Perdidas en Un Motor de Combustión Interna

 

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CKWF CK WFL L ^JÖW ^J ÖWAF AFL L ;. Párnanks Párnan ks cjfëd cjfëdafks afks Pkrk aoukbjs fldnafaldjs nj hudfaldkcajdtl njb cltlr k nahjrjdtjs fkroks y rjoãcjdjs nj vjblfankn, jd fksl nj rjnufar bks párnanks cjfëdafks, njfrjfj bk fkdtankn nj fkblr  trkdscatank kb cjnal rjhraojrkdtj y nascaduyj bk adtjdsankn nj bks pajzks hraffaldkdtjs njb cltlr. Vajdnl cjdlrjs bks párnanks plr hraffaöd nascaduyjd bks párnanks nj pltjdfak fldsucank pkrk kffaldkr bk glcgk nj kfjatj y jb vjdtabknlr, ksã flcl cjdouk cjd oukd d bk bkss na nacjd cjdsa saldj ldjss cëx cëxack ackss y bks cks cksks ks njb vjd vjdtab tabkn knlr lr y bks bks cks cksks ks njb rknaknlr. Fukdtl cjdlrjs sjkd bks párnanks plr hraffaöd tkdtl cjdlr sjrë jb njsokstj nj bks pradfapkbjs pajzks hraffaldkdtjs, sjrë ckylr bk vank ùtab y cjdlr jb dùcjrl nj hkbbks njb cltlr nurkdtj su sjrvafal.  K pjskr njb fldsanjrkgbj prlfjsl kbfkdzknl kbfkdzknl jd bk hkgrafkfaöd nj cltlrjs, bls vkblrjs nj Dc (pltjdfak cjfëdafk) sld rjbktavkcjdtj pjqujûls jd jb ráoacjd dlcadkb ojdjrkbcjdtj dl supjralrjs nj 0,?:-0,50 Dckx. Kb nascaduar bk fkrok jb vkblr nj Dc. njfrjfj. Bk ckodatun nj bks párnanks plr hraffaöd pujnj sjr lgtjdank plr bk suck nj bks pjrnanks cjfëdafks cjfëdafks flcl jd jb njspbkzkcajd njspbkzkcajdtl tl rjbktavl nj bls pastldjs y kdabbls jd bls fabadnrls, nj bls gubldjs jd bls fksquabbls, nj bls faoòjûkbjs y jb ërglb nj bjvks jd bls fliadjtjs, njb tkquá y bks vëbvubks jd bks ouãks, tkcgaád jd bks glcgks nj kfjatj, bk glcgk njb bãquanl rjhraojrkdtj, fknjdk nj nastragufaö nastragufaöd d jtf. ;.7 Acplrtkdfak Pkrk kucjdtkr jb rjdnacajdtl jhjftavl sj trkgkik gajd cjilrkdnl bls prlfjsls tjrclnadëcafls njb fafbl nj trkgkil y fld jbbl adfrjcjdtkr jb trkgkil adnafknl, l adfrjcjdtkdnl jb rjdnacajdtl cjfëdafl, js njfar, rjnufajdnl bks párnanks jdtrj jb trkgkil quj trkdshajrjd bls oksjs kb pastöd y jb trkgkil cjfëdafl naspldagbj jd jb jij nj skbank.

 

;.6 Bk pltj pltjdfa dfakk jhj jhjfta ftavk vk (Dj)  Bk pltjdfak jhjftavk js ojdjrknk plr ud pkr (kpbafknk k bk gajbk y trkdscatank kb faoòjûkb) y sj fldlfj tkcgaád flcl pltjdfak kb hrjdl yk quj sj canj jcpbjkdnl ud nasplsatavl hrjdkdtj, hrjdkdtj, quj kpbafknl kb jij njb cltlr, sj lpldj kb pkr cltlr pjrcatajdnl pjrcatajdnl bjjr su vkblr.  Cj  d  Dj   1::0

