Peran Dan Fungsi Keperawatan Kritis

 

RCTAK @AK JSKF^M RCTAVAP GCRCTAVAPAK GTMPM^, FSKA @AK JMIE^E^JM TSAKFAK MNS,MNNS

@M^S^SK EICH ? LMIAKMA RMPSIA^ ? 1820=

@E^CK RCKFALRS ? TMKM ARTMAKM,^.gcp,Kcrs,L.Gcp

@> GCRCTAVAPAK ^PMGC^ DMKAIMPA ^S@ALA LC@AK P.A. 421=/4242

 

GAPA RCKFAKPAT 

@ckfak @ck fak lckycd lckycdut ut kala kala Aiiah Aiiah ^VP yakf Laha Laha Rckfas Rckfasmh mh iafm iafm Laha Laha Rakyayakf Rakya yakf,, Galm pakoatgak pakoatgak puoa `ak puom syugur atas gcha` gcha`mrat-Ky mrat-Kya, a, yakf tciah lcimlpahgak rahlat, hm`ayah,`ak mkayah-Kya gcpa`a galm, schmkffa galm `apat lckycicsamgak tufas lagaiah. lagaiah mkm tciah galm susuk `ckfak lagsmlai `ak lck` lc k`ap apat atga gak k da dakt ktua uak k `a `arm rm dc dcrd rdaf afam am pmha pmhag g sc schm hmkf kffa fa `a `apa patt lclp lclpcr criak iaknar  nar   pclduatak lagaiah mkm. Sktug mtu galm lckyalpamgak dakyag tcrmla gasmh gcpa`a gcp a`a sclua sclua pmhag pmhag yakf yakf tci tciah ah dcrgek dcrgektrmd trmdusm usm `aial `aial pcldua pclduatak tak lagaia lagaiah h mkm. mkm. Pcric cricpa pass `arm `arm sc sclu luaa mtu, mtu, galm galm lcky lckya` a`ar armm sc scpc pcku kuhk hkya ya da dahw hwaa lasm lasmh h a` a`aa gcgurakfak damg `arm scfm susukak gaimlat laupuk tata dahasakya. Eich garcka mtu `ckfak takfak tcrduga galmlckcrmla scfaia sarak `ak grmtmg `arm pcldana afarr galm afa galm `apat `apat lclpcr lclpcrdam damgm gm kasgah kasgah mkm.Ag mkm.Aghmr hmr gata gata galm galm dcrhar dcrharap ap sclefa sclefa  pcldciaoarak `aial kasgah mkm `apat lcldcrmgak lakjaat laupuk mkpmrasm tcrha`ap pcldana.

Lc`ak, 44 jcdruarm 4242

LMIAKMA RMPSIA^

m

 

@AJPAT @AJP AT M^ M^MM GAPA RCKFAKPAT...................................................................................m @AJPAT @AJP AT M^M ............. ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ............................................mm ...............................mm DAD M RCLDSGAAK.... RCLDSGAAK................. .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................................1 ..........................1 1.1.Iatar Dciagakf.......... Dciagakf....................... ......................... ......................... ...................................................1 ......................................1 1.4.Puouak............ 1.4.P uouak......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ........................1 ...........1 1.>.Tulusak Lasaiah.......... Lasaiah....................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ................................4 ....................4 DAD MM RCLDAHA^AK...... RCLDAHA^AK................... ......................... ......................... ..............................................> .................................> 4.1.Rcrak Rcrawat.......... Rcrawat...................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ...........................> ...............> 4.4.Jukfsm Rcrawat........... Rcrawat........................ .......................... ......................... .................................................8 .....................................8 4.>.Puouak 4.>.P uouak Gcpcrawatak Mktcksmj............... Mktcksmj........................... ........................................... ...................................= ....= 4.0.Rckfcrtmak ruakf MNS/MNNS......... MNS/MNNS..................... ......................... .......................... ............................1 ...............11 1 DAD MMM RCKSPSR.................... RCKSPSR................................. .......................... ..................................................1> .....................................1> >.1.Gcsmlpuiak................... >.1.Gcsmlpuiak...... ......................... ......................... .......................... .............................................. .................................1> 1> @AJPAT RS^PAGA.................................................................................10

mm

 

DAD M RCLDSGAAK

1.1. 1.1.

Iata Iatarr Dcia Dciaga gakf kf

Rcrak pcrawat `aial gcpcrawatak grmtms lcldcrmgak pckfawasak, asuhak gcpcrawatak yakf tcpat scrta pckycialatak pasmck `arm dahaya yakf dcrtuouak lckf lc kfur urak akfm fm rcsmg rcsmge e ya yakf kf `mag `magmd mdatg atgak ak eich eich sagmt sagmt ya yakf kf `m `mai aial almk mkya ya laup laupuk uk  pciayakakak yakf ga`akf lcldutuhgak prescs yakf iala, Garcka pcrawat yakf icdmh iala wagtukya `aial dcrmktcragsm `ckfak pasmck `aial prescs gcpcrawatak laga `msmkm oufa `mpcriugak `mpcriugak pcrhatmak pcrhatmak icdmh `aial lcldcrmgak lcldcrmgak pckfawasak pckfawasak `ak gcscialatak gcscia latak pasmck afar tcrhmk`ar tcrhmk`ar `ak `apat lckncfah lckncfah rcsmge durug durug yakf `apat `mtmlduigak. @aial hai mkm scdafam pcldcrm asuhak gcpcrawatak pcrawat harus  dmsa lckoa`m pclduat gcputusak yakf tcpat agak gek`msm pasmckkya, oufa scdafam a`vegasm, dmsa lcldcrmgak pckociasak yakf tcpat, `ak harus dmsa dcrgeiaderasm  damg `ckfak pasmck, gciuarfa gciuarfa laupuk `ckfak tml lc`ms iamkkya. 1. 1.4. 4.

Puo uoua uak k

1. Rcrak gcpcrawatak grmtms 4. Jukfsm gcpcrawatak Grmtms >. Puou Puouak ak Gcpcrawatak Mktcksmj  0. Rckfcrtmak MNS/MNNS   1.>. 1.>.

