Perbandingan Fonologi Bahasa Melayu Dan Bahasa Korea Serta Cara Pengucapannya

 

]JUEGKCOK@GK DHKHIH@O EGAGRG NJIG_Z CGK EGAGRG LHUJG RJUSG BGUG ]JK@ZBG]GKK_G

]jkuios7)*, ]jkuios5), ]jkuios2), cst (kgng ijk`lgp, tocgl cosok`lgt, tgkpg `jigr) 7) Furusgk, Dgluitgs, Zkovjrsotgs, Gigngt Okstotuso 5) Furusgk, Dgluitgs, Zkovjrsotgs, Gigngt Okstotuso 2) Furusgk, Dgluitgs, Zkovjrsotgs, Gigngt Okstotuso * jngoi lhrjsphkcjk (Fjkos aurud Sonjs Kjw Uhngk, ulurgk uktul kgng dhkt  75,  75, okstotuso dhkt 77, fgrgl 7 spgso)  GERSUGL 

 ]jkjiotogk oko ejrtufugk uktul njkcjslropsolgk dhkhih`o egagsg Lhrjg. Egagsg Lhrjg njnoiolo dhkjn /o/, /o6/, /j/, /j6/, /u/, /u6/, /Ů/, /h/, /h6/, /ň/, /g/, /g6/, /e/, /p/, /c/, /t/, /f/,  /b/, /`/, /l/, /n/, /k/, /Ō/, /s/, /x/, /a/, /Ď/, /i/, /r/, /y/, /w/< /Ṭ/, cgk /Ṑ/< codthk` \Og^, \Oň^, cgk \Ou^< sjrtg sjrtg strultur sulu lgtg T, TL, LT, LTL, LTT, LLT, cgk LTLL. Dhkjn egagsg Lhrjg ejrupg dhkjn vhlgi /o/, /j/, /u/, /h/, cgk /g/ ejrcostroeuso sjbgrg ijk`lgp.  Kgnuk, dhkjn /j/ agkyg ejrcostroeuso co tjk`ga cgk glaor lgtg sgfg. Codthk` \Og^ cgk \Ou^ co tjk`ga lgtg,cjslroptod sjnjktgrg dhkjn Sjlkol \Oň^ tjrcgpgt tjk`ga cgk glaor  lgtg.ejrcostroeuso Fjkos pjkjiotogk oko gcgiga lugiotgtod. gkgiososcocgtg njk``ukglgk cjk`gk njthcj g`oa gtgu costroeusohkgi. Gcg sgtu agi ygk` pjriu cosgnpgolgk pgcg  pjkjiotogk oko ygotu wufuc oktjrdjrjkso oktjrdjrjkso dhkhih`o egagsg Njigyu Njigyu cgk egagsg Lhrjg, sjrtg bgrg pjk` pjk`ubgp ubgpgkky gkkyg, g, ygk` cotj cotjnulg nulgkk to`g fjko fjkoss oktjr oktjrdjrjk djrjkso, so, ygotu ygotu(g) (g) oktjrdjrjk oktjrdjrjkso so  dhkhih`o tjrcgpgt pgcg uksur dhkjn, pjk``gktogk sulu lgtg, cgk pjijsgpgk ssulu ulu lgtg< cgk (e) oktjrdjrjkso ijlsolhk tjrcgpgt pgcg lgtg ejkcg, lgtg ljrfg, lgtg sodgt, lgtg  `gkto, lgtg pjkukful, pjkukful, lgtg lj ljtjrgk`gk, tjrgk`gk, lgtg cj cjpgk, pgk, cgk lgtg tg tgkyg.. kyg..  Lgtg lukbo 6 Dhkhih`o Egagsg Lhrjg, Egagsg Cgjrga, Dhkjn, Egagsg Njigyu  GERSUGBS 

Saos stucy /o/, gons cjsbroej taj/u6/, pahkhih`y taj/ň/, Lhrjgk igk`ug`j. taj  pahkjnjs /o6/,th/j/, /j6/, /u/, /Ů/, /h/, hd /h6/, /g /, /g6/, /e/, /p/,Lhrjgk /c/, /t/, ags /f/, /b/,  /`/, /l/, /n/, /k/, /Ō/ , /s/, /x/, /a/, /Ď/, /i/, /r/, /y/, /w/< /Ṭ/, gkc /Ṑ/< copatahk`s \Og^, \Oň^, gkc \Ou^< gs wjii gs taj strubturj hd taj T, TL, LT, LTL, LTT, LLT, gkc LTLL   syiigeijs. Lhrjgk pahkjnjs ok taj dhrn hd vhwji pahkjnjs /o/, /j/, /u/, /h/, gkc /g/ grj bhnpijtjiy costroeutjc. Ahwjvjr, taj pahkjnj /j/ os hkiy costroeutjc ok taj noccij gkc  jkc hd whrcs. Copatahk`s \Og^ gkc \Ou^ grj costroeutjc ok taj noccij hd taj whrc, waoij taj pahkjnj \Oň^ os dhukc ok taj noccij gkc jkc hd taj whrc. Saos typj hd rjsjgrba os cjsbro cjs bropto ptovj vj qug qugiot iotgto gtovj vj.. Cgt Cgtgg gkg gkgiys iysos os tjb tjbako akoquj qujss uso usok` k` taj g`o g`oaa hr cos costroe troeuto utohkg hkgi  i  njtahc. Sajrj os hkj taok` tagt kjjcs th ej bhkvjyjc ok taos stucy, kgnjiy taj dhrn hd   pahkhih`obgi oktjrdjrjkbj ok Ngigy gkc Lhrjgk, gs wjii gs taj wgy hd prhkukbogtohk, waoba dhukc tarjj typjs hd oktjrdjrjkbj, kgnjiy (g) pahkhih`obgi oktjrdjrjkbj dhukc ok  pahkjnj jijnjkts, syiigeij rjpigbjnjkt, gkc syiigeij hnossohk< gkc (e) ijxobhk oktjrd okt jrdjrj jrjkbj kbj os dhu dhukc kc ok khu khuks, ks, vjr vjres, es, gcf gcfjb jbtov tovjs, js, prh prhkhu khuks, ks, gcf gcfjb jbtov tovjs, js, gcvjr gcvjres, es,  prjphsotohks, gkc qujstohk qujstohk whrcs.

7

 

 Ljywhrcs6 Lhrjgk ]ahkhih`y, Uj`ohkgi Igk`ug`j, ]ahkjnjs, Ngigy

tu tuio iosg sgkk

EL cgign njrjg rjgiogsolgk egagsg Ok Okch chkj kjso sogg tjrp tjrpjk jk`g `gru ruaa hi hija ja egag egagsg sg Lhrj Lh rjgg sjao sjaok` k``g `g `jfg `jfgig ig glus glusto toll ygk` ygk`

toc tocgl gl igo igok k ejr ejrgwg gwgii egagsg cg cgro ro eg egags agsggcosjeut ios iosgk gk.. Cgign oinu egagsg, iosgk sjeg`go egagsg pronjr. Cgign agi oko,  egagsg pronjr gcgiga egagsg ygk` coubgplg coub gplgkk njig njigiuo iuo gigt ubgp ngku ngkusog. sog. Eukyo Euk yo ega egagsg gsg sj sjrok rok`` cofgco cofgcolg lgkk hefjl  hefjl   pjkjiotogk pgrg iok`uos (Igcygkkg & Fgk`, 5=7?). Agi tjrsjeut lgrjkg egkyglkyg  egagsg iosgk co cukog njkyjegelgk njkyjegelgk pgrg iok`uo iok `uoss tjr tjrtgr tgrol ol nj njigl iglulg ulgkk pjkjio pjkjiotog togkk tjragcgp egagsg tjrsjeut. Agi oko cgpgt

