Pensamiento Nacional y Latinoamericano

 

[BGIENVIC

Tbesngibetc Enkiceno y Ontiecngbriknec

REIJNJ > Kccrjienjcrbs jbo bquipc jckbetb Arnekiskc Tbstne`n y Gnric Cpcrtc

Gnrzc 6464

VBKZCVNJC KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REON. / REIQBV[IJNJ ENKICENO JB ONEÜ[

 

ÇEJIKB Çejikb jb çkcecs

III

REIJNJ > 

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Beacqubs, jbfntbs y prcpubstns pnrn bo bstujic jbo Tbesngibetc Enkiceno y Ontiecngbriknec

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Gnrkc `istûrikc enkiceno b ietbrenkiceno kcetiebetno simoc PIP y PP -nprbtnjn sçetbsis-

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Kcequistn y kcoceiznkiûe< kcetieuijnj, rupturn y nsigionkiûe

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Vbvisiceisgc `istûrikc y enkiûe / `ispneisgc. Bo enkicenoisgc pcpuonr acrlistn. Bo rbvisiceisgc jb acrgnkiûe gnrxistn, abjbrno y ontiecngbriknec. Jbfntbs nktunobs ;1 Vnkicenoisgc b Iougieisgc. ‟Znfon ‟Znfon rnsn‗ scfrb bo pnsnjc. On kubstiûe jb on jbpbejbekin. @istcrikisgc b Iougieisgc, jbfntb be tcrec n on kuoturn. On mnuk`ipcoçtikn. Bo rcsisgc y bo rco jbo knujiooc kcgc arbec no Iougieisgc. Ons mbebrnkicebs jbo ‐;= y bo ‐04, be fuskn jb on ijbetijnj kuoturno. On rbnkkiûe netipcsitivistn< `nkin uen bxpoiknkiûe enkiceno y ontiecngbriknen. :2

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ÇEJIKB JB ÇKCEC[   Znrbn

Acrc

  Obkturn cfoimntcrin

Obkturn rbkcgbejnjn

Tnrn ngpoinr

Igpcrtnetb

Tnrn pbesnr

Guotigbjin

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BEAC^RB[, JBFNZB[ Y TVCTRB[ZN[ TNVN BO B[ZRJIC JBO TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC Rec jb ocs abeûgbecs `istûrikc-kuoturnobs gîs simeiaikntivcs qub nkcetbkibrce jurnetb bo jbvbeir `istûrikc jb eubstrc pnçs kcestituyb, sie oumnr n jujns, on bgbrenkiceno.. [urmijn mbekin jb uen kcrribetb jb pbesngibetc nutcjbecgienjn kcgc enkiceno no knocr jb jivbrsns bxpbribekins jb rbsistbekin netikcoceinoistn jurnetb bo simoc pnsnjc, bstn kcrribetb ieaouyû ‛kce gnycr c gbecr éxitc‛ be jistietns bxpbribekins pcoçtikns qub sb prcpusibrce ngpoinr ons fnsbs jb iekousiûe sckino y cftbebr gnycrbs eivbobs jb nutcecgçn bkceûgikn y jb scfbrneçn pcoçtikn pnrn eubstrc pnçs. Ec cfstnetb booc, jurnetb jéknjns on bxistbekin jb bstn gntriz aub ebmnjn be on knsi tctnoijnj jb ocs îgfitcs jb acrgnkiûe bskconriznjn y supbricr supbri cr.. Njbgîs, su jbrrctbrc njquirirî ue bstntus bsbekinogbetb bxtrn-nknjégikc, puetc scfrb bo qub vcovbrbgcs gîs njbonetb. Nacrtuenjngbetb, jbsjb `nkb ue tibgpc bstn tbejbekin aub betrnejc be krisis y be on nktunoijnj on Reivbrsijnj Enkiceno jb Oneüs jbsnrrcoon bstb sbgienric jb jcejb bstn gntriz bs nfcrjnjn sistbgîtikngbetb kcgc cflbtc jb bstujic. Be bsb sbetijc eubstrn ueivbrsijnj sb `n kcevbrtijc kcev brtijc be picebrn be su nfcrjnlb. N trnvés jb bstb sbgienric, ecs prcpcebgcs betcekbs nfrbvnr be ons priekipnobs Enkiceno, betbejibejc qub, kcgc gntriz bpistbknrnktbrçstikns jbo Tbesngibetc Enkiceno, gcoûmikn>, ieaoubekiû jb gnebrn ieebmnfob be ons kcsgcvisicebs qub eutribrce n ocs jcs priekipnobs gcvigibetcs pcoçtikcs, sckinobs y kuoturnobs surmijcs jurnetb bo simoc PP< bo yrimcybeisgc y bo pbrceisgc. N gcjc jb sçetbsis prbsbetngcs n kcetieunkiûe nomuecs blbs auejngbetnobs qub ntrnvbsnrîe bo rbkcrrijc jbo sbgienric y sus rnsmcs knrnktbrçstikcs, jblnejc bstnfobkijc qub bo cflbtivc priekipno jbo nfcrjnlb qub prcpcebgcs bs nenoiznr tnobs kcgpcebetbs, njbgîs jb gcstrnr qub bstn kcrribetb `n kcbxistijc be eubstrc pnçs kce ctrns trnjikicebs ijbcoûmikns y kcekbptunobs. >. Bpistbgcocmçn  bs on rngn jb on aiocscaçn prbckupnjn pcr bxpoiknr< n) qué bs bo kceckigibetc, Bpistbgcocmçn bs sus oçgitbs y pcsifioijnjbs ‛qué pcjbgcs snfbr, kuîo bs bo noknekb jb eubstrc snfbr y si bs pcsifob nokneznr on kbrtbzn‛, f) bo cflbtc jbo kceckigibetc ‛qué bs ue cflbtc, qué c quiée oc jbaieb‛, k) bo sulbtc jbo kceckigibetc ‛qué kceckbgcs y quiée kceckb‛ y j) on rbonkiûe betrb bo on kirkuestnekin vitno jbo ievbstimnjcr ‛on `istcrin, on kuoturn, bo iejivijuc y suskceckigibetc prbsupubstcsy gbtnaçsikcs‛.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

Be prigbr térgiec, jbfb tbebrsb be kubetn kubetn qub bo Tbesngibetc Enkiceno aub auejngbetnogbetb jiskipuonr jiskipuonr y  y,, be tnetc tno, ec pubjb ufiknrsb ufikn rsb uen ‟bskubon‗ jb pbepbe sngibetc qub nofbrmnrn be sus gurcs ietbmrnogbetb n ocs jistietcs pbesnjcrbs. On acrgn be qub bstn trnjikiûe `n supbrvivijc, betcekbs, bs n trnvés jb on rbonkiûe gnbstrc/jiskçpuoc. Kcgc kcrconric jb bstn jbskripkiûe pubjb scstbebrsb qub bo trneskurrir caikinobs. jb bstn bpistbgb sb jbsnrrcooû pcr aubrn jb ons iestitukicebs bjukntivns Be jik`c gnrkc, uen jb ons kubsticebs gîs ietbrbsnetbs qub nfcrjnrbgcs be bo sbgienric sbrî on tbesiûe betrb bo snfbr nknjbgikistn y nquboocs kceckigibetcs y rbaobxicebs bonfcrnjcs pcr ocs ietbmrnetbs jb bstn kcrribetb be bstujic. Kcgc netikipc, njbonetngcs qub, pnrn nomuecs jb ocs gîxigcs bxpcebetbs jb bstn kcrribetb, uen pnrtb sustnekino jb ocs snfbrbs qub jurnetb jéknjns kirkuonrce pcr eubstrcs ngfibetbs nknjégikcs nofbrmnrce ue tipc jb kceckigibetc auekiceno n ietbrbsbs jb giecrçns y qub, betrb ctrns kubsticebs, kcocknfn be on rnzûe rnzûe  purn purn on  on üeikn aubetb jb kceckigibetc y no rnkicenoisgc rnkicenoisgc kcgc  kcgc üeikc gcjc jb kceckigibet kceckigibetcc y vnoijnkiûe kibetçaikn. Bo Tbesngibetc Enkiceno ‛oblcs jb ufiknrsb jbetrc jb bstb kcrsbt ‛ kcetbgponrî kcgc ctrns aubetbs jb kceckigibetc, n jivbrscs nspbktcs prcvbeibetbs jb ocs bstçguocs sbescrinobs, jb on ignmienkiûe krbntivn, jbo sbetijc kcgüe, bs jbkir, bobgbetcs qub ocs pubfocs pbriaérikcs acrlnrce jbetrc jb sus prckbscs `istûrikcs bspbkçaikcs. Bo Tbesngibetc Enkiceno bstuvc sulbtc jurnetb tcjc su trneskurrir n uen cstbesifob ebmnkiûe. Be guk`ns cpcrtueijnjbs, éstn aub bxpoçkitn y cribetnjn eçtijngbetb `nkin on pbrsbkukiûe pbrsbkukiûe y bo covijc. Ctrns vbkbs, kibrtn rbprbsiûe kbescrn sb ckuockuotû fnlc bo gnetc jb uen cpnkijnj iejukijn pcr on imecrnekin c pcr on ‟anosn kibekin‗. Tbrc kcgc mbeuien bxprbsiûe kuoturno siemuonr jb eubstrn kcgueijnj, bo Tbesngibetc Enkiceno supc jurnetb jéknjns prbsbrvnrsb y rbsistir n rbsistir n trnvés jb pbqubþcs mrupcs jb bstujic, kceabrbekins, trnfnlcs pbricjçstikcs y besnycs y, be bspbkino be bstcs üotigcs nþcs, jiauejirsb bspbkinogbetb n trnvés jb eugbrcsns kceabrbekins y jb on rbj ieacrgîtikn.

