Peradaban Islam Pada Masa Khilafah Al-Rasyidah I-II

 

Zbrkmkekn Os`kh Zkmk Hksk Cgo`klkg K`-Uksyomkg O-OO9 Ombk`otks mkn Ubk`otks, Zbhebntuckn Cgo`klkg, Zbrcbheknfkn Os`kh Tbekfko Cbcuktkn Za`otoc, Tostbh Fgknohkg Mkn Zbrtknkgkn B`lk Uoscgkturkghk Rnovbrsotks Os`kh Nbfbro Hku`knk Hk`oc Oerkgoh Hk`knf 5;:5:;5;::5?Jstumbnt.uon-hk`knf.kd.om  

 Kestrkdt  Os`khod dovo`ozktoan dovo`ozktoan muronf tgb tohb al tgb dahpknoans al tgb Zrapgbt ar wgkt os dahhan`y dk``bm tgb Cgo`klkg Kr Uksgomkg ebfkn kltbr tgb mbktg al tgb Zrapgbt Hugkhhkm. K`Cgu`klk k`-Uksyomun wks kn Os`khod `bkmbr khanf tgb dahpknoans, kltbr tgb mbktg al tgb Zrapgbt Hugkhhkm TKV. ]gby krb `bkmbrs morbdt`y b`bdtbm ey tgb lrobnms tgraufg k mbhadrktod hbdgknosh. Votg tgb sb`bdtoan pradbss eksbm an tgb mb`oebrktoan, ot wks lonk``y mbtbrhonbm tgkt Keu Ekcr wau`m suddbbm Hugkhhkm ks tgb lorst gbkm al favbrnhbnt kltbr tgb Zrapgbt Hugkhhkm. ]gbn dantonubm ey Rhkr oen Cgkttke, Rshkn oen Kllkn, knm K`o oen Keo ]k`oe. Ks lar tgb `bkmbrsgop knm systbh al favbrnhbnt al tgb dk`opgs wotg bkdg atgbr, tgbrb krb mollbrbndbs knm dgkrkdtbrostods al bkdg. ]gos gkppbnbm on kddarmkndb wotg tgb dorduhstkndbs knm danmotoans kt tgb tohb tgb `bkmbrsgop taac p`kdb knm tgb nkturb al tgb dk`opgs k`sa gkm kn bllbdt an k`` tgb upgbkvk`s kt tgkt tohb. Gawbvbr, tgos pkpbr wo`` an`y mosduss Os`khod dovo`ozktoan knm tgb `bkmbrsgop al Dk`opg Keu Ekcr k`-Tgommoq knm Dk`opg Rhkr eon Cgkttke.

Zbrkmkekn os`kh pkmk hksk skgkekt nkeo ktku yknf eoksk mosbeut mbnfkn cgo`klkg kr rksyomkg ono ebrkwk` sbtb`kg hbnonffk`nyk nkeo hugkhhkm skw. K`-Cgu`klk k`-Uksyomun hbrupkckn  pbhohpon os`kh mkro ck`knfkn skgkekt, pksdk Nkeo Hugkhhkm TKV wklkt. Hbrbck hbrupkckn pbhohpon yknf mopo`og `knfsunf a`bg pkrk skgkekt hb`k`uo hbcknoshb yknf mbhacrktos. Mbnfkn prasbs pbho`ogkn yknf ebrmkskrckn pkmk husykwkrkg tbrsbeut kcgornyk motbntuckn Keu Ekckr yknf hbnikmo pbnffknto Hugkhhkm sbekfko cbpk`k pbhbrontkgkn  pbrtkhk sbtb`kg Nkeo Hugkhhkm. Cbhumokn mo`kniutckn a`bg Rhkr eon Cgkttke, Rshkn  eon Kllkn, mkn K`o eon Keo ]gk`oe. Kmkpun cbpbhohponkn mkn sostbh pbhbrontkgkn pkrk cgk`olkg sktu mbnfkn yknf `kon ono kmknyk pbrebmkkn mkn doro cgksnyk hksonf-hksonf. Gk` ono tbrikmo sbsuko mbnfkn cbkmkkn mkn canmoso pkmk skkt cbpohponkn tbrsbeut ebr`knfsunf sbrtk pbhekwkkn solkt pkrk cgk`olkg iufk ebrpbnfkrug tbrgkmkp sbfk`k pbrfbia`kckn pkmk skkt otu. Nkhun, hkck`kg ono gknyk kckn hbhekgks pbrkmkekn os`kh mkn cbpohponkn Cgk`olkg Keu Ekckr K`-Tgommoq mkn Cgk`olkg Rhkr Eon Cgkttke.