nukbuiRggt ejrejcg. Rg gt ok oko, o, egky egkygl gl pjku pjkutu turr gsio gsio Lhrjgg ygk` ejigfgr egag Lhrj egagsg sg Okchk Okchkjsog jsog.. Cgig Cg ign n ag agii ok oko, o, pj pjku kutu turr gsio gsio eg egag agsg sg Lhrjg tjktu njnoiolo ljukolgk cgign njrjgiosgsolgkk egagsg Okchkjsog. Cogijl  njrjgiosgsolg  egagsg Lhrjg glgk njijlgt ljktgi pgcg tuturgk tutur gk egagsg egagsg Okchkjsog Okchkjsog.. okthkgso okthkgso oko sgk`g sgk`gtt njk njkgro groll uktul uktul cot cotjio jioto to lgr lgrjkg jkg  pjkjiotogk oko glgk njk`uk`lgp  eg`gongkg boro glustol pjkutur gsio  egagsg Lhrjg cgign njrjgiosgsolgk

tj tjri rioa oagt gt co Okch Okchkj kjso sogg yg ygk` k` njno njnoio iolo lo ljlgyggk egagsg iosgk, yglko ejrfuniga 054 054 egag egagsg sg cg cgjr jrga ga.. Cgro Cgro 05 0544 eg egag agsg sg cgjrga cgj rga tjr tjrsje sjeut, ut, eg egags agsgg cg cgjrg jrgaa ygk ygk`` sucga sucga nj njnoi noiolo olo sostjn sostjn gl glsgr sgrgg agk agkyg yg  ejrfuniga sjejigs. Cgign agi oko,  egagsg cgjrga ygk` ejiun njnoiolo glsgrg glsg rg ejrfu ejrfuniga niga 07: (Khrn (Khrngioz giozgg Gec Ugaon & Lon, 5=75). Agi oko njneulto njne ultolgk lgk egaw egawgg egagsg-eg egagsg-egagsg agsg co Okchkjsog njnoiolo glgr ljiosgkgk lugt (Ijstgro & ]grgnotg, 5=7?).

 egagsg Okchkjsog (Ijstgro & ]grgnotg, 5=7?). Egagsg Lhrjg njnoiolo tgtgrgk  egagsg tjrsjkcoro, tjrngsul dhkhih`o. Dhkhih`o ejrlgotgk cjk`gk eukyo-eukyo  egagsg ygk` cotuturlgk hija  pjkuturkyg, egol ygk` tocgl  njnejcglgk nglkg (dhkjtol), ngupuk ygk` ygk` njnej njnejcgl cglgk gk ngl nglkg kg (dh (dhkjn kjnol) ol) (Roto _ukogr, 5=72). Eukyo-eukyo ygk` cotuturlg cotut urlgkk hija pjkutur pjkutur egagsg egagsg Lhrj Lhrjgg njnoiolo ljukolgk. Nosgikyg, eukyo \Ů^

]jkjiotogk egagsg iosgk njnoiolo ljukolgk. Zkol cgign agi oko njnpukygo boro lags ygk` spjsodol ygk` tocgl conoiolo hija ygk` igok. Boro lags ok okoo eo eosg sg ejru ejrupg pg so sost stjn jn eu euky kyo, o, so sost stjn jn  pjnejktulgkk lgtg, sostjn pjnejktulgk  pjnejktulg pjnejktulgk lgiongt, lgion gt, gtgu sostjn igokkyg (Lgfo (Lgfogk gk jt gi gi.,., 5==0 5==0). ). Rgig Rgigaa sg sgtu tu bh bhkt ktha ha eg egag agsg sg ygk` ygk` nj njno noio iolo lo lj ljuk ukol olgk gk cg cgro ro so sost stjn jn  eukyo cgpgt tjrioagt pgcg pjkutur gsio  egagsg Lhrjg (EL). @jfgig glustol  (kgcg, curgso, cgk tjlgkgk) pjkutur gsio

cgign egagsg Lhrjg cgpgt coioagt pgcg \Ůosg^ ygk` ejrgrto ‑chltjr‟. Egagsg Egag sg Lhrj Lhrjgg njnoi njnoiolo olo lgocga lgocga ljegagsggk tjrsjkcoro. Rostjn dhkhih`o  egagsg Lhrjg ejrejcg cjk`gk egagsg igok igok co cu cuko kog. g. Hija Hija lgrj lgrjkg kg ot otu, u, pjri pjriuu coiglulgk pjkjiotogk njk`jkgo dhkhih`o  egagsg Lhrjg Lhrjg cgk egags egagsgg Cgjrga.

]JKCGAZIZGK

Ljnu Lj nukb kbui uigk gk

eg egag agsg sg

NJSHCJ ]JKJIOSOGK

]jkjiotogkk oko gcgiga ]jkjiotog gcgiga pjkj pjkjiotog iotogkk lu lugi giot otgt gtod od cjk` cjk`gk gk nj njth thcj cj cjsl cjslrop ropto tod. d.

5

 

(Nuiygkok`soa, (Nuiygkok` soa, 5=73 5=73)) njkfjigs njkfjigslgk lgk  egawg pjkjiotogk lugiotgtod gcgiga  pjkjiotogk ygk` njk`agsoilgk prhsjcur  gkgi gkgios osos os ygk` ygk` to tocg cgll njk` njk``u `ukg kglg lgkk  prhsjcur gkgiosos stgtostol gtgu bgrg lugktotgtod igokkyg. ]jkjiotogk lugiotgtod 

AGROI ]JKJIOSOGK

Pufucc Pufu ok oktj tjrd rdjjrjk rjkso egag gagsg njigyu cgk egagsg Lhrjg ygotu ok oktj tjrdj rdjrj rjks ksoo dh dhkh khih ih`o `os. s. Ok Oktj tjrd rdjr jrjk jkso so dhkhih`os njrupglgk sugtu prhsjs ygk`

 fu`g njk`agsoilgk cgtg cjslroptod   ejrupg lgtg-lgtg tjrtuios gtgu iosgk cgro hrgk` hrgk` cgk pjroiglu ygk` cogngto. Hefj He fjll pj pjkj kjio ioto togk gk ok okoo ej ejru rupg pg gcvjre gcv jreog og non nonjto jtoll eg egags agsgg Lhr Lhrjg, jg, cg cgkk tuturgk egagsg njigyu ygk` njk`gk njk `gkcuk cuk`` okj okjrdj rdjrjk rjkso so cgign cgign rgk rgkga ga iok`luk`gk ngsygrglgt. Gcvjreog nonjtol ygk` conglsuc gcgiga gcvjreog nonjtol nonj tol ygk` ejrlgotg ejrlgotgkk cjk` cjk`gk gk vjreg vjreg  ejrfgigk. Gcvjreog nonjtol tjrsjeut nukb nu kbui ui cgig cgign n cg cgtg tg ej ejru rupg pg lg lgio iong ngtt  ejregagsg Lhrjg (Kohu N.R jt gi., 5==4). Gkgiosos cgtg coiglulgk cjk`gk njt jthhcj g`oa gtg tguu cos ostr troe oeuuso sohhkgi gi.. ]jrtgn ]jr tgng-t g-tgng gng cotjrg cotjrgplg plgkk tjlkol tjlkol eg`o eg`o uksu surr igk igk`s `suk uk`. `. Cjk Cjk`g `gkk ok oksstu tuos osoo ljegagsggk pjkjioto, tjlkol eg`o uksur  igk`suk` cotjrgplgk uktul njkjktulgk  eg`ogk-eg`ogk duk`sohkgi sugtu lhkstrulso. Agsoi pjkjrgpgk tjlkol eg`o uksur igk`suk` tjrsjeut njkfgco cgsgr 

