Personal Identification Reviewer

Personal Identification Reviewer criminologists

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criminology

Personal Identification

Personal Identification

Alphonse Bertillon - was a French criminologist and anthropologist who created the first system of physical measurements, photography, and

record-keeping that police could use to identify recidivist criminals.

Ancient Babylon - fingerprints were used in clay tablets for business transactions. 1000 - 2000 BC

Anthropometry - the first system of personal identification.

Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose(1897) - Two Indian fingerprint experts credited with primary development of the Henry System of fingerprint classification (named after their supervisor, Edward Richard Henry).

Bertillon System - a system of identification which focuses on the meticulous measurement and recording of different parts and components of the human body.

Chiroscopy – It is the examination and thorough study fo the palms of the human hand as a point indentifying persons.

Core - 1. Approximate center of the pattern 2. It is placed upon or within the innermost sufficient recurve.

Delta - 1. point on a ridge at or nearest to the point of divergence of two typelines and 2. is located at or directly in front of the point of divergence.

Dr. Henry P. DeForrest - he accomplished the first fingerprint file established in the United States, and the first use of fingerprinting by a U.S. government agency.

Dr. Nehemiah Grew - in 1684, he was the first European to publish friction ridge skin observations.

Edgeoscopy – the study of the morphological characteristics of friction ridges; shape or contour of the edges of friction ridges.

Edmond Locard - informally referred to as the Sherlock Holmes of France, he developed the science of poroscopy, the study of fingerprint pores and the impressions produced by these pores. He went on to write that if 12 specific points were identical between two fingerprints, it would be sufficient for positive identification. This work led to the use of fingerprints in identifying criminals being adopted over Bertillon's earlier technique of anthropometry.

Fingerprint - is an impression of the friction ridge of all or any part of the finger. Fingerprint ridges are formed during the third to fourth month of fetal development.

Fingerprint Classification Systems

1. The Henry Classification System – developed by Henry in the late 1800s. 2. Icnofalangometric System – the originalname of the system developed by Vucetichin 1891 3. Dactiloscopy – the new name of the systemdeveloped by Vucetich. 4. The Oloriz System of Classification – developed by Oloriz. Identakey – developed in the 1930s by G. Tyler Mairs. 5. The American System of FingerprintClassification – developed by Parke in1903. 6. The Conley System. The Flack-ConleySystem – developed in 1906 in New Jersey,an improved Conley System. 7. NCIC Fingerprint Classification System. Collins System – a classification system forsingle fingerprints used in Scotland Yard inthe early 1900s.

8. Jorgensen System – a classification systemfor single fingerprints used in the early1900s. 9. Battley System – a classification system forsingle fingerprints used in the 1930s

Gilbert Thompson - He used his thumb print on a document to prevent forgery. First known use of fingerprints in the U.S.

John Evangelist Purkinje - anatomy professor at the University of Breslau, in 1823, he published his thesis discussing nine fingerprint patterns but he made no mention of the value of fingerprints for personal identification.

Juan Vucetich - In 1892, two boys were brutally murdered in the village of Necochea, near Buenos Aires, Argentina. Initially, suspicion fell on a man named Velasquez, a suitor of the children's mother, Francisca Rojas. Investigators found a bloody fingerprint at the crime scene and contacted Juan Vucetich, who was developing a system of fingerprint identification for police use. Vucetich compared the fingerprints of Rojas and Velasquez with the bloody fingerprint. Francisca Rojas had denied touching the bloody bodies, but the fingerprint matched one of hers. Confronted with the evidence, she confessed—the first successful use of fingerprint identification in a murder investigation.

Loop - 1. One or more ridges enter upon either side 2. Recurve 3. Touch or pass an imaginary line between delta and core 4. Pass out or tend to pass out upon the same side the ridges entered.

Three Loop Characteristics

1. A sufficient recurve 2. A Delta 3. A ridge count across a looping ridge

Marcelo Malpighi - in 1686, an anatomy professor at the University of Bologna, noted fingerprint ridges, spirals and loops in his treatise. A layer of skin was named after him; "Malpighi" layer, which is approximately 1.8mm thick.

Mark Twain - author of the novel Pudd'nhead Wilson where one of the characters has a hobby of collecting fingerprints.