Cbywarms9 Cgu`klur Uksyomon, ]gb Larhktoan al tgb Dk`opgktb, knm tgb Mbvb`aphbnt al Os`kh  

;

 

Zbnmkgu`ukn

Cktk pbrkmkekn kmk`kg tbribhkgkn mkro cktk Krke K`-Gkmgkr  K`-Gkmgkrkg kg. Iufk motbribhkgckn cb mk`kh ekgksk Onmanbsok mbnfkn Cbeumkykkn. Kmkpun osto`kg pbrkmkekn mopkcko untuc ekfokn ekfokn mkn unsur-unsur mkro mkro cbeumkykkn yknf yknf gk`us mkn onmkg. Zbrkmkekn Zbrkmkekn sbronf iufk mopkcko untuc hbnybeut suktu cbeumkykkn yknf hbhpunyko sostbh tbcna`afo, sbno eknfunkn, sbno rupk, sostbh cbnbfkrkkn mkn o`hu pbnfbtkgukn yknf hkiu mkn cahp`bcs. Ikmo cbeumkykkn hbndkcup iufk pbrkmkekn, tbtkpo tomkc sbek`ocnyk, sbeke pbrkmkekn mopkcko untuc hbnybeut cbeumkykkn cbeumkykk n yknf hkiu mk`kh ebntuc o`hu pbnfbtkgukn, pbnfbtkgukn, tbcna`afo mkn sbno. Mk`kh pbnfbrtokn cbeumkykkn morbl`bcsockn cbpkmk hksykrkckt yknf tbrcbeb`kcknf,  eamag, sbmknfckn pbrkmkekn pbrkmkekn tbrbl`bcsockn cbpkmk hksykrkckt hksykrkckt yknf sumkg hkiu. Mk`kh eucu ono pbnfbrtokn pbrkmkekn kmk`kg sbpbrto mosbeutckn mo ktks. Tbmknfckn os`kh, hbho`oco Hkcnk tbrsbnmoro. Os`kh yknf moturunckn mo Ikzorkg Krke tb`kg hbhekwk eknfsk Krke yknf sbhu`k tbrcbeb`kcknf, eamag, tomkc mocbnk` mkn mokekockn a`bg eknfsk-eknfsk `kon, hbnikmo eknfsk yknf hkiu mkn ebrpbrkmkekn. Ok sknfkt dbpkt ebrfbrkc hbnfbheknfckn hbnfbheknf ckn munok hbheonk suktu cbeumkykkn mkn pbrkmkekn pbrkmkekn yknf sknfkt pbntonf krtonyk mk`kh sbikrkg hknusok gonffk sbckrknf. Ekgckn cbhkiukn eknfsk Ekrkt pkmk hu`knyk  ebrsuhebr mkro pbrkmkekn pbrkmkekn Os`kh yknf hksuc cb Brapk hb`k`uo Tpknya`. Os`kh hbhknf ebrebmk mbnfkn kfkhk `kon. Os`kh euckn cbeumkykkn, kckn tbtkpo hbnoheu`ckn cbeumkykkn. Cbeumkykkn yknf motoheu`cknnyk monkhkckn cbeumkykkn ktku  pbrkmkekn Os`kh. @knmkskn ‐pbrkmkekn Os`kh‘ kmk`kg ‐cbeumkykkn Os`kh‘ tbrutkhk wuium ombk`nyk, sbhbntkrk `knmkskn ‐cbeumkykkn Os`kh‘kmk`kg kfkhk Os`kh. Ikmo kfkhk Os`kh

hb`kgorckn cbeumkykkn. Ck`ku cbeumkykkn gkso` doptk, rksk mkn ckrsk hknusok, hkck kfkhk Os`kh kmk`kg wkgyu mkro ]ugkn. Zbnu`os Ekrkt eknykc yknf hbnfombntocckn ‐cbeumkykkn‘ mkn ‐pbrkmkekn‘ Os`kh mbnfkn ‐cbeumkykkn‘ mkn ‐pbrkmkekn‘ Krke. Rntuc hksk pbroamb c`ksoc,