 ejrusgag njkjrgk`lgk pjruegagk pjruegagk nhrdjn gtgu lgtg  ejrcgsgrlgk boro-boro pjnejcg sjbgrg dh dhkj kjto tos. s. ]jru ]jrueg egag agkk eo eogs gsgk gkyg yg tjrf tjrfgc gcoo sjpjrto pjk`aoigk`gk dhkjn pgcg gwgi, tjk`ga, cgk glaor gtgu njigiuo prhsjs  pjk``gktogk dhkjn, pjijsgpgk dhkjn,  pjk``gktogk sulu lgtg, cgk pjijsgpgk sulu lgtg. Cgign Cgi gn pjk pjkjio jiotog togkk oko oko,, pjkjio pjkjioto to njk`ufo njk` ufo lrjcoeoiot lrjcoeoiotgs gs cgtg cjk` cjk`gk gk bgrg njkj nj kjnu nulg lgkk pjre pjregk gkco cok` k`gk gk dh dhkh khih ih`o `o  egagsg njigyu cgk egagsg lhrjg. Cgtg ygk` tjiga copjrhija njigiuo ejejrgpg sunejr ygotu njk`ufo lrjcoeoiotgs cgtg tjkt tjktgk gk`` wu wufu fucc ok oktj tjrd rdjr jrjk jkso so eg egag agsg sg Njigyu cgign egagsg cgjrga.

 eg`o gkgiosos ej (Nuiyejrolutkyg. gkrolutkyg. ok`soa,

NhsijaGk , Dgrzgc 5==?). Gkgi gios osos os Vgr`gro, lh lhkt ktrg rgst stod od Dhkh Dhkhih ih`o `o gktgrg egagsg sunejr (Ei) cgk egagsg tgr` tgr`jjt (E5 (E5) glg glgk njn jneegkco gkcokk`lgk lgk dhkjn-dhkjn cgign egagsg sunejr cgk  egagsg tgr`jt uktul njioagt eukyo-eukyo eukyo-eukyo ygk` ygk` nuc nucga ga colugs colugsgo go hij hijaa pje pjejig jigfgr  fgr   egagsg tgr`jt sjrtg eukyo gpg sgfg ygk` tjrc tjrcgp gpgt gt cg cgig ign n eg egag agsg sg tgr` tgr`jt jt yg ygk` k`  ejrejcg gtgu ccgl gcg cgign egagsg sunejr. Dhkjn-dhkjn tjrsjeut tjreg`o lj cgign6

]JNEGAGRGK NHCJI-NHCJI DHKHIH@OR

Gkgiosos Gkgios os dhk dhkhih hih`os `os ygk` ygk` cgpgt cgpgt co`ukglgk eugt nglsuc gkglhk ajkyg njnpukygo cug poioagk ygotu dhkhih`o tglshkhn tgls hkhnol ol cgk dhkhi dhkhih`o h`o `jkj `jkjrgtod rgtod (Gio

5=73) njkfjigslgk egawg njthcj cjslroptod, ygotu njk`unpuilgk cgtg ygk` ejrupg lgtg-l lgt g-lgtg gtg,, `gn `gnegr egr cgk eulgk eulgk gk`lg gk`lg-gk`lg. Njthcj oko njkygrgklgk egawg  pjkjiotogk ygk` coiglulgk, sjngtg-ngtg agkyg ejrcgsgrlgk pgcg dgltg ygk` gcg gtguu djk gtg djkhnj hnjkg kg yg ygk` k` njn njngk` gk` sjbgrg sjbgrg kygt kygtgg gcg gcg pgcg pgcg pj pjku kutu turk rkyg yg.. Cjk` Cjk`gk gk njt jthhcj cj cjsl slro ropt ptod od coc ocjjslr lrop opssol olggk dhk dhkhi hihh`o egag agsg sg Lh Lhrj rjgg cg cgkk eg egag agssg Cgjrga. 2

 

7. Dhkj Dhkjnn- dh dhkj kjn n sj sj`n `njk jktg tgii yg ygk` k` tj tjrc rcor oroo cg cgro ro eu euky kyoo vh vhlg lgii cgk cgk lhkshkgk. 5. Dh Dhkj kjn n - dh dhkj kjn n suprg suprgsj sj`n `njk jktg tgii ygk` tjrcoro cgro tjlgkgk (sorjs),  Kgcg (potba), fjcg gtgu

 fu`g lj tjnpgt ygk` ijeoa fgua. Gloegtkyg, tjrejktuliga ejreg`go cogijl  gr grjg jgii cgk cgk co cogi gijl jl shso shsogi gi sjrt sjrtgg rg`g rg`gnnrg`g rg`gn n eg egag agsg sg nj njku kuru rutt lj ljpj pjri riug ugk. k. Ngiga pgcg gegc lj 5=, tjiga tjrigaor  jnpgt euga egagsg kj`grg, ygotu egagsg

 pjrsjkcogk. ]jne ]jnejc jcgg ggkk lj ljcu cugg eu euky kyoo ok okoo cocgsg coc gsgrlg rlgkk pgc pgcgg cgp cgpgt gt gtgu gtgu tocgl tocglkyg kyg  eukyo otu cosj`njktgsol cosj`njktgsolgk. gk. Eukyo ygk` cgpgtt cosj cgpg cosj`njk `njktgsol tgsolgk, gk, sjpjrto sjpjrto sjnu sjnugg  eukyo vhlgi cgk eukyo lhkshkgk gcgiga  eukyo sj`njktgi, sjcgk`lgk eukyo gtgu uksur ygk` ccgl cgpgt cosj`njktgsolgk ygk`` njk ygk njkyjr yjrtgo tgo euk eukyo yo sj`njk sj`njktgi tgi otu otu,, sjpjro sjp jro tjl tjlgk gkgk, gk, kgc kgcg, g, fjcg fjcg cg cgkk curgso curgso (pjngkfgk`gk) cosjeut eukyo gtgu uksur  suprgsj`njktgi suprgsj`nj ktgi gtgu khk sj`njktgi.

Okchkjsog co kj`grg Ujpueiol Okchkjsog,  egagsg Ngigysog co Ljrgfggk Ngigysog,  egagsg Erukjo co Ljsuitgkgk Erukjo Cgru Cg russsgig sgign, n, cgk ega egagsg gsg Njig Njigyyu Rok`gpurg co Ujpueiol Rok`gpurg.  Jtakhih`uj  egag egagsg sg Njig Njigyu yu co Ok Okch chkj kjso sogg nj njkf kfgc gcoo 71 egag egagsg sg,, ygot ygotuu  egagsg-egagsg  egagsg-ega gsg Njigyu ygk` co`ukglgk co prhvok prhvokso so Gbj Gbja, a, Ljp Ljpuig uigugk ugk Egk`lg Egk`lg Ejiotuk`, Ejio tuk`, Lgion Lgiongktg gktgkk Sjk` Sjk`ga, ga, Fgne Fgneo,o, Rungtjrg Ztgrg, Uogu, Ljpuigugk Uogu, Lgiongktgk Rjigtgk, Lgiongktgk Egrgt, Ngiu Ng iulu lu,, Orog Orogkk Fgyg Fgyg,, sjrtg sjrtg Ru Rung ngtj tjrg rg Egrgt (]rongktgro & Pofgkg, 5=70). Glgk tjtgpo, ngsoa gcg egkygl  vgroj vgrojtg tgss egag egagsg sg Nj Njig igyu yu ygk` ygk` ejiu ejiun n coegkcok`lgk gktgrg sgtu cjk`gk ygk` igok cgk gcg fu`g vgrojtgs ygk` copjriulgk pjkjiotogk ijeoa igkfut uktul  njnp nj npjr jrfj fjig igss to tok` k`lg lgtt pjre pjrejc jcgg ggkk cgro cgro cogijl ygk` ijeoa utgng. Fgco, 71 egagsg otu sjejtu sjejtuiky ikygg njr njrupg upglgk lgk cog cogijl ijl cgr cgroo  egagsg Njigyu tjtgpo lgrjkg woigyga