;. ;.>> Bk plt pltjd jdfa fakk nj pjrn pjrnan anks ks cj cjfë fëda dafk fkss Wjsubtk nahãfab nj cjnar nknk bk navjrsankn nj bks fkusks nj bks párnanks plr  rlzkcajdtl y bks kbtjrkfaldjs nj su vkblr kb vkrakr bks fldnafaldjs nj hudfaldkcajdtl. Pujnj lgtjdjrsj su vkblr tltkb canajdnl bk pltjdfak jhjftavk y rjstkdnl nj bk adnafknk. Flcl jd jstj prlfjnacajdtl rjsubtk flcpbjil bk njtjrcadkfaöd nj bk pltjdfak kgslrgank sujbj kfjrfkrsj lgbaokdnl k oarkr kb cltlr sad quj jstj hudfaldj. Canajdnl kb prlpal tajcpl bk pltjdfak quj js djfjskral jcpbjkr.  Dc

  Da  Da

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Plr pjrnanks cjfëdafks sj jdtajdnj bks párnanks lraoadknks plr bk hraffaöd jdtrj bks pajzks njb cltlr, jb adtjrfkcgal nj oksjs, jb kffaldkcajdtl nj cjfkdascls kuxabakrjs (glcgks nj kouk, nj kfjatj, nj flcgustagbj, vjdtabknlr, ojdjrknlr) ojdjrknlr) y jb kffaldkcajdtl njb flcprjslr (slpbknlr). Jd bls cltlrjs Najsjb fld fëckrks nj flcgustaöd sjpkrknks, bks pjrnanks cjfëdafks sj njgjd tkcgaád k bks pjrnanks okslnadëcafks lfurranks kb pkskr bk cjzfbk k trkvás njb fkdkb quj flcudafk bk fëckrk kuxabakr fld bk fëckrk pradfapkb njb cltlr. Plr kdkbloãk k bk prjsaöd cjnak adnafknk, fukdnl sj jstunak bks párnanks cjfëdafks, fldvjdfaldkbcjdtj, sj adtrlnufj jb fldfjptl nj prjsaöd cjnak nj párnanks cjfëdafks, bk fukb ducárafkcjdtj js aoukb kb trkgkil jspjfãhafl nj párnanks jd ud fafbl faf bl.. Ckt Cktjcë jcëtaf tafkcj kcjdtj dtj bk prj prjsaö saöd d cjn cjnak ak nj pjrna pjrnank nkss cjf cjfëda ëdafks fks sj rjp rjprjs rjsjd jdtk tk cjnakdtj bk saouajdtj jxprjsaöd9 P c 3 Ph r + P aa.o .o + P k kux ux + P vjdt vjdt + P flcp flcp

 

Nldnj9 P hhr r 

9 Prjsaöd cjnak nj pjrnanks cjfëdafks plr hraffaöd.

P a.o  a.o 

9 Prjsaöd cjnak nj pjrnanks cjfëdafks plr adtjrfkcgal nj oksjs.

P kux  kux 

9 Prjsaöd cjnak nj pjrnanks cjfëdafks plr kffaldkcajdtl nj cjfkdascls

kuxabakrjs. P vjdt  9 Prjsaöd cjnak nj pjrnanks cjfëdafks plr vjdtabkfaöd. vjdt  P flcp flcp

9 Prjsaöd cjnak nj pjrnanks cjfëdafks plr kffaldkcajdtl njb flcprjslr pkrk

jb fksl nj cltlrjs fld slgrjkbacjdtkfaöd cjfëdafk. Bks ckylrjs párnanks cjfëdafks sj njgjd k bks párnanks plr hraffaöd P hr  hr , quj fldstatuyjd ekstk ud 50% njb tltkb. Bk ckylr pkrtj nj bks pjrnanks plr hraffaöd flrrjspldnj flrrjspldn j k bks pajzks njb orupl fabadnrl - jcglbl y kdabbls (njb >:% kb ::% jd tltkb nj bks pjrnanks adtjrdks). Bks párnanks plr hraffaöd jd bls fliadjtjs fldstatuyjd kprlxacknkcjdtj kprlxacknk cjdtj jb 70% njb tltkb nj bks pjrnanks cjfëdafks.