Tulu Tulusa sak k lasa lasaia iah h

1. Rcrak a`aiah a`aiah scpcrakfg scpcrakfgat at tmkfgah tmkfgah iagu iagu yakf `mharapgak `mharapgak eich eich erakf erakf iamk iamk tcrha`ap scscerakf scsuam gc`u`ugakkya `aial suatu smstcl. Rcrak `mpckfaruhm eich gca`aak sesmai damg `arm `aial laupuk `arm iuar `ak  dcrsmjat stadmi (Guskakte, 422=). Oa`m O a`m pcrak pcrawat a`aiah suatu nara uk uktu tug g lcky lckyat atag agak ak ag agtm tmvm vmtas tas pc pcraw rawat at `a `aial ial pr prag agtm tmg, g, ya yakf kf tc tciah iah lcky lc kyci cicsa csamg mgak ak

pc pck` k`m` m`mg mgak ak

je jerl rlai aiky kya, a,

`m `mag agum um

`a `ak k

`m `mdc dcrmg rmgak ak

gcwckakfak eich pclcrmktah uktug lckoaiakgak tufas `ak takffukf

1

 

4. oawa oawad d gcpc gcpcra rawa wata tak k sc scna nara ra prej prejcs csme meka kaii sc scsu suam am `c `ckf kfak ak ge ge`c `c ct ctmg  mg   prejcsmkya >. Jukf Jukfsm sm pc pcra rawa watt `a `aia ial l lciag lciagug ugak ak pc pckf kfga gaom omak ak pa pa`a `a mk mk`m `mvm vm`u `u schat schat laupuk sagmt `mlaka scfaia agtmjmtas yakf `m iagugak dcrfuka uktug   pcluimhak gcschatak dcr`asargak pckfctahuak yakf `m lmimgm, agtmjmtas mkm mkm

`m

iagu iaguga gak k

gcla gclak` k`mr mrma mak k

`ck `ckfak fak

pasm pasmck ck

dcrd crdaf afam am

sc scnc ncpa patt

na nara ra

lukf lukfgm gmk k

uk uktu tug g

`a `aia ial l

lck lckfc fcl ldaim daimg gak dc dckt ktug ug

pr pres escs cs

gcpcrawatak yakf tcr`mrm `arm tahap pckfgaomak, m`cktmjmgasm lasaiah (`mafk (`m afkesa esa gcpcra gcpcrawata watak), k), pcrckn pcrcknaka akaak, ak, mlpicl mlpiclckta cktasm sm `ak cvaiua cvaiuasm sm (Amsmah, 4220). 0. Sktug Sktug lcknapa lcknapamm tuouak tuouak tcrscdu tcrscdut, t, pcrawat pcrawat `m ukmt ukmt pcrawatak pcrawatak mktcksm mktcksmj  j   pcriu dcgai milu `ak pckfaialak yakf nugup, schmkffa gelpctck `a `aia ial l pc pcka kakf kfak akak ak pa pasmc smck k grmt grmtms. ms. Gelp Gelpct ctck cksm sm tc tcgk gkmg mgai ai pc pcraw rawat at lcrupagak lcrup agak gelpctcksm gelpctcksm tm`ag tcrdatas pa`a gclalpuak gclalpuak lciagugak tmk` tmk`ag agak ak gc gcpc pcraw rawat atak ak ka kalu luk k ic icdm dmh h pc pckt ktmk mkf f a` a`ai aiah ah gc gctc tcra ralp lpmia miak k lck` lc k`ap apatg atgak ak `a `ata ta ya yakf kf va vaim im` ` `a `ak k tc tcrp rpcrn crnay ayaa sc scrta rta gc gctc tcral ralpm pmiak iak lciagugak pckfgaomak jmsmg scnara agurat, gctcralpmiak lck`mafkestmg  lasaiah lckoa`m `mafkesms `mafkesms gcpcrawatak gcpcrawatak,, gctcralpmiak gctcralpmiak lclmimh `ak lckcktugak mktcrvcksm yakf tcpat (Tesom`m & Haruk, 4211). 3. MNS/ MNS/MN MNNS NS a` a`ai aiah ah pc pcia iaya yaka kak k ru rula lah h sa sagm gmtt ya yakf kf lcld lcldcr crmg mgak ak asuha asuhak k gcpcraw gcp crawata atak k scnara scnara tcrgeks tcrgeksckt cktrasm rasm `ak ickfga ickfgap. p. Skmt Skmt mkm lclmim lclmimgm gm tcka tckafa fa pc pcraw rawat at ya yakf kf tcria tcriatm tmh h gh ghus usus us `a `ak k dc dcrm rmsm sm pc pcrai raiat atak ak ya yakf kf lclakta lcl aktau u `ak `ugukf `ugukfak ak ghusus ghusus uktug uktug pasmck pasmck yakf yakf lcldut lcldutuhg uhgak ak  pcrawatak `ak edscrvasm mktcksmvc `ak gelprchcksmj pa`a pasmck `ckfak `ck fak fakffu fakffuak ak gar`me gar`mevas vasgui guiar ar yakf yakf tm`ag tm`ag `m epcrasm epcrasm `ak lasmh lasmh  dcra`a `aial gek`msm grmtms schmkffa lclcriugak pclaktauak hcle`mkalmg yakf sakfat gctat

4

 

DAD MM RCLDAHA^AK

4.1. 4.1. Rcra Rcrak k Rcra Rcrawa watt 4.1. 4.1.1. 1. Rc Rckf kfcr crtm tmak ak Rcrak a`aiah scpcrakfgat tmkfgah iagu yakf `mharapgak eich erakf iamk

tcrh tcrha` a`ap ap sc scsce scerak rakf f sc scsua suamm gc gc`u `u`u `uga gakk kkya ya `a `aia ial l suatu suatu smst smstcl cl.. Rc Rcrak rak `mpckfaruhm eich gca`aak sesmai damg `arm `aial laupuk `arm iuar `ak dcrsmjat stadm sta dmii (Gus (Guska kakt kte, e, 42 422= 2=). ). Oa Oa`m `m pc pcra rak k pc pcraw rawat at a` a`ai aiah ah suat suatu u nara nara uk uktu tug  g  lckyat lck yataga agak k agtmvm agtmvmtas tas pcrawa pcrawatt `aial `aial pragtm pragtmg, g, yakf yakf tciah tciah lckyci lckycicsam csamgak gak  pck`m`mgak jerlaikya, `magum `ak `mdcrmgak gcwckakfak eich pclcrmktah uktug lckoaiakgak tufas `ak takffukf oawad gcpcrawatak scnara prejcsmekai scsuam `ckfak ge`c ctmg prejcsmkya. Rcrak yakf `mlmimgm eich scerakf pcrawat aktara iamk pcrak scdafam pciagsaka, pcrak scdafam pck`m`mg, pcrak scdafam  pckfcieia, `ak pcrak scdafam pckcimtm (Asla`m, 4228). @aial lciagsakagak asuhak gcpcrawatak, pcrawat lclpukyam pcrak `ak jukfsm scdafam scdafam pcrawat `maktarakya `maktarakya pcldcrm pcldcrm pcrawatak, pcrawatak, scdafam a`vegat a`vegat gciuarfa, pckncfahak pckyagmt, pck`m`mgak, gekscimkf, geiaderasm, pckfaldmi gcputusak ctmg `ak pckcimtm (Hm`ayat,4214). Gcpcrawatak grmtms a`aiah saiah satu gcahimak ghusus `m `aial milu  pcrawatak yakf lckfha`apm scnara rmknm `ckfak lakusma yakf dcrtakffukf  oawad atas lasaiah yakf lckfaknal omwa. @aial hai mkm Rcrawat grmtms a` a`ai aiah ah pc pcra rawa watt pr prej ejcs csme meka kaii ya yakf kf rc rcsl slmm ya yakf kf dc dcrt rtak akff ffuk ukf f oa oawa wad d uk uktu tug  g  lcla lc last stmg mgak ak pa pasmc smck k `c `ckf kfak ak sa sagm gmtt gr grmt mtms ms `a `ak k gc gciu iuar arfa fa-g -gciu ciuar arfa fa lcrc lcrcga ga lckc lc kcrm rmla la gc gcpc pc`u `uim imak ak ep eptm tmlai lai (Alc (Alcrm rmna nak k Asse Assenm nmat atme mek k ej Nrmt Nrmtmn mnai ai-Na -Narc rc  Kurscs). Ra Ra`a `a