EOKSJU EOKS JUDJ DJUJ UJKR KROO EGAGRG NJIG_Z

DHKH DHKHIH IH@O @OR R

Egag agsg sg Nj Njig igyu yu nj njru ruppglg lgkk  egagsg pjrgktgrggk cgign lgigk`gk ngsy ng sygr grgl glgt gt Nj Njig igyu yu co to to`g `g wo woig igyg ygaa sjigtg sji gtgkk Okc Okchkj hkjsog sog.. Rj Rjpgk pgkfgk fgk`` ngsg ngsg  ejrcorokyg ljrgfggk Njigyu-Osign ]gtgko, egagsg Njigyu njkbgpgo tgagp lj`jnoigk`gkkyg cgk ejrpjrgk sjeg`go iok`ugg drgkb iok`u drgkbgg gtgu egag egagsg sg pjrgktgrg pjrgktgrggk gk cgign lgigk`gk pjkcucul sjtjnpgt cgk  pgrg pjcg`gk` ygk` njkyjegrlgk njkyjegrlgk Osign  pgcg gegc tjrsjeut. tjrsjeut. Vgnejro (7??36532) njkygtglgk  egawg egagsg Njigyu ]gtgko tjiga njkfgco egagsg oinu cgk ejrf rfggyg nji jijjtgl tgllg lgkk ]gt gtggko sje jegg`g `goo pus usggt tgngc tgn gcuk uk ljs ljsusg usgstj stjrgg rggkk Njigy Njigyuu Osi Osign gn njkjruso pjk`agsoigk lgryg lotge-lotge g`gng hija pgrg uigng. Egagsg Njigyu cgign  pjrljnegk`gkkyg  pjrljnegk`g kkyg ejrgegc-gegc ygk` igiu tjiga njkyjegr lj sjiurua woigyga  Kusgktgrg cgk Gsog Sjk``grg, egalgk

 pjk``ukgg  pjk``ukggk bulup cgk egagsgfuniga  pjkuturkygkfu`g bulupiugs egkygl,  egagsg tjrsjeut coejcglgk cgro egagsg Njigyu. Cjk`gk cjnologk, egagsg Njigyu co Okchkjsog njkyjegr agnpor  co sjto sjtogp gp pr prhv hvok okso so nu nuig igoo cg cgro ro Gb Gbja ja sgnpgo Orogk Fgyg. Funiga pjkuturkyg njkbgpgo agnpor 70 futg hrgk` (Ijwos, 5==?). 5== ?). Njk Njkuru urutt Bhnroj Bhnroj (7??= (7??= cgign cgign Lgssok, 5===6 :‒4), sjlotgr 0% phpuigso Okchkjsog njk``ukglgk egagsg Njigyu sjeg sjeg`g `goo egag egagsg sg pjrt pjrtgn gng, g, sjcg sjcgk` k`lg lgkk 3

 

sjnug soswgkyg ejigfgr egagsg Njigyu5 sjeg`go egagsg ljcugkyg co sjlhiga. Agii tj Ag tjrs rsjjeu eutt njn jneu eullto tolg lgkk  egawg egagsg Njigyu njngk`  ejrpjrgk pjktok`, egol cgign sjfgrga ngupuk cgign ljeucgyggk co sjiurua

Eukyo lhk Eukyo lhktho thocc tjrng tjrngsul sul euk eukyo yo  ejrolut oko, eukyo \s^ sjpjrto cgign lgtg \sg.ʇj^ ‑ljngrok cuiu‟, \t^ cgign \eɟ.tg^ ‑sje ‑sjejk jktg tgr‟ r‟,, \c \c^^ cg cgig ign n lg lgtg tg \c \cg. g.ch ch^^ ‑cgcg‟, \ɧ^ cgign \ɧg.ih.ɧg.ih^ ‑sjn ‑sjnug ugky kyg‟ g‟,, \l \l^^ sjpj sjpjrt rtoo cgig cgign n lgtg lgtg

Okch Okchkj kjso sog. g. Rjpg Rjpgkf kfgk gk`` sj sjfg fgrg rga, a, su sulu lu Njigyu Njig yu njnpjk`g njnpjk`gruao ruao cgk njk` njk`uega uega  egagsg sulu-sulu igok ygk` tjrsjegr co  puigu-puigu co Okchkjsog. Okchkjsog. Cgro Cg ro pj pjkf kfji jigs gsgk gk co gt gtgs gs cg cgpg pgtt cogk`` cog k``gp gp egawg egawg ej ejiun iun gc gcgg sgtu sgtu puk  pjkjiotogk ygk` njnegags gspjl  dhk dhkhi hihh`o egag agsg sg Nj Njig igyu yu Fgne neoo co wo woig igyg ygaa Rgrh Rgrhig igk` k`uk uk.. Ag Agii tj tjrs rsje jeut ut njrupg njr upglgk lgk gigsgk gigsgk pjrtgn pjrtgngg njk`gp njk`gpgg  pjkjioto njnoioa Lgeupgtjk Rgrhigk`uk otu sjeg` sjeg`go go ihl ihlgs gsoo pjkjio pjkjiotog togk. k. Gigsg Gigsgkk ljcu ljcugg gcgi gcgiga ga gc gcgk gkyg yg su sugt gtuu bo boro ro la lags gs  eukyo-eukyo egagsg Njigyu Fgneo oshijl osh ijl Rgr Rgrhig higk`u k`ukk ygk` ygk` cot cotjnu jnulgk lgk co igpgk`gk. Eukyo vhlhoc tjrcoro gtgs eukyo \g^ sjpjrto cgign lgtg \ig.pgk^ \ ig.pgk^ ‑cjigpgk‟,  eukyo \o^ nosgikyg cgign lgtg \pɟ.io.pɦs^ ‑pjiop ‑pj iopos‟ os‟,, euk eukyo yo \j^ cgi cgign gn \lg \lg.ij .ij.lɜ .lɜŌ^ Ō^ ‑(fgro) ljiok`lok`‟, eukyo \ɟ^ nosgikyg cgign lgtg \sɟ.eɟ.igs^ ‑sjejigs‟, eukyo vhlhoc \u^ cgign \tu.igŌ^ ‑tuigk`‟, cgk

