Penuntun Praktikum Elektronika Dasar I 2021

 

Xinuntun Xrmlt`lug

IAILVZBN@LM FM_MZ @

Baid V`g Xinyusun

F`v`s` Iailtrbn`lm fmn @nstrugintms` AMJBZMVBZ@YG E@_@LM EMLYAVM_ GMVIGMV@LM FMN @AGY XINCIVMDYMN XINCIVMDYMN MAMG YN@UIZ_@VM_ JINCLYAY _igistir _igist ir Cinmp :8:8/:8:= :8:8/:8:= `

 

LMVM XINCMNVMZ

Madmgfua`aamd Madmgfua`aam d lmg` pmnkmtlmn pmnkmtlmn lidmf`rmt lidmf`rmt Maamd Maamd _SV mtms n`lgmt fmn rmdgmt-Nym, rmdgmt-Nym, gmlm gml m Xinun Xinuntun tun Xrml Xrmlt`l t`lug ug Iailtr Iailtrbn` bn`lm lm Fmsmr Fmsmr @ `n` fmpmt fmpmt siaism siaism`. `. Dmrmp Dmrmpmn mn lmg` lmg` finc fincmn mn mfmnym mfmn ym pinuntun pinuntun tiamd tiamd f`riv` f`riv`s` s` `n` gmlm gmlm prmlt`lug prmlt`lug fmpmt fmpmt jiramnc jiramncsunc sunc fincmn fincmn aij`d aij`d tirmrmd, tirt`j tirt`j fmn ginompm` ginompm` tukumn prmlt`lug. prmlt`lug. Ziv`s`` pinuntun Ziv`s pinuntun `n` `n` gincmou gincmou pmfm pmfm ivmaums` ivmaums` prmlt`lu prmlt`lug-prm g-prmlt`lu lt`lug g sijiaugnym sijiaugnym fincmn pinmgjmdmn pinmgjmdmn kugamd pirobjmmn. pirobjmmn. _iam`n `tu riv`s` f`amlulmn fincmn gi gigmsullmn gmsullmn dma-dma ymnc ginfmsmr sipirt` pincinmamn lbgpbnin fmn mamt ulur ymnc f`cunmlmn fmamg fmam g prmlt`lug prmlt`lug.. Vibr` fmsmr fmsmr gms`d sifirdm sifirdmnm, nm, sid`nccm sid`nccm f`dmrmpl f`dmrmplmn mn gmdms`swm gmdms`swm aij`d jmnyml gigjmom julu-julu julu-julu ymnc jirlm`tmn fincmn gmtir` gmtir` prmlt`lug Lmg` gincuomplmn tir`gm lms`d lms`d lipmfm sigum p`dml ymnc tiamd gigjmntu riv`s` pinuntun `n`. Lmg` ginymfmr` ginymfmr` sipinudnym sipinudnym jmdwm pinuntun pinuntun `n` gms`d gig`a`l` lilurmnc lilu rmncmn. mn. Baid lmrinm lmrinm `tu `tu lr`t`l lr`t`l fmn smrmn smrmn ymnc gigjmncu gigjmncun n smncmt smncmt lmg` lmg` dmrmplmn dmrmplmn untul pirjm`lmn ginfmtmnc.

Jinc Ji nclu luau au,, Xijr Xijrum umr` r` :8:= :8:=

V`g Xinyusun

``

 

FMEVMZ @_@

Dma. DMAMGMN KYFYA

`

LMVM XINCMNVMZ FMEVMZ @_@

`` ```

EBZGMV AMXBZMN XZMLV@LYG

`v

VMVM VIZV@J F@ AMJBZMVBZ@YG E@_@LM EG@XM YN@J

v

XIZOBJMMN =; LBGXBNIN IAILVZBN@LM FMN GYAV@GIVIZ

=

XIZOBJMMN :; XI XINCYK@MN LBGXBNIN IAILVZBN@LM

3

XIZOBJMMN ?; B_ B_@AB_LBX FMN CINIZMVBZ _@NPMA

=?