tahu tahuk k

421> 421>

pclc pclcrm rmkt ktah ah Aust Austra raim imaa

lckf lckfcs csah ahga gak k

pr pref efra ral l

Gcscial Gcsc ialata atak k `ak Guaimt Guaimtas as ^tak`a ^tak`arr Rciaya Rciayakak kak Gcscha Gcschatak tak Kasmeka Kasmekai. i. ^uatu ^uatu gcfm gcfmat atak ak `aia `aial l ra rakf kfga ga Agrc Agrc`m `mta tasm sm uk ukmt mt pc pcia iaya yaka kak, k, oa oa`m `m ha haru russ ic icdm dmh h lckmkfgatgak `ak lckfcldakfgak `aial pciagsakaak pciayakakkya `aial

>

 

 dcrdafam hai. Rciagsakaak mkm lcknagup dcdcrapa aspcg tcrlasug   pckfaturak tata gcieia, gclmtraak `ckfak geksulck `ak prescs pciayakak gc gcsch schat atak ak.. @m kc kcfa fara ra Aust Austrai raima ma :4 :4% % pc pcra rawat wat ru rula lah h sa sagm gmtt lcru lcrupa paga gak k gelpekck gelpek ck tcrdcsar tcrdcsar yakf yakf lclamk lclamkgak gak pcraka pcrakak k pcktmk pcktmkf f `aial `aial lclcku lclckuhm hm stak`ar tcrscdut. Rcrlasaiahak yakf sciaiu `mha`apm sclua ukmt pciayakak gcschat gcsc hatak ak halpmr halpmr sala sala yamtu yamtu dafaml dafamlaka aka upaya upaya `aial `aial lckmkf lckmkfgat gatgak gak scfm scfm  pciayakak, damg `arm gcscoahtcraak laupuk gcscialatak pasmckkya `ak  dmasakya hai tcrscdut tcrs cdut `mgamtgak `ckfak dcdcrapa jagter scpcrtm ouliah tckafa  pcrawat tm`ag lcla`am, gctralpmiak `arm pcrawat mtu sck`mrm, prasaraka yakf gurakf lck`ugukf scrta lakafclckt yakf gurakf tcrstrugtur tcrs trugtur `ckfak damg. Pcktu saoa hai mkm oufa harus `mtukoakf pa`a gcfmatak `ak hai yakf `apat lckmkfgatgak gcscoahtcraak pcrawat yakf `apat lcldcrmgak letmvasm, lmkat gcroa/pckmkf gcroa/ pckmkfgatak gatak gmkcroa pcrawat pcrawat afar pckmkfgatak pckmkfgatak status gcschatak yakf `mha `mharap rapga gak k ou oufa fa `a `apa patt tcrn tcrnap apam am.. @ak @ak tc tckt ktuk ukya ya uk uktu tug g lckn lcknap apam am sa sasar sarak ak  pckmkfgatak guaimtas pciayakak pclcrmktah Austraima lciagugak dcrdafam gcfmata gcf matak k yakf yakf `mjegu `mjegusgak sgak afar afar `apat `apat lcknap lcknapam am tarfct tarfctkya kya,, yamtu yamtu `ckfak `ckfak lckaldah lckal dah tckafa pcrawat, pcrawat, pckfeptmlai pckfeptmlaiak ak gmkcroa gmkcroa pcrawat, pcrawat, pckfepcrasma pckfepcrasmak k  oal gcroa yakf tcrstrugtur `ckfak damg, pckclpatak scsuam `ckfak dm`akf gcahimakkya, lckmkfgatagak gcscoahtcraak pcrawat. ^aiah satukya tmk`agak ya yakf kf `mia `miagu guga gak k a` a`ai aiah ah `c `ckf kfak ak lcld lcldcr crmg mgak ak dc dcrd rdaf afam am pc pcia iatm tmha hak k ya yakf kf lcku lc kuko koak akf f

scsua scsuamm ya yakf kf `msc `mscsu suamg amgak ak `c `ckf kfak ak dm dm`a `akf kf gc gcpc pcraw rawat atak akky kya. a.

@mharapgak `ckfak pckmkfgatak pckfctahuak `ak gctralpmiak yakf `mlmimgm  pcrawat `mharapgak sclagmk damg puia status gcschatak pasmck schmkffa tcrhmk`ar `arm pcrawatak yakf iala yakf `apat lckmlduigak pcrlasaiahak  daru scpcrtm `cnudmtus `ak mkjcgsm iamkkya, lckncfah pasmck lckfaialm nc`cra nc` cra/oa /oatu tuh h `a `ak k lasai lasaiah ah iamk iamk.. ^chm ^chmkf kffa fa `a `apa patt lclm lclmkm kmla laig igak ak scgcn scgcnmi mi lukfgmk rcsmge yakf `apat `mscdadgak garcka prescs pcrawatak sciala `m rulah sagmt. Rcrak Rcr ak pcrawa pcrawatt `aial `aial gcpcraw gcpcrawata atak k grmtms grmtms lcldcr lcldcrmga mgak k pckfaw pckfawasak asak,, asuhak gcpcrawatak yakf tcpat scrta pckycialatak pasmck `arm dahaya yakf  dcrtuouak lckfurakfm rcsmge yakf `magmdatgak eich sagmt yakf `maialmkya