\lɟ.kɦ  Ō^ ‑cga gao‟ o‟,, \ɇ^ \ɇ^ no nosg sgik ikyg yg cg cgig ign n ̂ ‑c \ʪun.ɇgt  ^ ‑Fung Fungt‟ t‟,, \e \e^^ cgig gign lgtg lgtg ̖ \e \eo. o.sʆ sʆɇ^ ɇ^ ‑e ‑ejs jshl hl‟, ‟, \p \p^^ cgig cgign n \p \pɟ. ɟ.tg tgŌ^ Ō^ ‑ljngrok‟, \a^ cgign \ag.ʇo^ ‑agro‟, \x^ cgig cgign n lgtg lgtg \tɟ. \tɟ.ɻg ɻg.x .xɦr ɦr^^ ‑tjr ‑tjrgl glao aor‟, r‟, \i^ \i^ nosgikyg cgign \ig.nú^ ‑igng‟, gdrolgt \ʪ^ cgign \ʪg.tgk^ ‑iglo-iglo‟, gdrolgt \ʡ^ cgign lgtg \nâ.ʡgn.lh^ ‑ej`oko‟, \ʇ^ cgign \ʇgn.eʆt  ^ ‑rgneut‟, \r^ cgign ̖ \pɟr.tg.nú^ ‑pjrtgng‟, \ɻ^ cgign \tg.ɻɦŌ^ ‑(`o ‑(`o`o `o)) tgro tgrok` k`‟, ‟, \k \k^^ cg cgig ign n \k \kâ. â.pg pgs^ s^ ‑kgpgs‟, \ɵ^ sjpjrto cgign lgtg \so.ɵú^ ‑sjk sjkfg‟, fg‟, \Ō \Ō^^ cgig cgign n lgtg \l \lggʇ. ʇ.llʆŌ ʆŌ^^ ‑ljrhk ‑lj rhk`lh `lhk`g k`gk‟, k‟, sjrtg sjrtg \n^ nos nosgik gikyg yg cgign cgign lgt lgtgg \nâ \nâ.ig .ign^ n^ ‑ng ‑ngign ign‟. ‟. Euk Eukyo yo \t^, \a^, \l^ bjkcjruk` njkfgco tjrtutup  pgcg phsoso lhcg soigeji tjrglaor, nosgikyg \a  ^ cgign \iɟ.ega  ^ ‑ijega‟, \ɇ^ ̖ ̖ cgign \lh.cɓɇ^ ‑lgtgl‟, gtgu \t  ^ sjpjrto ̖ cgign \lu.iɦt  ^ ‑luiot‟. ̖ Ejrcgsgrlg Ejrcg sgrlgkk euky eukyo-euky o-eukyoo ygk` cotjnu cot jnulgk lgk sjr sjrtg tg pjkcg pjkcgpgt pgt pjkcu pjkcucul  cul  woigy woi gyga ga Rgrhig Rgrhigk`u k`ukk otu sjkcor sjkcoro, o, cgpgt cgpgt

 eukyo \h^ cgign \ɧh.cɜɇ^ Eukyo vhlhoc \u^, \j^, \o^, \h^ ‑fgnegk`‟. bjkcjruk` njkfgco ijeoa ijnga, ygotu \ʆ^, \ɜ^, \ɦ^, \ɓ^, pgcg soigeji glaor tjrtutup, nosgikyg \ɜ^ cgign lgtg \lɟ.ʡɦɇ^ ‑ljboi‟. Eukyo \ɦ^ \ɦ^ cgk cgk \ʆ^ cg cgpg pgtt tj tjrf rfgc gcoo pg pgcg cg ph phso soso so tocgl ejrsoigeji cjk`gk ejktul \ɦ ̨^ cgk \ʆ ̨ ̨  ^ nosgikyg \ɧg.igɇ ɵį.ɦ  ̨̨ gk^ ‑ljrgp lgio‟ cgk \lɟ \lɟ.cu .cu.ʆ .ʆ ‑ljc jcug ug‟. ‟. Rjig Rjigok ok ot otu, u,   ̨̨   h^ ‑l sjnug eukyo vhlhoc sjrok` bjkcjruk` njkf nj kfgc gcoo kgsg kgsgii sj sjtj tjig igaa eu euky kyoo kg kgsg sgi, i, nosgikyg \ú^ cgign lgtg \lɟ.Ōú^ ‑rgygp‟.

coioa coioagt gto egaw egawg g rhig pjku pjkutur tur egag Njig Njigyu yuk Fgne Fgneo co Rgrh Rg igk` k`uk uk egagsg njk` njsg k`ub ubgp gplg lgk aurud ‑r‟ sjbgrg ejrejcg lgigu coegk coe gkcok cok`lg `lgkk cjk`g cjk`gkk pjk`u pjk`ubg bgpgk pgk ‑r‟ cgign oshijl egagsg Njigyu Fgneo co cgjrga-cgjrga igok. Co Rgrhigk`uk aurud  ‑r‟ eogsgkyg coubgplgk sjeg`go uvuigr  drolgtod \ʇ^ ygk` ejrcgsgrlgk gtgs eulu Dhlljr (71?:6 4), Pokstjct (7?726 54), cgk Gcjiggr (7??56 1) njngk` njrupglgk sgiga sgtu vgrogso ‑r‟ ygk` cgpgt pgt nu nukb kbuui co ejre ejregg`go cgj cgjrga rga  pjkutur egagsg egagsg Njigyu. :

 

 egagsg Lhrjg cgpgt coioagt pgcg \Ůosg^ ygk` ejrgrto ‑chltjr‟. Egags Ega gsgg Lhr Lhrjg jg njn njnoiol oioloo dhk dhkjn jn vh vhlg lgii cg cgkk dh dhkj kjn n lh lhks kshk hkgk gk.. Cgig Cgign n  pjkjiotogk oko, cocjslropsolgk fu`g codthk` cgk strultur sulu lgtg egagsg Lhrjg Lh rjg.. ]jk ]jkfji fjigs gsgk gk nj njk`j k`jkgo kgo dhk dhkjn, jn, codthk`, cgk strultur sulu lgtg cgign  egagsg Lhrjg cgpgt coioagt sjeg`go  ejrolut.

DHKHIH@O EGAGRG LHUJG

Egagsg Lhrjg njrupglgk  egagsg ygk` ejrgsgi ejrgsgi cgro runpuk egagsg Gitgol Git gol.. Njk Njkuru urutt (Ge (Gecui cui Agnoc Agnoc jt gi. gi.,, 5=5=) runpuk egagsg Gitgol njnoiolo bglu bglupg pgkk `jh` `jh`rg rgdo do nuig nuigoo cg cgro ro Roej Roejro rogg sgnp sgnpgo go Ru Ruk` k`go go Th Thi` i`g. g. Brys Brystg tgii fu fu`g `g njky nj kygt gtgl glgk gk eg egaw awgg ru runp npuk uk eg egag agsg sg Gitgol njioputo egagsg Surlo, Nhk`hiog, cgk Suk`usol. Uunpuk egagsg Gitgol  oko tjrcoro cgro 3= egagsg gtgu ijeoa. (Ge Geccui Ag Agno nocc jt gi. i.,, 5=5 =5=) =) njkygtglgk egawg gigsgk egagsg Lhrjg tjrngsul cgign runpuk Gitgol gcgiga lgrj grjkg egag agssg Lhr hrjjg nj njn npu puky kyggo ljlagsgk susukgk cgk ljsgnggk cjk`gk  egagsg igok ygk` tjr`hihk` runpuk Gi Gitg tgol ol.. Eg Egag agsg sg Lh Lhrj rjgg co cocu cu`g `g ij ijeo eoaa  egkygl copjk`gruao hija egagsg Baokg. Ijeoa Ij eoa cgro cgro sjt sjtjk` jk`ga ga lhsgl lhsglgtg gtg ega egagsg gsg Lhrjg ejrgsgi cgro egagsg Baokg. Egagsg Lhrjg tjrngsul egagsg ygk` lgyg glgk hkhngthpj cgk nonjtol. nonj tol. Hkhngthp Hkhngthpj-nonj j-nonjtol tol tjrsjeut tjrsjeut co`ukglgk cgign ljaocupgk sjagro-agro  egol cgign egagsg iosgk ngupuk ngupuk tuiosgk. Hkhngthp Hkhn gthpjj nonj nonjtol tol cgpgt cgpgt njkgnega njkgnega jdjl jdjl jlsp jlsprj rjso so cg cgkk nj njne neug ugtt eg egag agsg sg

g. Dhkjn Th Thlgi

Cgign egags Cgign egagsgg Lhr Lhrjg, jg, tjr tjrcg cgpgt pgt 75 dh dhkj kjn n vh vhlg lgi. i. Dhkj Dhkjnn-dh dhkj kjn n vh vhlg lgii tjrsjeut gcgiga tufua dhkjn vhlgi eogsg, cgk iong dhkjn vhlgi pgkfgk`. Dhkjndhkjn vhlgi eogsg gcgiga /o/, /j/, /u/, /Ů/, /h /h/, /, /ň /ň/, /, cgk cgk /g/. /g/. Dh Dhkj kjnn-dh dhkj kjn n vh vhlg lgii  pgkfgk` gcgiga /o6/, /j6/, /u6/, /h6/, cgk /g6/ /g6/.. Ljc Ljcug ejig ejigss dh dhkj kjn n tjrs tjrsjjeut coejc coe jcglg glgkk ejr ejrcgs cgsgrl grlgk gk eg` eg`ogk ogk iocga iocga,,  phsoso iocga, cgk egk`uk gtgu ejktul  nuiut. Eoig congsullgk lj cgign tgeji dhkjn dhkj n vhlg vhlgi,i, agsoikyg agsoikyg gcgiga gcgiga sjeg`go sjeg`go  ejrolut.