XIZOBJMMN 6; VMX@_/E@AVIZ

=4

XIZOBJMMN 9; MN MNMA@_@_ _@NPMA GINCCYNMLMN F@BFM

:=

XIZOBJMMN 5; XINPIMZMD CIABGJMNC

:5

XIZOBJMMN 3; ZMNCLM@MN ZO

?=

XIZOBJMMN 4; VZMN_@_VBZ _IJMCM@ _MLAMZ

?9

XIZOBJMMN 0; XZBPIL LIO@A (=) MFMXVBZ _IFIZDMNM

?0

XIZOBJMMN =8; XZBPIL LIO@A (:) ZYNN@NC AIF

63

```

 

EBZGMV AMXBZMN XZMLV@LYG

_it`mp _it`m p pisirtm pisirtm Xrmlt`lug Xrmlt`lug Iailtrbn Iailtrbn`lm `lm Fmsmr Fmsmr @ f`wmk` f`wmk`jlmn jlmn gigjumt gigjumt ampbrmn ampbrmn prmlt`lu prml t`lug. g. Ampbrmn Ampbrmn prmlt`lug prmlt`lug f`jumt sit`mp sit`mp g`nccu pirobjmmn pirobjmmn siai siaism`. sm`. Ampbrmn Ampbrmn prmlt`lug f`lit`l pmfm lirtms lumrtb fmn f`lugpualmn sijiaug prmlt`lug jir`lutnym f`guam` Xrmlt`lmn f`guam` Xrmlt`lmn ymnc t`fml gincugpu gincugpualmn almn ampbrmn ampbrmn prmlt`lug, prmlt`lug, t`fml t`fml f``z`nlmn f``z`nlmn ginc`lut` prmlt`lug pmfm dmr` tirsijut fmn n`am`nym t`fml fmpmt f`liaumrlmn (nba).

Ebrgmt _mgpua fmn @s` Ampbrmn

Kufua Xirobjmmn

=. Nmgm Xirobjmmn :. Vukumn ?. Vibr` Fmsmr

Nmgm NXG

Dmr`/tmnccma Nmgm Ms`stin Xrbcrmg _tuf`

6. m. Xirobjmmn j. Mnma`sm Fmtm 9. m. Kmwmjmn Xirtmnymmn j. Lis`g Lis`gpua puamn mn

`v

 

VMVM VIZV@J F@ AMJBZMVBZ@YG E@_@LM EMLYAVM_ G@XM YN@UIZ_@VM_ JINCLYAY

Fmamg giamlsmnmlmn prmlt`lug Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @, sit`mp prmlt`lmn dmrus dmrus gigpirdmt`lmn gigpirdmt`lm n tmtm tirt`j f` jmwmd `n`; =. Xrmlt`lmn Xrmlt`lmn dmrus dmrus sufmd sufmd dmf`r dmf`r =8 (sipuaud (sipuaud)) gin`t sijiaug sijiaug prmlt`lu prmlt`lug g f`guam`. f`guam`. :. Xrmlt`lmn Xrmlt`lmn dmrus dmrus gincinmlm gincinmlmn n jmku (kms) (kms) amj fmn t`fml t`fml f`jinmrlmn f`jinmrlmn gigmlm` gigmlm` sipmtu sipmtu smnfma/smnfma sirtm lmbs bjabnc. ?. Xrmlt`lmn Xrmlt`lmn t`fml t`fml f`pirl f`pirlinmnl inmnlmn mn gmlmn, gmlmn, g`nug, g`nug, fmn fmn girblbl girblbl fmamg fmamg rumncm rumncmn. n. 6. _it`mp _it`mp Xrmlt`lmn Xrmlt`lmn dmrus dmrus ginc`lut` ginc`lut` Xri-Vis. Xri-Vis. Xrmlt`lm Xrmlt`lmn n ymnc t`fml t`fml auaus Xri-Vis Xri-Vis t`fml  jbaid ginc`lut` prmlt`lug. 9. Xrmlt`lmn Xrmlt`lmn ymnc ymnc t`fml gincugpua gincugpualmn lmn tucms tucms pinfmduaumn pinfmduaumn t`fml t`fml jbaid ginc`lu ginc`lut` t` prmlt`lug. 5. _it`mp _it`mp liabgpbl liabgpbl dmrus dmrus gig`nkmg gig`nkmg mamt mtmu mtmu sijmc`mn sijmc`mn mamt ymnc ymnc mlmn f`cunmlm f`cunmlmn n fincmn ginc`s` ‑Jbn Xig`nkmgmn‗ ymnc sufmd f`tmnfmtmncmn` baid Ms`stin ymnc f`tunkul. 3. _itiamd _itiamd mamt f`rmnclm f`rmnclm`` g`ntmamd Ms`stin Ms`stin untul untul gigir`lsm gigir`lsm smgjuncmnny smgjuncmnnym m sijiaug sijiaug f`dujunclmn li XAN. 4. _itiamd _itiamd pincmgj`am pincmgj`amn n fmtm siaism` siaism` pirmamtmn pirmamtmn dmrus dmrus f`ligjma`lmn f`ligjma`lmn lipmfm lipmfm Amjbrmn, Amjbrmn, jirs`dlmn gikm, fmn t`nccmalmn gikm lirkm fmamg limfmmn rmp` fmn jirs`d. 0. Lirusmlm Lirusmlmn n mamt ginkmf` ginkmf` tmnccu tmnccunc nc kmwmj kmwmj Xrmlt`lm Xrmlt`lmn. n. =8. Vua`samd fmtm ymnc f`pirbaid fmamg fmamg lirtms ‑Ampbrmn _igintmrm‗ fmn dmr dmrus us f`litmdu` baid Ms`stin ymnc jirtucms pmfm smmt `tu fincmn gigjir`lmn tmnfm tmncmn pmfm ampbrmn sigintmrm. ==. Xrmlt`lmn

dmrus

giamlulmn giamlulmn

prmlt`lug

fmamg

liabgpblnym

fmn

t`fml 

f`pirlinmnlmn fmamg liabgpbl am`n. =:. Xrmlt`lmn Xrmlt`lmn ymnc t`fml dmf`r sijmnyml sijmnyml ‑fum ‑fum lma`‗ tmnpm litirmnc litirmncmn mn mlmn mlmn f`mnccm f`mnccmp p cmcma, fmn sigum prmlt`lug ymnc tiamd f`amlulmn f`mnccmp jmtma.

v

 

XIZOBJMMN XIZOBJ MMN LI-=

LBGXBNIN IAILVZBN@LM FMN GYA GYAV@G V@GIVI IVIZ Z =. VYKYMN VYKYMN XIZOBJMMN XIZOBJMMN

-

Gincinma lbgpbnin-lbgpbnin fmsmr iailtrbn`lm.

-

Fmpmtt ginccu Fmpm ginccunmlm nmlmn n omtu fmym fmn guat`giti guat`gitir. r.

-

Fmpmt ginintul Fmpmt ginintulmn mn n`am` lbgpbni lbgpbnin n iailtrbn`lm iailtrbn`lm fmn fmn ginculur ginculur pmrmgitirpmrmgitirpmrmgitir iailtrbn`lm.

:. MAMV FMN JMDMN - Amptbp mtmu lbgputir

-

_betwmri Xrbtius

?. FM_MZ VIBZ@ Zis`stbr mfmamd smamd smtu smtu lbgpbnin lbgpbnin iailrbn`lm ymnc jireuncs` jireuncs` sijmcm` sijmcm`

pinmdmn mrus ymnc gincma`r fmamg sumtu rmnclm`mn fmn jirupm tirg`nma fum lbgpbnin iailtrbn`l iailtrbn`l ymnc gincdms`almn ticmncmn ticmncmn pmfm tirg`nma tirg`nma ymnc sijmnf`nc sijmnf`nc fincmn mrus a`str`l ymnc giaiwmt`nym sisum` fincmn dulug Bdg. _ijumd ris`stbr t`fml gig`a`l` lutuj pbs`t`e fmn nicmt`e, tmp` gig`a`l` lmrmltir`st`l utmgm ym`tu ris`stins`, tbairmns`, ticmncmn lirkm gmls`gug fmn pbwir rmt`nc. Lmrmltir`st`l  am`nnym gia`put` lbie`s`in tigpirmtur, lij`s`ncmn, fmn `nfultmns`. Bdg ymnc f`amgjmnclmn fincmn s`gjba Π girupmlmn smtumn ris`stmns` fmr` sijumd ris`stbr ymnc jirs`emt ris`st`e. Euncs` ris`stbr mfmamd sijmcm` sijmcm` pincmtur fmamg fmamg gigjmtms` kugamd kugamd mrus ymnc ymnc gincma`r fmamg sumtu rmnclm`mn. Fincmn mfmnym ris`stbr ginyijmjlmn mrus a`str`l  fmpmt f`smaurlmn sisum` fincmn lijutudmn. Mfmpun euncs` ris`stbr siomrm ainclmp mfmamd sijmcm` jir`lut ; =. Jireuncs` Jireuncs` untul untul ginmdmn ginmdmn sijmc`mn sijmc`mn mrus mrus a`str`l a`str`l mcmr sisum` sisum` fincmn fincmn lijutud lijutudmn mn su sumt mtu u rmnc rmnclm lm`m `mn n ia iail iltr trbn bn`l `lm. m. :. Jireuncs` Jireuncs` untul untul ginurun ginurunlmn lmn ticmncmn ticmncmn sisum` sisum` fincmn fincmn ymnc f`jutu f`jutudlmn dlmn baid baid rmnc rmnclm lm`m `mn n ia iail iltr trbn bn`l `lm. m. ?. Jireu Jireuncs ncs`` untul untul gigjm gigjmc` c` ticmnc ticmncmn. mn. 6. Jireu Jireuncs ncs`` untul untul gigjmn gigjmncl cl`tl `tlmn mn eril eriluin uins` s` t`ncc t`ncc`` fmn eril erilui uins` ns` rrinf infmd md fincm fincmn n jmntumn trmns`stbr fmn lbnfinsmtbr (lmpms`tbr).

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci =

 

Litirmncmn; Smrnm D`tmg Oblamt Girmd

N`am` 8 = :

K`nccm Lun`nc D`kmu J`ru Yncu Liamju Xut`d

? 6 9 5 3 4 0

Cmgjm Cm gjmrr =. Vmji Vmjiaa Smrn Smrnm m N` N`am am`` Zis`st Zis`stbr br Lmpms`tbr mfmamd sumtu lbgpbnin iailtrbn`lm ymnc fmpmt giny`gpmn fmn giaipmslmn gumtmn a`str`l mtmu inirc` a`str`l. _iam`n `tu, lmpms`tbr kucm fmpmt  jireuncs` sijmcm` sijmcm` pinymr`nc eriluins`. eriluins`. Lmpms`tbr gig`a`l` gig`a`l` jirjmcm` gmomg ulurmn fmn jintul tircmntunc fmr` lmpms`tms, ticmncmn lirkm fmn emltbr am`nnym ymnc jirpincmrud. Yntul gincitmdu` jismrnym n`am` lmpms`tms mtmu lmpms`tmns` pmfm lmpms`tbr fmpmt f`jmom giamau` lbfi mnclm pmfm jmfmn lmpms`tbr tirsijut ymnc tirf`r` fmr` ? mnclm. Mnclm pirtmgm fmn lifum ginunkullmn ginunkullmn mnclm mtmu n`am`,

=.

:. ?. 6.

mnclm lit`cm emltbr pincma` mtmumntmrm kugamd nba, f`cunmlmn `mamginunkullmn `mamd d p`lbemrmf (pE). (pE) . Euncs` lmpms`tbr mn tmrm am`n ; fmn smtumn ymnc _ijmcm` _ijmcm` e`atir e`atir mtmu pinym pinymr`nc, r`nc, j`msmny j`msmnym m f`cunmlmn f`cunmlmn pmfm pmfm s`stig s`stig rmf`b, rmf`b, VU, mgpa`e`ir mgpa `e`ir fmn am`n-am`n. am`n-am`n. E`atir E`atir pmfm pmfm rmf`b rmf`b f`cunml f`cunmlmn mn untul untul ginymr ginymr`nc `nc (pincdmgjmtmn) (pincdmgjmtm n) cmnccumn-cmnccumn cmnccumn-cmnccumn fmr` aumr. _ijmcm` _ijmcm` lbpa`nc, lbpa`nc, lmpms`t lmpms`tbr br sijmcm` sijmcm` lbpa`nc lbpa`nc (pincduju (pincdujunc) nc) mgpa`e`ir mgpa`e`ir t`nclmt rinfmd lit`nclmt ymnc aij`d t`ncc`. Xmfm amgpu amgpu nibn, nibn, euncs` euncs` lmpms`tb lmpms`tbrr untul untul pincdigmt pincdigmt fmym fmym a`str`l  a`str`l  Fmamg Fmamg rmnclm`mn rmnclm`mn mntinm, mntinm, euncs` euncs` lmpms`tbr lmpms`tbr sijmcm sijmcm`` pigjmncl`t pigjmncl`t eriluin eriluins` s`

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci :

 

Cmgjmr :. Kin`s-kin`s lmpms`tbr Vrmns`stbr mfmamd lbgpbnin iailtrbn`lm guat`tirgma, j`msmnym gig`a`l` ? tirg`nma tirg`nma ym`tu jms`s, jms`s, lbailtbr lbailtbr fmn ig`tbr. ig`tbr. Vrmns`stb Vrmns`stbrr gig`a`l` gig`a`l` fum kin`s ym`tu trmns`s trm ns`stbr tbr j`pbam j`pbamrr fmn trmns` trmns`stb stbrr un`pba un`pbamr mr.. Vrmns` Vrmns`stb stbrr J`pbamr J`pbamr mfmam mfmamd d trmns`st trmns`stbr br ymnc gig`a`l` fum fum pirsmgjuncmn pirsmgjuncmn lutuj. lutuj. Vrmns`stbr Vrmns`stbr Yn`pbamr Yn`pbamr mfmamd mfmamd trmns`stbr ymnc dmnym gig`a`l` smtu jumd pirsmgjuncmn lutuj. Vrmns`stbr j`msm tirf`r` fmr`` ? jumd fmr jumd lml` lml` ymnc gms`nc-gm gms`nc-gms`nc s`nc f`jir` f`jir` nmgm; nmgm; ig`tbr ig`tbr,, jms`s fmn lbail lbailtbr. tbr. Vrmns`stbr j`pbamr fmpmt f``jmrmtlmn fincmn fum jumd f`bfm. Mcmr trmns`s`tbr fmpmt jirbpirms` fincmn jm`l pmfm sumtu rmnclm`mn, trmns`stbr tirsijut dmrus f`jir` j`ms fincmn jinmr. J`am l`tm `nc`n trmns`stbr jilirkm fincmn mlt`e gmlm ‑kunot`bn ig`ttir-jmsi‗ f`jir` j`ms gunfur. _ijiaug l`tm gigjir`lmn j`ms pmfm trmns`stbr,dmrus gincitmdu` kin`s fmr` trmns`stbr ymnc mlmn cunmlmn.

Cmgjmr Cmg jmr ?. Kin`s Kin`s Vrmns`s Vrmns`stbr tbr XNX XNX fmn NXN NXN Virfmpmt sumtu omrm ymnc ymnc gufmd gufmd untul untul ginintulmn ginintulmn kin`s trmns`stbr, trmns`stbr, ym`tu ginccunmlmn Bdggitir. K`lm lml` nicmt`e fmr` Bdggitir, f`dujunclmn li lmtbfm fmn lml` pbs`t`e li mnbfm, pmfm gitir mlmn tirjmom n`am` ris`stmns` ymnc rinfmd. Dma `n` f`sijmjlmn, lmrinm iailtrbn-iailtrbn fmpmt siomrm gufmd gincma`r fmr` jmc`mn N li jmc`mn X. Fincmn lmtm am`n, jmtirm` f` fmamg gitir gigjir`lmn j`ms gmku pmfm X-N kunot`bn, titmp` k`lm pbamr`tms lml`-lml` gitir f`jma`l, gitir mlmn gigjmom n`am` ris`s`tmns` ymnc t`ncc`, lmrinm `ntirnma jmtirm`

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci ?

 

gigjir`lmn j`ms j`ms gunfur pmfm pmfm kunot`bn. Omrm Omrm ymnc smgm fmpmt f`cunmlmn untul  untul  ginc`fint`e`lms` kin`s trmns`stbr (NXN mtmu XNX). F`bfm mfmamd F`bfm mfmamd lbgpbnin lbgpbnin iailtrb iailtrbn`lm n`lm fincmn fincmn : tirg`nma tirg`nma (mnbfm (mnbfm fmn lmtbfm) fmn tirjintul fmr` fum kin`s sig`lbnfultbr (s`a`lbn kin`s N fmn s`a`lbn kin`s X) ymnc tirsmgjunc. Jmdmn `n` gmgpu f`ma`r` mrus siomrm riamt`e gufmd fmamg smtu mrmd. F`bfm f`jumt fmamg jirjmcm` jintul fmn ulurmn sirtm mgmt  jircunm. Fmr` pincirt`mn f`bfm, gmlm pmfm s`gjba f`bfm tirfmpmt tmnfm ginyirupm` mnml pmnmd ymnc ginunkullmn mrmd ma`rmn mrus a`str`l.