0

 

laupuk laupu k pciayakakak pciayakakak yakf ga`akf ga`akf lcldutuhg lcldutuhgak ak prescs yakf iala, Garcka pcrawat yakf icdmh iala wagtukya `aial dcrmktcragsm `ckfak pasmck `aial prescs gcpcrawatak laga `msmkm oufa `mpcriugak pcrhatmak icdmh `aial lcldcrmgak pckfawasak `ak gcscialatak pasmck afar tcrhmk`ar `ak `apat lckncf lck ncfah ah rcsmge rcsmge durug durug yakf `apat `apat `mtmld `mtmlduig uigak. ak. @aial hai mkm scdafa scdafamm  pcldcrm asuhak gcpcrawatak pcrawat harus dmsa lckoa`m pclduat gcputusak yakf tcpat agak gek`msm pasmckkya, pasmckkya, oufa scdafam a`vegasm, dmsa lcldcrmgak lcldcrmgak  pckociasak yakf tcpat, `ak harus dmsa dcrgeiaderasm damg `ckfak pasmck, gciuarfa laupk `ckfak tml lc`ms iamkkya. 4.1.4. 4.1 .4. Lanal-l Lanal-lanal anal pcrak pcrak pcrawa pcrawatt @aial lciagsakaga lciagsakagak k gcpcrawatak gcpcrawatak,, lckurut lckurut Hm`ayat Hm`ayat (4214) (4214) pcrawat pcrawat lclpukyam pcrak `ak jukfsm scdafam pcrawat scdafam dcrmgut? 1) Rcldcr Rcldcrmm Rcraw Rcrawatak atak (Narc (Narc Fmvcr Fmvcr)) Rcrak utala pcrawat pcrawat a`aiah lcldcrmgak lcldcrmgak pciayakak pciayakak gcpcrawatak, gcpcrawatak, scdafam  pcrawat,

pcldcrmak

pciayakak

gcpcrawatak

`apat

`miagugak

`ckfak

lclc lc lcku kuhm hm gc gcdu dutu tuha hak k asah, asah, asmh asmh `a `ak k asuh. asuh. Nekt Nekteh eh pc pcld ldcrm crmak ak asuha asuhak k gcpcrawatak lcimputm tmk`agak yakf lcldaktu gimck scnara jmsmg laupuk  psmgeiefms saldmi tctap lclcimhara lartadat gimck. Pmk`agak gcpcrawatak yakf `mdutuhgak `apat dcrupa asuhak tetai, asuhak parsmai dafm pasmck pas mck `ckfak tmkfga tmk fgatt gctcr gctcrfak faktuk tukfak fak scdafm scdafmak ak `ak pcrawa pcrawatak tak supert supertmj-c mj-c`ug `ugatm atmjj uktug  uktug  lcldaktu gimck lcknapam gclukfgmkak tmkfgat gcschatak `ak gcscoahtcraak tcrtmkffm (Dcrlak, 4212). Rcrcknakaak gcpcrawatak yakf cjcgtmj pa`a pasmck yakf `mrawat harusiah dcr`asargak pa`a m`cktmjmgasm gcdutuhak pasmck `ak gciuarfa. 4)   A`venat  Gciuarfa  Gciuarfa ^ciamk lciagugak tufas utala `aial lcrawat, pcrawat oufa lalpu scdafam a`venat gciuarfa scdafam pcldcia gciuarfa `aial dcdcrapa hai scpcrtm `aial lckcktugak lckck tugak hagkya scdafam gimck. @aial pcrak mkm, pcrawat pcrawat `apat lcwagmim lcwagmim gcdutu gcd utuhak hak `ak harapa harapak k gimck gimck gcpa`a gcpa`a prejcsm prejcsmeka ekaii gcscha gcschatak tak iam iamk, k, scpcrt scpcrtmm lckyalpamgak gcmkfmkak gimck lckfckam mkjerlasm tcktakf pckyagmtkya

3

 

yakf `mgctahu eich `egtcr. Rcrawat oufa lcldaktu gimck lck`apatgak haghagkya `ak lcldaktu pasmck lckyalpamgak gcmkfmkak (Dcrlak, 4212). >) Rckn Rckncf cfah ahak ak Rcky Rckyag agmt mt Spaya pckncfahak pckncfahak lcrupagak lcrupagak dafmak `arm dcktug pciayakak pciayakak gcpcrawatak gcpcrawatak schm schmkf kffa fa sc sctm tmap ap `aia `aial l lcia lciagu guga gak k as asuh uhak ak gc gcpc pcra rawa wata tak k ha haru russ sc scia iaiu iu lckfut lck futalag alagak ak tmk`ag tmk`agak ak pckncf pckncfaha ahak k tcrha` tcrha`ap ap

tmldui tmlduikya kya lasaiah lasaiah daru daru

scdafam `alpag `arm pckyagmt atau lasaiah yakf `m`crmta. ^aiah satu nekteh yakf paimkf smfkmjmgak yamtu gcalakak, garcka sctmap gcielpeg usma dcrcsmge lckfai lck faialm alm tmpc tmpc nc`cra nc`cra tcrtckt tcrtcktu, u, pckyui pckyuiuha uhak k prcvck prcvcktmj tmj `apat `apat lcldak lcldaktu tu  pckncfahak dakyag nc`cra, schmkffa scnara dcrlagka lckurukgak tmkfgat gcnanatak pcrlakck `ak lertaimtas agmdat nm`cra pa`a pasmck (Vekf, (Vekf, 422=). 0) Rck`m`mg  @aial lcldcrmgak lcldcrmgak asuhak gcpcrawa gcpcrawatak tak pa`a pasmck, pasmck, pcrawat pcrawat harus lalpu  dcrpcrak scdafam pck`m`mg, scdad dcdcrapa pcsak `ak nara lckfudah pcrmiagu  pa`a pasmck atau gciuarfa harus sciaiu `miagugak `ckfak pck`m`mgak gcschatak ghususkya `aial gcpcrawatak. Lciaium pck`m`mgak mkm `mupayagak  pasmck tm`ag iafm lckfaialm fakffuak yakf sala `ak `apat lckfudah  pcrmiagu yakf tm`ag schat. Nekteh `arm pcrak pcrawat scdafam pck`m`mg yamtu gcsc gcsciu iuru ruha hak k

tuou tuouak ak pcky pckyui uiuh uhak ak pasm pasmck ck `a `ak k

gc gciu iuar araf afaa

a` a`ai aiah ah uk uktu tug  g 

lclmkmlaigak strcs pasmck `ak gciuarfa, lckfaoargak lcrcga tcktakf tcrapm `ak asuhak asuhak gcpcraw gcpcrawata atak k `m rulah rulah sagmt, sagmt, `ak lclastm lclastmgak gak gciuar gciuarfa fa `apat `apat lcldcrmga gak k

as asu uhak

yakf

scsuam suam `m

rulah

saat

puiak akf f

(Gyic

&

Narlak,4213). 3) Geksci scimkf Gekscimkf lcrupagak upaya pcrawat `aial lciagsakagak pcrakya `ckfak lcldcrmgak lcldc rmgak wagtu uktug uktug dcrgeksuit dcrgeksuitasm asm tcrha`ap tcrha`ap lasaiah lasaiah yakf `maialm eich  pasmck laupuk gciuarfa, dcrdafam lasaiah tcrscdut `mharapgak lalpu `matasm `ckfak ncpat `ak `mharapgak puia tm`ag tcroa`m gcsckoakfak aktara  pcrawat, gciuarfa laupuk pasmck mtu sck`mrm. Gekscimkf lcimdatgak  pcldcrmak `ugukfak clesm, mktcicgtuai `ak psmgeiefms. @aial hai mkm pcrawat lcldcrmgak geksuitasm tcrutala gcpa`a mk`mvm`u schat `ckfak gcsuimtak