Paul-Jean Coulier - of Val-de-Grâce in Paris, published his observations that (latent) fingerprints can be developed on paper by iodine fuming, explaining how to preserve (fix) such developed impressions and mentioning the potential for identifying suspects' fingerprints by use of a magnifying glass.

Poroscopy – refers to the examination of the shape,size and arrangement of the small opening on friction ridge through which body fluids are secreted or released.

Podoscopy – a term coined by Wilder and Wentwrth which refers to the examination of the soles and their significance in personal identification.

Ridgeology – describes the individualization process of any area of friction skin using allavailable detail.

Ridge Characteristics 1. Ridge Dots - An isolated ridge unit whose length approximates its width in size. 2. Bifurcations - The point at which one friction ridge divides into two friction ridges.

3. Trifurcations - The point at which one friction ridge divides into three friction ridges. 4. Ending Ridge - A single friction ridge that terminates within the friction ridge structure. 5. Ridge Crossing - A point where two ridge units intersect. 6. Enclosures (Lakes) - A single friction ridge that bifurcates and rejoins after a short course and continues as a single friction ridge. 7. Short Ridges (Islands) - Friction ridges of varying lengths. 8. Spurs (Hooks) - A bifurcation with one short ridge branching off a longer ridge. 9. Bridges - A connecting friction ridge between parallel running ridges, generally right angles.

Sir Edward Richard Henry - he was appointed Inspector-General of Police of Bengal, India in 1891, he developed a system of fingerprint classification enabling fingerprint records to be organised and searched with relative ease.

Sir Francis Galton - He devised a method of classifying fingerprints that proved useful in forensic science. He pointed out that there were specific types of fingerprint patterns. He described and classified them into eight broad categories: 1: plain arch, 2: tented arch, 3: simple loop, 4: central pocket loop, 5: double loop, 6: lateral pocket loop, 7: plain whorl, and 8: accidental

Sir Henry Faulds - his first paper on the subject of fingerprint was published in the scientific journal Nature in 1880. Examining his own fingertips and those of friends, he became convinced that the pattern of ridges was unique to each individual.

Sir William James Herschel - was a British officer in India who used fingerprints for identification on contracts.

Time Line - Fingerprints

1000-2000 B.C. - Fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business transactions in ancient Babylon.

3rd Century B.C. - Thumbprints begin to be used on clay seals in China to “sign” documents.

610-907 A.D. - During the T’ang Dynasty, a time when imperial China was one of the most powerful and wealthy regions of the world, fingerprints are reportedly used on official documents.

1st Century A.D. - A petroglyph located on a cliff face in Nova Scotia depicts a hand with exaggerated ridges and finger whorls, presumably left by the Mi'kmaq people.

14th Century A.D. - Many official government documents in Persia have fingerprint impressions. One government physician makes the observation that no two fingerprints were an exact match.

1686 - At the University of Bologna in Italy, a professor of anatomy named Marcello Malpighi notes the common characteristics of spirals, loops and ridges in fingerprints, using the newly invented microscope for his studies. In time, a 1.88mm thick layer of skin, the “Malpighi layer,” was named after him. Although Malpighi was likely the first to document types of fingerprints, the value of fingerprints as identification tools was never mentioned in his writings.

1823 - A thesis is published by Johannes Evengelista Purkinje, professor of anatomy with the University of Breslau, Prussia.

The thesis details a full nine different fingerprint patterns. Still, like Malpighi, no mention is made of fingerprints as an individual identification method.

1858 - The Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India, Sir William Herschel, first used fingerprints to “sign” contracts with native Indians. In July of 1858, a local businessman named Rajyadhar Konai put his hand print on the back of a contract at Herschel’s request. Herschel was not motivated by the need to prove personal identity; rather, his motivation was to simply “frighten (Konai) out of all thought of repudiating his signature.” As the locals felt more bound to a contract through this personal contact than if it was just signed, as did the ancient Babylonians and Chinese, Herschel adopted the practice permanently. Later, only the prints of the right index and middle fingers were required on contracts. In time, after viewing a number of fingerprints, Herschel noticed that no two prints were exactly alike, and he observed that even in widespread use, the fingerprints could be used for personal identification purposes.