‼ @nkin bo ietbricr jb bstn kcrribetb kceaouirîe pbesnjcrbs kce girnjns jisçgiobs scfrb jbtbrgienjcs abeûgbecs jb on rbnoijnj enkiceno.

N pbsnr jb ec kciekijir be on tctnoijnj jb sus acrguonkicebs, sb cfsbrvn ue `crizcetb kcgüe jb kciekijbekin ‛be bspbkino jurnetb bo simoc PP‛ be kunetc n jbtbrgienjcs nspbktcs jbo ueivbrsc sckicpcoçtikc qub sb knrnktbrizû pcr rbonkicebs jbsimunobs jb pcjbr y pcr bo knrîktbr pbriaérikc y jbpbejibetb jb eubstrc pnçs. No kciekijir be bstb gnrkc kcgüe, ocs ietbmrnetbs jb bstn kcrribetb pnrtirîe jb uen fnsb aîktikn y kcekbptuno qub ocs ueiaiknrn< on situnkiûe jb jbpbejbekin bekufibrtn be on qub sb bekcetrnfn on Nrmbetien qub iemrbsnfn no simoc PP. On luetc nctrc uenjbtrnsgisiûe kceckigibetcs jb knrîkocs rnsmcsjbkbetrnobs jbo Tbesngibetc tbr kcejikiûe jiskipuonr,pnrn-nknjégikn, ecs pbrgitirî nfcrjnr

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

Enkiceno, bstc bs, su knrîktbr nutcjbaieijc nutcjbaieijc.. [brîe ocs gisgcs pbesnjcrbs qub sb jbaieirîe n sç gisgcs kcgc ietbmrnetbs jb uen bpistbgb kcgüe jb knrîktbr enkiceno.. Jbetrc jb uen prcoçabrn poéynjb jb nutcrbs qub acrgne pnrtb jbo Tbesngibeeno tc Enkiceno pubjbe gbekicenrsb, betrb tnetcs ctrcs, n<

NVZRVC [NGTNY

‛>9>>->9==‛ Luristn, kcestitukicenoistn y jckbetb nrmbetiec

MVNKIBON GNZRVC

‛>960‛ Bskritcrn b ievbstimnjcrn nrmbetien

KNVOC[ N[ZVNJN

NGBOIN TCJBZZI

ABVGÇE K@ÎQB\

‛>0=2->92>‛

‛>96:-6441‛

‛>960->9=9‛ Aioûscan, besnyistn y prcabscrn ueivbrsitnrin

[NÜO ZNFCVJN

‛>9>>->9==‛ Luristn, kcestitukicenoistn kcestitukicenois tn y jckbetb nrmbetiec

VNÜO   [KNONFVIEI CVZI\

‛>09:->9=4‛ Jb jbstnknjn trnybktcrin rbonkicenjn kce bo pbesngibetc aiocsûaikc

GNERBO RMNVZB

‛>090->929‛ @istcrinjcr, aioûscac, @istcrinjcr, bskritcr,, besnyistn y bskritcr pcbtn, nmrigbescr b iembeibrc

Bskritcr y pcoçtikc

LC[É ORI[ ZCVVB[

Ietbobktuno nrmbetiec

MR[ZNQC KIVIMOINEC

‛...-64>6‛ ‛>94>->912‛ @istcrinjcr, pbricjistn y bskritcr nrmbetiec

Tbjnmcmc y aioûscac nrmbetiec

  NVZ NVZRVC RVC LNR LNRVBZ VBZK@B K@B

OBCE OB CENVJ NVJC C KN[ KN[ZB ZBOO OONE NEII

‛>94>->9=:‛

‛>099->90>‛

Tbesnjcr bskritcr y pcoçtikc nrmbetiec

[nkbrjctb kntûoikc nrmbetiec, bskritcr y pbricjistn

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

LCVMB NFBONVJC VNGC[

LRNE LC[É @BVEÎEJB\ NVVBMRI

‛>9>;->9=:‛

‛>96>->99:‛ Tcoçtikc, `istcrinjcr y bskritcr nrmbetiec

VCJCOAC HR[K@

Bskritcr y pcoçtikc nrmbetiec

LC[É GNVÇN VC[N

LCVMB BEBN[ [TIOIGFBVMC

‛>960-644:‛

VNGÛE JCOO

‛>091->9=4‛

Tcoçtikc, bskritcr y pbesnjcr nrmbetiec

Nfcmnjc, pbricjistn, bskritcr y besnyistn nrmbetiec jb crimbe sckinoistn

@CGBVC GNE\I

BVEB[ZC TNONKIC

‛>966->9=9‛

‛>941->99>‛

‛>94=->92>‛

Aioûscac b ievbstimnjcr scfrb bo pbesngibetc iejçmben y pcpuonr ngbriknec

Nfcmnjc, prcabscr ueivbrsitnric, `istcrinjcr y jipocgîtikc nrmbetiec

Tbricjistn, prcabscr,, prcabscr nrtistn

->944->9=9Nfcmnjc, jckbetb, pbricjistn. Auejnjcr jbo Iestitutc jb Ievbstimnkicebs @istûrikns Lune Gneubo jb Vcsns

N bstn beuekinkiûe ec tnxntivn, jbfbrîe nmrbmnrsb, pcr rnzcebs qub sb bxpcejrîe be su cpcrtueijnj, eugbrcsns nrtistns pcpuonrbs, yn qub on kuoturn pcpuonr njquirirî iejujnfob vnocr be on kcestitukiûe jb bstn bpistbgb. Tcr su pnrtb, rbsuotn n tcjns oukbs iejiskutifob qub on kcrribetb jb pbesngibetc bstujinjn `n npcrtnjc kntbmcrçns iejispbesnfobs pnrn on kcgprbesiûe jb eubstrc pnsnjc y prbsbetb. Nomuens jb boons boons sbrîe bspbkinogbetb nfcrjnjns be bo bo trneskursc jb bstb sbgienric. Bo Tbesngibetc Enkiceno sb kcestituyû n sç gisgc scfrb on fnsb jb uen gntriz rbsistbetb.   Blbgpoc jb booc oc kcestituybe nutcrbs kcgc Vnüo [knonfriei Crtiz, quibe tbetb. jurnetb nþcs kcesnmrn su vijn n nenoiznr uen bstrukturn bkceûgikn qub, fnlc on npnribekin jb prcspbrijnj, bekufrçn ue rémigbe jbpbejibetb y sbgikcoceino. Bo bskritcr jb Bo `cgfrb qub bstî scoc y bspbrn jbjiknrî iembetbs bsaubrzcs n gbjinjcs jb on jéknjn jb >9;4 n nkrbjitnr ‟kibetçaikngbetb‗ qub on bstrukturn aienekibrn y bkceûgikn jb ocs abrrcknrriobs simeiaiknfn ue bsonfûe gîs jb on knjben jb jcgienkiûe qub on gbtrûpcoi iemobsn blbrkçn scfrb eubstrc pnçs. Ctrc pbesnjcr enkiceno qub bgprbejbrî su prcjukkiûe p rcjukkiûe fnlc uen oûmikn nlben n on jieîgikn gbrknetio aub Abrgçe K`îvbz, nutcr scfrb bo kuno ecs kcekbetrnrbgcs bspbkinogbetb.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