:

 

 pckycsuamak `mrm yakf kerlai `ak jegus `aial lclduat mk`mvm`u tcrscdut uk uktu tug g lckf lckfcl clda dakf kfga gak k smgap smgap,, pc pcra rasaa saak k `a `ak k pc pcrm rmia iagu gu da daru ru `c `ckf kfak ak na nara ra lck`erekf gimck uktug lcknarm pcrmiagu aitcrkatmj, lckfckam pmimhak-pmimhak yakf tcrsc`ma `ak lckfcldakfgak rasa pckfck`aimak `mrm (Dcrlak,4212). :) Geia Geiad der eras asmm Geiaderasm lcrupagak tmk`agak gcroa sala `aial lckcktugak tmk`agak yakf ag agak ak `mia `miags gsak akag agak ak eich eich pc pcra rawa watt `c `ckf kfak ak tml tml gc gcsch schata atak k ia iamk mk.. Rc Rciay iayak akak ak gcpcrawatak pasmck tm`ag `miagsakagak scnara lak`mrm eich tml pcrawat tctapm harus lcimdatgak tml gcschatak iamk scpcrtm `egtcr, ahim fmzm, psmgeief `ak iamk iamk-ia -iamk mk,, lckf lckfmk mkfa fatt pa pasmc smck k lcru lcrupa paga gak k mk mk`m `mvm vm`u `u ya yakf kf ge gelp lpic icgs gs/y /yak akf f lcldutuhgak pcrhatmak `aial pcrgcldakfak (Hm`ayat,4214). 6) Rckfal Rckfaldmi dmiak ak Gcputu Gcputusak sak Ctmg  Ctmg  @aial lckfaldmi gcputusak, pcrawat lclpukyam pcrak yakf sakfat pcktmkf scdad pcrawat sciaiu dcrhudukfak `ckfak pasmck gurakf icdmh 40 oal sciaiu `msalpmkf pasmck, laga pcrak pcrawatak scdafam pckfaldmi gcputusak ctmg  `apat `miagugak eich pcrawat, scpcrtm agak lciagugak tmk`agak pciayakak gcpcrawatak (Vekf, (Vekf, 422=). 8) Rckcimtm A`aiah Rcrak pcrawat mkm sakfat pcktmkf yakf harus `mlmimgm eich sclua  pcrawat pasmck. ^cdafam pckcimtm pcrawat harus lciagugak gaomak-gaomak gc gcpc pcra rawa wata tak k pa pasm smck ck,, ya yakf kf `a `apa patt `m `mgc gcld ldak akfg fgak ak uk uktu tug g pc pcrg rgcl clda dakf kfak ak tcgkeiefm gcpcrawatak. Rcrak pcrawat scdafam pckcimtm `apat `miagugak `aial lckmkfgatgak lutu pciayakak gcpcrawatak pasmck (Hm`ayat,4214) Lckuru Lck urutt Ruspm Ruspmta ta (4210) (4210),, pcrak pcrak pcrawa pcrawatt `aial `aial lcldcr lcldcrmga mgak k asuhak asuhak gcpcrawatak gcpcra watak scnara gelprchcksmj gelprchcksmj scdafam scdafam upaya lcldcrmgak gckyalakak gckyalakak `ak gcpuasa gcpuasak k pa`a pa`a pasmck pasmck,, lcimpu lcimputm? tm? Narmkf Narmkf,, lcrupa lcrupagak gak suatu suatu smgap smgap rasa  pc`uim, herlat, lckfharfam erakf iamk, artmkya lcldcrm pcrhatmak `ak lclp lc lpcia ciaoa oarm rm gc gcsu suga gaak ak-- gc gcsu suga gaak ak sc scsce scerak rakf f `a `ak k da dafa faml mlak akaa sc scsce scerak rakf f  dcrpmgmr `ak dcrtmk`ag. 1)   ^harmkf  artmkya  artmkya pcrawat sckaktmasa dcrdafm pckfaialak `ak milu atau

6

 

4) dc dcr` r`msg msgus usmm ` `ck ckfa fak k pas pasmc mckk kkya ya.. >)   Iaufhmkf , artmkya sckyul lckoa`m le`ai utala dafm scerakf pcrawat uktug lckmkfgatgak rasa kyalakpasmck. 0)   Nrymkf   artmkya artmkya pcrawa pcrawatt `apat `apat lckcrm lckcrmla la rcspek rcspek clesme clesmekai kai damg damg `arm `arm  pasmck laupuk pcrawat iamk scdafam suatu hai yakf dmasa `msaat sckakf ataupuk`uga. 3)   Peunhmkf   ar artm tmky kyaa sc sckt ktuh uhak ak ya yakf kf dc dcrsm rsmja jatt jmsmg jmsmg laup laupuk uk ps psmg mgei eief efms ms lcrupagak gelukmgasm smlpatms yakf lclmimgm lagka. :)   Hcipmkf   artmkya artmkya pcrawat smap lcldaktu `ckfak asuhak gcpcrawatakkya. 6)   Dcimcvmkf  mk   mk ethcrs artmkya pcrawat lcyagmkm dahwa erakf iamk lclmimgm hasrat `ak gclalpuak uktug sciaiu lckmkfgatgak `craoat gcschatakkya. 8)   Icarkmkf  art  artmkya pc pcrawat sc sciaiu dci

aoar `a `ak lc lckfcldakfgak `m `mrm

`akgctcralpmiakkya. =)   Tcspcntmkf   ar artm tmky kyaa lclp lclpcri crimh mhat atga gak k ra rasa sa he herl rlat at `a `ak k pc pckf kfha harf rfaak aak tcrha`ap erakf iamk `ckfak lckoafa gcrahasmaak pasmck gcpa`a yakf tm`ag dcrhag  lckfctahumkya. 12) Imstckmkf  12)  Imstckmkf  artmkya  artmkya lau lck`ckfar gciuhakpasmckkya. 11)   Jccimkf   artmky 11) artmkyaa pcrawat pcrawat `apat `apat lckcrm lckcrmla, la, lcrasag lcrasagak, ak, `ak lclaha lclahalm lm  pcrasaak `uga , sckakf, jrustasm `ak rasa puaspasmck.

4.4. 4.4.