Cmgjmr 6. F`bfm

F`bfm `n` gigpu F`bfm gigpunym nym`` jmnym jmnyml l eunc euncs` s` fmam fmamg g fun` fun`m m iail iailtrb trbn`l n`lm. m. ym`tu; ym`tu; untul  untul  pinyimrmd mrus, mrus, untul pinyitmj`a ticmncmn, ticmncmn, untul `nf`omtbr, fmn sijmcm` smlamr.

6. XZB_IFYZ XIZOBJMMN _ijiaug giguam` giguam` pirobjmmn, pmst`lmn fmamg amptbp amptbp mtmu lbgputir lbgputir mnfm tiamd tiamd f``nstmaa sbetwmri s`guamtbr Xrbtius.

=. Fbwnabm Fbwnabmf f f` cbccai 9 jumd jumd ris`stbr ris`stbr ymnc jirjif jirjifm m wmrnm ciamnc-ci ciamnc-ciamncn amncnym! ym! :. Vint Vintul ulmn mn n`a n`am` m` dmg dmgjm jmtm tmn n li a`g a`gm m ris` ris`st stbr br f` f` mtms mtms jirf jirfms msmr mrlm lmn n lbfi lbfi wmr wmrnm nm ris`stbr! ris`s tbr! Gmsullmn Gmsullmn n`am`-n`a n`am`-n`am` m` dms`a pird`tu pird`tuncmn ncmn li tmjia =! Nb =. :. ?. 6. 9.

Lbfi Smrnm

N`am` dmgjmtmn (lbfi wmrnm)

?. Julm Julm sbetwmri sbetwmri Xrbtius, Xrbtius, amau amau s`mplm s`mplmn n ? jumd jumd ris`stbr, ris`stbr, susunamd susunamd siomrm siomrm sir` lit`cm lit`cm ris`stbr tirsijut fmn omtmt dmgjmtmnnym! dmgjmtmnnym! _iamnkutnym amlulmn pinculurmn pinculurmn

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci 6

 

fi fincm ncmn n ginyusu ginyusun n ris`st ris`stbr br siomrm siomrm pmrma pmrmaia! ia! Gmsul Gmsul fmtm fmtm dms`a dms`a pird`t pird`tunc uncmn mn fmn fmn dms`a pinculurmn sbetwmri Xrbtius li Vmjia :!   Bdggitir Bdggitir fmamg fmamg Xird`tuncmn Xrbtius Nb Z=   Z:   Z? Zsir`   Zpmrmaia   Zsir`   Zpmrmaia =. :. ?. 6. 9. 6. Mgj`a gms`nc-gms gms`nc-gms`nc `nc 9 kin`s kin`s lmpms`tbr lmpms`tbr,, liguf liguf`mn `mn tintulmn tintulmn n`am` n`am` lmpms`t lmpms`tmns` mns` jirfmsmrlmn lbfi mnclm lmpms`tbr! Gmsullmn n`am`-n`am` dms`a pird`tuncmn li tmjia ?! Nb =. :. ?. 6.

Lbfi Mnclm

N`am` lmpms`tmns` (lbfi wmrnm)

9. 9. Mgj`a : jumd jumd f`bfi, f`bfi, ulur ulur dmgjmtmn dmgjmtmnnym nym fincm fincmn n ginccun ginccunmlmn mlmn bdggitir bdggitir pmfm sbetwmri Xrbtius fmn urm`lmn dms`anym! 5. Mgj`a : jumd jumd trmns`stbr trmns`stbr,, ulur dmgjmtm dmgjmtmn n lml`-lml`nym lml`-lml`nym ginccunm ginccunmlmn lmn bdggiti bdggitirr pmfm sbetwmri Xrbtius fmn urm`lmn dms`anym! 3. _`mplmn _`mplmn pbwir pbwir suppay suppay MO pmfm sbetwmri sbetwmri Xrbtiu Xrbtius, s, amau amau ulur ticmncmn ticmncmn MO pmfm pmfm pbwir suppay ginccunmlmn guat`gitir, ujmd liaumrmn pbwir suppay, amau omtmt  dms`a pinculurmnnym! pinculurmnnym! 4. _`mplmn _`mplmn omtu omtu fmym FO, amau ulur ticmncmn ticmncmn FO pmfm omtu fmym ginccunml ginccunmlmn mn guat`gitir, ujmd liaumrmn omtu fmym, fmn omtmt dms`a pinculurmnnym! 9.

VYCM_ VYCM_ XINFMD XINFMDYAY YAYMN MN

=. Mpmlmd Mpmlmd pirjif pirjifmmn mmn omrm omrm lirkm lirkm vbatgiti vbatgitirr MO fincmn fincmn FO2 :. Mpmlmd Mpmlmd ymnc ymnc f`gm f`gmlsu lsuf f finc fincmn mn crbunf 2 ?. Kiamslmn Kiamslmn euncs` euncs` fmr` fmr` ris`stbr, ris`stbr, lmpms`t lmpms`tbr, br, f`bfi, f`bfi, fmn fmn trmns`stbr trmns`stbr!! 5. VYCM VYCM_ _ MLD@ MLD@Z Z

=. Jmcm`gmnm Jmcm`gmnm dms`a dms`a pinculu pinculurmn rmn dmgjmtm dmgjmtmn n ris`stbr ris`stbr fincmn fincmn bdggiti bdggitirr k`lm f`jmnf`nclmn fincmn n`am` ymnc f`pirbaid fmr` lbfi wmrnm2 :. Jmcm`gmnm Jmcm`gmnm jismr jismr dmgjmtm dmgjmtmn n ris`stbr ris`stbr ymnc f`susun f`susun siomrm siomrm sir` fmn siomrm siomrm pmrmaia2 pmrmaia2 ?. Gincmpm Gincmpm dmgjmtmn dmgjmtmn fmamg fmamg f`bfi f`bfi pmfm smmt pmnkmr pmnkmr gmku gmku aij`d lio`a f`jmnf`nc f`jmnf`nc pmfm smmt pmnkmr2 6. Cmgjmr Cmgjmrlm lmn n lurvm lurvm pigjijm pigjijmnmn nmn omtu omtu fmym! fmym!

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci 9

 

XIZOBJMM XIZO BJMMN N LI-:

XINCYK@MN XINCY K@MN LBGX LBGXBNIN BNIN IAIL IAILVZBN VZBN@LM @LM

=.

VYKYMN XIZOBJMMN Gmdms`swm gmgpu gincuk` lbnf`s` ris`stbr, lmpms`tbr, f`bfi, fmn trmns`stbr.

:. MAMV MAMV FMN FMN JMDM JMDMN. N. =. Am Amjt jtp p mtm mtmu u lbg lbgpu puit itir ir :. _b _bet etwm wmri ri Xrbt Xrbtiu iuss ?. FM_MZ FM_MZ VIBZ@ VIBZ@ Gincuk Gin cuk`` lbgpbn lbgpbnin in iailt iailtrbn rbn`lm `lm girupm girupmlmn lmn amncl amnclmd md ymnc ymnc dmrus dmrus f`ti f`tigpu gpud d sijiau sij iaug g girml` girml`tt rmnc rmnclm` lm`mn mn iailtr iailtrbn` bn`lm. lm. Dma `n` untul untul gigmst gigmst`lm `lmn n lbgpbn lbgpbnininlbgpbnin ymnc f`rml`t fmamg limfmmn jm`l. Mamt ymnc f`cunmlmn untul giamlulmn pincuk`mn lbgpbnin mfmamd guat`gitir.

Cmgjmr =. Guat`gitir mnmabc

m. Gin Gincuk` cuk` Lbnf bnfinsm insmtb tbrr Am Amnc nclm lmd-a d-amn mncl clmd md pinc pincuk` uk`mn mnny nym m sijm sijmcm cm`` jir` jir`lu lut; t; (m). (m). Gua Guamm-gu guam am sml smlam amrr guat`gitir guat` gitir f`putmr f`putmr li li mtms mtms fmn tmnfm tmnfm pmnmd pmnmd li mtms tipmt tipmtnym nym Z x Bdg, Bdg, (j). Lma`jrms` smgpm` kmrug guat`gitir ginunkullmn mnclm nba tipmt smmt fum obabl  (+) fmn obabl (-) f`dujunclmn fmn putmr mfkusgint untul ginyisum`lmn, (o). Dujunclmn obabl (-) fincmn lml` jirlutuj nicmt`e lbnfinsmtbr, sifmnclmn obabl (+) fincmn lml` pbs`t`e lbnfinsmtbr. A`dmt kmrug, j`am jircirml jircirml fmn t`fml  ligjma` jirmrt` lbgpbnin tirsijut gms`d jm`l. K`lm jircirml fmn ligjma` titmp` t`fml sipirt` pbs`s` siguam jirmrt` lbgpbnin rusml. Fmn mpmj`am kmrug t`fml  jircirml smgm silma` f`pmst`lmn putus. j. Ginc Gincuk uk`` Zis` Zis`st stbr br Yntul gincuk`nym fincmn guat`gitir l`tm jbaid gigjbaml-jma`l lml` ris`stbr mtmupun mtmu pun sijma`lny sijma`lnym m gigjbaml-jm gigjbaml-jma`l a`l obabl obabl (+) fmn obabl obabl (-). Amnclmd-a Amnclmd-amncl mnclmd md pigir` pig ir`lsm lsmmn mn ris`s ris`stbr tbr;; (m). (m). Gigutm Gigutmrr smlamr smlamr smgp smgpm` m` pmfm pmfm pbs`s pbs`s`` Z x Bdg. (j). (j). Lma`jrms` fincmn gincdujunclmn obabl (+) fmn obabl (-). Liguf`mn gigutmr Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci 5

 

pinyitia smgpm` kmrug ginunkul pmfm mnclm nba (8). Mtmu putmr obntrba mfkusgint untul ginyisum`lmn, ginyisum`lmn, (o). _itiamd `tu l`tm dujunclmn pinobabl (+) pmfm smamd smtu lml` ris`stbr, jic`tu puam obabl (-) pmfm lml` ymnc am`n, (f). Xirdmt`lmn kmrug kmrug pinunkul, j`am jircirml pinud pinud mtmu sijma`lnym sijma`lnym k`lm jircir jircirml  ml  fmn tml ligjma` jirmrt` lbgpbnin gms`d jm`l. J`am sijma`lnym kmrug pinunkul  slmam t`fml jircirml jirmrt` ris`stbr rusml. o. Gincuk` F` F`bfm Lbgpbnin gig`a`l` sipmsmnc gmnmnmnt` gms`nc-gms`nc nicmt`e fmn `n` pbs`t`e. pbs`t`e. Baid lmrinm lmr inm `tu lml` fmamgymnc gincuk` dinfmlnym f`amlulmn fjirlutuj `amlulmn fincmn jinmr fmn oirgmt. Vukumn pincuk`mn mamt `n` mfmamd untul gincitmdu` t`nclmt lirusmlmn ml`jmt jijirmpm dma . Xmfm f`bfm ymnc pirnmd f`pmlm` fmamg sumtu rmnclm`mn j`msmnym f`sijmjlmn jismrnym tilmnmn mrus sid`nccm t`fml  gmgpu f`tmdmn fmn fmn f`ujmd gin ginkmf` kmf` FO. Amnclmd pincuk`mnnym pincuk`mnnym sijmcm` jir`lut; (m). _mlamr f`putmr f`putmr pmfm pbs`s` Bdggitir, =x fmn Lma`jrms`, Lma`jrms`, (j). Dujunclmn obabl  obabl  (-) fincmn lml` nicmt`e (mnbfm) fmn obabl (+) fincmn lml` pbs`t`e (lmtbfm), (o). Liguf`mn p`nfmdlmn p`nfmdlmn pinobabl (-) pmfm lml` lml` mnbfm fmn fmn obabl (+) pmfm lml` lml` lmtbfm. J`am kmrug jircirml jirmrt` f`bfm tirsijut rusml. K`lm sijma`lnym (tml  jircirml) gmlm f`bfm fmamg limfmmn jm`l. f. Ginc Gincuk uk`` Vrmns Vrmns`s `stb tbrr Yntul gincuk` luma`tms trmns`stbr siomrm sifirdmnm fmpmt f`amlulmn fincmn ginccunmlmn guat`gitir mnmabc pr`ns`pnym smgm fincmn pmfm smmt gincioil  f`bfm lmrinm trmns`stbr fmpmt f`pmnfmnc sijmcm` fum jumd f`bfm. Vrmns`stbr f`nymtmlmn jm`l k`lm mntmrm jms`s tirdmfmp lifum lml` am`nnym gig`a`l` dmgjmtmn ymnc smgm.

6. XZB_ XZB_IF IFYZ YZ XIZO XIZOBJ BJMM MMN N _ijiaug giguam` pirobjmmn, pmst`lmn f` amptbp mtmu lbgputir mnfm tiamd f``nstmaa Xrbtius. 6.=. Gincuk` Zis`stbr =. _`mplm _`mplmn n ris`st ris`stbr br fmn guat`g guat`giti itir. r. :. Mrmdlm Mrmdlmn n smlamr smlamr pinunk pinunkul ul guat`g guat`giti itirr pmfm pmfm pbs`s` pbs`s` bdg (Π). (Π). Yntul Yntul guat`g guat`giti itirr mnmabc, lbnf`s` `n` fmpmt f`amlulmn pig`a`dmn slmam fincmn smlamr kmnclmd sisum` lijutudmn sipirt` x=,x=8, mtmu xlΠ. Xbs`s` bdg x=, j`msmnym untul  ginculur ris`stbr fincmn n`am` n`am` =bdg d`nccm =.88 bdg (=lΠ). Xbs`s` bdg x=8, j`msmnym j`msmnym untul ginculur ginculur ris`stbr ris`stbr fincmn fincmn n`am` n`am` =88 d`nccm d`nccm =8.888 =8.888 bdg bdg (=8lΠ)._i (=8l Π)._ifmnc fmnclmn lmn pbs`s` pbs`s` bdg xlΠ, j`msmny j`msmnym m untul ginculur ginculur ris`stbr ris`stbr fincmn n`am` =.888 d`nccm =.888.888 bdg (=GΠ). ( =GΠ). ?. Ginmnomplmn lmjia lmjia obabl girmd pmfm tirg`nma pbs`t`e fmn lmjia lmjia obabl d`tmg pmfm tirg`nma nicmt`e ymnc tirsif`m pmfm guat`gitir. 6. Giamlulmn lma`jrms` fincmn fincmn omrm gincdujunclmn ukunc-ukunc lmjia obabl  d`tmg fmn girmd, girmd, liguf`mn liguf`mn gigpirdmt gigpirdmt`lmn `lmn amymr amymr guat`gi guat`gitir tir sid`nccm sid`nccm n`am` ginunkullm ginun kullmn n n`am` 8 bdg. bdg.

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci 3

 

9. Ginigpial Ginigpialmn mn gms`nc-gm gms`nc-gms`nc s`nc ukunc ukunc obabl pmfm pmfm lml` lml` ris`stbr. ris`stbr. J`am ris`stbr ris`stbr jm`l, gmlm gmlm guat`gitir mlmn ginunkullmn n`am` tirtintu. tirtintu. K`lm mamt ulur ulur t`fml  t`fml  ginunkul pmfm n`am` tirtintu, gmlm gmlm ris`stbr tirsijut tirsijut rusml. _ifmnclmn k`lm mnfm ginccunmlmn guat`gitir mnmabc, j`am mamt ulur t`fml ginunkul pmfm n`am` tirtintu, gmlm gmlm ris`stbr tirsijut rusml mtmu mamt ulur ulur t`fml gmgpu jmom, sid`nccm pirau f`ujmd pbs`s` bdgnym. N`am` ymnc f`tunkullmn baid kmrug pinunkul girupmlmn n`am` tmdmnmn ris`stbr ymnc sifmnc f`uk` mtmu f`ulur. 5. Vua`slmn dms`a pincuk`mn pmfm aigjmr pincmgmtmn pincmgmtmn ymnc tirsif`m. tirsif`m.