njkfgco aocup. ]jk``ukggk hkhngthpjnonjtol fu`g cgpgt njnpjrfjigs sotugso cgk sugsgkg lgiongt. Egagsg Lhrjg njnoiolo tgtgrgk  egagsg tjrsjkcoro, tjrngsul dhkhih`o. Dhkhih`o ejrlgotgk cjk`gk eukyo-eukyo  egagsg ygk` cotuturlgk hija  pjkuturkyg, egol ygk` tocgl  njnejcglgk nglkg (dhkjtol), ngupuk ygk`` nj ygk njnej nejcgl cglgk gk nglkg nglkg (dhkjn (dhkjnol) ol).. Euky Eu kyoo-eu euky kyoo yg ygk` k` co cotu tutu turl rlgk gk hi hija ja  pjkutur egagsg Lhrjg njnoiolo

Sgeji 7 Djkhn Thlgi cgign Egagsg Lhrjg

Ljt6 O > ejrcgsgrlgk ngfu nukcurkyg iocga OO > ejrcgsgrlgk njneukcgr tocglkyg eoeor  OOO > ejrcgsgrlgk kgol turukkyg iocga SE > tgl eukcgr E > eukcgr

ljukol lju kolgk. gk. Nos Nosgik gikyg, yg, euk eukyo yo \Ů^ cgign cgign 4

 

Dhkjn /o/ 

Dhkjn /o/ ejrcostroeuso pgcg phsoso gwgi, tjk`ga, cgk glaor lgtg.

Sgeji : Costroeuso Dhkjn /h/

Dhkjn /g6/

Dhkjn /g6/ ejrcostroeuso pgcg phsoso tjk`ga cgk glaor lgtg. Sgeji 5 Costroeuso Dhkjn /o/

Dhkjn /j/

Dhkjn /j/ ejrcostroeuso pgcg phsoso tjk`ga cgk glaor lgtg.

Sgeji 4 Costroeuso Dhkjn /g6/

e. Dhkj Dhkjn n Lhk Lhksh shkg kgk k

Cgign egags Cgign egagsgg Lhr Lhrjg, jg, tjr tjrcg cgpgt pgt 57 dhkjn lhkshkgk. Dhkjn-dh -dhkjn lhkshkgk tjrsjeut tjrsjeut gcgiga /e/, /p/, /c/, /t/, /f/, /b/, /`/, /l/, /n/, /k/, /Ō/, /s/, /x/, /a/, /Ď/, /i/, /r/, /y/, /w/, /Ṭ/, cgk /Ṑ/. Cogktgrg ljcug puiua sgtu dhkjn tjrsjeut cgpgt coioagt ejejrgpg djkhn sjeg`go ejrolut.

Sgeji 2 Costroeuso Dhkjn /j/

Dhkjn /u/

Dhkjn /u/ ejrcostroeuso pgcg phsoso gwgi, tjk`ga, cgk glaor lgtg.

Dhkjn /c/

Dhkjn /c/ ejrcostroeuso pgcg phsoso gwgi cgk tjk`ga lgtg

Sgeji 3 Costroeuso Dhkjn /u/

Dhkjn /h/

Dhkjn /h/ ejrcostroeuso pgcg phsoso gwgi, tjk`ga, cgk glaor lgtg.

Sgeji 0 Costroeuso Dhkjn /c/

Dhkjn /b/

Dhkjn /b/ ejrcostroeuso pgcg phsoso gwgi cgk tjk`ga lgtg.

0

 

Dhkjn /s/

Dhkjn /s/ ejrcostroeuso pgcg phsoso gwgi cgk tjk`ga lgtg.

Sgeji 1 Costroeuso Dhkjn /b/

Dhkjn /`/

Dhkjn /`/ ejrcostroeuso pgcg phsoso gwgi cgk tjk`ga lgtg.

Sgeji 75 Costroeuso Dhkjn /s/

b. Codthk`

Codthk` cgign egagsg Lhrjg coeg`o njkfgco to`g fjkos, ygotu \Og^, \Oň^, cgk \Ou^. Ljto`g fjkos codthk` oko eogsgkyg tjrcgp tjr cgpgt gt pgcg pgcg tjk tjk`g `gaa cgk gla glaor or sulu sulu lgtg. Codthk` \Og^, bhktha6

Sgeji ? Costroeuso Dhkjn /`/

Dhkjn /l/

Dhkjn /l/ ejrcostroeuso pgcg phsoso gwgi, tjk`ga cgk glaor lgtg.

\Og^

/cgi`Ogi/

‑tjiur‟

\Og^

/pOgn/

‑‑ppopo‟

\Og^

/fhk`OgŌ/

‑eosui‟

Codthk` \Oň^, bhktha6

Sgeji 7= Costroeuso Dhkjn /l/

Dhkjn /a/ Dhkjn /a/ ejrcostroeuso pgcg phsoso gwgi cgk tjk`ga lgtg, sjpjr ejrolut.

\Oň^

/eOňi/

‑eoktgk`‟

\Oň^

/`ŮkOň/

‑og‟

\Oň^

/aOň/

‟iocga‟

Codthk` \Ou^, bhktha6 \Ou^

/`Oui/

‑fjrul‟

\Ou^

/sopOul/

‑jkgn

 ejigs‟ c. Rtru Rtrult ltur ur Rulu Rulu Lgtg Lgtg

Lgtg cgign egagsg Lhrjg tjrcoro gtgs sgtu, cug, to`g, jnpgt, iong, cgk jkgn sulu lgtg. Rtrultur sulu lgtg tjrsjeut cgpgt coioagt sjeg`go ejrolut.

Sgeji 77 Costroeuso Dhkjn /a/

1

 

Lgiongt Egagsg Lhrjg  Nyjhbasoj @gko @gko8 Lgiongt Egagsg Njigyu wgph loth kgl pj`o8 Lgiongt Egagsg Okchkjsog  ejrgpg lotg ajkcgl ajkcgl pjr`o8

7. Rgtu Rgtu su sulu lu lg lgtg tg /f /fj/ j/ ‑geu ‑geu‟‟ /n /nui ui// ‑gor‟ /`j/ ‑gkfok`‟ 5. Cu Cugg su sulu lu llgtg gtg /pu-ro /pu-ro / ‑gl ‑glgr‟ gr‟ /`h /`h-`o/ ‑cg`ok`‟ /sň-cg/ ‟ejrcoro‟ 2. So`g

sulu

lgtg

/h-rŮk-bhl/

6 Ziokjuk 6

]ulh

6

Fgn

]gjrjkso cgkso cgpgcg tg g cpjk o ``ukg gtgkggk s, gk tjega rcggsg pgt oktjrdjrj oktjrd pgc pjk``u egagsg njigyu cgk egagsg Lhrjg, ygotu pgcg lgtg lgtg \lo \loth^ th^ (eg (egags agsgg nji njigyu gyu)) cgk \ uio^ (e (ega gags gsgg Lh Lhrj rjg) g).. Cg Cgro ro cgtg cgtg tjrs tjrsje jeut ut,, tjrf tjrfgc gcoo ok oktj tjrdj rdjrj rjks ksoo dh dhkh khih ih`o `o nj njig igiu iuoo  prhsjs pjk``gktogk pjk``gktogk sulu lgtg ygotu pgcg lg lgtg tg \l \lot oth^ h^ (e (ega gags gsgg nj njig igyu yu), ), co co`g `gkt ktoo su sulu lu lgtg lgtg /h /h// pgcg pgcg sulu sulu lgtg lgtg glao glaor, r, sjnj njkt ktggrg lgtg cgig cgign n \uio^ (e (ega gags gsgg Lhrjg) njk``ukglgk sulu lgtg /io/ pgcg sulu lgtg glaor.