 pbnmkpkt otu hunfcon mkpkt mkpkt moebnkrckn. moebnkrckn. Ckrbnk, pkmk hksk otu puskt pbhbrontkgkn pbhbrontkgkn gknyk gknyk sktu mkn untuc ebebrkpk kekm sknfkt cukt. Zbrknkn eknfsk Krke mo mk`khnyk sknfkt mahonkn. Tbhuk wo`kykg cbcukskkn Os`kh hbnfunkckn ekgksk Krke sbekfko ekgksk kmhonostrkso.;  Zbrkmkekn os`kh yknf ebrcbheknf cono tomkc `uput mkro pbnfkturkn kfkhk yknf sb`k`u hbnikmo suhebr ruiuckn kfkr tomkc hb`bndbnf mkro ik`kn cbebnkrkn. Eo`khknk ebreodkrk tbntknf pbrkmkekn Os`kh hkck tomkc `uput mkro pbhekgkskn pbhekgkskn hbnfbnko pbrcbheknfkn cbrkikkn

;

 Tykhrummon Nksutoan, ‐Tbikrkg Zbrkmkekn Os`kh‘, (Zbcknekru9 _kykskn Zuskck Uoku, 5:;4), =.

5

 

Os`kh yknf sbdkrk `afos mkn sostbhktos tb`kg tbrekgks mk`kh ckiokn sbikrkg Os`kh. Hosk`nyk  pbhbrontkgkn os`kh pkmk hksk Cgu`klur Uksyomon.5  Hksk Cgu`klur Uksyomon ono sbekfko cbcgo`klkgkn pbrtkhk mk`kh Os`kh. Tbuktu hksk yknf mkpkt hbnikmo dantag tbrekoc mk`kh pbhebntuckn sostbh pa`otoc Os`kh. K`-Cgu`klk k`Uksyomun hbrupkckn pbhohpon os`kh mkro ck`knfkn skgkekt nkeo hugkhhkm skw sbrtk sasac  pbnffknto cbmumuckn nkeo Hugkhhkm skw sbekfko pbhohpon nbfkrk. Kmkpun cgu`klkur rksyomon kmk kmk bhpkt, mkn cbbhpktnyk hbnikmo cgk`olkg sbdkrk ebrfkntokn, ykcno Keu Ekckr, Rhkr Eon Cgkttke, Rsthkn Eon Kllknm, mkn K`o Eon Keo ]gk`oe. Cbbhpkt cgk`olkg tbrsbeut kmk`kg cgk`olkg-cgk`olkg yknf iuiur mkn hbnbfkcckn cbebn cbebnkrkn krkn mkn hbrbck tbrus hbnbfkcckn kikrkn os`kh gonffk cb `ukr ikzorkg krke. 4  Hbrbck kmk`kg Keu Ekckr ks Tgommoq, Rhkr oen Cgkttke, Rshkn oen ‗Kllkn, mkn K`o oen Keo ]gk`oe  yknf mopo`og ktku tbrpo`og mbnfkn dkrk yknf

 ebrebmk-ebmk..  ebrebmk-ebmk Lkctar pbnybeke pbrebmkkn tbrsbeut euckn`kg momkskrckn ktks tbcs cbos`khkn (K` [ur‟kn ktku Gkmost), tbtkpo pbrtoheknfkn sotukso mkn canmoso skkt otu. Krtonyk, ebntuc

 pbhbrontkgkn, dkrk pbho`ogkn, pbho`ogkn, gonffk pbnfb`a`kkn pbnfb`a`kkn pbhbrontkgkn kmk`kg sbsuktu yknf oitogkmo, sbsuko mbnfkn kspbc tbhpark` mkn spktok`. Tostbh pa`otoc Os`kh pkmk hksk c`ksoc kmk`kg pramuc gostaros yknf tbreuck pkmk pbruekgkn. Hksk ono ebr`knfsunf sb`khk curknf `beog 5? tkgun, ykotu kntkrk tkgun ;;  —  =:  =: G ktku tkgun