Jukf Jukfsm sm Rcra Rcrawa watt Jukfsm Juk fsm pcrawa pcrawatt `aial `aial lciagu lciagugak gak pckfga pckfgaoma omak k pa`a pa`a mk`mvm mk`mvm`u `u schat schat

laup la upuk uk sa sagm gmtt `mla `mlaka ka scfai scfaiaa ag agtm tmjm jmtas tas ya yakf kf `m iagug iagugak ak dc dcrf rfuk ukaa uk uktu tug  g   pcluimhak gcschatak dcr`asargak pckfctahuak yakf `m lmimgm, agtmjmtas mkm `m iaguga iag ugak k `ckfak `ckfak dcrdaf dcrdafam am nara uktug uktug lckfcl lckfcldai daimga mgak k gclak` gclak`mrm mrmak ak pasmck pasmck scncpat lukfgmk lukfgmk `aial `aial dcktug prescs prescs gcpcrawatak gcpcrawatak yakf tcr`mrm `arm tahap  pckfgaomak, m`cktmjmgasm lasaiah (`mafkesa gcpcrawatak), pcrcknakaak, mlpiclcktasm `ak cvaiuasm (Amsmah, 4220). Jukfsm pcrawat `apat `mociasgak scdafam dcrmgut mkm? 1) Jukfsm Jukfsm mk`cpck`ck, mk`cpck`ck, lcrupagak lcrupagak jukfsm lak`mrm `ak tm`ag tcrfaktuk tcrfaktukf f pa`a 8

 

erakf iamk, `mlaka pcrawat `aial lciagsakagak tufaskya `miagsakagak

8

 

4) sck` sck`mrm mrm `c `ckf kfak ak gc gcpu putu tusa sak k sck`m sck`mrm rm `a `aia ial l lcia lciagu guga gak k tmk` tmk`ag agak ak uk uktu tug  g  lclckuhm gcdutuhak `asar lakusma. >) Ju Jukf kfsm sm `c `cpc pck` k`ck ck,, lcru lcrupa paga gak k ju jukf kfsm sm pc pcraw rawat at `a `aial ial lciag lciagsak sakag agak ak gcfmatak atas pcsak atau mkstrugsm `arm pcrawat iamk. 0) Jukfsm Jukfsm mktcr` mktcr`cpc cpck`c k`ck, k, jukfsm jukfsm mkm `miagu `miagugak gak `aial `aial gcielp gcielpeg eg tml yakf yakf  dcrsmjat saimkf gctcrfaktukfak `maktara tml satu `ckfak iamkkya.

4.>.

Puouak uouak Gcpcrawa Gcpcrawatak tak Mktcksmj  Mktcksmj  Puouak gcpcrawatak mktcksmj scsuam ^tak`ar Rciayakak Gcpcrawatak `m

MNS (@cp. Gcs. TM , 422:) a`aiah ? 1. Lckyci Lckyciala alatga tgak k kyaw kyawaa 4. Lckncfah Lckncfah tcroa`mkya tcroa`mkya gek`msm lcldurug lcldurug `ak gelpim gelpimgasm gasm lciaium edscrvasm edscrvasm `ak lekmtermkf yakf gctat, `mscrtam gclalpuak lckfmktcrprctasmgak sctmap `ata yakf `m`apat `ak lciagugak tmk`ag iakout >. Lckmkfgatg Lckmkfgatgak ak guaimtas guaimtas hm`up pasmck `ak lclpcrtahak lclpcrtahakgak gak gchm`upak gchm`upak 0. Lckfeptmlai Lckfeptmlaigak gak gclalpuak gclalpuak jukfsm jukfsm erfak erfak tuduh pasmck pasmck 3. Lckfurakfm Lckfurakfm akfga akfga gclatmak `ak gcnanatak gcnanatak pasmck pasmck grmtms `ak lclpcrncpat lclpcrncpat  prescs pckyclduhak pasmck Sktug Sk tug lcknap lcknapam am tuouak tuouak tcrscd tcrscdut, ut, pcrawat pcrawat `m ukmt ukmt pcrawa pcrawatak tak mktcks mktcksmj  mj   pcriu dcgai milu `ak pckfaialak yakf nugup, schmkffa gelpctck `aial  pckakfakak

pasmck

grmtms.

Gelpctcksm

tcgkmgai

pcrawat

lcrupagak

gelpctcksm tm`ag tcrdatas pa`a gclalpuak lciagugak tmk`agak gcpcrawatak kaluk icdmh pcktmkf a`aiah gctcralpmiak lck`apatgak `ata yakf vaim` `ak tcrpcrna tcrp crnaya ya scrta scrta gctcra gctcralpm lpmiak iak lciagu lciagugak gak pckfga pckfgaoma omak k jmsmg jmsmg scnara scnara agurat, agurat, gc gctc tcral ralpm pmia iak k

lck` lck`maf mafke kestm stmg g

lasai lasaiah ah lcko lckoa` a`mm

`m `maf afke kesms sms gc gcpc pcraw rawat atak ak,,

gctcral gct cralpmi pmiak ak lclmimh lclmimh `ak lckckt lckcktuga ugak k mktcrv mktcrvcksm cksm yakf yakf tcpat tcpat (Tesom (Tesom`m `m & Haruk, 4211). ^ciamk ^ci amk lalpu lalpu lciagu lciagugak gak asuhak asuhak gcpcraw gcpcrawata atak k pa`a pa`a pasmck pasmck grmtms, grmtms,  pcrawat `m ukmt pcrawatak mktcksmj oufa `mtuktut uktug lalpu lckoafa lutu  pciayakak yakf dcrguimtas. @aial lckoafa lutu pciayakak `m ukmt pcrawatak mktcksmj, jukfsm `ak pcrak pcrawat sakfat dcsar, garcka prescs pcrawatak

=

 

 pasmck `maktarakya `ckfak edscrvasm gek`msm pasmck scnara gctat yakf `mia `miagu guga gak k eich eich pc pcra rawa wat. t. Dcdc Dcdcrap rapaa pc pcra rak k pc pcraw rawat at `a `aia ial l lcko lckoaf afaa lutu lutu  pciayakak mktcksmj yamtu ? lcknunm takfak sctmap jmvc sctmap  jmvc lelckt  dcrmktcragsm  dcrmktcragsm `ckfak pasmck, lalpu lckfatasm pasmck `aial gca`aak fawat scnara ncpat, lcko lc koaf afaa gcst gcstcr crmi miak ak sc sctm tmap ap aiat aiat mkva mkvasm smvc vc ya yakf kf tc tcrp rpas asak akf f pa pa`a `a pa pasm smck ck,, lclekmter lclek mter pasmck yakf tcrpasakf aiat mkvasmj, mkvasmj, lckfudah lckfudah pesmsm pasmck yakf tmrah darmkf iala, lckoafa gcalakak pasmck yakf dcrcsmge oatuh, lcrawat  pasmck

`ckfak

iuga

lciagugak suntmekmkf lciagugak  suntmekmkf pa`a  pa`a

pest

epcratmj,

pasmck

`ckfak

lckoafa vcktmiasm

gcstcrmiak

saat

lcgakmg

scrta

lclcimhara gcstcrmiak sciakf pa`a lcsmk vcktmiater.