Bo Tbesngibetc Enkiceno sb rbkceckb rbkbptcr jb jivbrsns bxpbribekins rbsistbetbs. Ren jb boons sbrî on jb ons kuoturns iejcngbriknens. Jurnetb bo trneskursc jbo sbgienric `nrbgcs rbabrbekin n on npnrikiûe jb eugbrcscs kcgpcebetbs jb bstn trnjikiûe be bo prckbsc iejbpbejbetistn surmijc n priekipics jbo simoc PIP. Tbrc on ietrnesimbekin tngfiée jbfb sbr vistn be on rbsistbekin qub sb gneiabstû jbsjb on kuoturn `ispnec-kricoon kcetrn ons nspirnkicebs jb ons igprcetns gcjbreiznjcrns. Bo gbstiznlb sbrî, pcr kibrtc, ue vbktcr scfrb bo qub prbstnrbgcs p rbstnrbgcs bspbkino ntbekiûe. Ctrn jb ons knrnktbrçstikns qub nenoiznrbgcs kce prbkisiûe sbrî on ieaoubekin jb bstn kcrribetb jb pbesngibetc be ocs jcs mrnejbs gcvigibetcs pcoçtikcs jb simoc pnsnjc, bo yrimcybeisgc y bo pbrceisgc. [brî pbrceisgc. [brî jiaikuotcsc pnrn ocs nutcrbs jb bstn kcrribetb kcgprbejbr no yrimcybeisgc sie bo npcrtb jb nutcrbs kcgc Viknrjc Vclns c Gneubo Crtiz Tbrbyrn, kcgc nsç tngfiée sbrî bgfnrnzcsc nfcrjnr no pbrceisgc sie ocs npcrtbs jb ACVLN, jb Nrturc [ngpny, jb Gneubo Rmnrtb y jb tcjn uen mbebrnkiûe qub sbrî jbskriptn pcr Lune Knrocs ]nooy kcgc on qub gnycrbs npcrtbs rbnoizû no Tbesngibetc Enkiceno.

Kcgc scstuvigcs prbkbjbetbgbetb bo sbgienric tibeb kcgc jbsnaçc priekipno gcstrnr uen kcrribetb psikcoûmikns, jb pbesngibetc qub nfcrjû ons situn-y kicebs `istûrikns, sckicoûmikns, bkceûgikns, kuoturnobs nrtçstikns n pnrtir jb uen kcestrukkiûe jb kceckigibetc prcpic jblnejc jb onjc gcjbocs nlbecs n eubstrn rbnoijnj.   Jbsjb bo [bgienric sb bstnfobkb kcgc ebkbsijnj gbtcjcoûmikn kcestruir kiekc tûpikcs qub njquibrbe uen auekiûe ebgctékeikn< >. Nutckceckigibetc 6. Nutcrrbaobxiûe ;. Nutcbstign :. Nutckcekibekin 2. Nutcnairgnkiûe Bstcs kiekc iejiknjcrbs irîe ntrnvbsnejc tcjc bo prcmrngn jbo [bgienric. Be nprbtnjn rbknpituonkiûe beuekinrbgcs nomuec jb sus rnsmcs snoibetbs. Bo Tbesngibetc Enkiceno pnrtirî jb uen jbeuekin kbetrno cribetnjn n gcstrnr ue jéaikit knrjieno qub prbsupcejrî on bjuknkiûe iestitukicenoiznjn n pnrtir jb on krbnkiûe jb ons bskubons ecrgnobs prcgbjinejc bo simoc PIP, kce kcetbeijcs qub pricriznrne oc ueivbrsno scfrb oc pnrtikuonr. Tnrn ocs ietbmrnetbs jb bstn kcrribetb, bo prcybktc gcjbreiznjcr pubstc be gnrk`n n pnrtir jb gbjinjcs jb bsb simoc sb kbetrnrî be on kcestrukkiûe uen kiujnjneçn jbsnpbmnjn jbo kceckigibetc jb oc ockno. Bo pricriznr oc ueivbrsno scfrb oc pnrtiku-

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

onr mbebrnrî ue jéaikit jb nutckceckigibetc nutckceckigibetc qub  qub igpoiknrî, betb ctrns kcsns, ue jistnekingibetc rbspbktc jb oc prcpic. prcpic. Bo Tbesngibetc Enkiceno acgbetnrî, pcr bo kcetrnric, bo kceckigibetc jb oc prcpic n trnvés jb ievbstimnkicebs, rbvbonkicebs ietbrprbtnkicebs qub trnstcknrîe bo ueivbrsnoisgc pcrigpoiknrî ons iestitukicebs bjukntivns. On eubvn ieacrgnkiûebekikocpbjistn npcrtnjn pcr ocsprcgcvijc ‟enkicenobs‗ eubvcs kritbrics y gcjnoijnjbs jb rbaobxiûe ‛nutcrrbaobxiûe ‛nutcrrbaobxiûe‛‛ scfrb ons kubsticebs jbo pnçs y on rbmiûe, rbmiûe, mbebrîejcsb jb bstn acrgn kcejikicebs pnrn bo blbrkikic jb ietbrprbtnkiûe jb eubstrc prcpic betcrec jbo qub surmirîe kntbmcrçns prcpins qub pubjne jnr kubetn jb on rbnoijnj. Jb nkubrjc n on tnfon jb vnocrbs qub qu b sumbrçn bo oifbrnoisgc jb tietb pcsitivistn ietrcjukijc nkrçtikngbetb n eubstrn rbmiûe, bo pnsnjc `ispnec-kricooc pcsbçn knrnktbrçstikns ebmntivns< mnuk`cs, iejics y kricoocs brne vnmcs y `nrnmnebs, on fnrfnrib, no jbkir jb on oitbrnturn jb on épckn. Bo pnsnjc, pnrn ocs rnkicenoistns, pnsnrî n tbebr uen knrmn `istûrikn ebmntivn. Zno pbrspbktivn npuetn n jbstruir kunoquibr pcsifioijnj jb nutcbstign nutcbstign jb  jb eubstrc pnsnjc, nabktnejc on kcestrukkiûe jb ue prbsbetb y ue auturc be bo kuno pcjngcs acr lnrecs kcgc sulbtcs jimecs. Trbkisngbe Trbkisngbetb, tb, bo Tbesngibetc Enkiceno bs uen kcrribetb qub bxprbsn uen prcauejn vnocrnkiûe jb oc prcpic, uen rbonkiûe pcsitivn kce oc prcpic.. Be bsb gnrkc, bo Tbesngibetc Enkiceno ec igpumen sulbtcs bspbkçaikcs, prcpic siec bo gcjboc jb kcestrukkiû kcestrukkiûe e jb kiujnjneçn prcpikinjc pcr on mbebrnkiûe jbo '04. On nutckcekibekin nutckcekibekin,, pcr su pnrtb, sb cribetnrî `nkin on kcgprbesiûe jb eubstrn situnkiûe bspbkçaikn0=4->9>0 [urmigibetc jbo Igpbrinoisgc. Igpnktc be Ngérikn

On prigbrn rbvcoukiûe iejustrino ckurrijn n aienobs jb simoc PQIII, auejngbetnogbetb be Iemontbrrn, gcjiaikû rnjiknogbetb ons kcejikicebs sckinobs s ckinobs be bo viblc kcetiebetb y, y, be bspbkino, on vijn jb ocs kngpbsiecs y sus angioins, bxpuosnjcs jb sus tibrrns y cfoimnjcs n pnrtikipnr be ue eubvc kcetbxtc urfnec iejustrino. Bstn situnkiûe mbebrû ue aubrtb igpnktc sckino, bgpulnejc n mrne pnrtb jb on pcfonkiûe n vivir be pésigns kcejikicebs be uen sckibjnj rbmuonjn pcr bo kuotc n on prcjukkiûe y no gbrknjc< on furmubsçn burcpbn sbrî bo sbktcr sckino qub gctcriznrî bstb prckbsc.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