;.: Cátlnls Cátl nls pkr pkrkk ekb ekbbkr bkr bks pár párnan nanks ks cjf cjfëda ëdafks fks Bk njtjrcadkfaöd nj bks párnanks cjfëdafks sj pujnj jhjftukr plr bls saouajdtjs cátlnls9 ;)

Cátlnl n nj jn nj jskfjbjrkfaöd bbaagrj

7)

Cátlnl badjkb nj nj _abbakc

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Cá Cátl tlnl nl Cl Clrs rsj j l Cá Cátl tlnl nl nj nj njsf sfld ldjx jxaö aöd dn nj j fa fababadn dnrl rlss

>)

Cátlnl plr nakorkck Adnafknl.

:)

Cátlnl plr krrkstrj

Jd jb njskrrlbbl nj bk jxpjrajdfak, utabazkcls jb cátlnl nj njsfldjxaöd nj fabadnrls. ;. ;.88 Cátln Cát lnl l pl plrr njsf njsfldj ldjxa xaöd öd nj faba fa badn dnrl rlss Jstj cátlnl fldsastj jd bk njskftavkfaöd sufjsavk nj fknk fabadnrl. Fukdnl sj njskftavk fknk fabadnrl sj vk k prlnufar clnahafkfaldjs nj bks prjsaldjs y tjcpjrkturks. Plr jijcpbl, sa tuvaárkcls ud cltlr nj > fabadnrls, pkrk ekbbkr bks párnanks cjfëdafks tjdnrãkcls bk saouajdtj rjbkfaöd9

 

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Hadkbcjdtj tjdjcls9

 

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Nldnj9 ∛ ‷ 9 js bk suck nj pltjdfaks njb cltlr kb jbacadkr bk flcgustaöd sufjsavkcjdtj jd

bls nahjrjdtjs fabadnrls. 9 9

js bk pl pltj tjdf dfak ak j jhj hjft ftav avk k ffld ld tlnl tlnlss bl blss faba fabadn dnrl rlss kf kftatavl vls. s. js bk pá párn rnan ank kc cjf jfëd ëdaf afk k ttlt ltkb kb nj njbb clt cltlr lr..

Jd jb fëbfubl sj jstë adfbuyjdnl bk párnank plr glcgjl.

 

HLWCKV NJ CJNAW BKV PÁWNANKV NJ HWAFFAÖD JD BLV CFA9 

Fafbl adnafknl9 Fldsastj jd cjnar narjftkcjdtj k pkrtar nj bk pltjdfak adnafknk njtjrcadknk cjna cj nakd kdtj tj kd kdëb ëbas asas as nj bls bls nk nktl tlss nj pr prjs jsaö aöd d jd fë fëck ckrk rk nj fl flcg cgus ustataöd öd prlvjdajdtjs nj ud fkptknlr nj prjsaöd pajzljbáftrafl. ^jdajdnl kelrk bk pltj pl tjdf dfak ak adna adnafk fknk nk söbl söbl gk gkst stk k rjst rjstkr kr bk pl pltj tjdf dfak ak jh jhjf jftatavk vk pk pkrk rk lg lgtj tjdj djr  r  jdtldfjs bk pltjdfak nj hraffaöd oblgkb njb cltlr.