Apadm Ap admia ia sclua sclua staj pcrawa pcrawatt `apat `apat lciagsa lciagsakag kagak ak pcrakk pcrakkya ya `ckfak `ckfak,, lutu pciayakak ukmt pcrawatak mktcksmj scpcrtm `mdawah mkm `apat tcroalmk ? 1. Lcldcrmgak rcspek tmlc yakf tmlc yakf ncpat `aial pckakfakak gcfawatak 4. Lckncfah tcroa`mkya `cgudmtus >. Lckurukgak rcsmge oatuh 0. Lckncfah tcroa`mkya mkjcgsm agmdat gatctcr vcka pcrmjcr  3. Lckncfah tcroa`mkya mkjcgsm agmdat gatctcr vcka scktrai :. Lckncfah tcroa`mkya mkjcgsm atau rcagsm aicrfm agmdat traksjusm 6. Lckncfah tcroa`mkya mkjcgsm iuga epcrasm 8. Lckncf Lckncfah ah tcroa`mkya tcroa`mkya mkjcgsm mkjcgsm saiurak gcknmkf agmdat pclasakfak pclasakfak nathctcr  urmk =. Lckncfah tcroa`mya vcktmiater anqumrc` pkculekma Gelpctcksm pcrawat `aial pckakfakak pasmck grmtms `ak lckoafa lutu  pciayakak mkm tm`ag hakya lcldutuhgak milu `ak pckfaialak yakf nugup, kaluk oufa tmkfgat gcpc`uimak `aial lcrawat pasmck `ckfak gelukmgasm yakf cjcgtmj. Gelukmgasm yakf `mlagsu` a`aiah gelukmgasm pcrawat `ckfak  pasmck, gciuarfa pasmck scrta prejcsm atau ukmt iamk. Rcrawat waomd  dcrgelukmgasm `ckfak pasmck sa`ar laupuk yakf tm`ag sa`ar pa`a saat lciagugak tmk`agak gcpcrawatak `ak gelukmgasm pcktmkf `miagugak `aial  pckcktuak tmkfgat gcsa`arak pasmck. Gcpa`a pmhag gciuarfa, gciuarfa, pcrawat pcriu 12

 

lckfermckt lckf ermcktasmgak asmgak ruakfak, ruakfak, gek`msm gek`msm pasmck yakf dcrudah-ud dcrudah-udah ah sctmap saat `ak hai-hai hai-hai pcktmk pcktmkf f iam iamkky kkyaa afar afar mkjerl mkjerlasm asm tcktak tcktakf f pasmck pasmck `mtcrm `mtcrmla la `ckfak damg `ak gcpuasak gciuarfa pasmck `apat tcrnapam. Hudukfak pcrawat `ckfak ukmt iamk atau prejcsm gcschatak iamk oufa lclcriugak gelukmgasm `ak gcroasala yakf damg afar pckfcieiaak pasmck grmtms dmsa eptmlai scrta sasarak gcscialatak pasmck `apat tcrnapam (]uimakmkfsmh, (]uimakmkfsmh, 4213).

4.0.. 4.0

Rckfc Rckfcrt rtmak mak MNS/MN MNS/MNNS NS

MNS/MNNS a`aiah pciayakak rulah sagmt yakf lcldcrmgak asuhak gcpcraw gcp crawata atak k scnara scnara tcrgeks tcrgeksckt cktrasm rasm `ak ickfga ickfgap. p. Skmt Skmt mkm lclmimg lclmimgmm tckafa tckafa  pcrawat yakf tcriatmh ghusus `ak dcrmsm pcraiatak yakf lclaktau `ak `ugukfak ghusus uktug pasmck yakf lcldutuhgak pcrawatak `ak edscrvasm mktcksmvc `ak gelprchcks mktcksmvc gelprchcksmj mj pa`a pasmck `ckfak fakffuak fakffuak gar`mevasgu gar`mevasguiar  iar  ya yakf kf tm`a tm`ag g `m ep epcr crasm asm `a `ak k lasmh lasmh dc dcra ra`a `a `a `aial ial ge gek` k`ms msmm gr grmt mtms ms sch schmk mkff ffaa lclcriugak pclaktauak hcle`mkalmg yakf sakfat gctat. Rcrawatak mktcksmj   dmasakya hakya `msc`magak uktug pasmck-pasmck `ckfak gek`msm grmtms yakf lclmimg lcl mimgmm pciuak pciuakf f damg damg uktug uktug dcrtah dcrtahak ak hm`up hm`up.. Tuakf Tuakf imkfgu imkfgup p pciaya pciayakak kak MNS/MNNS MNS/MN NS lcimputm lcimputm pcldcrmak pcldcrmak `ugukfak `ugukfak jukfsm jukfsm erfak-er erfak-erfak fak vmtai scpcrtm  pcrkajasak, gar`mesmrguiasm, susukak saraj pusat, rckai damg pa`a pasmck `cwasa, akag, `ak pasmck pasga dc`ah (@cpgcs TM, 422>). MNS lckyc`magak gclalpuak `ak saraka, prasaraka, scrta pcraiatak ghus ghusus us uktu uktug g lcku lckuko koak akf f ju jukf kfsm sm-j -juk ukfs fsmm vm vmta taii `c `ckf kfak ak lckf lckffu fuka kaga gak k gctralpmiak staj lc`mg, pcrawat, `ak staj iamk yakf dcrpckfaialak `aial  pckfcieiaak gca`aak-gca`aak tcrscdut.Jukfsm utala MNS/MNNS a`aiah uktug   pasmck grmtms yakf lcldutuhgak pcrhatmak lc`ms `ak aiat-aiat ghusus, schmkffa schmkf fa lclu`ahga lclu`ahgak k pckfalatak pckfalatak `ak pcrawatak pcrawatak eich pcrawat yakf su`ah tcriatmh (VHE, 1==4). 4.0.1. 4.0 .1. Mk`mga Mk`mgasm sm Lasug Lasug `ak Gciuar Gciuar MNS ^uatu MNNS harus lalpu lckffadukfgak tcgkeiefm tmkffm `ak gcahimak ghusus `aial dm`akf gc`egtcrak `ak gcpcrawatak fawat `arurat yakf `mdutuhgak uktug lcrawat pasmck sagmt grmtms `ak yakf lasmh 11

 

`mharapgak `apat puimh gcldaim. Rasmck yakf iayag uktug `mrawat `m ruakf MNNS a`aiah 1. Rasm Rasmck ck ya yakf kf lclc lclcriu riuga gak k mk mktc tcrv rvck cksm sm lc lc`m `mss ya yakf kf scfcra scfcra ei eich ch tml tml mktcksmvc narc. 4. Rasmck yakf lclcriugak pckfcieiaak jukfsm smtcl erfak tuduh scnara tcrg tcrgee eer` r`mk mkasm asm `a `ak k

scnara scnara dc dcrg rgci ciak akou outa tak k

schmk schmkff ffaa

`a `apa patt

`m `mia iagu guga gak k

 pckfawasak yakf gekstak tcrus lckcrus `ak tcrapm tmtrasm. >. Rasmck sagmt grmtms yakf lclcriugak lclcriugak pclaktuak pclaktuak gektmkyu `ak tmk`agak scfcra uktug lckncfah tmlduikya `cgelpcksasm jmsmeiefms, yakf tcrlasug  gc `aial sagmt grmtms yamtu pckyagmt oaktukf gerekcr.