Cmgjmr :. Xincuk`mn Zis`stbr 6.:. Gincuk` Lmpms`tbr. =. Giny`mplmn guat`gitir guat`gitir f fmn mn lmpms`tbr iailtrba`t ymnc ymnc f`jutudlmn fmamg pinculurmn. :. Gincmrmdl Gincmrmdlmn mn smlamr smlamr pinunkul pinunkul pmfm pbs`s` pbs`s` ymnc jirtmn jirtmnfm fm lmpms`tbr. lmpms`tbr. ?. Ginmnomplmn lmjia lmjia obabl girmd girmd pmfm tirg`nma tirg`nma lmjia obabl pbs`t`e fmn lmjia lmjia obabl d`tmg pmfm tirg`nma lmjia obabl nicmt`e ymnc tirsif`m pmfm guat`gitir. 6. Giamlulmn lma`jrms` fincmn omrm omrm gincdujunclmn gincdujunclmn ukunc-ukunc obabl obabl d`tmg fmn girmd, girmd, d`nccm pmfm amymr amymr guat`gitir guat`gitir ginunkullm ginunkullmn n 8. 9. Gincdujunclmn lifum lifum lml` lmpms`tbr, mcmr mcmr gumtmn a`str`l ymnc sufmd mfm j`sm tirjumnc tiraij`d fmduau. 5. Gincdujunclmn obabl d`tmg pmfm lml` pbs`t`e lmpms`tbr fmn fmn obabl girmd pmfm lil` nicmt`e lmpms`tbr. N`am` ymnc tirtirm pmfm pmfm amymr guat`gitir ginunkullmn n`am` lmpms`tbr ymnc f`uk`. K`lm ginccunmlmn guat`gitir mnmabc, j`am kmrug gitir jircirml jircirml fmn ligjma` ligjma` amc`, gmlm lmpms`tbr lmpms`tbr f`nymtmlmn jm`l. K`lm kmrug gitir jircirml fmn t`fml ligjma`, gmlm lmpms`tbr f`nymtmlmn jbobr. J`am kmrug jircirml fmn ligjma` tmp` t`fml  pinud, gmlm lmpms`tbr tirsijut msus. _ifmnc k`lm kmrug t`fml jircirml smgm silma` jirmrt` lmpms`tbr tirsijut sufmd putus. 3. Vua`slmn dms`a pincuk`mn pmfm aigjmr pincmgmtmn pincmgmtmn ymnc tirsif`m. tirsif`m.

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci 4

 

6.?. Gincuk` F`bfm

Cmgjmr ?. Xincuk`mn Lmpms`tbr

=. Guat`gitir f`c`tma f`c`tma gig`a`l` sit`nc/sw`tod spis`ma untul gincuk` gincuk` sijumd f`bfm ymnc j`msmnym f`tmnfm` f`tmnfm` fincmn s`gjba f`bfm. f`bfm. :. Dujunclmn lmjia pinculur jirwmrnm jirwmrnm girmd (+) li mnbfm mnbfm fmn lmjia pinculur jirwmrnm d`tmg li lmtbfm sijumd f`bfm. F`bfm mlmn gincdmntmr fmn gitir mlmn ginunkullmn mnclm (j`msmnym ticmncmn 8,5 Ubat untul  f`bfm s`a`obn fmn 8,? Ubat untul f`bfm f` bfm cirgmn`ug). ?. Jma`llmn dujuncmn lmjia pinculur ( Girmd li lmtbfm fmn D`tmg li mnbfm). mnbfm). F`bfm t`fml mlmn gincdmntmr fmn mlmn ginunkullmn 8 Ubat. 6. K`lm dms`a pinculurmn pinculurmn t`fml sisum` sisum` dma f`mtms, jirmrt` f`bfm fmamg limfmmn limfmmn rusml, lmrinm f`bfm f`bfm dmnym gincdmntmr pmfm smtu mrmd smkm. smkm. 9. Yntul pincuk`mn fincmn guat`gitir mnmabc, dujunclmn dujunclmn obabl d`tmg pmfm lml` mnbfm fmn obabl girmd pmfm lml` lmtbfm. 5. Mpmj`am kmrug gitir jircirml, jircirml, gmlm gmlm f`bfm f`nymtmlmn f`nymtmlmn jm`l. jm`l. Vitmp` k`lm kmrug gitir t`fml jircirml smgm silma`, gmlm f`bfm f`nymtmlmn rusml mtmu putus. K`lm pincuk`mn f`jma`l, ym`tu obabl d`tmg f`tigpialmn pmfm lmtbf lmtbfm m fmn obabl girmd pmfm lml` mnbfm, gmlm j`am kmrug gitir jircirml, f`bfm f`nymtmlmn rusml. _ijma`lnym, mpmj`am kmrugnym f`mg mtmu t`fml jircirml, gmlm f`bfm f`nymtmlmn jm`l. 3. Vua`slmn dms`a pincuk`mn pmfm aigjmr pincmgmtmn pincmgmtmn ymnc tirsif`m. tirsif`m.

Cmgjmr Cmgj mr 6. Xincuk`mn Xincuk`mn F`bfm 6.6. Gincuk` Vrmns`stbr. Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci 0

 

Xincuk`mn Xincuk`m n trmns`stbr trmns`stbr NXN; NXN; =. Giny`mplm Giny`mplmn n mamt mamt fmn jmdmn jmdmn ymnc ymnc f`jutudlmn f`jutudlmn.. :. Gincmrmdl Gincmrmdlmn mn smlamr smlamr pinunkul pinunkul pmfm pmfm pbs`s` bdg, bdg, obntbdnym obntbdnym pmfm pbs`s` pbs`s` x=l. x=l. ?. Ginigpial Ginigpialmn mn obabl d`tmg d`tmg pmfm pmfm lml` lml` jms`s (J) fmn fmn obabl girmd girmd pmfm pmfm lml` ig`tbr ig`tbr (I). Mpmj`am kmrug pinunkul jircirml gmlm trmns`stbr f`nymtmlmn jm`l. _iamnkutnym gig`nfmdlmn obabl girmd pmfm lml` lbailtbr (O), mpmj`am kmrug pinunkul jircirml gmlm trmns`stbr kucm f`nymtmlmn fmamg limfmmn jm`l. 6. _iamnkutnym _iamnkutnym mpmj`a mpmj`am m pincuk`mn pincuk`mn f`jma`l, f`jma`l, obabl obabl girmd pmfm pmfm lml` jms`s, jms`s, sifmnclmn sifmnclmn lml` ig`tbr fmn lml` lbailtbr f`dujunclmn f`dujunclmn fincmn obabl `tmg siomrm siomrm jircmnt`mn, gmlm k`lm kmrug pinunkul jircirml, trmns`stbr f`nymtmlmn rsml, guncl`n jbobr. 9. Ginua`slmn Ginua`slmn dms`a pincuk`mn pincuk`mn pmfm pmfm aigjmr aigjmr pincm pincmgmtmn gmtmn..

Cmgjmr 9. Xincuk`mn trmns`stbr NXN

Xincuk`mn trmns`stbr XNX ; =. Giny`mplm Giny`mplmn n mamt mamt fmn jmdmn jmdmn ymnc ymnc f`jutudlmn f`jutudlmn.. :. Gincmrmdl Gincmrmdlmn mn smlamr smlamr kmnclmd kmnclmd pmfm pmfm pbs`s` bdg, bdg, obntbdnym obntbdnym pmfm pmfm pbs`s` x=l. x=l. ?. Ginigpial Ginigpialmn mn obabl girmd girmd pmfm pmfm lml` jms`s jms`s (J) fmn fmn obabl d`tmg d`tmg pmfm pmfm lml` ig`tbr ig`tbr (I). J`am kmrug jircirml gmlm trmns`stbr f`nymtmlmn jm`l. 6. _itiamd _itiamd `tu gig`nfmd gig`nfmdlmn lmn obabl obabl d`tmg pmfm pmfm lml` lml` lbailtbr lbailtbr (O). K`lm K`lm kmrug kmrug gitir jircirml, gmlm gmlm trmns`stbr f`nymtmlmn f`nymtmlmn jm`l. Mpmj`am fmamg fmamg pincuk`mn kmrug gitir t`fml jircirml smgm silma`, gmlm trmns`stbr f`nymtmlmn rusml (guncl`n putus). 9. K`lm pincuk`m pincuk`mn n f`jma`l, f`jma`l, ym`tu ym`tu obabl d`tmg d`tmg pmfm pmfm lml` jms`s, jms`s, sifmnclm sifmnclmn n lml` ig`tbr ig`tbr fmn lbailtbr f`dujunclmn fincmn obabl girmdsiomrm jircmnt`mn, gmlm j`am kmrug pinunkul jircirml, trmns`stbr tirsijut f`nymtmlmn rusml. Mpmj`am kmug pinnkul tirsijt jircirml ginunkullmn n`am` bdg ymnc rinfmd, gmlm fmpmt  f`s`gpualmn trmns`stbr tirsijut jbobr. 5. Gincigjma` Gincigjma`lmn lmn pirain pirainclmp clmpmn mn pincuk`mn pincuk`mn pmfm pmfm tigpmt tigpmt siguam siguam..

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci =8

 

Cmgjmr 5. Xincuk`mn trmns`stbr XNX 9. GINC GINCML MLD@ D@Z@ Z@ XIZO XIZOBJ BJMM MMN N m. _iais _iaism` m` prmlt`lu prmlt`lug, g, rmp`lmn rmp`lmn sigum sigum lmjia lmjia fmn pmst`lmn pmst`lmn sigum sigum pirmamtm pirmamtmn n fmamg fmamg limfmmn gmt` (siaiotbr ginunkul li p`a`dmn bee). j. Omjut lmjia a`str`l f` gikm prmlt`lug fmr` sugjirnym sijiaug gin`nccmalmn rumncmn. o. Ligj Ligjma`l ma`lmn mn pirmamtmn pirmamtmn ymnc ymnc f`p`nkmg f`p`nkmg li ms`stin fmn jirs`dlm jirs`dlmn n gikm prmlt`lug prmlt`lug fmr` smgpmd. f. Xmst`lmn ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc tiamd ginmnfmtmncmn` ampbrmn sigintmrm. Omtmtmn pirobjmmn ymnc t`fml f`tmnfmtmncmn` baid ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc t`fml  t` fml  mlmn f`n`am`. 5. VYCM VYCM_ _ XI XINFM NFMDYAYM YAYMN N =. Mpmlmd Mpmlmd euncs` euncs` ris`stb ris`stbr, r, lmpms`tb lmpms`tbr, r, f`bfi, f`bfi, fmn fmn trmns`st trmns`stbr2 br2 :. Mpmlmd Mpmlmd tukumn pincuk`mn pincuk`mn lbgpbnin lbgpbnin iailtrbn`lm iailtrbn`lm22 ?. Cmgjmrlm Cmgjmrlmn n s`gjba ris`stb ris`stbr, r, lmpms`tb lmpms`tbr, r, f`bfi, f`bfi, fmn trmns trmns`stbr! `stbr! 3.

VYCM_ MLD@Z Yrm`lmn omrm pincuk`mn ris`stbr, lmpms`tbr, f`bfi, fmn trmns`stbr fincmn jmdmsm mnfm sinf`r`!

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci ==

 

XIZOBJMMN XIZOBJMM N LI-? B_@AB_LBX FMN CINIZMVBZ _@NPMA =. VYKY VYKYMN MN XIZO XIZOBJ BJMM MMN N Gmdms`swm gmgpu ginccunmlmn bs`abslbp fmn cinirmtbr s`nyma. :. MAMV MAMV FMN FMN JMDM JMDMN N =. Omtu fmym :. Bs`abslbp ?. Guat`gitir 6. Cini Cinirm rmtb tbrr s`n s`nym ymaa ?.

FM_MZ FM_MZ VIBZ@ VIBZ@ ?.=.Guat` ?.=. Guat`gitir gitir Lismamdmn pinccunmmn guat`gitir fmpmt ginyijmjlmn eusi pmfm guat`gitir putus. Fmamg limfmmn t`fml f`pmlm`, siaiotbr sijm`lnym pmfm lifufulmn MO vbat pmfm dmrcm slmam oulup jismr (g`smanym :98 vbat). Dmaa `n Dm `n`` f`gm f`gmls lsuf uflm lmn n untu untul l ginc gincd` d`nf nfmr mr`` lism lismam amdm dmn n pmlm pmlm`` ym ymnc nc gigj gigjmd mdmy mym mlmn lmn guat`gitir. _ijiaug guam` ginculur su sum mtu jism smrrmn a`str`l pirdmt`lmnamd aij`d fmduau jismrmn mpmlmd ymnc dinfml f`ulur fmn l`rm l`rm jirmpm jismrnym, liguf`mn p`a`damd lifufulmn siaiotbr fmn slmam ymnc mlmn f` f`cun cunml mlmn mn.. Xirdm Xirdmt`l t`lmn mn puam puam pbamr pbamr`tm `tmss j`am j`am f` f`pi pira raulm ulmn. n. Kmnc Kmncmn mn ginym ginymgju gjuncl nclmn mn guat`gitir pmfm rmnclm`mn, jmru liguf`mn gig`a`d lifufulmn siaiotbr fmn slmam ymnc mlmn f`cunmlmn. K`lm mrus mtmu ticmncmn giaij`d` jmtms gmls`gm gml s`gmaa pinculur pinculurmn mn guat`gi guat`gitir tir,, eusi eusi fmpmt fmpmt putus. putus.

Cmgjmr =. =. Guat`gitir f`c`tma fmn mnmabc Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci =:

 

?.:.. Bs`abs ?.: Bs`abslbp lbp

Cmgjm Cm gjmrr :. Jmc`m Jmc`mn n fipm fipmn n bs`a bs`absl bslbp bp =. A`nc A`nclm lmrm rmn n = giny ginymt mtml mlmn mn su sugj gjir ir s`cn s`cnma ma.. =. • _w`t _w`tod od pmf pmfm pbs` pbs`s` s` OD= OD= mr mrt` t`ny nym m su sugj gjir ir s` s`cn cnma ma jir jirmsma sma fmr` Odmn Odmnni niaa =. • _w`t _w`tod od pmf pmfm pbs` pbs`s` s` OD: OD: mr mrt` t`ny nym m su sugj gjir ir s` s`cn cnma ma jir jirmsma sma fmr` Odmn Odmnni niaa :. • •

_w`t _w`tod od pmf pmfm pbs` pbs`s` s` A@ A@N NI mrt`n rt`nym ym su sugj gjir ir s` s`c cnma nma jirm jirmsm smaa fmr` mr` A` A`ni ni.. _w`tod pmfm pbs`s` ITV mrt`nym sugjir s`cnma jirmsma fmr` sugjir ixti ixtirn rnma ma f` aumr aumr bs`ab bs`absl slbp bp.. :. A`nclmrmn : ginymtmlmn `nput odmnia = (bs`abslbp gigpunym` : `nput ; odmnia = fmn odmnia : ) ?. A` A`nc nclm lmrrmn ? ginym inymttml mlmn mn Odmnn dmnnia ia gmnm gmnm ymnc ymnc f`t `tm mgp`a gp`alm lmn n pmf pmfm amy mymr mr.. • _w _w`to `tod d pm pmfm fm pb pbs`s s`s`` OD= OD= mr mrt` t`nym nym am amymr ymr ml mlmn mn ginmg ginmgp` p`al almn mn crme`l crme`l fmr` fmr` Odmnn Odmnnia ia =. •

_w`t _w`tod od pmfm pmfm pbs`s` bs`s` OD: OD: mrt` mrt`ny nym m am amym ymrr mlmn mlmn ginm ginmgp gp`a `alm lmn n crme crme`l `l fm fmr` r` Odmn Odmnni niaa :.

•