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Cltlr krrkstrknl9 Fldsastjd jd krrkstrkr jb cltlr fld ud cjnal jxtjrdl (ltrl CFAK l ud cltlr  jbáftrafl), gkil fldnafaldjs nj lpjrkfaöd bl cës pkrjfanks plsagbjs k fukdnl eky flcgustaöd. Js djfjskral bbjvkr pracjrl bk tjcpjrkturk njb kfjatj y njb rjhr rj hrao aojr jrkd kdtj tj nj njbb cl cltl tlr. r. Lt Ltrl rl cátl cátlnl nl fl flds dsas astj tj jd bbjvk bbjvkrr jb cl cltl tlrr k bk bkss fldnafaldjs nj lpjrkfaöd dlrckbjs y k pkrtar nj kbbã rjtarkr, rëpankcjdtj y plr  udls sjoudnls, jb sastjck nj jdfjdnanl nj kqujb fabadnrl nldnj sj jdfujdtrj jb fkptknlr nj prjsaöd (bk guiãk jd ud CJP l bk adyjffaöd nj flcgustagbj jd ud CJF) CJF).. Jb rjst rjstl l nj bls bls fabad fabadnr nrls ls krrk krrkst strk rkd d kb faba fabadn dnrl rl jd fu fujs jstataöd öd.. Js acplrtkdtj tjdjr jd fujdtk quj bks párnanks nj hraffaöd fkbfubknks nj jstk ckdjrk adfbuyjd bks párnanks nj glcgjl.



Prujgks nj Clrsj9 Jd jb jd jdsk skyl yl Cl Clrs rsj, j, sj flrt flrtk k jb pk pksl sl nj fl flrr rraj ajdt dtj, j, l bk ad adyj yjff ffaö aöd d nj flcgustagbj k fknk fabadnrl k bk vjz (cltlrjs cubtafabãdnrafls), y sj njtjrcadk bk párnank nj pkr jhjftavl ckdtjdajdnl fldstkdtj bk vjblfankn njb cltlr. Jb rjstl nj bls fabadnrls krrkstrkd kb fabadnrl jd fujstaöd.



Bãdjks nj _abbakcs9 Js ud cá cátl tlnl nl kp kprl rlxa xack cknl nl pk pkrk rk CJ CJF. F. Jd gkdf gkdfl l nj jd jdsk skyl ylss sj hahaik ik bk vjblfankn njb cltlr y sj bbjvkd k udk orëhafk, jb fldsucl nj flcgustagbj (o/s) jd hudfaöd nj bk prjsaöd cjnak jhjftavk (mPk). Bk furvk quj udj tlnls bls pudtls sj jxtrkplbk k fjrl jd jb jij nj fldsucl nj flcgustagbj y jb vkblr quj sj bjk slgrj jb jij nj pcj flrrjspldnj k bk prjsaöd cjnak nj párnanks nj hraffaöd (Haourk 5.7). Ojdjrkbcjdtj bk bãdjk dl js rjftk (baojrkcjdtj furvk) bl quj nahafubtk bk jxtrkplbkfaöd. Jd bk casck haourk sj lgsjrvk jb pkrjfanl jdtrj ud vkblr fkbfubknl fld bks bãdjks nj _abbakcs y fld cltlr krrkstrknl

 

PWLFJNACAJD^L

CL^LW Ckrfk9 Pjttjr  Clnjbl9 PE ;_ Fabadnrknk9 8:1 fc6 Dùcjrl nj fabadnrls9 ; Naëcjtrl x fkrrjrk9 5?,6 x ;;0 cc Wjbkfaöd Wjbkfaö d nj flcprjsaöd9 ;8,:9; Pltjdfak cëxack9 8,;; m_ k 7000 rpc Wjhraojrkfaöd9 Plr baquanl

HWJDL CL^LW

Prjsaöd nj bugrafkdtj9 7,>; gkr 

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^apl9 Jbáftrafl, flrrajdtj fldtaduk Ckrfk9 Nkaektsu

Prjsaöd nj flcprjsaöd9 68,1 gkr 

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Ckrfk9 GMG Clnjbl9 FG-70

Prjsaöd nj adyjffaöd nj flcgustagbj9

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100 ‖ ;011 rpc 9 ;6?,; ‖ ;:7 gkr 

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;8:; ‖ 7000 rpc 9 ;18,; ‖ 7;8,? gkr   Ëdoubls nj kvkdfj kvkdfj nj bk aadyjffaöd9 dyjffaöd9 Ekstk ;8:0 rpc 9 7>˙ kdtjs njb PCV ;8:; ‖ 7000 rpc 9 75˙ kdtjs njb PCV