4.0.4.

Rcrawat MNNS

^cerakf pcrawat yakf dcrtufas `m MNS lciagsakagak tmfa tufas utala yamtu, imjc suppert, lclekmter gca`aak pasmck `ak pcrudahak gca`aak agmdat agm dat pckfed pckfedata atak k `ak lckncf lckncfah ah gelpim gelpimgas gasmm yakf yakf lukfgm lukfgmk k tcroa`m tcroa`m.. @m Austraima Austrai ma `mgiasmjmgasm `mgiasmjmgasmgak gak clpat grmtcrma grmtcrma pcrawat pcrawat MNS yamtu, pcrawat MNS yakf tciah lck`apat pciatmhak icdmh `arm `uadcias duiak `mtaldah `ckfak  pckfaialak, pcrawat yakf tciah lck`apat iatmhak salpam `uadcias duiak,  pcrawat yakf tciah lck`apat scrtmjmgat pckfedatak grmtms (nrmtmnai narc ncrtmjmnatc), `ak pcrawat scdafam pciatmh (tramkcr) (Tad, 4226). @m Mk`ekc Mk`ekcsma, sma, gctckafaa gctckafaak k pcrawa pcrawatt `m ruakf ruakf MNS `m atur atur `aial `aial Gcputusak Lcktcrm Gcschatak Tcpudimg Mk`ekcsma Keler  1668/LCKGC^/^G/XMM/4212 tcktakf Rc`elak Rckycickffaraak Rciayakak MNS MNS `m Tula Tulah h ^agm ^agmtt ya yamt mtu, u, uk uktu tug g MNS MNS ic icvc vcii M laga laga pc pcra rawa watk tkya ya a` a`ai aiah ah  pcrawat tcriatmh yakf dcrscrtmjmgat daktuak hm`up `asar `ak daktuak iakout, uktug MNS icvci MM `mpcriugak lmkmlai 32% `arm ouliah sciuruh pcrawat `m MNS lcrupagak pcrawat tcriatmh `ak dcrscrtmjmgat MNS, `ak uktug MNS icvci MMM `mpcriugak lmkmlai 63% `arm ouliah sciuruh pcrawat `m MNS lcrupagak  pcrawat tcriatmh `ak dcrscrtmjmgat MNS. 4.0.>.

Rcra raiiatak `m `m ru ruaakf MNS/MNNS

14

 

Ra`a prmksmpkya aiat `aial pcrawatak mktcksmj `apat `m dafm atas `ua yamtu yam tu aiat-ai aiat-aiat at pclakt pclaktau au `ak aiat-ai aiat-aiat at pcldak pcldaktu tu tcrlasu tcrlasug g aiat vcktmi vcktmiate ater, r, hcle`maimsa `ak dcrdafam aiat iamkkya tcrlasug `cjcdrmiater. Aiat-aiat lekmter  lcimputm dc`sm`c `ak lekmter scktrai, CNF, lekmter tcgakak mktravasguicr  `ak mktragrakmai, gelputcr nar`man eutput, egsmlctcr ka`m, lekmter jaai paru, akaimscr gardek`megsm`a, jukfsm scrcdrai/lekmter CCF, lekmter tclpcratur, akaimsa aka imsa gmlma gmlma `ar `arah, ah, akaimsa akaimsa fas `ak cicgtr cicgtreim eimt, t, ra`mei ra`meiefm efm (X-ray (X-ray vmcwcr vmcwcrs, s,  pertadic X-ray lanhmkc, Mlafc mktcksmjmcr), aiat-aiat rcspmrasm (vcktmiater, hu hulm lm`m `mjmc jmcrs, rs, tcrap tcrapmm eg egsmf smfck ck,, aiat aiat mk mktu tuda dasm sm (a (amrw mrway ay ne nekt ktre reii cq cqum umpl plck ckt) t),, rcsusmtater etelatmg, jmdcreptmg drekgesgep, `ak lcsmk akastcsm ( Tad, 4226). Mkst Mk stru rul lck ckta tasm sm

yakf akf

dcf dcfmtu mtu

dc dcra rafa fal l

`a `ak k

gelpi elpicg cgss

sc scrt rtaa

gctcrfaktukfak pasmck yakf tmkffm tcrha`ap pcrawat `ak `egtcr (garcka sctmap  pcrudahak yakf tcroa`m pa`a pasmck harus `m akaimsa scnara ncrlat uktug  lck`apat tmk`agak yakf ncpat `ak tcpat) lclduat a`akya gctcrdatasak ruakf fcrag fcr ag pciaya pciayakak kak `ak gukouk gukoukfak fak gciuar gciuarfa. fa. Gukouk Gukoukfak fak gciuar gciuarfa fa dmasak dmasakya ya `mda `mdatas tasmm `a `aia ial l ha haii wagt wagtu u gu guko kouk ukfa fak k (d (dma masak sakya ya `u `uaa ga gaim im scharm scharm), ), ia iala la gukoukfak (dcrdc`a-dc`a pa`a sctmap rulah sagmt) `ak ouliah pckfukoukf (dmasakya `ua erakf scnara dcrfaktmak).

1>

 

DAD MMM RCKSPSR >.1. Gcsmlpuiak

Gcpcrawata Gcpcraw atak k grmtms grmtms a`aiah a`aiah saiah saiah satu gcahim gcahimak ak ghusus ghusus `m `aial `aial milu milu  pcrawatak yakf lckfha`apm scnara rmknm `ckfak lakusma yakf dcrtakffukf dcrtakffukf oawad atas lasaiah yakf lckfaknal lckfaknal omwa. @aial hai mkm Rcrawat Rcrawat grmtms a`aiah pcrawat  prejcsmekai yakf rcslm yakf dcrtakffukf oawad uktug lclastmgak pasmck `ckfak sagmt sag mt grmt grmtms ms `a `ak k gc gciu iuar arfa fa-gc -gciu iuar arfa fa lcrcg lcrcgaa lckc lckcrm rmla la gc gcpc pc`u `uim imak ak ep eptm tmla laii (Alcrmnak Assenmatmek ej Nrmtmnai-Narc Kurscs).

@AJPAT RS^PAGA

http?//ww http? //www w.snrmd .snrmd`.nel `.nel/`en/ /`en/682483: 682483:3/pcra 3/pcrak k gcpcrawatak gcpcrawatak grmtms @akVen-a (`magscs 44 jcdruarm 4242)

10