1880 - Dr. Henry Faulds, a British surgeon and Superintendent of Tsukiji Hospital in Tokyo, published an article in the Scientific Journal, "Nautre" (nature). He discussed fingerprints as a means of personal identification, and the use of printers ink as a method for obtaining such fingerprints. Faulds had begun his study of what he called “skin-furrows” during the 1870s after looking at fingerprints on pieces of old clay pottery. He is also credited with the first fingerprint identification: a greasy print left by a laboratory worker on a bottle of alcohol. Soon, Faulds began to recognize that the distinctive patterns on fingers held great promise as a means of individual identification, and developed a classification

system for recording these inked impressions. Also in 1880, Faulds sent a description of his fingerprint classification system to Sir Charles Darwin. Darwin, aging and in poor health, declined to assist Dr. Faulds in the further study of fingerprints, but forwarded the information on to his cousin, British scientist Sir Francis Galton.

1882 - Gilbert Thompson, employed by the U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico, uses his own fingerprints on a document to guard against forgery. This event is the first known use of fingerprints for identification in America.

1883 - “Life on the Mississippi,” a novel by Mark Twain, tells the story of a murderer who is identified by the use of fingerprints. His later book "Pudd'n Head Wilson” includes a courtroom drama involving fingerprint identification.

1888 - Sir Francis Galton’s began his study of fingerprints during the 1880s, primarily to develop a tool for determining genetic history and hereditary traits. Through careful study of the work of Faulds, which he learned of through his cousin Sir Charles Darwin, as well as his examination of fingerprints collected by Sir William Herschel, Galton became the first to provide scientific evidence that no two fingerprints are exactly the same, and that prints remain the same throughout a person’s lifetime. He calculated that the odds of finding two identical fingerprints were 1 in 64 billion.

1892 - Galton’s book “Fingerprints” is published, the first of its kind. In the book, Galton detailed the first classification system for fingerprints; he identified three types (loop, whorl, and arch) of characteristics for fingerprints (also known as minutia). These characteristics are to an extent

still in use today, often referred to as Galton’s Details.

1892 - Juan Vucetich, an Argentine police official, had recently begun keeping the first fingerprint files based on Galton’s Details. History was made that year when Vucetich made the first criminal fingerprint identification. A woman named Rojas had murdered her two sons, then cut her own throat to deflect blame from herself. Rojas left a bloody print on a doorpost. After investigators matched the crime scene print to that of the accused, Rojas confessed. Vucetich eventually developed his own system of classification, and published a book entitled Dactiloscopía Comparada ("Comparative Fingerprinting") in 1904, detailing the Vucetich system, still the most used system in Latin America.

1896 - British official Sir Edward Richard Henry had been living in Bengal, and was looking to use a system similar to that of Herschel’s to eliminate problems within his jurisdiction. After visiting Sir Francis Galton in England, Henry returned to Bengal and instituted a fingerprinting program for all prisoners. By July of 1896, Henry wrote in a report that the classification limitations had not yet been addressed. A short time later, Henry developed a system of his own, which included 1,024 primary classifications. Within a year, the Governor General signed a resolution directing that fingerprinting was to be the official method of identifying criminals in British India.

1901 - Back in England and Wales, the success of the “Henry Fingerprint Classification System” in India was creating a stir, and a committee was formed to review Scotland Yard's identification methods. Henry was then transferred to England, where he began training investigators to use the Henry Classification System after founding Scotland Yard's Central

Fingerprint Bureau. Within a few years, the Henry Classification System was in use around the world, and fingerprints had been established as the uniform system of identification for the future. The Henry Classification System is still in use today in English speaking countries around the globe.

1902 - Alphonse Bertillon, director of the Bureau of Identification of the Paris Police, is responsible for the first criminal identification of a fingerprint without a known suspect. A print taken from the scene of a homicide was compared against the criminal fingerprints already on file, and a match was made, marking another milestone in law enforcement technology. Meanwhile, the New York Civil Service Commission, spearheaded by Dr. Henry P. DeForrest, institutes testing of the first systematic use of fingerprints in the United States.

1903 - Fingerprinting technology comes into widespread use in the United States, as the New York Police Department, the New York State Prison system and the Federal Bureau of Prisons begin working with the new science.