N pnrtir jb >024, Burcpn nsistirî n ue kngfic jb pnrnjimgn be kunetc su crmneiznkiûe prcjuktivn. Tcr ue onjc, sb cpbrnrîe kngfics tbkecoûmikcs qub gcjiaikne fuben pnrtb jb on bstrukturn bkceûgikn. Znobs kngfics, be gntbrin tékeikn, tbejrîe qub vbr kce nvnekbs be on gbtnourmin, on quçgikn y bo nkbrc, jbsponznejc obetngbetb n rngns kcgc on iejustrin nomcjcebrn. Tcstbricrgbetb, sb cfsbrvnrîe gcjiaiknkicebs jbetrc ocs sbktcrbs jcgienetbs. Bstcs kngfics tbejrîe su kcrrbontc be on rbonkiûe jb aubrzn n bsknon guejino, bs jbkir,, ocs oçgitbs tbrritcrinobs y bo ietbrkngfic kcgbrkino bgpbznrîe n sbr ntrnvbsnjbkir igpbrinoisgc.. Ons gcjiaiknkicebs tbrritcrinobs bstnjcs pcr uen eubvn oûmikn, on jbo igpbrinoisgc rîe rbonkicenjns kce bo nvnekb jb ons pctbekins qub sb fbebaikine be bstb eubvc pbrçcjc. Bstnjcs Reijcs nvnezn `nkin ` nkin bo [ur, priekipnogbetb nebxnejc tbrritcrics jb Géxikc y Ngérikn Kbetrno. Iemontbrrn, Arnekin y ctrns enkicebs burcpbns, be ecgfrb jb on kivioiznkiûe, kcequistne eubvcs tbrritcrics be Îarikn y Nsin. On kcrcen fritîeikn, n su vbz, utioiznrî ctrc tipc jb bstrntbmin pnrn kce tbrritcrics scfrb ocs qub ec pubjn nvneznr gioitnrgbetb, kcgc bo knsc nrmbetiec. Tnrn snkinr sus ietbrbsbs igpbrinoistns, nkujirî n nkubrjcs kce ocs sbktcrbs jcgienetbs, auejngbetnogbetb tbrrntbeibetbs, y bs nsç kcgc surmirîe ocs rbmçgbebs sbgikcoceinobs. Be oc qub rbaibrb no sistbgn jb ietbrkngfics kcgbrkinobs, tngfiée sb vbrî notbrnjc, priekipnogbetb, pcr uen knrnktbrçstikn auejngbetno jbo igpbrinoisgc< jurnetb bstn ansb, bo knpitno fneknric prckbjbetb jb on nkuguonkiûe jb vnocrbs, sb ausicen aienekibrc, bobgbetc auekce bo knpitno iejustrino y jb bstn ausiûe surmirî bo knpitno aienekibrc, jngbetno pnrn kcgprbejbr bstb pbrçcjc. [i on prigbrn rbvcoukiûe iejustrino sb knrnktbrizû pcr bo ietbrkngfic kcgbrkino jbsimuno betrb enkicebs burcpbns y ontiecngbriknens ‛bs jbkir, jbkir, bo bevçc jb gneuankturns jb Burcpn n kngfic jb prcjuktcs prignrics jb Ngérikn Ontien‛, n pnrtir jb on bgbrmbekin jb ons acrgns igpbrinoistns y on kcescoijnkiûe jbo knpitno aienekibrc, ons kcejikicebs jb ietbrkngfic sbrîe nüe gîs jbsimunobs. Ocs pnçsbs burcpbcs ‛ priekipnogbetbb Iemontbrrn- kcgbeznrîe n bxpcrtnr knpitnobs n kibrtcs mcfibrecs qub priekipnogbet cpbrnrîe kcgc sckics aienekibrcs. Kce bo tibgpc, ocs pnçsbs pbriaérikcs sb irîe iekcrpcrnejc pnuontiengbetb be uen jieîgikn jb bejbujngibetc qub, be bo gbjinec y onrmc ponzc, tbejrî kcesbkubekins bsknejnocsns. Bstb bskbenric pcejrî be bvijbekin n ctrc jb ocs puetcs kbetrnobs jb nkkiûe igpbrinoistn scfrb ocs rbmçgbebs sbgikcoceinobs< sbgikcoceinobs< krbnr on iearnbstrukturn bkceûgikn pnrn mnrnetiznr on jbpbejbekin. No kcescoijnrsb bstn tbejbekin sb irî rbacrznejc ‛be eubstrc pnçs‛ on ieaoubekin jb on gbtrûpcoi iemobsn. Éstn kcgbeznrî n njquirir knpnkijnj jb ietbrvbeir knjn vbz gîs bxpoçkitngbetb be ons jbkisicebs bkceûgikns y `nstn pcoçtikns jbo pnçs, no sbr ocs knpitnobs jb nooç prcvbeibetbs, jubþcs jb ocs priekipnobs rbscrtbs bkceûgikcs jbo pnçs< abrrcknrriobs, pubrtcs, fnekcs, btk. Bo naîe pcr on njquisikiûe jb eubvcs gbrknjcs pnrn kcgbrkinr jb acrgn nsigétrikn kceoobvnrî bspirno jb vicobekin qub sb auejngbetnogbetb, prigbrc pcr aubrnn yuen , pcstbricrgbetb, pcr jbetrc jbbxprbsnrî, ocs gîrmbebs jbo kcetiebetb burcpbc.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

On Trigbrn Mubrrn Guejino tbejrî kcgc tbntrc jb fntnoon, be su crimbe, n Burcpn, pnrn oubmc bxtbejbrsb n eivbo mocfno. On mubrrn pcejrî be tbesiûe uen sbrib jb pcstuonjcs qub pnrbkçne iearnequbnfobs. iearnequbnfobs. Tcr ue onjc, on ijbn aubrtb jb qub bo gcjboc jb krbkigibetc jb ocs pnçsbs igpbrinoistns brn bo üeikc vîoijc. Njbgîs, surmirîe igpumenkicebs no sistbgn jbgckrîtikc oifbrno kcgc üeikn acrgn vîoijn pnrn oobvnr n knfc ocs jbstiecs ons enkicebs be pumen. Ons kcesbkubekins on mubrrn sbrîe jbstruktivns pnrnjb Burcpn. Bo rbcrjbengibetc jbo gnpn burcpbc, onjbkcescoijnkiûe jb Bstnjcs Reijcs kcgc pctbekin, nkubrjcs y trntnjcs ienkbptnfobs pnrn jbrrctnjcs kcgc Nobgnein, sbrîe nomuens jb ons kcesbkubekins jb bstn kceaonmrnkiûe. Lustngbetb be bo simuibetb vijbc pubjbe nprbkinrsb bstns kcesbkubekins kcesbkubekins njbgîs jb qub sb pubjb bstnfobkbr gblcr on rbonkiûe betrb bo igpbrinoisgc y on prigbrn mubrrn guejino.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

 Güotipobs vckbs pnrn bo Fikbetbenric

 