‑lgkgk‟ /ku-rŮ-cg/ ‑pjrgs‟ /nglcj-`o/ ‑thk`lgt‟ 3. Jn Jnpg pgtt su sulu lu lgt lgtgg /nň/nň-ro ro-x -xgg-rg rgl/ l/ ‑rgneut‟ /njjt-e -eoo-cui-`o/ ‑pjrlutut‟ /`Oň-cŮ-rg-Ōo/ ‑ljtogl‟ :. Io Iong ng su sulu lu lg lgtg tg /nu/nu-sň sň-w -whh-ag ag-kŮk/ ‑tgfg ‑tgfgn‟ n‟ /yg-` /yg-`gk-eg gk-egŌ-eňn Ō-eňn-cj/ ‑rhkcg ngign‟ /cŮŌ-kg-nu eu-Ďj/ ‑lopgs gk`ok‟ gk`ok‟ 4. Jkgn ssul uluu lgtg lgtg /` /`oo - pŮ pŮkk- fg fg-nŮi- fg- cg/ ‑kyjkygl‟ /aj-ehk fň-lo-ot-tg/ ‑pjrkga

Cjslropso Cgtg 5

Lgiongt Ejregagsg Okchkjsog

]JUE JUEGKC GKCOK@ OK@GK DHKHI KHIH@O H@O EGAGRG NJIG_Z CGK EGAGRG LHUJG CGK BGUG ]JK@ZBG]GKK_G

Lgiongt Egagsg Lhrjg 6 Hkjui   Ayjuk`-juk Ag``yh`g Jhe Jhes-jh s-jh. Lgiongt Egagsg Njigyu 6 Agro kok` lglgl tg ch ejrgfg. Lgio Lg ion ngt Egagsg agsg Ok Okcchk hkjjsog sog 6 Ag Agro ro ok okoo lglgl tocgl gcg luioga. ]gcg cgtg co gtgs, tjrcgpgt oktjrd okt jrdjrj jrjkso kso pgcg pgcg pjk pjk``u ``ukg kggk gk ega egagsg gsg njigyu cgk egagsg Lhrjg, ygotu pgcg lgtg \agro^ (egagsg njigyu) cgk \ hkjui ^ (e (ega gags gsgg Lh Lhrj rjg) g).. Cg Cgro ro cgtg cgtg tjrs tjrsje jeut ut,, tjrf tjrfgc gcoo ok oktj tjrdj rdjrj rjks ksoo dh dhkh khih ih`o `o nj njig igiu iuoo  prhsjs pjk``gktogk pjk``gktogk sulu lgtg ygotu pgcg lgtg lgtg \a \agr gro^ o^ (e (ega gags gsgg nj njig igyu yu), ), co co`g `gkt ktoo su sulu lu lgtg lgtg /r /ro/ o/ pgcg pgcg sulu sulu lgtg lgtg glao glaor, r, sjnj sjnjkt ktgr grgg lgtg lgtg cgig cgign n \hkjui ^ (egagsg Lhrjg Lh rjg)) nj njk`` k``ukg ukglgk lgk sul suluu lgtg lgtg /ju /jui/ i/  pgcg sulu lgtg glaor.

Ljcug egagsg sgng-sgng njno nj noio iolo lo kgcg kgcg,, tj tjtg tgpo po kg kgcg cg eg egag agsg sg Okchkj Okc hkjsog sog toc tocgl gl nj njnej nejcgl cglgk gk nglkg nglkg cgk grto ygk` co toneuilgk sjnjktgrg kgcg kgcg egag egagsg sg Lh Lhrj rjgg sg sgk` k`gt gt pj pjkt ktok ok`` lgrjkg kgcg egagsg Lhrjg njnejcglgk nglk ng cgL k hrgrto gr ygk` tone E galkg gsgg cgk jgto yg ck` gignco to pneui jrtuuilg tulgk. rgk.k njk`jk njk `jkgi gi gcg gcgkyg kyg pjrueg pjruegagk agk kgcg kgcg oko tjrfgco gpgeoig kgcg 2 ejrtjnu cjk`gk kgcg 2, nglg sulu lgtg pjrtgng  ejruega njkfgco kgcg 5, sulu lgtg lj cug tjtgp. 7. ]jk` ]jk``g `gkt ktog ogk k Dhkj Dhkjn n

Oktjrdjrjkso tjrsjeut eosg coioagt  pgcg cgtg ejrolut. ejrolut.

5. ]jk` ]jk``g `gkt ktog ogk k Rulu Rulu Lgt Lgtg g

Cjslropso Cgtg 7

]jk``gktogk ]jk``gkt ogk sulu lgtg njru njrupglg pglgkk  prhsjs pjr`gktogk sulu lgtg ygk`

Lgiongt Ejregagsg Okchkjsog O kchkjsog

sjgrtoluigso, dhkjn ygk` sgng cofgcolgk ?

 

njigiuo prhsjs njigiuo prhsjs pjk` pjk``gkt `gktogk ogk sulu lgtg ygotu pgcg lgtg \c \cggign^ (egagsg njigyu), co`gkto sulu lgtg /gn/ pgcg sulu lgtg glaor, sjnjktgrg lgtg cgign \oeijh` ^ (egagsg Lhrjg) njk``ukglgk sulu lgtg /jh`/ pgcg sulu lgtg glaor.

tocgl sgng. ]jruegagk eogsgkyg tjrfgco sjpjrto dhkjn gwgi, tjk`ga, cgk glaor. ]jk` ]jk``g `gkt ktog ogkk su sulu lu lg lgtg tg tj tjrs rsje jeut ut eo eosg sg coioagt pgcg cgtg ejrolut. Cjslropso cgtg 2

Lgiongt Ejregagsg Okchkjsog O kchkjsog Lgiongt Egagsg Lhrjg 6 @oi-jui   Fhsonagcg Lgiongt Egagsg Njigyu 6 Pok`g co fgigk. Lgio Lg ion ngt Eg Egaagsg Ok Okch chkj kjssog 6 Agto Agto-agto co fgigk. ]gcg cgtg co gtgs, tjrcgpgt oktjrd okt jrdjrj jrjkso kso pgcg pgcg pj pjk`` k``uk ukggk ggk egagsg egagsg njigyu cgk egagsg Lhrjg, ygotu pgcg lgtg \fgigk^ (egagsg njigyu) cgk \@oijui ^ (egagsg Lhrjg). Cgro cgtg tjrsjeut,

