)/ length of left foot, body height, face breadth, face height and other descriptions including features such as scars and hair and eye color to distinguish criminals.

8.

Dr. Henry P. De Forrest - He utilized the first official municipal use of fingerprints for noncriminal registration on December 19, 1902 in the Municipal Civil Service Commission in the City of New York. He required civil service applicants to be fingerprinted to prevent them from having better qualified persons take test for them and put the system into practice.

9.

Capt. James I. Parke – He advocated the first state and penal use of fingerprint which was officially adopted in Sing-sing prison on June 5, 1903 and later at Auburn, Napanoch and Clinton Penitentiaries.

10. Sgt. Kenneth Perrier – An Englishman and first fingerprint instructor at the St. Luis Police Department, Missouri. He was one of the pupils of Sir. Edward Richard Henry and through personal contact during the Worlds Fair Exposition held in St. Luis, a fingerprint bureau was established on April 12, 1904. 11. Mary K. Holland – She was the first American Instructor in Dactyloscopy. 12. Harry Mayers II – In 1925, he installed the first official foot and fingerprint system for infants at the Jewish Maternity Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, and the first system in the state. 13. Juan (Ivan) Vucetich (1855-1925) – The fast face of the advancement of fingerprinting in England was due to the ingenuity of Juan Vucetich, who was employed as a statistician with the Central Police Department at La Planta, Argentina. In July 1891, the Chief of Police assigned Vucetich to set up a bureau of Anthropometric Identification. 14. Sir Edward Henry (1850-1931) – At the same time that Vucetich was experimenting with fingerprinting in Argentina, another classification system was being developed in India. This system was called “The Henry Classification System.” FINGERPRINTING IN NORTH AMERICA (1877-1900) 15. Isaiah West Taber (1880) – In 1880, a photographer in San Francisco who suggested that fingerprinting be adopted for the registration of Chinese immigrant laborers. 16. Gilbert Thompson (1882) – He used his thumbprint to ensure that the amounts were not changed or altered on payroll cheques. When issuing a payroll cheque, he would put an inked thumbprint over the amount. This is to prevent fraudulent cheque alterations. 17. Mark Twain (1894) – An America author and lecture, Twain enhanced the position of fingerprints

aries gallandez_12

#GOBACKTOBASIC

International School of Asia and the Pacific 3 Subject: Dactyloscopy when he included their use in the plot of a novel entitled Pudd’n Head Wilson. In the novel, a bloody fingerprint is found in the murder weapon and Pudd’n Head, the defense attorney, has the whole town fingerprinted. He lectured the court and jury on the basics of fingerprinting, how fingerprints are immutable, and that two fingerprints will never be found to be the same. He also commented on how identical twins can be indistinguishable in appearance, at times even by their parents, but their fingerprints will always be different. Fingerprinting in Canada (1904-1920) 18. Edward Foster (1863-1956) – Foster, Canadian constable of the Dominion Police attended the world’s Fair to guard a display of gold. He attended Ferrier’s presentation at the convention and intrigued by the possibilities that fingerprinting had to offer, he felt that a bureau would be effective than an anthropometry bureau. He also felt that a national organization in Canada, similar to the International Association of Chief’s of Police, would encourage cooperation among Canadian police departments and be an ideal body to promote a national interest in fingerprinting. Scientific Researchers 19. Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) – Grew, English botanist, physician and micropist. In 1684 he published a paper in the philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London describing his observations of the “Innumerable little ridges of equal big ness on the ends of the first joints of the fingers.” He described sweat pores, epidermal ridges, and their various arrangements. Included in his paper was a drawing of the configurations of the hand displaying the ridge flow on the fingers and palms. 20.

Govard Bidloo (1685) – Bidloo, anatomist in Amsterdam, Holland, published a book on human anatomy illustrating friction ridges and pore structure on the underside of the fingers. His comments were morphological in nature and he did not refer to or mentioned the individuality of friction ridges.

21. Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) – A professor in 1685 at the University of Bologna, Italy, published the results of his examination of the friction skin with the newly invented microscope. He has been credited with being the first to use a microscope in medical studies. His paper dealt mainly with the function, form, and structure of the friction skin as a tactile organ, and its use in the enhancement of traction for walking and grasping. He was known as the ‘Grandfather of Dactyloscopy” according to Dr. Edmond Locard,

aries gallandez_12

the “Father of Poroscopy.” He originated the terms “loops and spirals.” 22. JCA Mayer (1788) – A German doctor and anatomist whose paper on fingerprint clearly addressed the individuality of the friction ridges. 23. Johannes (Jean) Evangelista Purkinje (17871869) – A professor at the University of Breslau, Germany, published a thesis that contained his studies on the eye, fingerprints and other skin features entitled, “Commentatio de Examine Phisiologico Organi Visus et Systematis.” He classified nine principal configuration groups of fingerprints and assigned each a name he was known as the “Father of Dactyloscopy.” 24. Arthur Kollman (1883) – The first researcher to address the formation of friction ridges in embryos and the topographical physical stressors that may have been part of their growth. He identified the presence and locations of the valor pads of the human hand and foot. 25. H. Klaatsch (1888) – From Germany who examined the walking pads and eminences of several pentadactylous of five fingered mammals. He was credited being the first researcher to examine the walking surface of other mammals. He also referred to the arrangement of the fundamental limits of the friction ridges as the reason why all ridge formation are different. 26. David Hepburn (1895) – He is connected with the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, published a paper on the similarity in appearance of the eminences or walking surfaces of primates entitled, “The Papilliary Ridges on the Hands and feet of monkeys and men.” He was the first to recognized that ridges assist gripping by creating friction and that they had a function other increasing tactile stimulus. Historical Background – Philippine Setting 27. Mr. Jones was the first to teach fingerprints in the Philippine Constabulary sometime in the year 1900. The Bureau of Prisons in the year 1918, records show that the fingerprints already existed in the “carpetas” 28. L. Asa N. Darby, under his management during the re-occupation of the Philippines by the American Forces, a modern and complete Fingerprint File has been establishment in the Philippine Commonwealth. 29. Mr. Genoroso Reyes was the first Filipino Fingerprint Technician employed by the Philippine Constabulary. 30. Capt. Thomas Dugan of New York City Police Department and Mr. Flaviano G. Guerrero of the

#GOBACKTOBASIC

International School of Asia and the Pacific 4 Subject: Dactyloscopy Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, gave the first examinations for fingerprint in 1937. Plaridel Educational Institution (PEI), now the Philippine College of Criminology (PCCr), Manila is the first governmental recognized school to teach the science of fingerprints and other police sciences. C.

Legality of Fingerprints

1. People vs. Jennings [252 III. 534, 96 NE 1077 (1911)] pass upon the admissibility of fingerprint evidence. Fingerprint evidence was admitted as a means of identification. It was also held that persons experienced in the matter of fingerprint identification may give their opinions as to whether the fingerprints found at the scene of the crime correspond with those of the accused. The court’s conclusion were based on a comparison of the photographs of such prints with the impressions made by the accused, there being no questions as to the accuracy or authenticity of the photographs. It was stated that the weight to be given to the testimony of experts in the fingerprint identification as a question for the jury. 2. New Jersey State vs. Cerciello, in which fingerprint evidence was permitted to be introduced. The defendant argued that it was an error to allow the testimony by experts explaining the comparison of fingerprints obtained from the defendant voluntarily with those fingerprints found upon a hatchet near the body of the deceased when the body was discovered. The New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals held, “in principle, its admission as legal evidence is based upon the theory that the evolution in practical affairs of fife, whereby the progressive and scientific tenderness of the age are manifested in every other department of human endeavor, cannot be ignored in legal procedure. But, that the law it its effort to enforce justice by demonstrating a fact in issue, will allow evidence of those scientific processes which are the work of educated and skillful men in their various departments, and apply them to the demonstrations of fact, leaving the weight and effect to be given to the effort and its results entirely to the consideration of the jury”. 3. In the case of State Vs. Conners [87 N.T.L. 419, 94 Atl.812 (1915)] it was held competent to show by a photograph the fingerprints upon the balcony post of a house entered, without producing that post in court, and to show by expert testimony that the fingerprints found on the post were similar to the fingerprints of the defendant. 4. Lamble vs. State [Lamble v. State, 96 N.T.L. 231; 114 ATL. (N.J) 346 (1921)] which involved the discovery of fingerprints on the door of an automobile, the court was of the opinion that it was not necessary to produce the door as evidence. The