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

Ctrc `itc qub rbacrznrî b iestitukicenoiznrî ‛pnrn ocs rbvisiceistns koîsikcs‛ on jbpbejbekin sbrî on fntnoon jb Tnvûe, jcejb sb bearbetnrce bo blérkitc jb Fubecs jb  Fubecs Nirbs ‛fnlc on lbanturn jbo Mbebrno Gitrb‛ y on Kceabjbrnkiûe Kceabjbrnkiûe ‛rbspnojnjn  ‛rbspnojnjn pcr kcetiembetb igpcrtnetb jb ons prcviekins y kcgnejnjn pcr Lustc Lcsé jb Rrquizn‛. N pbsnr jb qub on Kceabjbrnkiûe sb igpusc be bo kngpc jb fntnoon, bo rbsuotnjc aieno ec kciekijiû kce boprbkisngbetb jbsbevcovigibetc jb ocs blérkitcs, yn qub bo triueanjcr be térgiecs pcoçtikcs sbrî bo jbrrctnjc be térgiecs térgiecs gioitnrbs. Kce bo triueac jb Gitrb y Fubecs Nirbs, sb nfrb uec jb ocs pbrçcjcs gîs ietbrbsnetbs jb on `istcrin jb eubstrc pnçs. Tcr uen pnrtb, kcgbeznrî ue prckbsc jb jiskipoiengibetc kcetrn ocs sbktcrbs abjbrnobs jbo ietbricr qub gnetbeçne uen bstrukturn prcjuktivn scstbeijn be ons ebkbsijnjbs jbo gbrknjc ietbrec prcviekinec. No oneznr uen mubrrn jb pcoikçn, Gitrb ietbetnrî boigienr tcjc vbstimic jb kricooisgc nsckinjc no viblc rémigbe. Nquç pubjb vbrsb on rbprcjukkiûe jb ue kceaoiktc qub sb bxtbejbrî n oc onrmc jb eubstrn `istcrin. Bo iougieisgc ijbcoûmikc ‛ijbetiaiknjc kce on knpitno, Fubecs Nirbs‛ irî kcesnmrîejcsb kcgc ijbcocmçn `bmbgûeikn `bmbgûeikn n pnrtir jb on qub prbtbejbrî boigienrsb, n aubrzn jb rbprbsiûe, tcjc vbstimic jb on kuoturn `ispnec-kricoon. Be térgiecs bkceûgikcs, bstb pbrçcjc bs vistc pcr ocs rbvisiceistns koîsikcs kcgc bo nrrifc jbaieitivc jbo kcoceinoisgc. Bs on btnpn be on qub on Nrmbetien rbkifb mrnejbs gnsns jb jiebrc prcvbeibetb jb Iemontbrrn fnlc on acrgn jb ievbrsicebs y préstngcs. N su vbz, si fibe bo prigbr abrrcknrrio `nfçn sijc brimijc kce knpitnobs ocknobs, be bsb gcgbetc on kcrcen iemobsn kcgbeznrî n jbsnrrcoonr uen rbj jb abrrcknrriobs qub anvcrbkbrî ue ietbrkngfic jbsimuno kce eubstrc pnçs. Tnrn ocs nutcrbs jb on Izquibrjn Enkiceno ‛pcr blbgpoc, pnrn Nfbonrjc Vngcs‛ jurnetb bstb pbricjc eubstrc pnçs cftbejrî bo stntus jb sbgikcocein. On kcestitukiûe jb ue focqub sbgikcoceino n pnrtir jb on noinezn betrb on coimnrquçn tbrrntbeibetb ockno y ocs knpitnobs iemobsbs igpoikû bo iemrbsc jb Nrmbetien n on jivisiûe ietbrenkiceno jbo trnfnlc be jcejb sb ufikn kcgc gbrn prcvbbjcrn nktivn jb gntbrins prigns y rbkbptcrn pnsivn jb gbrknjbrçns. Bstn knrnktbrçstikn jbo gcjboc nmrcbxpcrtnjcr luetc n ctrns jbo kcetbxtc sckic`istûrikc qub oc begnrkn, npnrbkbe rbaoblnjns be bo simuibetb nujicvisuno qub sb sumibrb vbr y nenoiznr nenoiznr.. Gcjboc Nmrc bxpcrtnjcr be Nrmbetien.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

Fnlc bsns kcejikicebs, bo iemrbsc jb on Nrmbetien n on jéknjn jbo d04 kciekijirî kce jcs abeûgbecs rbobvnetbs. Bo prigbrc, jb knrîktbr pcoçtikc, gnrknrî ons prûxigns jéknjns nrmbetiens< on bgbrmbekin jb on aimurn jb Luoic N. Vckn. Bo sbmuejc, jb knrîktbr kuoturno b ijbcoûmikc< bo surmigibetc surmigibetc jb ue mrupc jb ietbobktunobs nmrupnjcs be tcrec n ue gcgbetc `istûrikc qub tcgû bo ecgfrb jb Mbebrnkiûe jbo 04. Bs igpcrtnetb jbstnknr qub tno mbebrnkiûe ec gcstrû ue kubrpc jb ijbns bstriktngbetb `cgcméebc. [i fibe on aimurn jb Vckn surmirî kcgc `bmbgûeikn y ponetbnrî jiskrbpnekins igpcrtnetbs betrb ocs gisgcs rbvisiceistns, rbvisiceistns, be bstb pbrçcjc bekcetrngcs vckbs qub prcpcebe ue rugfc notbrentivc. N gcjc jb blbgpoc pcjbgcs gbekicenr n Gnrinec Arnmubirc, ue bkcecgistn qub, be pobec numb jbo oifrb kngfic, prcpcejrî bo gcecpcoic jbo bstnjc be gntbrin krbjitikin y gcebtnrin, jbsnainejc on ieaoubekin iemobsn. Npbooijcs kcgc ocs jb Gnmenskc c Knrocs Tboobmriei tngfiée acrgne pnrtb jb vckbs qub jiaibrbe kce ue prckbsc qub gcstrnfn npnribekins jb `bmbgceçn, pbrc qub prbsbetnfn mribtns be jcejb sb kcgibezne n jiskutir ‛betrb ctrns kcsns y jbetrc jb ocs gîrmbebs qub carbkçn on ijbcocmçn pcsitivistn‛ gcjiaiknkicebs jbetrc jbo pntrûe prcjuktivc. Nsigisgc, sb kcgbeznrî n pbesnr on pcsifioijnj jb on bxpoctnkiûe giebrn c pbtrcobrn. N pbsnr jb ons krçtikns, bstns euekn ocmrnrce supbrnr no gcjboc jb ietbrprbtnkiûe burcpbn qub brn prcpic jb on ietbobktunoijnj jb on Mbebrnkiûe jbo '04. Bo simuibetb vijbc carbkb jntcs qub ngpoçne bo kceckigibetc jb ocs qub bstngcs prbsbetnejc, pcr oc kuno rbsuotn nkcesblnfob kcesuotnroc y nenoiznroc.

Nrmbetien< rbpüfoikn oifbrno (>004->9>1)

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

On iegimrnkiûe y on kubstiûe sckino Kcesugnjc bo iemrbsc nrmbetiec no bsqubgn jb on bkcecgçn guejino kcgc prcvbbjcrn jb gntbrins prigns, on simuibetb tnrbn jb on boitb jcgienetb aub ntbejbr n ue viblc jiobgn< on bxtbesiûe jb ue tbrritcric bsknsngbetb pcfonjc. Jurnetb nþcs, ons boitbs kce betbejibrce on yiegbesijnj kcgc ue vbrjnjbrc prcfobgn, nsckinjc bo jbsibrtc on fnrfnrib.jbo Be tbrritcric su naîe pcr boigienr tcjc vbstimic kce bo pnsnjc `ispnec-kricooc qub rbskntb on aimurn jb oc fîrfnrc, sb jbkijiû npoiknr uen pcoçtikn iegimrntcrin qub pricriznrî bo nrrifc jb iegimrnetbs viekuonjcs n kuoturns snlcens c eûrjikns. Bstn pcoçtikn tuvc ue jbsbeonkb igprbvistc pnrn ons boitbs. [i fibe be ue prigbr gcgbetc on ijbn jb kcpinr bo gcjboc ngbriknec prcpikinejc bo nrrifc jb kcocecs jb ocs pnçsbs jbo ecrtb n pcfonr bo ietbricr jbo pnçs tuvc rbsuotnjcs pcsitivcs, prcetc bstn pcoçtikn sb bekcetrnrî arustrnjn priekipnogbetb pcrqub be on Nrmbetien ‛n jiabrbekin jb Bstnjcs Reijcs‛ prignrî ue gcjboc jb prcpibjnj y tbebekin jb on tibrrn qub anvcrbkbrî bo ontiauejic (mrnejbs bxtbesicebs), kce oc kuno on jistrifukiûe y nrribejc jb tibrrns qub brn bo bobgbetc jb ntrnkkiûe pnrn bstcs sbktcrbs sckinobs burcpbcs `ngfribetcs jb tibrrn prcetc sb jbsvnebkiû.

On `crn jbo nogubrzc u @crn jb jbsknesc (>94;).

Ûobc scfrb tbon jbo pietcr Tçc Kcooivnjiec. Gusbc Kcooivnjiec. Gusbc Enkiceno jb Fboons Nrtbs.