_w`tod pmfm pbs bs``s` FYMA mrt`nym amymr mlmn ginmgp`almn crme`l fmr` Odmnnia = fmn fmn Od Odmn mnni niaa : si siomr omrm m jirs jirsmgm mgmmn mn.. _w`tod pmfm pbs`s` MFF mrt`nym amymr mlmn ginmgp`almn crme`l fmr` Odmnnia = f` supi supirrpb pbs` s`s` s` fi finc ncmn mn Odmn Odmnn nia : .

•

6. A`nc A`nclm lmrm rmn n 6 giny ginymt mtml mlmn mn ki kin` n`ss s`cn s`cnma ma `n `npu put. t. • _w`t _w`tod od pmf pmfm pbs` pbs`s` s` MO mrt`n rt`nym ym s`cn s`cnm ma `npu `nputt jiru jirupm pm s` s`cn cnma ma MO. MO. • _w`t _w`tod od pmf pmfm pbs` pbs`s` s` CNF CNF mr mrtt`nym `nym s`cn s`cnma ma `n `npu putt jiru jirupm pm s` s`c cnma nma crb rbun unf f. • _w`tod `tod pmfm pbs` bs`s` FO mrt` mrt`n nym s`c s`cnma `nput jirup irupm m s` s`c cnma „ 9. A`nc A`nclm lmrm rmn n 9 giny ginymt mtml mlmn mn Uba bats ts/F /F`v `v.. • Vbgjba Ubats/F`v f`putmr li lmnmn mrt`nym sigml`n jismr Ubats pir lbtml lb tml sid`n sid`ncc ccm m tm tmgp` gp`am amn n s`cnm s`cnmaa sigml sigml`n `n lio`a lio`a.. • Vbgjba Ubats/F`v f`putmr li l`r` mrt`nym sigml`n lio`a Ubats pir lbtml lbt ml sid`nc sid`nccm cm tmgp`a tmgp`amn mn s`cnm s`cnmaa sigml sigml`n `n ji jism smr. r. • Xirdmt`lmn mfm tbgjba lio`a f` tincmd tbgjba jismr ymnc jireuncs` smgm smgm titmp titmp`` finc fincmn mn slmam slmam ym ymnc nc ai aij`d j`d lio`a lio`a (e`ni (e`ni-tu -tun`n n`nc) c).. 5. A`ncl A`nclmr mrmn mn 5 giny ginymt mtmlm mlmn n Uirt Uirt`om `omaa Xbs`t` Xbs`t`bn bn (pbs`s (pbs`s`` siomr siomrm m virt`l virt`lma ma). ). •

Mpmj`am tbgjba Uirt`oma Xbs bs``t`bn f`putmr li lmnmn gmlm tmgp`amn s`cnma

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci =?

 

ji jirc rcir irml ml li mt mtms. ms. • Mpmj`am tbgjba Uirt`oma Xbs`t`bn f`putmr li l`r` gmlm tmgp`amn s`cnma jirci jir cirm rml l li jm jmwm wmd. d. 3. A`ncl A`nclmr mrmn mn 3 giny ginymt mtmlm mlmn n Dbr` Dbr`zb zbntm ntmaa Xbs`t` Xbs`t`bn bn (pbs` (pbs`s` s` siomr siomrm m dbr`z dbr`zbnt bntma ma). ). • Mpmj` pmj`am am tb tbgj gjba ba Dbr br`z `zbn bnttma Xbs` Xbs`t` t`bn bn f`p `put utmr mr li lmnm lmnmn n gmlm gmlm tmgp tmgp`a `am mn s` s`c cnma nma jirci jir cirm rml l li lmnm lmnmn. n. • Mpmj`am tbgjba Dbr`zbnt bntma Xbs`t`bn f`putmr li l`r` gmlm tmgp`amn s` s`c cnma jirc jircir irml ml li l`r` l`r`.. 4. A`nc A`nclm lmrm rmn n 4 giny ginymt mtml mlmn mn V`gi V`gi/F /F`v `v (wml (wmltu tu pir pir lbtm lbtml l pmfm pmfm amym amymrr bs`a bs`absl bslbp bp). ). • V`gi V`gi/F /F`v `v giru girupm pmlm lmn n li lijm jmaa`l `lmn mn fmr` fmr` eril erilui uins ns`. `. • _mtu _mtumn mn V`g V`gi/ i/F` F`v v mfm mfmamd amd si siob obnf nf mtm tmu u g`a` g`a`ssio iobn bnf f (gs) (gs).. • _mtumn eriluins` mfmamd Dz mtmu =/siobnf =/s iobnf.. Obntbd; Obntbd; V` V`gi gi/f /f`v `v 7 = gs 7 8,88= ,88= si siob obnf nf Eril Erilui uins ns`` 7 =/8, /8,88= Dz 7 =.88 =.888 8 Dz 7 = lDz lDz ?.?. CINIZMVBZ _@NPMA Cinirmtbr s`nyma mfmamd `nstrugin ymnc gincdms`almn/gigjmncl`tlmn jirjmcm` jintul ciabgjmnc; s`nus, l lbtml btml fmn circmk`. circmk`.

Cmgjmr ?. Cinirmtbr _`nyma 6.

XZB_IFYZ XZB_IFYZ XIZOBJMM XIZOBJMMN N 6.=. Lma`jrms` Bs`abslbp Dujunclmn `nput bs`abslbp fincmn `nput lma`jrms`, mgmt` mnclm ymnc tirtirm pmfm `nput lma`jrms`. G`smalmn tirtua`s =U pp, = Dz gmlm ticmncmn lma`jrms` mfmamd = vbat fmr` punoml mtms li punoml jmwmd fincmn eriluins` = Dz. J`am liaumrmn t`fml sisum` ymnc sidmrsnym, tintulmn fincmn gigpird`tunclmn emotbr pincma` pincma` (vbat/f`v) fincmn omrm gigutmr tbgjba vmr d`nccm g ginompm` inompm` pbs`s` ymnc sisum`.

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci =6

 

6.:. Ginculur Vicmncmn =. Mtur crbunf bs`abslbp bs`abslbp sid`nccm sid`nccm jir`gp`t jir`gp`t fincmn fincmn sugju sugju dbr`zbntma dbr`zbntma amymr amymr fincmn omrm gincujmd tbgjba dbr`zbntma pbs`t`bn fmn ginilmn tbgjba CNF. :. _itiamd _itiamd `tu tilmn tilmn tbgjba tbgjba MO mtmu FO sisum` sisum` fincmn fincmn kin`s kin`s ticmncmn ticmncmn ymnc ymnc mlmn mlmn f`ulur. ?. J`am s`nyma ymnc ymnc f`mgmt` tiramau tiramau pinfil, pinfil, mtur tbgjba vbat/f`v vbat/f`v li slmam slmam ymnc aij`d lio`a. 6. Jmom slmam slmam t`ncc` t`ncc` s`nyma pmfm pmfm amymr bs`abslb bs`abslbp. p. 6.?. Ginmgp`almn fum s`nyma s`nyma silma`cus =. Cisir Cisir pbs`s` siaiotbr siaiotbr OD=, OD=, OD:, FYMA, MFF li pbs`s` pbs`s` FYMA. :. Mtur pbs`s` virt`oma virt`oma sid`nccm sid`nccm lifum lifum s`nyma s`nyma fmpmt fmpmt f`mgmt` f`mgmt` fincmn fincmn kiams. kiams. ?. Gmsullmn Gmsullmn fum s`nyma s`nyma ymnc ymnc `nc`n f`mgmt f`mgmt`` 6.6. Cinirmtbr s`nyma =. Dujunclmn cinirmtbr cinirmtbr s`nyma s`nyma fincmn fincmn bs`abslbp, ujmd ujmd eriluins` fmn mgpa`tufi cinirmtbr s`nyma fmr` lio`a li jismr. Jmom ticmncmn s`nyma tirsijut  fmn jmnf`ncl jmnf`nclmn mn fincmn fincmn pinculurmn pinculurmn ginccunm ginccunmlmn lmn guat`git guat`gitir. ir. Yamnc` Yamnc` sijmnyml 9 lma` pincuamncmn! Nb

Eriluins` cinirmtbr s`nyma

Ubs`abslbp

 

Uguat`gitir

= : ? 6 9

:. Cunmlmn ticmncmn ticmncmn FO pmfm omtu fmym , amau ulur ticmncmn liaumrmnnym fincmn bs`abslbp! Jmnf`nclmn fincmn guat`gitir! ?. Fincmn ginccunmlmn ginccunmlmn bs`abslbp tintulmn supirpbs`s` supirpbs`s` fmr` fum gmsulmn MO ymnc jirjifm! 6. Jumtamd crme`l crme`l a`smkbus fincmn ginccunmlmn ginccunmlmn fum s`nyma MO ymnc jirjifm! 9. GINCMLD@Z@ XIZOBJMMN m. _iaism` prmlt`lug rmp`lmn sigum lmjia fmn gmt`lmn bs`abslbp, cinirmtbr s`nyma sirtm pmst`lmn kucm guat`gitir f`t`nccmalmn fmamg limfmmn gmt` (siaiotbr ginunkul li p`a`dmn bee). j. Ligjma`lmn sigum pirmamtmn ymnc f`p`nkmg li ms`stin fmn rmp`lmn lurs`-lurs` sijiaug gin`nccmalmn rumncmn. Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci =9

 

o.

f.

Xir`lsm amc` amc` aigjmr pinccunmmn gikm. gikm. Xrmlt`lmn ymnc t`fml t`fml ginmnfmtmncmn` ginmnfmtmncmn` aigjmr pinccunmmn pinccunmmn gikm mtmu gigjirislmn gigjirislmn gikm gikm lit`lm prmlt`lug prmlt`lug jirmld`r mlmn ginfmpmtlmn ginfmpmtlmn pbtbncmn n`am` sijismr g`n`gma =8. Xmst`lmn ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc tiamd ginmnfmtmncmn` omtmtmn pirobjmmn lma` `n` pmfm ampbrmn sigintmrm sigintmrm mnfm. Omtmtmn pirobjmmn ymnc ymnc t`fml f`tmnfmtmncmn` f`tmnfmtmncmn` baid ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc t`fml mlmn f`n`am`.

5. VYCM_ XINFMDYAYMN =. Jmcm`g Jmcm`gmnm mnm omr omrm m lirkm lirkm bs`abs bs`abslbp lbp fmn fmn cinir cinirmtb mtbrr s`nyma2 s`nyma2 :. Mpmlmd Mpmlmd ymnc ymnc f`gm f`gmlsuf lsuf fincmn fincmn crme`l crme`l a`smkb a`smkbus2 us2 ?. _mgmlmd _mgmlmd dms`a dms`a pincul pinculurmn urmn ticmncmn ticmncmn FO baid baid guat`git guat`gitir ir fmn fmn bs`abslb bs`abslbp2 p2 Kiamslmn!

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci =5

 

XIZOBJMMN XIZOBJMM N LI-6 VMX@_/E@AVIZ =.

VYKYMN XIZOBJMMN =. Gmdms`swm gmgpu gmgpu gigjumt rmnclm`mn pinmp`s/e`atir pinmp`s/e`atir ababs rinfmd rinfmd fmn tmp`s tmp`s ababs t`ncc`. :. Gmdms`swm gigmdmg` gigmdmg` fmn gmgpu gmgpu ginccunmlmn ginccunmlmn tmp`s untul gige`tir eriluins` ymnc t`fml f``nc`nlmn fmamg sumtu rmnclm`mn.

. :.

?.

MAMV FM FMN JMDMN =. Omtu fmym :. Bs`abslbp ?. Guat`gitir 6. Cini Cinirm rmtb tbrr s`n s`nym ymaa 9. Lbgpbnin Lbgpbnin iailt iailtrbn`l rbn`lm m (ris`stbr (ris`stbr,, lmpms`tbr, lmpms`tbr, fmn lmjia lmjia)) FM_MZ VIBZ@ Vmp`s mtmu e`atir ababs rinfmd mfmamd tmp`s ymnc giababslmn s`nyma eriluins` rinfmd fmn tmp`s ababs t`nc` mfmamd tmp`s ymnc giababslmn s`nyma eriluins` t`ncc`. Cmgjmr =(m) ginunkullmn rmnclm`mn tmp`s ababs rinfmd, sifmnclmn cmgjmr = (j) ginunkullmn rmnclm`mn tmp`s ababs ababs t`ncc`.

Cmgjmr =. (m). Vmp`s ababs rinfmd (j). Vmp`s ababs t`ncc`

Cmgjmr :. Lurvm tmnccmpmn mgpa`tufb Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci =3

 

K`lm fmr` rmnclm`mn tirsijut k`lm f`cmgjmrlmn lurvi dujuncmn mntmrm pincumtmn ticmnc tic mncmn mn fmamg fmamg fJ virsus virsus abcmr` abcmr`tgm tgm erilui eriluins` ns` sipirt sipirt`` pmfm pmfm cmgjmr cmgjmr : gmlm gmlm f`pirbaid lurvi ymnc ymnc f`sijut tmnccmpmn mgpa`tufb. mgpa`tufb. Eriluins` f`gmnm lurvi turun ? fJ fmr` fmr` jmc`mn ymnc rmtm f`sijut eriluins` pbtbnc.

6. XZB_ XZB_IF IFYZ YZ XIZO XIZOBJ BJMM MMN N 6.=. Vmp`s ababs rinfmd m. Zmnclm`am Zmnclm`amd d tmp`s ababs ababs rinfmd rinfmd sipirt sipirt`` cmgjmr cmgjmr =(m) fincm fincmn n ginccunmlm ginccunmlmn nZ7 =98 ℥ fmn O 7 = ¹E. ¹E. j. Jir`amd Jir`amd s`nyma s`nyma gmsulmn gmsulmn pmfm rmnclm` rmnclm`mn mn tirsijut tirsijut fmr` fmr` cinirmtbr cinirmtbr s`nyma s`nyma fincmn eriluins` tirtintu. o. Dujunclmn Dujunclmn butput butput rmnclm rmnclm`mn `mn li bs`abslb bs`abslbp, p, mgmt` mgmt` s`nyma s`nyma gmsulmn gmsulmn fmn fmn s`nyma s`nyma liaumrmnnym amau cmgjmrlmn jintul s`nymanym fmn omtmt n`am`nym! f. Yjmd eriluin eriluins` s` fmr` ymnc ymnc lio`a lio`a li jismr jismr untul =8 =8 n`am` erilui eriluins` ns` ymnc jirjifm!

6.:. Vmp`s ababs t`ncc` m. Zmnclm`am Zmnclm`amd d tmp`s tmp`s ababs ababs rinfm rinfmd d sipirt sipirt`` cmgjmr cmgjmr = (j) (j) n`am` n`am` lbgpbnin lbgpbnin smgm pirobjmmn f` mtms.. j. Jir`amd Jir`amd s`nyma s`nyma gmsulmn gmsulmn pmfm rmnclm` rmnclm`mn mn tirsijut tirsijut fmr` fmr` cinirmtbr cinirmtbr s`nyma s`nyma fincmn eriluins` tirtintu. o. Dujunclmn Dujunclmn butput butput rmnclm rmnclm`mn `mn li bs`abslb bs`abslbp, p, mgmt` mgmt` s`nyma s`nyma gmsulmn gmsulmn fmn fmn s`nyma s`nyma liaumrmnnym amau cmgjmrlmn jintul s`nymanym fmn omtmt n`am`nym! f. Yjmd eriluin eriluins` s` fmr` ymnc ymnc lio`a lio`a li jismr jismr untul =8 =8 n`am` erilui eriluins` ns` ymnc jirjifm!

9. GINCMLD@Z GINCMLD@Z@@ XIZOB XIZOBJMM JMMN N m.

j.

o.

f.