Xjblfankn9 Fabadnrknk9;7:0/6000 116 fc6 rpc HWJDL Flrrajdtj9 :0flrrajdtj ‖ 57 K fldtaduk Dùcjrl nj fabadnrls9 6 ^apl9 Jbáftrafl, Pltjdfak9 ‖ ;5 m_ ;-7-6 Lrnjd jdfjdnanl9 Ckrfk9 GMGnj;;

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Grkzl njb nadkcöcjtrl9 ccc Naëcjtrl x fkrrjrk9 ?8,00,676 x ?6,0 Xjblfankn9 6000 rpc

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Pltjdfak9 5,5 m_ Wjbkfaöd nj flcprjsaöd9 1,09; NADKCLCJ^WL Grkzl njb nadkcöcjtrl9 0,60: Pltjdfak cëxack9 >0,: m_ck :.:00 rpc Ckrfk9 FKCWQ NADKCLCJ^WL Clcjdtl cëxacl9 ?8,: D.c k 7.500 rpc Fkpkfankn99 :0 Moh  Fkpkfankn Ckrfk9 VKB^JWnj rkbjdtã9 100 rpc Xjblfankn Prjfasaöd9 700 o Fkpkfankn99 ;:0 D Fkpkfankn  Knjbkdtl nj bk bk feaspk9 ;0¹k P PCV CV k 100 rpc CJNAFALD NJ0,: FLCGZV^AGBJ Prjfasaöd9 D Vastjck nj flcgustagbj9 k fkrgurknlr fld 07 CJNAFALD NJj9FLCGZV^AGBJ Flcgustagbj9 Flcgustagb Okslbadk (O-10) okrokdtks Flcgustagbj9 Flcgustagb Pjtröbjl naásjb fldsucanl9 fld kbtl Xlbucjdj9nj flcgustagbj 

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Vadfrldazkfaöd nj vëbvubks

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 Kgjrturk vëbvubk vëbvubk nj kncas kncasaöd aöd 9 >,:˙ kdtjs njb PCV Fajrrj vëbvubk nj kncasaöd 9 6:,:˙ njspuás njb

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orknl njpadtk njstabkfaöd, 7585 ;/;8 adobjsk dlrck (6:,:7 GV fc6)

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CJNAFALD NJ KAWJ 

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FKBFZBLV Q WJVZB^KNLV FËBFZBLV NJ BKV PÁWNANKV9 CÁ^LNL NJ NJVFLDJUAÖD NJB FABADNWL9 FABADNWL9 Pkrk jb fëbfubl tjdjcls t jdjcls bls saouajdtjs nktls rjflbjftknls njb cltlr nkaektsu9 D° ; 7

d (WPC)

Ξe (%)

Hj (Moh)

Hj-; (Moh)

Hj-7 (Moh)

Hj-6 (Moh)

B (c)

 

7800 78

7:

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5

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0.676

 

7600

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1

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Bks hujrzks quj tjdjcls rjprjsjdtkd bks hujrzks kb jij nj cltlr. 

Hj sad fabadnrls njsfldjftknls.

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 Hj-; fld jb fabadnrl ; njsfldjftknl.

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 Hj-7 fld jb fabadnrl 7 njsfldjftknl .

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 Hj-6 fld jb fabadnrl 6 njsfldjftknl.

 Pkrk rjkbazkr jb fëbfubl bls fkbfubkcls flcl pltjdfaks. D° ; 7



 

 

d (WPC)

Ξe (%)

Pj (Mw)

Pj-; (Mw)

Pj-7 (Mw)

Pj-6 (Mw)

7800

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7600

Fld jstl plnjcls fkbfubkr bks pltjdfaks adnafknks quj kplrtk fknk fabadnrl. Pkrk ksã fkbfubkr bk pltjdfak adnafknk tltkb. Pkrk jstl rjstkcls bk pltjdfak kb jij fld bk pltjdfak kb jij sad jb fabadnrl flrrjspldnajdtj. D° ; 7

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d (WPC)

Ξe (%)

Pa; (Mw)

Pa7 (Mw)

Pa6 (Mw)

Pa^ (Mw)

7800

7:

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d (WPC)

Ξe (%)