N pnrtir jb ue kcetbxtc ecrgntivc, sb nfrirî on pcsifioijnj pnrn bo iemrbsc jb iegimrnetbs prcvbeibetbs jb pnçsbs gbrijicenobs jb Burcpn n on kiujnj. Kce bo tibgpc, ocs eubvcs pcfonjcrbs jb on kiujnj trnfnlnrîe be kcejikicebs prbknrins be ue pnçs qub, n pnrtir jb su bstrukturn bkceûgikn, ec kcetbgponfn bo jbsnrrcooc jbo gbrknjc ietbrec< ons kcejikicebs jb vijn brne pbecsns, on kubstiûe sckino mbrgienrî be on Nrmbetien betrb aiebs jbo simoc PIP y priekipics jb simoc PP. On boitb mcfbrenetb, ieaoubekinjn pcr ocs vnocrbs pcsitivistns, bgpbznrî n nfcrjnr on kubstiûe sckino n trnvés jb uen gntriz rbprbsivn< ons boitbs jcgienetbs be on nrmbetien kcoceino bstnfne ieknpnkitnjns pnrn mcfbrenr netb on kcgpoblijnj y on

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

bgbrmbekin jb eubvcs sbktcrbs qub bximçne gblcrbs kcejikicebs jb vijn y on ngpoinkiûe jb jbrbk`cs. N pbsnr jb bstn kirkuestnekin, jbetrc jb on Mbebrnkiûe Mbebrnkiûe jcgienetb sb bekcetrnrîe jiabrbetbs vckbs qub ietbrpbonrîe on rbnoijnj jb jivbrsns gnebrns. Vbqubrijcs pcr bo gisgc pcr blbgpoc, ieacrgbs bo jb be Finobt Gnssbgbtrcpcqub jne kubetn jbVckn, ons kcejikicebs jb surmirîe on konsb cfrbrn, eckcgc scongbetb bo îgfitc oitnec siec, scfrb tcjc, be bo rurno. No pbjijc jb ieacrgb sb ob sugn on bonfcrnkiûe jb ue kûjimc jb trnfnlc, qub ec ocmrn prcspbrnr. Vbsuotû oongntivc bo kcgpcrtngibetc jbo Tnrtijc [ckinoistn Nrmbetiec quibe sb cpcejrî n on nprcfnkiûe jbo kûjimc. Bo sckinoisgc vbreîkuoc pnrtirî jbo gisgc supubstc jb ietbrprbtnkiûe jb on boitb mcfbrenetb, nkusnejc n ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs jb fîrfnrcs utioiznejc uen pontnacrgn pcoçtikn jbstienjn üeikngbetb n ocs cfrbrcs gblcrbs pnmcs jbjiknjcs no sbktcr sbrvikics. Jb n`ç qub pubjn vbrsb on nvbrsiûe igpoçkitn `nkin ocs sbktcrbs kricoocs jbo ietbricr qub brne vistcs kcgc fîrfnrcs. On Nrmbetien jbo Kbetbenric prbsbetnrî notcs eivbobs jb kceaoiktivijnj sckino, prcjuktc jb uen bstrukturn bkceûgikn sbgikcoceino be on qub on jbsimunojnj, on bxpoctnkiûe ieanetio, ons lcrenjns jb jibkiséis `crns jb trnfnlc brne gcebjn kcgüe. N bstc jbfb sugnrsb ue sistbgn pcoçtikc bxkouybetb qub anvcrbkçn n ue mrupc giecritnric y kbrkbenfn oifbrtnjbs iejivijunobs, npcynjc be uen bstrukturn jcejb bo arnujb pcoçtikc brn `nfituno. Rec jb ocs tnetcs blbgpocs jb on kubstiûe sckino y jb on gnebrn be qub ons boitbs nfcrjnrce bo abeûgbec bs bo kceckijc kcgc on @ubomn jb Iequioiecs. Iequioiecs. Bstb bpiscjic y ons pnrtikuonrijnjbs jbo kcetbxtc sckic `istûrikc be qub tibeb oumnr, qubjne konrngbetb rbaoblnjcs be bo simuibetb gntbrino, jispceifob pnrn su kcesuotn.

Gulbrbs, oc pbrsceno bs pcoçtikc< @ubomn jb iequioiecs, Kneno Bekubetrc

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

Yrimcybeisgc Numb y knçjn jbo prigbr gcvigibetc jb gnsns

Bo sistbgn jb pnrtijcs qub mcfbrenfn bo pnçs n priekipics jb simoc ec pcjçn jnr rbspubstns n uen sckibjnj qub sb gcjiaiknfn prcjuktc jb on iegimrnkiûe y on jieîgikn jbo igpbrinoisgc< onsctrn eubvns jbgnejns ecpcrkiûe betrnfne jbo bsqubgn jb ons viblns bstrukturns. Tcr pnrtb, uen fuben jbjbetrc on pcfonkiûe qub `nfçn sijc kcejbenjn no covijc be bo ietbricr jbo pnçs kcgibezn eubvngbetb n rbkongnr bo rbkceckigibetc nvnsnoonjc n pnrtir jb Tnvûe. Be pnrnoboc, sb mbstn uen aubrzn pcoçtikn `btbrcméebn qub ietbetnrî knptnr bo rbkongc jb kngfic jb rugfc bximijc pcr ocs sbktcrbs pbrlujiknjcs pcr on coimnrquçn. Bs be bo yrimcybeisgc jcejb kceaouirîe bstcs rbkongcs. Be on fnsb sckino jbo prigbr rnjiknoisgc kcevivirîe ocs `ilcs jbo pnçs, bs jbkir jbkir,, nquboocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs jbo ietbricr qub gcstrnfne uen aioinkiûe `istûrikn kce bo abjbrnoisgc y viekuonjcs n `ilcs jb on iegimrnkiûe igpuosnjcs pcr bo jbsbc jb pnrtikipnkiûe be on vijn jbgckrîtikn iestitukiceno. Oubmc jb vnrics ietbetcs iesurrbkkicenobs pcr pnrtb jbo yrimcybeisgc (>094, >09;, >942) sb snekicenrî, be >9>6, on Oby [îbez Tbþn. Éstn pubjb obbrsb kcgc ue triueac pcpuonr, pcpuonr, pbrc tngfiée kcgc uen kcekbsiûe jb ocs sbktcrbs jcgienetbs qub cptnrîe pcr ebmckinr on npbrturn pcoçtikn n kngfic jb ec gcjiaiknr on bstrukturn bkceûgikn nmrcbxpcrtnjcrn. On nsuekiûe jb @ipûoitc Yrimcybe, bo >6 jb jb cktufrb jb >9>1, simeiaikû pnrn on prbesn coimîrquikn bo triueac jbo ‟Kbsnr Tnrjc‗ , bo éxitc jb ue netigitrisgc kce rifbtbs abjbrnobs. N pnrtir jb bstb gcgbetc, bo focqub jbrrctnjc bobktcrnogbetb sb rbnmrupnrî be tcrec n ocs pnrtijcs jbo netimuc rémigbe b ietbetnrî focqubnr y/c oigitnr jbsjb bo pnrongbetc kunoquibr ieikintivn jbo pcjbr blbkutivc. Ons gbjijns jb kcrtb bkceûgikc bkceûgikc jbo eubvc mcfibrec ec igpnktnrîe igpnktnrîe be on bstrukturn bkceûgikn vimbetb. [b npcstnrî n on kcestitukiûe jb ue enkicenoisgc nmrnric cribetnjc n rbjistrifuir jb acrgn gîs iekousivn on rbetn jiabrbekino mbebrnjn pcr ons kcejikicebs enturnobs jbo kngpc. Jb n`ç qub ons prigbrns gbjijns anvcrbzkne n ocs mnenjbrcs qub nfnstbkçne no gbrknjc ietbrec y n ocs pbcebs jb kngpc qub, `nstn bsb gcgbetc, tbeçne ue rémigbe jb trnfnlc nsigionfob n kcejikicebs jb sbgi bskonvns. N pbsnr jb bstns rbacrgns qub iekouybrce nvnekbs be on bsabrn jb on bjuknkiûe kce on Vbacrgn Reivbrsitnrin y on oobmnjn no bstnjc jb kbetbenrbs jb npbooijcs kricoocs qub brn vistn kce jbsjée pcr pnrtb jb on netimun boitb, bo pone jb mcfibrec bekubetrn ue oçgitb auejngbetno< ec nvnezn `nkin ue prckbsc jb iejustrinoiznkiûe ie justrinoiznkiûe ei oigitn on prbsbekin fritîeikn be ocs priekipnobs rbscrtbs bkceûgikcs jbo pnçs.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

N`crn fibe, be bstb puetc sbrçn ebkbsnric qub kcgc bstujinetbs pubjn ir rbvisnejc nomuecs nspbktcs jbo pnecrngn `istûrikc qub bstngcs jbsnrrcoonejc, oc kuno ankioitnrî pcstbricr tnrbn jb sçetbsis. Tnrn booc bstî n jispcsikiûe bo simuibetb vijbc jb on sbrib Trbsijbetbs Nrmbetiecs (Kneno Bekubetrc), jb sugc ietbrés pnrn ankioitnr on tnrbn.