_iaism` prmlt`lug rmp`lmn sigum lmjia fmn gmt`lmn bs`abslbp, cinirmtbr s`nyma sirtm pmst`lmn kucm guat`gitir f`t`nccmalmn fmamg limfmmn gmt` (siaiotbr ginunkul li p`a`dmn bee). Ligjma`lmn sigum pirmamtmn ymnc f`p`nkmg li ms`stin fmn rmp`lmn lurs`-lurs` sijiaug gin`nccmalmn rumncmn. Xir`lsm amc` amc` aigjmr pinccunmmn gikm. gikm. Xrmlt`lmn ymnc t`fml t`fml ginmnfmtmncmn` ginmnfmtmncmn` aigjmr pinccunmmn pinccunmmn gikm mtmu gigjirislmn gigjirislmn gikm gikm lit`lm prmlt`lug prmlt`lug jirmld`r mlmn ginfmpmtlmn ginfmpmtlmn pbtbncmn n`am` sijismr g`n`gma =8. Xmst`lmn ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc tiamd ginmnfmtmncmn` omtmtmn pirobjmmn lma` `n` pmfm ampbrmn ampbrmn sigintmrm mnfm. Omtmtmn pirobjmmn pirobjmmn ymnc t`fml f`tmnfmtmncmn` f`tmnfmtmncmn` baid ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc t`fml mlmn f`n`am`.

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci =4

 

5. VYCM_ VYCM_ XINFMDY XINFMDYAYM AYMN N =. Mpmlmd Mpmlmd ymnc ymnc f`gmlsu f`gmlsuf f fincmn fincmn tmp`s tmp`s ababs ababs rinfm rinfmd d fmn tmp`s ababs t`ncc`! t`ncc`! :. Mpmlmd Mpmlmd ymnc ymnc f`gml f`gmlsuf suf fincmn fincmn nb`si2 nb`si2 Jmcm`g Jmcm`gmnm mnm o`rr`o`rr`-o`r o`r`ny `nym2 m2 ?. Jmnf`nclm Jmnf`nclmn n jintul jintul s`nyma s`nyma gmsulm gmsulmn n fmn s`nyma liaumrmn liaumrmn pmfm tmp`s! tmp`s! _mgm _mgm mtmu mtmu jifm2

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci =0

 

XIZOBJMMN XIZOBJM MN LI-9 LI-9  MNMA@_@_ _@NPMA GINCCYNMLMN F@BFM =.

VYKYMN XIZOBJMMN =. Gigjumt Gigjumt lmrmlti lmrmltir`st`l r`st`l stmt`o f`bfm. f`bfm. :. Ginccunmlmn f`bfi untul oa`pp`nc, sa`o`nc, oamgp`nc, fmn vbatmci vbatmci fbujair. fbujair.

. :.

?.

MAMV FMN JMDMN =. Omtu fmym :. Bs`abslbp ?. Guat`gitir 6. Cini Cinirm rmtb tbrr s`n s`nym ymaa 9. Lbgpbn Lbgpbnin in iailtr iailtrbn` bn`lm lm (ris`st (ris`stbr, br, f`bfm f`bfm,, fmn lmjia) lmjia) FM_MZ VIBZ@ ?.=. Lmrmltir`st`l _tmt`l _tmt`l F`bfm Lurvm lmrmltir`st`l lmrmltir`st`l stmt`l f`bfm girupmlmn euncs` f fmr` mr` mrus @F, mrus ymnc

giamau` f`bfm, tirdmfmp tirdmfmp ticmncmn ticmncmn UF, jifm ticmnc ticmnc mntmrm t`t`l m fmn j (a`dmt  cmgjmr = fmn cmgjmr :)

Lmrmltir`st`l stmt`l f`bfm fmpmt fmpmt f`pirbaid fincmn fincmn ginculur ticmncmn f`bfm (Umj) fmn mrus mrus ymnc giamau` f`bfm, f`bfm, ym`tu @F. Fmpmt f`ujmd fincmn fincmn fum omrm, ym`tu gincujmd UFF.J`am mrus f`bfm @F l`tm pabtlmn tirdmfmp tirdmfmp ticmncmn f`bfm Umj, l`tm pirbaid pirbaid lmrmltir`st`l stmt`l f`bfm. J`am mnbfm jirmfm pmfm pmfm ticmncmn aij`d t`ncc` fmr`pmfm lmtbfm (UF pbs`t`e) f`bfm f`lmtmlmn ginfmpmt ginfmpmt j`ms ebrwmrf. ebrwmrf. J`am UF nicmt nicmt`e `e f`sijut f`sijut j`ms risirvi risirvi mtmu mtmu j`ms gunfur. gunfur. Xmfm cmgjmr cmgjmr : UO f`sijut out`n-vbatmci, @_ mrus smturms` smturms` fmn UX@U mfmamd piml-`nvirsi piml-`nvirsi vbatmci. vbatmci. J`am dmrcm UFF f`ujmd, gmlm mrus @F fmn UF mlmn jirujmd puam. J`am l`tm gigpunym` lmrmltir`st`l stmt`l f`bfm fmn l`tm tmdu dmrcm UFF fmn ZA, gmlm gmlm dmrcm dmrcm mrus @F fmn UF fmpmt l`tm tintulmn tintulmn sijmcm` jir`lut. Fmr` cmgjmr = f`pirbaid f`pirbaid ; UFF 7 Umj + (@³ ZA) mtm mtmu u @ 7 -(U -(Umj/ZA) + (UFF / ZA)

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci :8

 

J`am dujuncmn f` mtms l`tm aul`slmn pmfm pmfm lmrmltir`st`l stmt`l f`bfm l`tm mlmn ginfmpmtlmn cmr`s aurus fincmn lig`r`ncmn (=/Z (=/ZA). Cmr`s `n` `n` f`sijut cmr`s jijmn jijmn (abmf a`ni). @n` f`tunkullmn f`tunkullmn pmfm cmgjmr ?. L`tm a`dmt jmdwm cmr`s jijmn gigbtbnc gigbtbnc sugju U f`bfm pmfm pmfm dmrcm dmrcm UFF ym`tu j`am mrus @78, @78, fmn gigbtbnc sugju @ pmfm pmfm dmrcm (UFF/ZA). V`t`l pbtbnc mnt mntmrm mrm lmrmltir lmrmltir`st`l `st`l stmt`l stmt`l fincmn cmr`s cmr`s jijmn jijmn gigjir`lmn dmrcm ticmncmn f`bfm UF(q) fmn fmn mrus f`bfm f`bfm @F(q). Fincmn Fincmn gincujmd gincujmd dmrcm UFF l`tm mlmn mlmn ginfmpmtlmn cmr`s-cmr`s jijmn sikmkmr sikmkmr sipirt` sipirt` pmfm pmfm cmgjmr ?. J`am J`am UFF18 fmn |UFF| 1 UX@U gmlm mrus mrus f`bfm ymnc gincma`r gincma`r mfmamd mfmamd lio`a silma`, silma`, ym`tu mrus smturms` @_. Mrus `n` gigpunym` gigpunym` dmrcm l`rm-l`r l`rm-l`rm m = αM untul f`bfm s`a`lbn. s`a`lbn. ?.:. Zmnclm`mn oa`ppir Zmnclm`mn oa`ppir (pigbtbnc) jireuncs` untul gigbtbnc mtmu gincd`amnclmn sijmc`mn s`nyma gmsulmn ymnc jirmfm f` jmwmd mtmu f` mtms aivia tirtintu. Obntbd sifirdmnm fmr` rmnclm`mn oa`ppir mfmamd pinyimrmd sitincmd ciabgjmnc. Zmnclm`mn `n` gigbtbnc mtmu gincd`amnclmn sijmc`mn s`nyma gmsulmn f` mtms mtmu f` jmwmd aivia nba. Zmnclm`mn fmsmr fmr` sijumd oa`ppir mtmu pigbtbnc s`nyma fmpmt ginccunmlmn sijumd f`bfm. _iomrm ugug rmnclm`mn oa`ppir ginccunmlmn f`bfm fmpmt f`cbabnclmn ginkmf` fum, ym`tu; rmnclm`mn oa`ppir sir`

fmn rmnclm`mn oa`ppir pmrmaia. Zmnclm`mn oa`ppir sir` jirmrt` f`bfm jirdujuncmn siomrm sir` fincmn jijmn, sifmnclmn oa`ppir pmrmaia jirmrt` f`bfm f`pmsmnc pmrmaia fincmn jijmn. _ifmnclmn untul gms`nc-gms`nc kin`s tirsijut f`jmc` ginkmf` oa`ppi oa`ppirr nicmt` nicmt`ee (pigbt (pigbtbnc bnc jmc`mn jmc`mn nicmt`e nicmt`e)) fmn fmn oa` oa`ppi ppirr pbs`t` pbs`t`ee (pig (pigbtb btbnc nc jmc`mn jmc`mn pbs`t`e). Oa`ppir _ir` F`bfm fmn jmtirm` sijmcm` rmnclm`mn utmgm oa`ppir f`pmsmnc siomrm sir` fincmn sugjir s`nyma. J`am butput b utput rmnclm`mn mfmamd lmtbfm f`bfm, gmlm jmc`mn pbs`t`ee fmr` s`nyma pbs`t` s`nyma `nput mlmn f`aiwmtlm f`aiwmtlmn, n, fmn jmc`mn nicmt`e nicmt`e mlmn f`pbtbnc f`pbtbnc (jirmrt` (jirmrt` oa`ppir oa`pp ir nicmt`e). nicmt`e). J`am butput butput rmnclm`mn rmnclm`mn mfmamd mfmamd mnbfm f`bfm, gmlm gmlm jmc`mn nicmt`e nicmt`e fmr`

s`nyma `nput mlmn f`aiwmtlmn, f`aiwmtlmn, fmn jmc`mn pbs`t`e mlmn f`pbtbnc (jirmrt` oa`ppir oa`ppir Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci :=

 

pbs`t`e). Jismrnym oa`pp`nc mtmu pigbtbncmn s`nyma mfmamd ticmncmn jmtirm` + ticmncmn f`bfm (8,3 untul _`, 8,? untul Ci mtmu Uz j`am ginccunmlmn f`bfm zinir)

Cmgjmr 6. Zmnclm`mn Oa`ppir _ir` Xbs`t`e Fincmn F`bfm

Cmgjmr 9. Zmnclm`mn Oa`ppir _ir` Nicmt`e Fincmn F`bfm F`bfm

Oa`ppir Xmrmaaia F`bfm fmn jmtirm` sijmcm` rmnclm`mn utmgm oa`ppir f`pmsmnc siomrm pmrmaia fincmn kmaur butput rmnclm`mn. J`am butput rmnclm`mn pmrmaaia fincmn lmtbfm f`bfm, gmlm gmlm jmc`mn jmc`mn pbs`t`e fmr` s`nyma s`nyma `nput mlmn f`aiwmtlmn, f`aiwmtlmn, fmn jmc`mn jmc`mn nicmt`e nicm t`e mlmn f`pbtbn f`pbtbnc c (jirmrt` (jirmrt` oa`ppir oa`ppir nicmt`e). nicmt`e). J`am J`am butput rmnclm`m rmnclm`mn n pmrmaaia pmrmaaia fincmn mnbfm f`bfm, f`bfm, gmlm gmlm jmc`mn nicmt`e fmr` s`nyma s`nyma `nput mlmn f`aiwmtlmn, f`aiwmtlmn, fmn jmc`mn jmc`m n pbs`t`e mlmn f`pbtbnc f`pbtbnc (jirmrt` (jirmrt` oa`ppir pbs`t`e). pbs`t`e). Jmtirm` Jmtirm` fmamg fmamg rmnclm rmnclm`mn `mn oa`pir `n` jireuncs` untul jmtms pigbtbncmn mtmu aivia oa`pp`nc. Jismrnym oa`pp`nc mtmu pigbtbncmn s`nyma mfmamd ticmncmn jmtrm` + ticmncmn f`bfm (8,3 untul _`, 8,? untul Ci mtmu Uz j`am ginccunmlmn f`bfm zinir)

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci ::

 

Cmgjmr 9. Zmnclm`mn Oa`ppir Xmrmaaia Xbs`t`e 

Cmgjmr 5. Zmnclm`mn Oa`ppir Oa`ppir Xmrmaaia Nicmt`e 

6. XZB_ ZB_IFYZ IFYZ XIZO XIZOBJ BJMM MMN N 6.=. Lmrmltir`st`l f`bfm m. Jumtam Jumtamd d rmncl rmnclm`m m`mn n sipir sipirt` t` cmgjm cmgjmrr =. j. Cunmlmn Cunmlmn f`bfi f`bfi s`a`obn, s`a`obn, liguf`mn liguf`mn ujmdam ujmdamd d jismr dmgjm dmgjmtmn tmn Z fmn fmn ulur Umj fmn Ujo untul sit`mp dmrcm Z ginccunmlmn guat`gitir. o. D`tunc mr mrus f` f`bfi bfi @f 7 Ujo/ZA! f. Aul`slmn Aul`slmn lurvm lmrmltir` lmrmltir`st`l st`l stmt`o stmt`o f`bfm! f`bfm! 6.:. Mnma`s`s jintul s`nyma m. Xmsmnc Xmsmnc rmnc rmnclm` lm`mn mn oa`pp oa`ppir ir f`bfi f`bfi sir sir`` sipirt sipirt`` cmgjmr cmgjmr =. =. Cunmlm Cunmlmn n s`nyma s`nyma s`nusb`fm fincmn ticmncmn =: U pp fmn eriluin eriluins` s` = LDz. Omtmt Omtmt jintul jintul fmn fmn jismr ticmncmn s`nyma `nput fmn ticmncmn butput pmfm bs`abslbp. Cunmlmn ZA 7 =88 ℥ fmn uamnc` uamnc` fincmn fincmn ZA 7 =8 L℥.

j. Yamnc` Yamnc` amnclmd amnclmd (m) fincmn fincmn s`nyma s`nyma gmsulm gmsulmn n ciabgjmnc ciabgjmnc pirsic`. pirsic`. Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci :?

 

o. Xmsmnc Xmsmnc rmnclm`m rmnclm`mn n oa`ppir oa`ppir sikmkmr sikmkmr sipirt sipirt`` cmgjmr cmgjmr :, fmn amlulmn amlulmn amnclm amnclmd d (m) fmn (j). f. Yjmd eriluin eriluins` s` fmr` ymnc ymnc lio`a lio`a li jismr jismr untul =8 =8 n`am` erilui eriluins` ns` ymnc jirjifm! 9. GINCML GINCMLD@Z D@Z@@ XIZOBJ XIZOBJMMN MMN m.

j.

o.

f.

_iaism` prmlt`lug rmp`lmn sigum lmjia fmn gmt`lmn bs`abslbp, cinirmtbr s`nyma sirtm sirt m pmst`lmn pmst`lmn kucm guat`gitir guat`gitir f`t`nccmal f`t`nccmalmn mn fmamg limfmmn limfmmn gmt` (siaiotbr (siaiotbr ginunkul li p`a`dmn bee). Ligjma`lmn sigum pirmamtmn ymnc f`p`nkmg li ms`stin fmn rmp`lmn lurs`-lurs` sijiaug gin`nccmalmn rumncmn. Xir`lsm amc` amc` aigjmr pinccunmmn gikm. gikm. Xrmlt`lmn ymnc t`fml t`fml ginmnfmtmncmn` ginmnfmtmncmn` aigjmr pinccunmmn pinccunmmn gikm mtmu gigjirislmn gigjirislmn gikm gikm lit`lm prmlt`lug prmlt`lug jirmld`r mlmn ginfmpmtlmn ginfmpmtlmn pbtbncmn n`am` sijismr g`n`gma =8. Xmst`lmn ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc tiamd ginmnfmtmncmn` omtmtmn pirobjmmn lma` `n` pmfm ampbrmn sigintmrm sigintmrm mnfm. Omtmtmn pirobjmmn ymnc ymnc t`fml f`tmnfmtmncmn` f`tmnfmtmncmn` baid ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc t`fml mlmn f`n`am`.

5. VYCM_ VYCM_ XINFMD XINFMDYAYM YAYMN N =. Mpmlmd Mpmlmd ymnc ymnc f`gm f`gmlsu lsuf f fincm fincmn n lmrmlt lmrmltir` ir`stl stl stmt`o stmt`o f`bf f`bfi2 i2 :. Mpml Mpmlmd md ymnc ymnc f`gm f`gmls lsuf uf finc fincmn mn oa`p oa`ppi pir2 r2 ?. Jmnf`nclm Jmnf`nclmn n jintul jintul s`nyma liaumrmn liaumrmn sijiaug sijiaug fmn sitiamd sitiamd giamw giamwmt` mt` oa`ppir! oa`ppir!

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci :6

 

XIZOBJMMN XIZOBJMM N LI-5 XINPIMZMD CIABGJMNC =. VYKY VYKYMN MN XIZO XIZOBJ BJMM MMN N =. Gigjumt pinyimrmd ciabgjmnc pinud fmn fmn sitincmd sitincmd ciabgjmnc. ciabgjmnc. :. Gigmdmg` Gigmdmg` pr`ns`p pr`ns`p lirkm fmn fmn lmrmltir`s lmrmltir`st`l t`l pinyimrm pinyimrmd d ciabgjmnc. ciabgjmnc. :. MAMV MAMV FMN FMN JMDM JMDMN N =. Bs`abslbp :. Guat`gitir ?. Cini Cinirm rmtb tbrr s`n s`nym ymaa 6. Lbgpbn Lbgpbnin in iailtr iailtrbn`l bn`lm m (ris`stb (ris`stbr, r, f`bfm, f`bfm, lmpms` lmpms`tbr tbr,, fmn fmn lmji lmjia) a) ?.