Pa^ (Mw)

Pj (Mw)

pc (Mw)

7800

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pc (Mw) vs v s d (WPC) >

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CÁ^LNL NJB CL^LWJWL L NJ KWWKV^WJ. Pkrk jb fëbfubl tjdjcls bls saouajdtjs nktls rjflbjftknls njb cltlr Pjttjr9 Orkhafk;. Pjrnanks Cjfëdafks Cjfëdafks vs rpc jd jb cltlr Nkaektsu

PKWK JV^ZNAKW BKV PJWNANKV CJFKDAFKV JD HZDFALD NJ BK ^JCPJWK^ZWK NJB CL^LW D d (WPC) Ξ^ (°F) H; (Djwtld) H7 (Djwtld) ° ;1 55.6 5 ;   :00 7   :00 7: 55.6 7? 6   :00 71 55.6 60 >   :00 >0 55.6 68 :   :00 :0 55.6 61 8   :00 80 55.6 >0 ?   :00 ?0 55.6 >; PKWK JV^ZNAKW BKV PJWNANKV CJFËDAFKV JD HZDFAÖD NJ BK ^JCPJWK^ZWK NJB CL^LW D d (WPC) Ξ^ (°F) H; (Djwtld) H7 (Djwtld) ° ; 7 6 > : 8 ?

 

700

?0

55.6

::

 

600

?0

55.6

:0

   

>00 :00

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55.6 55.6

>: 6?

 

800

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55.6

66

 

?00

?0

55.6

60

 

500

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55.6

75

78:0

 

5

 

100

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55.6

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Jstj cátlnl js sjdfabbl pkrk su fëbfubl. Bk pltjdfak nj pjrnanks cjfëdafks js aoukb k bk pltjdfak njb jij njb cltlr jbáftrafl, quj jd jsj fksl sj fkbfubk fld jb nadkcöcjtrl y su grkzl. Njganl k quj bk gkbkdzk jstë jd jb sjdtanl lpujstl kb njb oarl. Js djfjskral pldjr  udk pjsk nj pjsl fldlfanl, jstk hujrzk sj bj rjstk bk ckrfknk plr jb nadkcöcjtrl y sj fldlfjrë bk hujrzk pkrk jb fëbfubl. ∟ ∟  pc 3 Hr  B d

1::0

PKWK NJ BK ^JCPJWK^ZWK D°   JV^ZNAKW d (WPC) BKV PJWNANKV HW (DjwCJFKDAFKV tld) BJD (cHZDFALD ) pc (Mw) NJB CL^LW ;   :00 50.6 0.60: ;.7577??>5? 7   :00 8;.6 0.60: 0.1?55?>6>8 6   :00 :5.6 0.60: 0.160185:58 >   :00 :7.6 0.60: 0.56:;:?085 :   :00 >1.6 0.60: 0.?5?7:;601 8   :00 >5.6 0.60: 0.??;757?76 ?   :00 >?.6 0.60: 0.?::6;>;68 PKWK JV^ZNAKW BKV PJWNANKV CJFKDAFKV JD HZDFALD NJ BK ^JCPJWK^ZWK NJB CL^LW D°   d (WPC) HW (Djwtld) B (c) pc (Mw) ;   700 66.6 0.60: 0.7;7?0;:?; 7   600 65.6 0.60: 0.6881:5;;: 6 > : 8 ? 5

   

>00 :00

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0.::6;:;567 0.5;1;55>57

 

800

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:5.6

0.60:

;.6066:807;

 

500

80.6

0.60:

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100

86.6

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pc (Mw) vs v s Ξ^ (°F) (°F) ;.>

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PJWNANK CJFËDAFK VJOÙD BK ^JCPJWK^ZWK NJB CL^LW

  Orkhafk7. Pjrnanks Cjfëdafks Cjfëdafks vs rpc jd jb cltlr Pjtjr 

50

 

pc (Mw) vs v s d(WPC) d(WPC) 7 ;.5 ;.8 ;.> ;.7 ; 0.5 0.8 0.> 0.7 0 ;00

700

600

>00

:00

800

?00

500

100

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 PJWNANK CJFËDAFK VJOÙD BKV WPC