RON]ZIGK

]jkjiotogk oko njkjigga ngsgiga dh dhkh khih ih`o `o egag egagsg sg nj njig igyu yu cgk cgk egag egagsg sg Lhrjg sjrtg bgrg pjk`ubgpgkkyg cgign Oktjrdjrjk Oktjr djrjkso so tjrsj tjrsjeut eut cotokfgu cotokfgu cgro sj`o wufu wu fuck ckyg yg nj njru rupg pglg lgkk ok oktj tjrd rdjr jrjk jkso so dhkhih dhk hih`o. `o. Pufuc Pufuc oktjrd oktjrdjrj jrjkso kso egags egagsgg njigyu cgign ejregagsg Lhrjg cgign  ejktul oktjrdjrjkso dhkhih`o gcgiga sjeg`go ejrolut. 7. ]jk``g ]jk``gkto ktogk gk dhkjn dhkjn.. ]jk ]jk``g ``gkto ktogk gk dhkjn njrupglgk prhsjs  pjr`gktogk dhkjn ygk` sjgrtol sjg rtoluig uigso, so, dhk dhkjn jn ygk ygk`` sgng sgng cofgcolgk tocgl sgng. ]jruegagk  eogsgkyg tjrfgco pgcg dhkjn gwgi, tjk`ga, cgk glaor. 5. ]jk``gktogk sulu lgtg. ]jk``gktogk sulu lgtg njrupg njr upglgk lgk prh prhsjs sjs pjr`g pjr`gkto ktogk gk sulu sulu lg lgtg tg yg ygk` k` sjgr sjgrto tolu luig igso so,, dh dhkj kjn n yg ygk` k` sgng sgng co cofg fgco colg lgkk tocgl sgng. ]jruegagk eogsgkyg tjrf tjrfggco sjpj jpjrt rtoo dh dhkkjn gwg wgi, i,

tj tjrf rfgc gcoo ok oktj tjrd rdjr jrjk jkso so dh dhkh khih ih`o `o nj njig igiu iuoo  prhsjs pjk``gktogk pjk``gktogk sulu lgtg ygotu pgcg lgtgg \fg lgt \fgigk igk^^ (eg (egags agsgg nj njigy igyu), u), co`gkt co`gktoo sulu sulu lgtg lgtg /i /iR/ R/ pg pgcg cg su sulu lu lg lgtg tg gl glao aor, r, sjnjktgrg lgtg cgign \@oi-jui ^ (egagsg Lhrjg Lhr jg)) njk njk``u ``ukgl kglgk gk sul suluu lgtg lgtg /ju /jui/ i/  pgcg sulu lgtg lgtg glaor. Cjslropso cgtg 3

Lgiongt Ejregagsg Okchkjsog O kchkjsog Lgiongt Egagsg Lhrjg 6  Khknuk-jui Fg`sjhk`ag Fg`sjhk`agii Stgj Jhttjhk  Jhk-jhijui Rgyhk`agekollg Rgyhk`agekollg88 Lgiongt Egagsg Njigyu 6  egagsj gpj gpj uktul eugt ngl nglgiga8 giga8

]glgo

Lgiongt E Eggagsg OOkkchkjsog 6 Njk` Nj k``u `ukg kglg lgkk Egag Egagsg sg Gp Gpgg Njneugt Nglgiga8

Cgig Cgign n

tjk`ga, cgk glaor. CGDSGU ]ZRSGLG

Gecui Agnoc, E., Nhac Oergaon, A., & Ljrog, K. D. (5=5=). Gkgiosos ]hig Ngsg Nuig Rugrg Lhkshkgk ]ihsod  Egags Eg agsgg Nji Njigy gyuu ygk` ygk` coagso coagsoilg ilgkk hi hija ja ]jku ]jkutu turr Ngkc Ngkcgr grok ok Cj Cjwg wgsg sg (Gkgiysos (Gkg iysos hd Thob Thobjj Hksj Hksjtt Sonj hk Ngigy pihsovjs ey Ngkcgrok Gcuit Rpjgljrs). @JNG Hkiokj®  Fhurkgi hd Igk`ug`j Rtucojs, 5=(3), ::‒02.

]gcg cgtg co gtgs, tjrcgpgt oktjrd okt jrdjrj jrjkso kso pgcg pgcg pj pjk`` k``uk ukggk ggk egagsg egagsg njigyu cgk egagsg Lhrjg, ygotu pgcg lgtg lgtg \cgi \cgign gn^^ (e (ega gags gsgg njig njigyu yu)) cg cgkk \oeijh` ^ (eg (egagsg gsg Lh Lhrj rjgg). Cg Cgro ro cg cgtg tg tjrsje tjr sjeut, ut, tjr tjrfgc fgcoo oktjrd oktjrdjrj jrjkso kso dhk dhkhih hih`o `o

attps6//cho.hr`/7=.70:04/`jng7=

 

7.=7

5=5=-5==3-=3

 Kohu N.R, J., Hrcjsahhl B, ]., & Uhsj D, @. (5==4). SAJ EGIGKBJ HD   ]HPJU6 RSGEOIOS_ OK   OKSJUKGSOHKGI R_RSJN   (E. Uussjtt (jc.)< Jcotohk OO). BGN GNEU EUOC OC@J @J ZK ZKOOTJ TJUR UROS OS_ _ ]UJRR.

Gi Gioo Nh Nhsi sija ja , Dgrz Dgrzgc gc Vg Vgr` r`gr gro, o, U. G. (5= (5==?). ?). Sjxtu Sjxturj rj Ong Ong`j `j Ujt Ujtroj rojvgi  vgi  Zsok` Bhkthurijt Srgksdhrn. Lgfogk, G., Egio, N. I., ]ahkhih`y, S., Bhkk Bh kkjb jbto tohk hk,, R., R., & @jkj @jkjrg rgto tod, d, D. (5==0). DHKHIH@O ]HRIJLROLGI CGIGN EGAG EG AGRG RG NJIG NJIG_Z _Z IH IHIH IHGK GK EGIO O Kyhngk Rupgrwg. RL   Glrjcotgso Khnhr , 73(50).

 Khrngiozg Gec Ugaon, & Lon, F. (5 (5=7 =75) 5).. ]jk` k``u `ukg kgggk gkth gkthko kon n  egagsg Njigyu cgign lgigk`gk  pjigfgr Lhrjg.  Fhurkgi hd Aungk  Cjvjihpnjktt gkc Bhnnukobgtohk,  Cjvjihpnjk 7, :?‒4?.

Igcygkkg, R., & Fgk`, L. (5=7?).  ]GCG  LGZN JLR]GSUOGS   OKCHKJROG CO LHUJG RJIGSGK . 7:(5), 00‒?0.

]rongktgro, G. K., & Pofgkg, O. C. ]. (5 (5=7 =70) 0).. So Sokc kcgl gl Su Sutu turr Njno Njnokt ktgg Hija ]jnejigfgr Eopg Cgro Lhrjg6 Lgfogk Lgf ogk ]rg ]rg`ng `ngtol tol Ega Egagsg gsg Gk Gktgr tgrgg (Oktjrigk`ug`j ]rg`ngtobs). Furkgi   ]jkjiotogk Aungkohrg, 71(7), 50. attps6//cho.hr`/7=.52?70/aungkohrg .v71o7.2421

Ijst Ij stgr gro, o, F., F., & ]grg ]grgno notg tg,, R. (5 (5=7 =7?) ?).. Agnegtgk Lhnukolgso cgk @j`gr  Eucg Eu cgyg yg Pg Pgr` r`gg Lhrj Lhrjgg Rjig Rjigtg tgkk _gk` Sok``gi co Ok Okcchkjsog.  Lhkjlso, 2(7), 731. attps6//cho.hr`/7=.53?75/lk.v2o7.47 :1

Roto

Nuiygkok`soa, C. A. (5=73). ]jre ]jregk gkco cok` k`gk gk Dh Dhkh khih ih`o `o Egag Egagsg sg Okchkjsog Okch kjsog Cgk Egag Egagsg sg Ngkcgrok. Ngkcgrok.  EGASJUG 6 Furkgi ]jkcocolgk  Egagsg Cgk Rgstrg, 72(7), 7‒7=. attps6//cho.hr`/7=.57==?/egatjrg.72

77

_ukogr, U. (5=72).  Lhrjgk  ]ahkhih`obgii Oktjrdjrjkbj ok  ]ahkhih`obg  Okchkjsogk Igk`ug`j Gs Rjbhkc   Igk`ug`j. Rjptjnejr .