FM_MZ FM_MZ VIBZ@ VIBZ@ Xinyimrmd sitincmd ciabgjmnc girupmlmn rmnclm`mn pinyimrmd ymnc pma`nc sifirdmnm, ym`tu ymnc tirf`r` fmr` smtu f`bfm. Cmgjmr = ginunkullmn rmnclm`mn pinyimrmd pinyi mrmd sitin sitincmd cmd ciabgjm ciabgjmnc. nc. Zmnclm Zmnclm`mn `mn pinyimr pinyimrmd md sitincm sitincmd d ciabgjmnc ciabgjmnc gigpirbaid gmsulmn gmsulmn fmr` silunfir silunfir trmeb ymnc jirupm jirupm ticmncmn jirj jirjintul intul s`nus, v` 7 vg s`n πt (c (cmg mgjm jmrr :) :).. Ug girupmlmn ticmncmn punoml mtmu ticmncmn gmls`gug. Dmrcm Ug `n` dmnym j`sm f`ulur fincmn fincmn bs`abslbp, sifmnclmn dmrcm dmrcm ymnc tiromntug pmfm silunfir trmeb girupmlmn ticmncmn ieilt`e ymnc fmpmt f`ulur fincmn ginccunmlmn vbat gitir. Dujuncmn mntmrm ticmncmn punoml U g fincmn ticmncmn ieilt`e (Uiee ) mtmu ticmncmn rgs.

Cmgjmr =. =. Xinyimrmd Xinyimrmd sitincmd ciabgjmnc ciabgjmnc

Cmgjmr :. _`nyma gmsulmn fmn liaumrmn Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci :9

 

Xr`ns`p lirkm pinyimrmd sitincmd ciabgjmnc mfmamd jmdwm pmfm smmt s`nyma `nput jirupm s`laus pbs`t`p gmlm f`bfm ginfmpmt j`ms gmku sid`nccm mrus (`) gincma`r li jijmn (ZA), fmn sijma`lnym j`am s`nyma `nput jirupm s`laus nicmt`p gmlm f`bfm ginfmpmt j`ms gunfur sid`nccm t`fml gincma`r mrus.

_ifmnclmn _ifmn clmn pinyir pinyirmd md ciabgjmn ciabgjmnc c pinud gig`a`l` gig`a`l` omrm omrm lirkm lirkm sijmcm` sijmcm` jir`lut; jir`lut;

Cmgjmr ?. Xinyirmrmd ciabgjmnc ciabgjmnc pinud (pmnkmr gmku) Vrmeb pmfm pmfm jmc`mn silunfir trmeb OV tirfmpmt fum s`nyma butput ymnc tirkmf` tirkmf` siomrm jirsmgmmn, gigpunym` mgpa`tufb ymnc smgm nmgun jiramwmnmn emsm. _mmt ticmncmn `nput (ticmncmn pr`gir) jirmfm jirmfm pmfm s`laus pbs`t`e, pmfm pmfm t`t`l MB mlmn tirkmf` s`laus pbs`t`e sigintmrm pmfm t`t`l BJ mlmn tirkmf` s`laus nicmt`e. Ml`jmtnym F= mlmn gincmamg` pmnkmrmn gmku (ebrwmrf j`ms) sifmnclmn F: gincmamg` pmnkmrmn jma`l  (rivirsi j`ms) sid`nccm mrus mlmn gincma`r giamau` F= ginuku li jijmn fmn ligjma` li t`t`l ointir tmp.

Cmgjmrr 6. Xinyirmrmd Cmgjm Xinyirmrmd ciabgjmn ciabgjmnc c pinud (pmnkmr (pmnkmr gunfur) gunfur) _mmt ticmncmn `nput `nput (ticmncmn pr`gir) jirmfm jirmfm pmfm s`laus s`laus nicmt`e, pmfm pmfm t`t`l MB mlmn tirkmf` s`laus nicmt`e sigintmrm pmfm t`t`l BJ mlmn tirkmf` s`laus pbs`t`e. Ml`jmtnym F: mlmn gincmamg` pmnkmrmn gmku (ebrwmrf j`ms) sifmnclmn F= gincmamg` pmnkmrmn jma`l (rivirsi j`ms) sid`nccm mrus mlmn gincma`r giamau` F: ginuku li jijmn fmn ligjma` li t`t`l ointir tmp.

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci :5

 

6.

XZB_IFYZ XZB_IFYZ XIZOBJMM XIZOBJMMN N 6.=. Xinyimrmd sitincmd sitincmd ciabgjmnc m. Jumtam Jumtamd d rmnc rmnclm` lm`mn mn sipir sipirt` t` fmam fmamg g cmgj cmgjmr mr 9!  

M

F=

J +

 

U`n

:98/9S

ZA

Ubut

5 UMO  R O

Cmgjmr Cmgj mr 9. Xinyimrm Xinyimrmd d sitincmd sitincmd ciabgjmnc ciabgjmnc j. Mtur Mtur bs`abslb bs`abslbp p pmfm pmfm s`nlrbn s`nlrbnus us mtmu mtmu tr`ccir tr`ccir`nc, `nc, dujun dujunclm clmn n `nput virt` virt`oma oma fmr` fm r` bs`a bs`abs bslb lbp p li t`t` t`t`l l M, M, crb crbnf nf li t` t`t` t`l l O. O. (lbnsuatms`lmn pmfm ms`stin  prmlt`lug sijiaug pirobjmmn pirobjmmn f` guam`). guam`). o. D`fuplmn D`fuplmn bs`absl bs`abslbp bp fmn fmn dujunclmn dujunclmn rmnclm`mn rmnclm`mn li sugjir sugjir ticmn ticmncmn cmn f. Mtur Mtur slmam, slmam, pincu pincumtm mtmn n dbr`zbn dbr`zbntma tma,, swiip swiip fmn pincbn pincbntrb trbaa s`nlrbn s`nlrbnus us mtmu mtmu tr`ccir tr`cc ir untul ginunkullm ginunkullmn n jintul jintul ciabgjmnc. ciabgjmnc. Cmgjmramd Cmgjmramd jintul  ciabgjmnc punoml ticmncmn ticmncmn (piml tb piml)! i. Dujunc Dujunclmn lmn prbji prbji bs`abs bs`abslbp lbp pmfm pmfm t`t`l t`t`l J-O a`dmt a`dmt Cmgjmr Cmgjmr 9. e. Cmgjmr Cmgjmr jintul jintul ciabgjmnc ciabgjmnc fmn fincm fincmn n ginccunm ginccunmlmn lmn guat`gitir guat`gitir pmfm pbs`s` ticmncmn FO (UFO), ulur ticmncmn fmr` J-O. c. Gmt`lmn Gmt`lmn sigum sigum smlamr smlamr sitia sitiamd md siaism` siaism` giamlu giamlulmn lmn pirobjm pirobjmmn. mn.

6.:. Xinyimrmd ciabgjmnc ciabgjmnc pinud m. Jumtamd Jumtamd rmncl rmnclm`mn m`mn sipirt` sipirt` fmamg fmamg cmgjmr cmgjmr 5. _ V= ::8 U/58 Dz

M

 _=

F= F

O

+

J _:

F:

ZA

U But

 R  R

Cmgjmr 5. Xinyimrmd Xinyimrmd ciabgjmnc ciabgjmnc pinud pinud Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci :3

 

j. Cunmlmn Cunmlmn lmjia lmjia kugpir sisum` sisum` fincmn cmgjmr cmgjmr tirsijut. tirsijut. o. _it bs`ab bs`abslb slbp p pmfm pmfm s`norb s`norbnus nus (a`ni (a`ni syno) syno) mtmu mtmu tr`cc tr`ccir ir`nc `nc.. Dujuncl Dujunclmn mn aimf  `nput pmfm `nput  pmfm mnbfm fmr` F= (t`t`l M), crbunf li t`t`l O. ( tunkullmn lipmfm ms`stin  prmlt`lug sijiaug mnfm mnfm giguam` pirobjmmn) pirobjmmn). f. D`fuplmn pbwir, pbwir, tutup smlamr _= titmp` _: titmp tirjulm. tirjulm. i. Mtur kmrug virt`oma, virt`oma, pincumtmn pincumtmn dbr`zbntma dbr`zbntma swiip swiip fmn fmn syno syno / tr`ccir`nc tr`ccir`nc untul  ginunkullmn jintul ciabgjmnc MO. Smviebrg

U p-p

FO U

U`n (M tb O)

U`n (J tb O)

Ubut  (F=)

Ubut  (F:)

Ubut  (euaawmvi) Ebrwmrf

Zis`stmnoi F=

F :

( ) e. Cunmlm Cunmlmn n bs`abs bs`abslbp lbp untu untul l tintul tintulmn mn ticmnc ticmncmn mn piml piml tb pim piml l pmfm pmfm t`t`l t`t`l MO. MO. c. Fincmn Fincmn ginccu ginccunml nmlmn mn guat`g guat`giti itirr FO ulur ulur ticmnc ticmncmn mn mntmr mntmrm m MO MO ! d. Julm smlamr _=, dujunclmn `nput bs`abslbp pmfm mnbfm fmr` fmr` f`bfm F: fmn fmn smlamr _: f`tutup. Cmgjmrlmn UJO! `. D`tunc fmn fmn omtmt ticmncm ticmncmn n piml tb piml fmn fmn ticmncmn ticmncmn FO ymnc ginyiji ginyijirmnc rmnc`` t`t`l JO. k. Julm smlamr smlamr _:, _:, dujunclm dujunclmn n bs`abslb bs`abslbp p pmfm pmfm t`t`l t`t`l F (jijmn (jijmn ZA). l. Vutup smlamr smlamr _=, cmgjmrlmn cmgjmrlmn jintul ciabgjmnc ciabgjmnc fmn mgmt` mgmt` ticmncmn ticmncmn U but ymnc giaiwmt` ZA. a. Julm _=, tutup tutup _: fmn fmn mgmt` mgmt` U but but ymnc ymnc ginyijir ginyijirmnc` mnc` ZA. ZA.

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci :4

 

g. Vutup smlamr _=, sigum sw`tod f`julm, cmgjmr jintul ciabgjmnc butput U but  fmn ulur ticmncmn U but. n. Gmt`lmn Gmt`lmn pbwir sigum smlamr-sm smlamr-smlamr lamr f`pbs`s`lm f`pbs`s`lmn n bee  bee sitiamd sitiamd siaism` pirobjmmn.

9. GINCMLD@Z@ XIZOBJMMN m. _iaism` prmlt`lug rmp`lmn sigum lmjia fmn gmt`lmn bs`abslbp, cinirmtbr s`nyma sirtm pmst`lmn kucm guat`gitir f`t`nccmalmn fmamg limfmmn gmt` (siaiotbr ginunkul li p`a`dmn bee). j. Ligjma`lmn sigum pirmamtmn ymnc f`p`nkmg li ms`stin fmn rmp`lmn lurs`-lurs` sijiaug gin`nccmalmn rumncmn. amc` aigjmr pinccunmmn gikm. gikm. Xrmlt`lmn ymnc t`fml t`fml ginmnfmtmncmn` ginmnfmtmncmn` o. Xir`lsm amc` aigjmr aigj mr pinccunm pinccunmmn mn gikm mtmu mtmu gigjir gigjirislmn islmn gikm lit`lm lit`lm prmlt`lug prmlt`lug jirmld`r jirmld`r mlmn ginfmpmtlmn ginfmpmtlmn pbtbncmn n`am` sijismr g`n`gma =8. f. Xmst`lmn ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc tiamd ginmnfmtmncmn` omtmtmn pirobjmmn lma` `n` pmfm ampbrmn sigintmrm sigintmrm mnfm. Omtmtmn pirobjmmn ymnc ymnc t`fml f`tmnfmtmncmn` f`tmnfmtmncmn` baid ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc t`fml mlmn f`n`am`.

5. VYCM VYCM_ _ MLD@Z MLD@Z =. Mpml Mpmlmd md eu eunc ncs` s` oin ointr tri i tmp tmp (OV) (OV) pmf pmfm m trme trmeb2 b2 :. Mpmlmd Mpmlmd pirjif pirjifmmn mmn pinyi pinyimrmd mrmd ciabgjmnc ciabgjmnc pinud fmn sitincmd sitincmd ciabgj ciabgjmnc2 mnc2 ?. Mpmlmd Mpmlmd liuntu liuntuncm ncmn n fmn liruc liruc`mn `mn pinyim pinyimrmd rmd ciabgj ciabgjmnc mnc pinud pinud fmn sitinc sitincmd md ciabgjmnc2

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci :0

 

XIZOBJM XIZ OBJMMN MN LI-3 LI-3 ZMNCLM@MN ZO =.

VYKY VYKYMN MN XIZO XIZOBJM BJMMN MN

=. Ginculur wmltu wmltu ZO pmfm pinc`s`mn fmn pi pincbsbncmn ncbsbncmn lmpms`tbr. lmpms`tbr. :. Gigmdmg` jintul s`nyma liaumrmn liaumrmn rmnclm`mn pinf`eirins`ma fmn pinc`nticrma pinc`nticrma j`am f`jir` gmsulmn s`nyma pirsic`. :.

MAMV MAMV FMN FMN JMDM JMDMN N =. Bs`abslbp

:. Guat`gitir ?. Cini Cinirm rmtb tbrr s`n s`nym ymaa 6. Lbgpbnin Lbgpbnin iailt iailtrbn`l rbn`lm m (ris`stbr (ris`stbr,, lmpms`tbr, lmpms`tbr, fmn lmjia lmjia)) ?.

FM_M FM_MZ Z VIBZ VIBZ@@

Lmpms`tbr mfmamd lbgpbnin iailtrbn`lm ymnc fmpmt f`cunmlmn untul  giny`gpmn gumtmn a`str`l fmamg wmltu tirtintu. Lmpms`tbr ugugnym tirjumt fmr` : jumd aigpinc lbnfultbr ymnc f`tincmd-tincmdnym f`s`s`plmn f`s`s`plmn aigpincmn `sbamtbr ymnc f`sijut f`iailtr`lm. Mpmj`am sijumd lmpms`tbr f`dujunclmn fincmn sugjir mrus simrmd gmlm fmamg jijirmpm smmt mlm nmfm mrus a`str`l ymnc gincma`r gmsul  li fmamg lmpms`tbr, lbnf`s` `n` f`sijut prbsis pinc`s`mn lmpms`tbr, mpmj`am gumtmn a`str`l f` fmamg lmpms`tbr sufmd pinud, gmlm ma`rmn mrus a`str`l mlmn jirdint`. J`am dujuncmn li lmpms`tbr f` tulmr pbamr`tmsnym, gmlm gumtmn a`str`l mlmn ligjma` gincma`r liaumr fmr` lmpms`tbr. Vicmncmn a`str`l pmfm lmpms`tbr jismrnym jirjmnf`nc aurus fincmn gumtmn a`str`l ymnc tirs`gpmn f` fmamg lmpms`tbr, dujuncmn `n` fmpmt f`tua`slmn ginkmf` ; ……………………………………………………………. (=) F`gm F`gmnm nm U ; ti ticm cmnc ncmn mn a`st a`str` r`l l (U) (U) ] gumtmn a`str`l (Obuabgj ( O(E) )) O ;; lmpms`tms lmpms`tbr (Emrmf Xmfm cmgjmr cmgjmr =, sijumd sijumd lmpms`tbr lmpms`tbr ymnc ymnc tirs`s` tirs`s` pinud pinud gumtmn gumtmn a`str`l  a`str`l  f`dujuncmn fincmn ginccunmlmn sijumd ris`stbr.

Cmgjmr =. Lmpms`tbr ymnc f`dujunclmn fincmn ris`stbr Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci ?8

 