aries gallandez_12

court stated that a photograph of the fingerprints noted on the door should be sufficient along with the identification of the fingerprints by an expert to show these of the defendant. The court referred to the previous decided case of States v. Conners. 5. Commonwealth v. Albright, [101 Pa. Sup. C.L.317 (1931)] - a fingerprint expert testified that the fingerprint on a piece of glass, established to be from a pane in a door that had been broken to effect entrance to the house was the same as the impression of the defendant’s left index finger and he explained in detail the points of identity which led him to that judgment. In the Albright case, the court stated, “it is well settled that the papillary lines and marks on the fingers of every man, woman and child posses an individual character different from those of any other person and that the chances that the fingerprints of two different persons may be identified are infinitesimally remote. 6. People v. Corral [224 cal. 2d 300 (1964)] - it is completely settled law that fingerprints are the strongest evidence of the identity of a person”. This Doctrine was reasserted in another California case, People v. Riser [47 cal. 2d. 566 (1956)] in which the court stated, “fingerprint evidence is the strongest evidence of identity and is ordinarily sufficient alone to identify the defendant”. 7. Schmerber v California [Schmerber v. California,384 us,757,767(1966)] - The introduction into evidence of fingerprint impressions taken without consent of the defendant was not an infringement of the constitutional privileged against self incrimination. The high court held that it is constitutional to obtain real or physical evidence even if the suspect is compelled to give blood in a hospital environment, submit to fingerprinting, photographing or measurement, write or speak for identification, appears in court, stand or walk, assume a stance or make a particular gesture, put on cloth that fits him, or exhibit his body as evidence when it is material. The Schmerber case points out the fact that the privilege against self-incrimination is related primarily to “TESTIMONIAL COMPULSION”. In the Philippines: 8. In the BILANGAWA v. AMADOR case, (Court of Appeals No.37320-b) a fingerprint expert and constabulary sergeant testified and successfully defended fingerprint evidence based on eight identical ridge points. 9.

People of the Philippines vs. Medina, 59, Phil. 330 of December 23, 1933 were the first conviction based on fingerprint and led to the judicial decision in the Philippine jurisprudence.

Types of Ridge Formation

#GOBACKTOBASIC

International School of Asia and the Pacific 5 Subject: Dactyloscopy 1. 2. 3. 4.

Recurving ridge – Is the ridge that curves back in the direction in which it started. It looks like a hair pin. Converging Ridges – Two or more lines forming an angle, a ridge whose closed end is angular and serves as a point of convergent. Diverging ridges – Two ridges running side by side and suddenly separating, one ridge going one way and the other ridge in another way. Bifurcating ridge – A single ridge which splits into two forming a “Y” shape, formation or structure. It is

18.

Creases- Are thin, usually straight narrow white lines running transversely or formed side to side, across the print, causing the puckering of the ridges. 19. Staple- Single recurving ridge at the center of the pattern area. 20. Spike- An ending ridge at the center of a pattern which forms the upthrust. 21. Enclosure – a bifurcation which does not remain open but which the legs of the bifurcation, after running along side by side for a short distance, come together again to form a single ridge once more.

Ridge Characteristics 1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

15. 16. 17.