FLDFBZVALDJV 

Jd bl vastl fld cltlr cltlr Pjtjr plnjcls kprjfakr quj bks párnanks cjf cjfëdafks ëdafks vkd jd kucjdtl fld jb adfrjcjdtl nj rjvlbufaldjs njb cltlr fksa nj hlrck prlplrfaldkb ;.5 m_7.jd udknjganl vkrakfaöd nj 700 1000 WPC flcl sj cujstrkdnj jd0.7 jb korëhafl Jstl k quj bks khujrzks nj adjrfak kucjdtkd prlplrfaldkbcjdtj kb oarl njb cltlr, plr bl tkdtl sj adfrjcjdtkd bks pjrnanks cjfëdafks nj hraffaöd. hra ffaöd.

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Jd bk jxpjrajdfak rjkbazknk fld jb cltlr Pjtjr plnjcls kprjfakr quj kb ckdt ck dtjd jdjr jr jb dùcj dùcjrl rl nj rj rjvl vlbu bufa fald ldjs js fl flds dstk tkdt dtj j j ad adfr frjc jcjd jdtk tkdn dnl l bk tjcpjrkturk njb cltlr nj ;1 k ?0°F, jb vkblr nj bks pjrnanks cjfëdafks nascaduyj nj ;.75 k 0.?: m_ flcl sj lgsjrvk jd jb orkhafl 6. Jstl njganl Orkhafk6. Pjrnanks Cjfëdafks vs vkrakfaöd nj tjcpjrkturk jd jb cltlr Pjtjr 

k quj bk tjcpjrkturk fldtrlbk jb davjb tárcafl nj bls flcpldjdtjs njb cltlr y njb bugrafkdtj, plr bl quj fldsaouj adhbuar slgrj bk vasflsankn njb

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kfjatj y jb fljhafajdtj nj hraffaöd. hr affaöd. Jd jb ltrl jdskyl rjkbazknl jd tkcgaád jd jb cltlr Pjtjr lgsjrvkcls quj bk vkrakfaöd nj pjrnanks cjfëdafks plr jb adfrjcjdtl nj tjcpjrkturk njb cltlr js fknk vjz cjdlr prjfapatëdnlsj k ud vkblr kprlxacknl nj 0.? m_ flcl sj lgsjrvk jd jb orkhafl 6. Jstl dls adnafk quj jxastj ud vkblr tlpj

 

nj pjrnank cjfëdafk quj sj pujnj kbfkdzkr plr cjnal nj bk vkrakfaöd nj tjcpjrkturk. 



Jd ojdjrkb ojdjrkb sa sj rjnuf rjnufjd jd bks párnanks párnanks cjfëd cjfëdafks afks sj kprl kprlvjfe vjfekrë krë cjilr bk pltjdfak nj njbb cltlr y jd pkrtafubkr pkrtafubkr rjnufar bks párnan párnanks ks plr hraffaöd rj rjnu nufj fj jb njso njsoks kstj tj nj bk bkss pr prad adfa fapk pkbj bjss pa pajz jzks ks hrlt hrltkd kdtj tjss y pl plrr jb jbbl bl sj adfrjcjdtk bk vank ùtab njb cltlr. Jd oj ojdjr djrkb kb pkrk pkrk nascad nascaduar uar bks pjrnan pjrnanks ks cjf cjfëda ëdafk fkss plr rlz rlzkca kcajdt jdtl l sj njgjd njgj d ut utababaz azkr kr kfja kfjatj tjss bu bugr graf afkd kdtj tjss cu cubtbtao aork rknl nls= s= bl blss fu fukb kbjs js sl sld d rjflcjdnk rjflc jdnkgbjs gbjs pkrk fukb fukbquajr quajr tjcpjrktu tjcpjrkturk, rk, yyk k q quj uj ssu u vvasfls asflsankn ankn dl fkcgak fld jb kucjdtl l nascadufaöd nj ástk.