Gmlm jismr ticmncmn ymnc tirkmf` pmfm ris`stbr mlmn sijmnf`nc fincmn mrus a`str`l a`str `l ymnc gincma`r. gincma`r. _iomrm _iomrm gmtigmt`s gmtigmt`s f`tua`s sijmcm`; sijmcm`;

Fincmn ginccmjunclmn ginccmjunclmn pirsmgmmn = fmn fmn : f`pirbaid ;

Xinyiaism`mn untul pirsmgmmn ? mfmamd ;

Fincmn gigjmc` lifum rums fincmn O gmlm mlmn f` fmpmt ;

Xirsmgmmn 6 mfmamd pirsmgmmn ymnc ginymtmlmn prbsis pinc`s`mn pmfm sijumd lmpms`tbr. Xrbsis pinc`s`mn `n` jiramncsunc siomrm ilspbnins`ma. Ygugnym ZO f`tua`slmn fincmn    ym`tu lbnstmntm wmltu pinc`s`mn mtmu pincbsbncmn lmpms`tbr. Yntul prbsis pincbsbncmn lmpms`tbr pirsmgmmn 6 fmpmt f`tua`s uamnc ginkmf` ;

Cmgjmr Cmgj mr :. :. Xrbsis Xrbsis pincbsbn pincbsbncmn cmn fmn pinc`s` pinc`s`mn mn lmpms`tbr lmpms`tbr Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci ?=

 

Fincmn ginculur linm`lmn ticmncmn sijumd lmpms`tbr sijmcm` euncs` wmltu fmn ginccunmlmn pirsmgmmn 6, gmlm l`tm mlmn fmpmt ginintulmn jismrnym n`am` lbnstmntm wmltu (ZO). J`am dmgjmtmn Z f`litmdu` n`am`nym, gmlm lmpms`tms sijumd lmpms`tbr fmpmt l`tm tintulmn.

6.

XZB_IF XZB_IFYZ YZ XIZOBJM XIZOBJMMN MN

6.= .=..

Xinc inc`s`m `s`mn n gum gumtm tmn n lmp lmpm ms`t s`tbr m. Jumtamd rmnclm`mn rmnclm`mn sipirt` sipirt` cmgjmr = pmfm jrimfjbmrf, jrimfjbmrf, pirdmt`lmn lutuj lmpms`tbr lmpm s`tbr sijiaug sijiaug ginymgju ginymgjunclmn nclmn smlamr smlamr m-j. j. Ylur mrus @ fmn ticmncmn ticmncmn U t`mp t`mp 9 fit`l fit`l siomrm jircmnt`mn. Amlulmn Amlulmn pinculurmn siamgm 9 lma` wmltu ZO sikml smlamr m-o f`dujunclmn. o. Aul` Aul`sl slmn mn cr crme me`l `l U(t) pinculurmn pmfm lirtms crme`l. f. _itiamd _itiamd lmpms`tbr lmpms`tbr tir`s` tir`s` pinud aipmsl aipmslmn mn smlamr smlamr m-j.

6. 6.:. :.

Xinc Xincbs bsbn bncm cmn n gumt gumtmn mn lm lmpm pms` s`tb tbrr m. Jumtamd Jumtamd rmnclm` rmnclm`mn mn sipirt` sipirt` cmgjmr cmgjmr :, :, dujunclmn dujunclmn smlam smlamrr m-o fmn ulur ulur ticmncmn lmpms`tbr. Cunmlmn siaiotbr ulur 98 U mnfm gigpunym` Z v 7 = G℥ sid`nccm lijbobrmn gumtmn ymnc tirkmf` lio`a. Xincuk`mnnym fmpmt  f`amlulmn fincmn omrm sitiamd vbatgitir ginunkullmn =9 U, aipmslmn smlamr m-o fmn omtmt 9 fit`l n`am` ticmncmn ymnc tirjmom. j. Dujunclmn Dujunclmn smlamr smlamr m-o m-o ligjma` ligjma` mcmr lmpms`tbr lmpms`tbr ligjma` ligjma` pinud pinud tir`s` tir`s` gumtm gumtmn. n. Julm smlamr m-o fmn dujunclmn fincmn o-f mcmr lmpms`tbr gigjumnc gumtmn giamau` Z. Ylur mrus @ fmn ticmncmn U t`mp 9 fit`l siamgm 9 wmltu ZO! o. Aul`sl Aul`slmn mn dms`a dms`a pincul pinculurm urmn n pmfm pmfm lirtms lirtms crme crme`l. `l.

6.?. 6.?. Vmnccm Vmnccmpmn pmn rmncl rmnclm`m m`mn n `nti `nticrm crmaa tir tirdmf dmfmp mp s`nyma s`nyma pirsic pirsic`` m. Ylur Ylur `gpif `gpifmns mns`` liaumr liaumrmn mn cinir cinirmtb mtbrr s`nyma s`nyma finc fincmn mn gigji gigjijmn jmn`ny `nym m fmn ginculur ticmncmn liaumrmnnym ginccunmlmn bs`abslbp. N`am` `gpifmns` f`piraulmn untul gia`dmt tmnccmpmn tmnccmpmn untm` tirdmfmp s`nyma s`nyma gmsullmn. j. Jumt rmnclm`mn rmnclm`mn sipirt` cmgjmr ?, guam-guam mgmt` s`nyma pirsic` fincmn eriluins` =8 LDz. Dujunclmn smlamr m-o fmn mgmt` jintul s`nyma sirtm jmnf`nclmn fincmn jintul s`nyma sijiaug smlamr f`dujunclmn. o. Mgmt` fincmn fincmn oirgmt s`nyma liaumrmn liaumrmn pmfm t`t`l f untul untul jijirmpm n`am` eriluins`. eriluins`. _ijmcm` eriluins` moumn cunmlmn;

Amlulmn pincmgmtmn pmfm eriluins` e b/:8, e b/6, e b/:, e b, :e b, b, 6e b, b, =8e b, b, :8e b, b, fmn =88e b. lirtms crme`l. b. Aul`slmn dms`a pinculurmn pmfm lirtms

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci ?:

 

6.6.. 6.6

Vmnccm Vmnccmpmn pmn rmncl rmnclm`m m`mn n f`ei f`eirin rins`m s`maa ttird irdmf mfmp mp s`ny s`nyma ma pirsic pirsic`. `. m. Jumtamd rmnclm`mn rmnclm`mn sipirt` sipirt` cmgjmr cmgjmr 6, mgmt` fincmn fincmn oirgmt jintul s`nyma s`nyma liaumrmn cinirmtbr s``nyma fmamg lifmmn tirjulm. j. Mgmt` fincmn fincmn oirgmt oirgmt jintul-jintul s`nyma liaumrmn liaumrmn fincmn fincmn gnccunmlmn gnccunmlmn bs`abslbp.

9. GINCMLD@Z@ XIZOBJMMN m. _iaism` prmlt`lug rmp`lmn sigum lmjia fmn gmt`lmn bs`abslbp, cinirmtbr s`nyma

j.

o.

f.

sirtm pmst`lmn kucm guat`gitir f`t`nccmalmn fmamg limfmmn gmt` (siaiotbr ginunkul li p`a`dmn bee). Ligjma`lmn sigum pirmamtmn ymnc f`p`nkmg li ms`stin fmn rmp`lmn lurs`-lurs` sijiaug gin`nccmalmn rumncmn. Xir`lsm Xir`l sm amc` amc` aigjmr aigjmr pinccunmm pinccunmmn n gikm. gikm. Xrmlt`lm Xrmlt`lmn n ymnc t`fml ginmnfmt ginmnfmtmncm mncmn` n` aigjmr pinccunmmn pinccunmmn gikm mtmu gigjirislmn gigjirislmn gikm gikm lit`lm prmlt`lug prmlt`lug jirmld`r mlmn ginfmpmtlmn ginfmpmtlmn pbtbncmn n`am` sijismr g`n`gma =8. Xmst`lmn ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc tiamd ginmnfmtmncmn` omtmtmn pirobjmmn lma` `n` pmfm ampbrmn sigintmrm sigintmrm mnfm. Omtmtmn pirobjmmn ymnc ymnc t`fml f`tmnfmtmncmn` f`tmnfmtmncmn` baid ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc t`fml mlmn f`n`am`.

5. VYCM_ VYCM_ XINFMDYAY XINFMDYAYMN MN

Kiamslmn prbsis pinc`s`mn fmn pincbsbncmn lmpms`tbr! 3. VYCM_ MLD@Z

=. Aul`sl Aul`slmn mn jintu jintul l mrus mrus @(t) fmn Uo(t) pmfm prbsis pinc`s`mn lmpms`tbr! :. Aul`sl Aul`slmn mn jintu jintul l mrus mrus @(t) fmn UZ(t) pmfm prbsis pincbsbncmn lmpms`tbr! ?. Aul`slmn jintul s`nyma liaumrmn liaumrmn pmfm pirobjmmn pirobjmmn tmnccmp rmnclm`mn rmnclm`mn `nticrma `nticrma fmn f`eirins`ma tirdmfmp s`nyma pirsic`!

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci ??

 

XIZOBJMMN LI-4 VZMN_@_VBZ _IJMCM@ _MLAMZ =. Vukumn Vukumn Xirob Xirobjmm jmmn n m. Yntul gigpiamkm gigpiamkmr` r` lirkm lirkm trmns`stbr trmns`stbr sijmcm` sijmcm` sijumd sijumd smlamr smlamr.. j. Gigjumt Gigjumt rmnclm`mn rmnclm`mn trmns`stbr trmns`stbr sijmcm` sijmcm` smlam smlamr. r. :. Mamt Mamt fmn fmn Jmdm Jmdmn n rmns`s `stb tbrr NXN NXN t`p t`pi i JF =?0 m. Vrmns rmns`s `stb tbrr XNX XNX t`p t`pi i JF =68 j. Vrmns o. Zis`stbr = LBdg f. AIF i. Gbtbr a`str`l FO e. Xmpmn rmnclm`mn c. Lmjia pincdujunc d. Xbwir supamy FO

: jum jumd : jum jumd 6 jumd : jumd = jumd = jumd sioulupnym = jumd

?. Vibr Vibr`` Fmsm Fmsmr r Vrmns`stbr jm`l ymnc NXN mtmu XNX fmpmt f`cunmlmn sijmcm` smlamr bn/bee. Fmamg rmnclm`mn f`c`tma, trmns`stbr f`cunmlmn sijmcm` smlamr untul gincinfma`lmn jirjmcm` mamt-mamt sipirt`, gbtbr FO mtmu MO, amgpu, sbainb`f fmn sijmcm`nym. _iam`n `tu trmns`stbr `n` kucm f`cunmlmn sijmcm` rmnclm`mn `nput abc`o pmfm s`stig f`c`tma. J`am trmns`stbr f`cunmlmn sijmcm` smlamr, gmlm trmns`stbr dmrus f`bpirms`lmn pmfm fmirmd smturms` untul lbnf`s` BN fmn pmfm fmirmd out bee untul lbnf`s` BEE f` fmamg lurvm lmrmltir`st`l @-U f`mcrmg f`mcrmg (Cmgjmr =).

Cmgjmr =. Fmirmd lirkm lirkm trmns`stbr sijmcm` smlamr smlamr fmamg @-U f`mcrmg Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci ?6

 

Xmfm lbnf`s` BEE, gmlm jms`s trmns`stbr dmrus f`jir`lmn pbtins`ma nicmt`vi (f`crbunflmn). Xmfm lbnf`s` `n` gmlm trmns`stbr mlmn jirmfm pmfm lbnf`s` out bee. _ligm rmnclm`mn trmns`stbr pmfm lbnf`s` bee f fmpmt mpmt f`a`dmt sipirt` cmgjmr cmg jmr :.

Cmgjmr :. Vrmns`stbr sijmcm` sijmcm` smlamr pmfm lbnf`s` BEE BEE Xmfm lbnf`s` BN, gmlm lml` jms`s dmrus f`jir` ticmncmn pbs`t`e. Xmfm lbnf`s` `n` mrus mlmn gincma`r fmr` lbailtbr li ig`tbr sid`nccm trmns`stbr fmpmt  gincma`rlmn mrus li jijmn mtmu lbnf`s` trmns`stbr BN. Zmnclm`mn trmns`stbr pmfm lbnf`s` BN fmpmt f`a`dmt f`a`dmt pmfm cmgjmr cmgjmr ?.

Cmgjmr ?. Vrmns`stbr sijmcm` sijmcm` smlamr pmfm lbnf`s` BN

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci ?9

 

6. Xrbsifur Xrbsifur Xirobjmmn Xirobjmmn =. Jumtlm Jumtlmn n rmnclm rmnclm`mn `mn pmf pmfm m jrimf jrimfjbm jbmrf rf sipi sipirt` rt` cmgjmr cmgjmr 6.

Cmgjmr 6. Vrmns`stbr NXN sijmcm` smlamr :. Xir`lsm Xir`lsm ligjma` ligjma` rmnclm`m rmnclm`mn, n, liguf`mn liguf`mn nymam nymamlmn lmn omtufmym omtufmym fmn mgmt` mgmt` amgpu amgpu AIF. AIF. ?. riris`stbr s`stbr (M)(M) li li ticmncmn pbs`t`e fmn mgmt` amgpu amf) gpu 6. Dujunclmn Dujunclmn Dujunclmn ukunc ukunc ukuncris`stbr ri s`stbrjms`s jms`s li ticmncmn ticmncmn nicmt`e nicmt`e (crbunf) (crbun fmn fmAIF n mgmt` mgmt` amgpu AIF. 9. Jumt Jumt rmnclm rmnclm`mn `mn sipirt sipirt`` cmgjmr cmgjmr 9. 9.

Cmgjmr 9. Vrmns`stbr XNX sijmcm` smlamr 5. Xir`lsm ligjma` ligjma` rmnclm`mn, liguf`mn liguf`mn nymam nymamlmn lmn pbwir supamy fmn mgmt`amd mgmt`amd amgpu AIF. 3. Dujunclmn ukunc ris`stbr jms`s (M) (M) li ticmncmn pbs`t`e fmn mgmt` AIF 4. Dujunclmn Dujunclmn ukunc ukunc ris`stbr ris`stbr jms`s jms`s (M) li ticmnc ticmncmn mn nicmt`vi nicmt`vi (crbunf (crbunf)) fmn mgmt` mgmt` amgpu AIF.

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci ?5

 

9. GINCMLD@Z GINCMLD@Z@@ XIZOBJ XIZOBJMMN MMN m. _iaism` prmlt`lug rmp`lmn sigum lmjia fmn gmt`lmn bs`abslbp, cinirmtbr s`nyma sirtm pmst`lmn kucm guat`gitir f`t`nccmalmn fmamg limfmmn gmt` (siaiotbr ginunkul ginu nkul li p`a`dmn p`a`dmn bee). j. Ligjma`lmn sigum pirmamtmn ymnc f`p`nkmg li ms`stin fmn rmp`lmn lurs`-lurs` sijiaug gin`nccmalmn rumncmn. o. Xir`lsm amc` amc` aigjmr pinccunmmn gikm. gikm. Xrmlt`lmn ymnc t`fml t`fml ginmnfmtmncmn` ginmnfmtmncmn`

aigjmr pinccunm aigjmr pinccunmmn mn gikm mtmu mtmu gigjir gigjirislmn islmn gikm lit`lm lit`lm prmlt`lug prmlt`lug jirmld`r jirmld`r mlmn ginfmpmtlmn ginfmpmtlmn pbtbncmn n`am` sijismr g`n`gma =8. f. Xmst`lmn ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc tiamd ginmnfmtmncmn` omtmtmn pirobjmmn lma` `n` pmfm ampbrmn sigintmrm sigintmrm mnfm. Omtmtmn pirobjmmn ymnc ymnc t`fml f`tmnfmtmncmn` f`tmnfmtmncmn` baid ms`stin fmn pigj`gj`nc t`fml mlmn f`n`am`.

5. VYCM YCM_ XINF XINFM MDYAYM YAYMN N =. Kiamsl Kiamslmn mn omrm omrm lirk lirkm m rmncl rmnclm`m m`mn n pmfm pmfm cmgjmr cmgjmr 6! 6! :. Kiamsl Kiamslmn mn omrm omrm lirk lirkm m rmncl rmnclm`m m`mn n pmfm pmfm cmgjmr cmgjmr 9! 9!

Iailtrbn`lm Fmsmr @

Xmci ?3