Island, Eyelet, lake or Eye – It is a single ridge which bifurcates where the bifurcating ridges converge at a certain point to form again into a single ridge. Dot or Series of dots – They are fragmentary ridges formed like a dot or dots. Short or Series of Short Ridges – They are fragmentary ridges formed by short or series of short ridges. Ridge-ending – It is a termination or ending of ridge or ridges. Fragmentary Ridges – They consist of disconnected sequences of short ridges embodied intensely. These ridges are considered in the classification of fingerprints if they appear as dark and as thick as the surrounded ridges within the pattern area. Ridge Hook – It is a ridge that divides to form two ridges which are shorter in length than the main ridge. Ridge Bridge – This is a connecting ridge between two ridges. Incipient or Nascent Ridge – This is a kind of ridge which is madly formed, thin, short or broken which appear or appears in the depressions between two well formed ridges. Sufficient recurve – The space between shoulders of a loop, free of any appendage, and abutting at right angle. Appendage- a short ridge at the top or summit of a recurve usually at right angle. Envelop – Is a single recurving ridge enclosing one or more rods or bars. Rod or bar – Is a single ending ridge at the center of a recurving ridge of a loop pattern. Uptrust – Is an ending ridge of any length rising at a sufficient degree from a horizontal place. Dissociated ridges – Are unusual ridge structures having no well defined patterns; the ridges are extremely short, appear like a series of “patches” caused by a disturbance of developmental process at early fetal life of the individual. Shoulder of a loop- It is that point at which the recurving ridge definitely turns or curve. Shoulder of a loop- It is that point at which the recurving ridge definitely turns or curve. Puckering- As growth ceases at several ends, the ends curls slightly.

aries gallandez_12

Focal Points of Fingerprint Pattern 1. 2.

Core – Is a point on a ridge formation usually located at the center or heart of a pattern. Delta or Triradial Point – Is a point on the first ridge formation directly at or in front or near the center of the divergence of the type lines. It may be: a) a bifurcation b) an abrupt ending ridge c) a dot d) a short ridge e) a meeting of two ridges f) a point on the first recurving ridge located nearest to the center and in front of the divergence of the type lines.

Type Lines and Pattern Area  Type lines - basic boundaries of most fingerprints formed by ridges which run parallel, starting from the lower corner of the pattern and flowing inward and upward the edge of the pattern area, where they diverge or separate, then surround or tend to surround the pattern area.  Pattern area- The part of the fingerprint which lies within the area surrounded by the type lines. Rules in Core Location 1. The core is placed upon or within the sufficient recurving ridge. 2. When the innermost sufficient recurve contains uneven number of rods rising as high as the shoulders, the core is placed upon the end of the center rod whether it touches the looping ridge or not. 3. When the innermost sufficient recurve contains no ending ridge or rod rising as high as the shoulders of the loop, the core is placed on the shoulder of the farther from the delta. 4. When the innermost sufficient recurve contains an even number of rods rising as high as the shoulders, the core is placed upon the end of the farther one of the two center rods being treated as though they were connected by a recurving ridge. The shoulders of a loop are the

#GOBACKTOBASIC

International School of Asia and the Pacific 6 Subject: Dactyloscopy points at which the recurving ridge definitely turns inward or curves. Rules in Delta Location 1. The delta may not be located at a bifurcation which does not open towards the core. 2. When there is a choice between a bifurcation and another type of delta equally close to the point of divergence, the bifurcation is selected. 3. When there is a series of bifurcations opening towards the point of divergence of the type lines, the bifurcation nearest to the core is chosen as the delta. 4. The delta may not be located in the middle of the ridge running between the type lines toward the core but at the nearer end only. The delta depends entirely on the point of origin of the ridge. 5. If the ridge enters the pattern area from a point below the divergence of the type lines, the delta must be located at the end nearer to the core. What are ridge tracing, ridge counting and ridge count?  Ridge Tracing is the process of tracing the ridge that originates from the left delta toward the right delta to see where it flows in relation to the right delta.  Ridge Counting is the process of counting the ridges that touch or cross an imaginary line drawn between the core and delta of a loop.  Ridge Count is the number of ridges intervening between the delta and the core.

2.