`ttp9>1 bekcetrnrî su ietbrrupkiûe be >9;4 kce ue mcopb jb bstnjc kçvikcgioitnr beknfbznjc pcr bo Mbebrno Rrifuru. On nscenjn simeiaikû pnrn ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs on rbstnurnkiûe jb ocs vnocrbs pcoçtikcs, kuoturnobs, bkceûgikcs b ijbcoûmikcs jbo rémigbe coimîrquikc. N pnrtir jb bstb gcgbetc ‛pnrn ‛pnrn ocs rbvisiceistns koîsikcs‛ sb prcauejiznrî bo stntus jb jbpbejbekin kce Iemontbrrn. Nkubrjcs kcgbrkinobs y aienekibrcs rbacrznrîe ocs eivbobs jb ietbr-jbpbejbekin nsigétrikn kce on gbtrûpcoi. N booc sb ob sugnrî on rbstrikkiûe jb ons ons oifbrtnjbs pcoçtikns kiviIeangb  obs qub kcejukirîe no pbrçcjc jbecgienjc pcr Lcsé Ouis Zcrrbs, on Jéknjn Ieangb  (>9;4->9:;). Netb bo nvnekb jb ons oifbrtnjbs pcoçtikns kcequistnjns pcr ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs kcejukijcs pcr @ipûoitc Yrimcybe, kcgc tngfiée netb ue kcetbxtc bkceûgikc y aienekibrc kuyc üeikc fbebaikinric brn on kcrcen iemobsn, kcgbeznrîe n rbnmrupnrsb ue kceluetc jb `cgfrbs n pnrtir jb uen ectcrin préjikn netiigpbrinoistn, nomuec jb boocs ieaoubekinjcs pcr bo yrimcybeisgc, qub bgpbznrîe n jbeuekinr on situnkiûe jb betrbmn jb eubstrc pntrigceic. [urmirî nsç on Aubrzn jb Cribetnkiûe Vnjikno jb on Lcvbe Nrmbetien, ACVLN, nmrupngibetc ACVLN, nmrupngibetc scfrb bo qub sb `nrî bspbkino gbekiûe. Nsç kcgc be ctrcs gcgbetcs jb eubstrn `istcrin, Lcsé @breîejbz, Muijc [pnec,

Envnrrc Qicon jbeuekinrce no kbetrnoisgc pcrtbþc, ocs `cgfrbs jb ACVLN  ‛@cgb>=

 

KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

rc Gnezi, Nrturc Lnurbtk`b, Mnfribo Jbo Gnzc, Eéstcr Fneai y Vnüo [knonfriei Crtiz‛ n trnvés jb jiabrbetbs trnfnlcs qub sbrîe rbkcpionjcs be uen sbrib jb kunjbrecs, jbeuekinrîe on situnkiûe jb betrbmn ietbrpbonejc, n pnrtir jb uen girnjn bstrntémikn, n rcgpbr ocs onzcs jb jbpbejbekin npuetnejc jirbktngbetb no no ebrvic jb eubstrn sulbkiûe< abrrcknrriobs, fnekcs, pubrtcs, sbrvikics jb trnespcrtb, sbrvikics be mbebrno, Jik`n oitbrnturn ‛luetc nkntûoikn, ctrns bxtrncrjienrins bgbrmbetbs jb on rbnkkiûe netipcsitivistn, jb on rbecvnkiûe jb ue enkicenoisgc netikcoceinoistn y jb uen izquibrjn qub nsugirî on kubstiûe enkiceno‛ ieaoubekinrî be on bgbrmbekin jbo sbmuejc gcvigibetc enkiceno jb gnsns, bo Tbrceisgc. ACVLN pubjb sbr vistc kcgc ue pubetb betrb bo rnjiknoisgc yrimcybeistn y bo pbrceisgc. Zngfiée bo kieb `n rbskntnjc ocs sbetigibetcs qub ntrnvbsnfne n ocs lûvbebs jb ACVLN, no qub tngfiée pbrtbebkçn @cgbrc Gnezi uec jb ocs rbprbsbetnetbs jbo pbesngibetc enkiceno. Oc kcgprcfngcs be on simuibetb bskben jb on pboçkuon"@cgbrc Gnezi< ue pcbtn be on tcrgbetn"

Jb on pboçkuon @cgbrc Gnezi< ue pcbtn be on tcrgbetn  

`ttp0

 

KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

 

³Be qué kcesistiû on krisis jb on jbgckrnkin oifbrno3 ³^ué knrnktbrçstikns tuvibrce ocs gcvigibetcs anskistns surmijcs be Burcpn be bo pbrçcjc jb betrbmubrrns3 ³Kuîo bs on rbonkiûe qub bstnfobkb bo nutcr betrb anskisgc y enkicenoisgc3

Kcesuotnr be ons konsbs ons acrgns jb nkkbsc n ocs gntbrinobs jb obkturn rbkcgbejnjcs.

>9

 

KCE^RI[ZN Y KCOCEI\NKIÛE< KCEZIERIJNJ, VRTZRVN Y N[IGIONKIÛE Be bo sbktcr jbo kcetiebetb ngbriknec qub aubrn kcequistnjc pcr bo igpbric bspnþco sb bekcetrnfn uen bxtrncrjienrin guotipoikijnj éteikc-kuoturno jistrifuijn be su iegbesijnj tbrritcrino. [i fibe n prigbrn vistn ocmrnfne scfrbsnoir trbs kuoturns -nztbkns, gnyns b iekns‛ ctrns rbnoijnjbs tne igpcrtnetbs kcgc on munrneçtikn kcbxistçne be uen jivbrsijnj nue ec jbo tcjc jbvbonjn. On nktituj jbo Igpbric bspnþco aub on jb iekcrpcrnr bstns tibrrns n sus jcgieics fnlc on igprcetn jb on kristinejnj y, be bsb sbetijc, on kcsgcvisiûe `ispnec kntûoikn aub trnsonjnjn n Ngérikn n trnvés jb iestitukicebs bstnjunobs y bkobsiîstikns. Kce bo surmigibetc jb on gcjbreijnj, on oitbrnturn iougieistn qub priviobminfn kibrkibrtcs nspbktcs jb on kuoturn burcpbn sb bgpbkieû be jbgcstrnr qub bo "eubvc kcetiebetb" knrbkçn jb `istcrin, jb kuoturn, jb aiocscaçn. Ec cfstnetb ocs `nfitnetbs jbo tbrritcric ngbriknec mcznfne jb uen `istcrin gneiaibstn qub sb bxprbsnfn be sus ocmrcs kuoturnobs, kibetçaikcs, aiocsûaikcs y sus gcjcs jb crmneiznkiûe. [i fibe ons kuoturns jcgienetbs ngbriknens `nfçne krbnjc acrgnkicebs pcoçtikc-iestitukicenobs, on rbmiûe euekn `nfçn ocmrnjc uen ueiaiknkiûe pcoçtikn y njgieistrntivn. Boon sb kcekrbtnrî n pnrtir jb on kcequistn. Tbrc netbs jb kcetieunr kcevibeb rbpnsnr nomuens knrnktbrçstikns jb bstb pbrçcjc qub kceckbgcs kcgc on ‟gcjbreijnj‗<

‼

On gcjbreijnj surmb be ocs n`crn oongnjcs "pnçsbs kbetrnobs" -Burcpn ckkijbetno y, gîs tnrjb, Bstnjcs Reijcs- oubmc, kce bo tibgpc, sb bxpnejb `nstn vcovbrsb guejino y bstnfobkbr kce ocs pnçsbs oongnjcs "pbriaérikcs" uen rbonkiûe jb jcgienkiûe, jb bxpoctnkiûe y jb ietbrkngfic jbsimuno, jcejb bo kbetrc jbsbgpbþn bo pnpbo nktivc, igpceb bo Gcjc jb Trcjukkiûe Knpitnoistn (GTK) y jbstruyb c çetbmrn, pbrc vnkiîejcons jb su kcetbeijc y jbspclîejcons jb su simeiaiknjc, ons bstrukturns prbknpitnoistns nutûktcens y trnjikicenobs. Bstb prckbsc, qub ntrnvibsn pcr jivbrsns btnpns, jbsbgfckn be on nktuno mbebrnoiznkiûe jbo guejc jb on gbrknekçn y be on kcescoijnkiûe jb ocs Bstnjcs gcjbrecs. On gcjbreijnj rbvistb knrnktbrçstikns tnobs qub, sie oumnr n jujns, rbprbsbetn uen rupturn kce rbspbktc n ons acrgns netbricrbs. Ons acrgnkicebs prbknpitnoistns brne sckibjnjbs prbjcgienetbgbetb nmrn64