1904 - The St. Louis Police Department and the Leavenworth State Penitentiary in Kansas start utilizing fingerprinting, assisted by a Sergeant from Scotland Yard who had been guarding the British Display at the St. Louis Exposition.

1905 - The U.S. Army gets on the fingerprinting bandwagon, and within three years was joined by the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. In the ensuing 25 years, as more law enforcement agencies joined in using fingerprints as personal identification methods, these agencies began sending copies of the fingerprint cards to the recently established National Bureau of Criminal Investigation.

1911 - The first central storage location for fingerprints in North America is established in Ottawa by Edward Foster of the Dominion Police Force. The repository is maintained by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and while it originally held only 2000 sets of fingerprints, today the number is over 2 million.

1924 - The U.S. Congress acts to establish the Identification Division of the F.B.I. The National Bureau and Leavenworth are consolidated to form the basis of the F.B.I. fingerprint repository. By 1946, the F.B.I. had processed 100 million fingerprint cards; that number doubles by 1971.

1990s - AFIS, or Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems, begin widespread use around the country. This computerized system of storing and cross-referencing criminal fingerprint records would eventually become capable of searching millions of fingerprint files in minutes, revolutionizing law enforcement efforts.

1996 - As Americans become more concerned with the growing missing and abducted children problem, and law enforcement groups urge the fingerprinting of children for investigative purposes in the event of a child becoming missing, Chris Migliaro founds Fingerprint America in Albany, NY. The company provides a simple, at-home fingerprinting and identification kit for parents, maintaining the family’s privacy while protecting and educating children about the dangers of abduction. By 2001, the company distributes over 5 million Child ID Fingerprinting Kits around the world.

1999 - The FBI phases out the use of paper fingerprint cards with their new Integrated AFIS (IAFIS) site at Clarksburg, West Virginia.

IAFIS will starts with individual computerized fingerprint records for approximately 33 million criminals, while the outdated paper cards for the civil files are kept at a facility in Fairmont, West Virginia.

Typelines - 1. Two innermost ridges that start or go parallel 2. Diverge and surround or tend to surround the pattern area

Types of Fingerprints 1. Visible Prints 2. Latent Prints 3. Impressed Prints

Visible Prints - also called patent prints and are left in some medium, like blood, that reveals them to the naked eye when blood, dirt, ink or grease on the finger come into contact with a smooth surface and leave a friction ridge impression that is visible without development.

Latent Prints - not apparent to the naked eye. They are formed from the sweat from sebaceous glands on the body or water, salt, amino acids and oils contained in sweat. They can be made sufficiently visible by dusting, fuming or chemical reagents.

Impressed prints - also called plastic prints and are indentations left in soft pliable surfaces, such as clay, wax, paint or another surface that will take the impression. They are visible and can be viewed or photographed without development.

Types of Patterns

1. Arch a. Plain Arch b. Tented Arch 2. Loop a. Radial Loop b. Ulnar Loop 3. Whorl a. Plain Whorl b. Central Pocket Loop c. Double Loop d. Accidental Whorl

Plain Arch - 1. Ridges enter upon one side 2. Make a rise or wave in the center 3. Flow or tend to flow out upon the opposite side.

Tented Arch - Possesses an 1. Angle 2. Upthrust 3. Two of The Three basic characteristics of the loop

Ulnar loop - flow toward the little finger - ulna bone.

Radial Loop - flow toward the thumb - radius bone.

Plain Whorl - 1. Consists of one or more ridges which make or tend to make a complete circuit 2. With 2 delta's 3. Between which, when an imaginary line is drawn, at least one recurving ridge within the inner pattern area is cut or touched.

Central Pocket Loop - 1. Consists of at least one recurving ridge or 2. An obstruction at right angles to

the line of flow 3. With 2 delta's 4. Between which, when an imaginary line is drawn, no recurving ridge within the inner pattern area is cut or touched.

Double Loop - 1. Consists of two separate loop formations 2. With two separate and distinct set of shoulders and 3. Two delta's

Accidental Whorl - 1. Consists of a combination of two different types of patterns with the exception of the plain arch 2. With 2 or more delta's or 3. A pattern which possesses some of the requirements for 2 or more different types or a pattern which conforms to none of the definitions.