ARCHES – The ridges go from one side of the pattern to another, never turning back to make a loop. (Solis, p 59) a. Plain Arch - A pattern in which the ridges enter on one side of the pattern, then flow or tend to flow towards the other side, with a rise or wave in the center, with no angular ridge formation and no upthrust. (Tubid) b. Tented Arch - A pattern similar to a loop, but lacking at least one of the essential elements of a loop. This is a type of fingerprint pattern where majority of the ridges form an arch and one or more of the ridges at the center form a tent in outline, giving an angle of 90 degrees or less; or one with un upward thrust having an angle of 45 degrees or more; or a pattern similar to a loop, but lacking at least one of the essential elements of a loop. (Tubid)

3.

WHORLS – Patterns with two deltas and patterns too irregular in form to classify:

a.

Plain whorl (simple whorls Solis, p59), defined: It is a fingerprint pattern which there are two (2) deltas and in which at least one (1) ridge makes a turn through one complete circuit, an imaginary line drawn between the two (2) deltas must touch or cross at least one (1) of the circuiting whorl ridges within the pattern area. Central Pocket Loop Whorl, defined – It is a fingerprint pattern which for the most part of a loop, but which has a small whorl inside the loop ridges, sometimes called a composite pattern, which means that is made up of two (2) pattern in one, a whorl inside a loop . Double Loop Whorl, defined – A Double loop whorl is a pattern consisting of two (2) separate and distinct loop formations. One of the loops surrounds or overlaps the other, also called COMPOSITE PATTERN, like the central pocket loop whorl. It arises from the fact that these patterns are a composite or combination of two (2) patterns in one, with two cores and two deltas. Accidental Whorl, defined – It is a pattern that is a combination of two or more different types of patterns except in the PLAIN ARCH. It can be a combination of a loop and a whorl, a loop or a central pocket loop whorl, or any combination of two or more different loops and whorl type pattern. Like the central pocket loop whorl and the double loop whorl, some

Standard Fingerprint Patterns 1. Loops (60 % in appearance) ulnar radial 2. 3.

1.

Arches (5 % in appearance) - Tented - plain Whorl (35 % in appearance) Plain whorl Central pocket loop whorl Double loop whorl Accidental whorl LOOPS - A type of fingerprint pattern in which one or more of the ridges enters on either side of the impression, recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line drawn from the delta to the core, and terminate or tend to terminate on or toward the same side of the impression from which such ridge or ridges entered. a. Ulnar Loop - Loops which flow in the direction of the ulna bone or towards the little finger. b. Radial Loop – loops which flow or recurve towards the radial side or thumb. ESSENTIALS OF A LOOP

aries gallandez_12

It must have a core It must have a delta An imaginary line must pass between the core and the delta. It must have a ridge count of a minimum of at least one (1) across a looping ridge.

b.

c.

d.

#GOBACKTOBASIC

International School of Asia and the Pacific 7 Subject: Dactyloscopy authorities or authors call accidental whorl COMPOSITE. Kinds of Impressions 1. Real Impressions – Impression of the finger bulbs with the use of printing ink on the surface of the paper. Other coloring materials may be used but they are less visible and indelible a.

b.

2.

Plain method – The bulbs of the last phalanges of the fingers and thumbs are pressed on the surface of the paper after pressing them on an ink pad or ink plate with printing ink. Rolled Method – The bulbs of the thumb and other fingers are rolled on the surface of the paper after being rolled in an ink pad or ink plate with the printing ink.

Chance impression – Refers to fingerprints which are imprinted or impressed by mere chance or without any intention to produce it. a.

b.

c.

Visible/Patent prints – impression made by chance and is visible without previous treatment. Impression made by the fingers smeared with some colored substance, like black ink, vegetable juice, may be visible immediately after impression. Semi-visible/plastic/molded prints – impressions made by chance by pressing the finger tips on melted paraffin, putty, resin, cellophane, plastic tape, butter, soap, etc. These prints need not a development, although photography is more applicable. Invisible/Latent prints – prints which are not visible after impression but made visible by the addition of some substances.

Latent prints – Any chance or accidental impression left by friction ridge skin on a surface, regardless of whether it is visible or invisible at the time of deposition. Patent prints –These are friction ridge impressions of unknown origin which are obvious to the human eye and are caused by a transfer of foreign material on the finger, onto a surface. Because they are already visible they need no enhancement, and are photographed instead of being lifted. Plastic prints/Molded prints - A friction ridge impression from a finger or palm (or toe/foot) deposited in a material that retains the shape of the ridge detail. Commonly encountered examples are melted candle wax; putty removed from the perimeter of window panes and thick grease deposits on car parts. Such prints are already visible and need no enhancement, but investigators must not overlook the potential that invisible latent prints deposited by accomplices may also be on such surfaces.

aries gallandez_12

How to Get Fingerprint Impressions on Dead Bodies? 1. In cases of fresh dead bodies, the fingers are unclenched and each one is inked individually with the aid of a small rubber roller. The paper where the print will be impressed will be placed in a spoon-shaped piece of wood and slowly and evenly rolled over the pattern. 2. If the fist is too tightly clenched, a small incision may be made at the base of the fingers. The contraction may also be overcome by dipping the hands in hot water. 3. If the so-called washerwoman’s skin is not too marked on the fingerprints of dead bodies recovered shortly from bodies of water (floaters), the fingers may be dried off with towel and glycerin is injected with a syringe under the skin of the finger tips in order to smoothen the surface. The fingerprints are then taken like that of a fresh dead body. 4. If the “floater” has been in a body of water for longer time and the friction ridges have disappeared, the skin of the fingertips is cut away. This area of skin from each finger is placed in a small labeled test tubes containing formaldehyde solution. If the papillary ridges are still preserved on the outer surface, the person taking the prints places a portion of the skin on his right index finger protected by a rubber glove and then takes the print after inking the finger tip. The same procedure as described may be applied to putrefied or burned bodies according to circumstances.

Fingerprint Classification  



Classification - is the method of obtaining a formula for a set of fingerprints whereby it may be located in the filling cabinet. Classification Formula - is the numerical description for a set of classified fingerprints which is composed of figure and letters written above the horizontal line like a fraction. Blocking - is the process of writing below each finger-print pattern the corresponding symbols of its name.

Six Divisions of Classifications in Order According to their Importance (Edward Henry “Henry System”) 1. Primary Classification 2. Secondary Classification 3. Sub-secondary classification 4. Major Division 5. Key 6. Final Formation in classification line Key Maj. Prim. Sec. Sub.Sec.

#GOBACKTOBASIC

Final

International School of Asia and the Pacific 8 Subject: Dactyloscopy Div.

Class.

Class

Class

they are given the identical classification of the opposite fingers.

Class 1.

Primary Classification – is the sum total of all numerical values of whose found in fingerprint set expressed as the numerator and the denominator plus the pre- established fraction of one over 1 (1/1).

2.

How to get the primary classification a. By Pairing b. By assigning numerical values to whorl patterns only Types of Fingerprint Patterns (Symbol) Without numerical value: A, T, R, U With numerical value: W, C, D, X c.

Knowing the numerators and denominators in the pairs Note: Even Number- Numerator Odd Number- Denominator

d.

Summing up the numerical values of whorls assigned to the fingers plus the pre-established fraction of 1/1 N= 16+8+4+2+1 = 31+1 = 32 D= 16+8+4+2+1 = 31+1 = 32

Number of Possible Combination in Primary Classification • There are 1,024 possible combination for primary classification from 1/1 to 32/32. • 1/1 – lowest primary classification • 32/32 – highest primary classification Note: Whorl type of pattern is the only fingerprint patterns with numerical values and an arbitrary count of one (1) is always added. Purpose of Fixed Count of One: The purpose is to avoid a classification of zero over zero (0/0) in a set of prints in which this might be mistaken for a letter “O” which has another specific meaning in the classification. CLASSIFICATION OF AMPUTATIONS AND FINGERS MISSING AT BIRTH • If one finger is amputated, it is given a classification identical with that of the opposite finger, including pattern and ridge count or tracing. • If two or more finger are amputated they are given classification identical with the opposite fingers. • If two amputated finger are opposite each other, both are given the classification of whorls with meeting tracing. • When fingerprint card bearing notation of fingers missing at birth is classified, the missing fingers should be treated as amputations in that

aries gallandez_12

Secondary Classification – is the exhibition of Capital Letter symbols of plain arch, tented arch, radial loop, ulnar loop, plain whorl, central-pocket loop, double loop whorl, and accidental found in the index finger of both hands. The pattern appearing on the right index should be placed on the numerator and the pattern appearing on the left index should be placed on the denominator. There are twenty five (25) possible combinations which may appear in the index finger from A/A to W/W without C, D, and X. (Collins) There are 64 combinations for filing from A/A to X/X. Secondary Small Letter Classification - It is the exhibition of small letter symbols of arch, tented arch and radial loop found before and after the index finger of both hands.

3.

Sub- Secondary Classification – is the exhibition of the resultant symbol for the ridge counting in loops as expressed by symbol I and O and ridge tracing for whorl as expressed by symbol IMO from the right index to the left ring finger excluding the thumbs and the little fingers of both hands. Fingers to be considered are: index finger, middle finger, and ring finger of both hands. Loop Sub- Secondary by Ridge Counting – It is the exhibition of the resultant symbol for the ridge counting in loops as expressed by symbol IO found from indexes, middles and ring fingers of both hands, the ridges are counted and compound to the pre-established table to obtain the resultant symbol IO. All loop sets of prints using the Index, Middle, and Ring fingers of both hands has sixty four (64) combinations. Whorl Sub- Secondary by Ridge Tracing when the whorl is found on the index, middle and ring fingers of both hands the ridges are traced to obtain the resultant symbol IMO. There are seven hundred twenty nine (729) possible Subsecondary combinations for whorl type patterns in the Index, Middle, and Ring fingers of both hands. For whorl tracing:  Meeting (M) – 0 to 2 ridges from left delta to the right delta  Outer (O) – 3 or more ridges below the right delta

#GOBACKTOBASIC

International School of Asia and the Pacific 9 Subject: Dactyloscopy Inner (I) – 3 or more ridges above the right delta.



3)

For Tented Arch and Plain Arch If a Plain Arch or Tented arch are present on the index, middle, and ring fingers of both hands, just put a dash (-) for the sub-secondary classification. 4.

Major Division – is the exhibition of the ridge counting in loops as expressed by symbol SML and the ridge tracing for whorls as expressed by symbols IMO found on the thumbs of both hands.

5.

Three (3) Kinds of Major Division 1)

Loop Major Division – When the loop is found on the thumb of both hands, the ridges are counted and compared to the preestablished table of Whorl Major Division.

Denominator Left Hand

Numerator Right Hand

1- 11= S 12- 16= M

1-11= S 12- 16= M 17 > = L

17 > = L

1 – 17 = S 18 – 22 = M 23 > = L

2)

Whorl Major Division – When the whorl is found on the thumbs of both hands, the

aries gallandez_12

ridges are traced to obtain the resultant symbol IMO. Combination of Loop and Whorl Major Division – When one of the thumbs is loop, the resultant symbol SML is used and when the other thumb is whorl, the resultant symbol IMO is used. For T and A just put dash in the classification line. Final Classification – It is the ridge count of the loops an whorls found on the little fingers of both hands. Arches and tented arches are represented by dashes in classification formula. For T and A just put dash in the classification line. Final Classification is located or placed on the extreme right of the classification line. How to Ridge Count a Whorl: When a whorl is found on the right little finger, ridges are counted from left delta to the core. When the whorl is found on the left little finger, ridges are counted from right delta to the core.

6.

Key Classification - It is the ridge count of the first loop from the right thumb to the left ring finger excluding little fingers of both hands. In the absence of loop, the ridge count of the first whorl will be utilized as the key treated as ulnar loop. For T and A just put dash in the classification line. The Key Classification is placed on the extreme left of the classification line and is always represented as numerator, no matter where it is taken. READ: PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION by P. Tubid

#GOBACKTOBASIC