 

KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

rins, be ons qub prbvnobkçn bo vnocr jb usc y on bkcecgçn enturno y ocs cflbtcs prcjukijcs brne kcekrbtcs y vnrinjcs, kcekbfijcs pnrn jurnr. Bo `bk`c jb qub sb trntnrn jb sckibjnjbs gîs fibe kbrrnjns, nisonjns y kce bsknsns kcgueiknkicebs ankioitû on acrgnkiûe jb kuoturns guy jivbrsns. Ons rbonkicebs sckinobs brne pbrscenobs, jirbktns b iegbjintns, oc qub nbvijbetbgbetb bxkouçnpubs on bxpoctnkiûe y onsckibjnjbs sulbkiûe, ie`brbetbs tcjn sckibjnj ec bstntno, sb trntnfn jb lbrnrquiznjns, kuyn fnsb jb obmitigijnj pcoçtikn y sckino brn rboimicsn y bo pcjbr snkrnoiznjc y nfscoutc.   Bo njvbeigibetc njvbeigibetc jbo knpitnoisgc knpitnoisgc simeiaikn bo gcgbetc jb rupturn y ebmnkiûe, be bo qub sb priviobmin bo vnocr jb kngfic (gbrknetio) be jbtrigbetc jbo vnocr jb usc, y on ueiacrgiznkiûe `cgcmbebiznetb be gbecsknfc jb on jivbrsijnj kuoturno. Kce éo surmb ue kngfic jbo blb jb nktivijnjbs, jb sckibjnjbs auejngbetnogbetb nmrnrins n sckibjnjbs urfnens8 bo prcjuktc bonfcrnjc, no trnesacrgnrsb be gbrknekçn, njquibrb uen simeiaiknkiûe nfstrnktn, no gisgc tibgpc qub pibrjb su kcejikiûe jb cflbtc jurnfob y vnrinjc. 6 

Gibetrns tnetc, Bspnþn `ufc jb sulbtnrsb n uen eubvn rbnoijnj be jcejb bo rbkceckigibetc npnrbkiû kcgc anktcr jbtbrgienetb. jbtbrgienetb. [i Bspnþn jbkijb oneznr uen acrgn jb kcequistn, éstn supusc ec scoc on utioiznkiûe jb on aubrzn gioitnr, siec tngfiée on ebkbsijnj jb bstnfobkbr nomuens gcjnoijnjbs jb nkubrjcs qub ob pbrgitibsb uen pbrgnebekin gîs c gbecs trnequion be bsns tibrrns. Bstn girnjn scfrb on kcequistn ec jbskceckb qub on oobmnjn jb ocs bspnþcobs no "eubvc" kcetiebetb prbsupcejrî uen gbtcjcocmçn krubetn;. Tbrc on kcequistn supusc qub yn enjn sbrî oc gisgc betrb burcpbcs y ngbriknecs, y kcgibezn n kcestruir kcestruir-sb uen `istcrin crimieno n pnrtir jb bstb bekubetrc trnugîtikc n tcjns oukbs. Be térgiecs prcjuktivcs, on Ngérikn prbvin n on bxpnesiûe burcpbn mcznfn jb uen prcoçaikn nktivijnj kcgbrkino be gbrknjcs acrgnjcs fnlc bo sistbgn jb trubqub u ctrns acrgns jb ietbrkngfic jb bxkbjbetbs. [ie bgfnrmc, bstns oûmikns jb ietbrkngfic ec kcekbfçne n on gcebjn kcgc cflbtc jb nkuguonkiûe. Vbsuotn jiaçkio kcgpnrnr bstn situnkiûe kce bo jbsnrrcooc jb uen bkcecgçn kcgc ckurrçn be Burcpn. Trcetc, bo ‟eubvc‗ kcetiebetb sb vbrçn ntrnvbsnjc pcr jcs oûmikns jb kcequistn. Tcr ue onjc, on igpuosnjn pcr Mrne Frbtnþn be bo ecrtb jcejb ec bxistiû bo kcetnktc betrb ocs burcpbcs y ons pcfonkicebs entivns8 gibetrns qub n trnvés jb ue onrmc pbrçcjc jb kcequistn qub jurû trbs simocs, on Ngérikn `ispîeikn mbebrû ue prckbsc jb ausiûe qub tuvc kcgc rbsuotnjc bo abeûgbec sckic-kuoturno jb gnycr crimi6 . Aubetb jb kcesuotn< `ttp961)

gurno jbo gbliknec Lcsé Kobgbetb Crczkc [b bxpceb be bo Kcobmic [ne Ijboacesc - Gélikc

Be bstb puetc kcrrbspcejb gbekicenr qub ue tbxtc qub nfcrjn bstcs abeûgbecs jb ausiûe sckic-kuoturno qub knrnktbriznrce n on Kcequistn jb on Ngérikn `ispîekin, bs bo jb Lcrmb Nfbonrjc Vngcs< @istcrin jb on Enkiûe Ontiecngbriknen , kitnjc n pib jb pîmien.

Trckbsc iejbpbejbetistn [bmüe bo `istcrinjcr Brik @cfsfnwg, bo prckbsc iejbpbejbetistn be Ngérikn ontien kciekijb kce bo pbrçcjc jb rbvcoukicebs furmubsns qub sb cpbrnrne auejngbetnogbetb be Burcpn, n rnçz jb kngfics, tnetc sckicbkceûgikcs -jbsbeknjbenjcs pcr on rbvcoukiûe iejustrino iemobsn- kcgc pcoçtikcs -qub kcgbeznrce be Iemontbrrn be bo simoc netbricr y tuvibrce oubmc sus ackcs gîs pctbetbs kce on iejbpbejbekin jb Bstnjcs Reijcs y on Vbvcoukiûe Arnekbsn-. Arnekbs n-. Y n pbsnr jb qub bo nutcr iemoés ec ocmrn snoir jbo bsqubgn fritîeikc-kéetrikc, be térgiecs aîktikcs ec pnrbkb tne jbsnkbrtnjc. 2  Ons ectikins jb on ievnsiûe enpcobûeikn n Bspnþn ec tnrjnrce be oobmnr no Qirrbientc jbo Vçc jb On Tontn< kce boons tngfiée oobmnfn jbsjb Burcpn on ieaoubekin jb ons ijbns oifbrnobs qub, be rimcr jb vbrjnj, yn `nfçne sijc ietrcjukijns be ons jéknjns :. Ifçjbg p. == 2. @CF[GN]G, BVIK< BVIK< On brn jb on rbvcoukiûe , >=09->0:0, Bjitcrino Krçtikn, 644>.

66

 

KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

netbricrbs. Bs jb jbstnknr qub kcstnrî ijbetiaiknr ocs oçgitbs ijbcoûmikcs jb ocs nktcrbs be jisputn, yn qub ocs prckbscs iejbpbejbetistns jbo kcetiebetb jupoiknrîe ons tbesicebs n ons kunobs Bspnþn sb bekcetrnfn scgbtijn be bsb gcgbetc, bs jbkir, jbkir, on jivisiûe betrb rbacrgistns y kcesbrvnjcrbs -Mcjcs- jbo netimuc rémigbe. Bo rbsuotnjc on mubrrn `ispnec/arnekbsn jbgcstrû qubocssi tibgpcs fibe Bspnþn vbekbrî n Arnekin, ecjb ocmrnrî gcjbreiznr on bstrukturn sckino qub jb rbvcoukiûe furmubsn jbgnejnfne be bo viblc kcetiebetb. Bspnþn trnsonjn bo kceaoiktc irrbsubotc n pcsbsicebs ngbriknens. Jb bstn gnebrn, vbgcs kûgc nquboocs kricoocs qub ouk`nrce pcr Bspnþn kcetrn ocs arnekbsbs, n`crn acrgnrîe pnrtb jb ocs blérkitcs jb oifbrnkiûe kcetrn ocs bspnþcobs y kûgc nomuens rbnoijnjbs iejçmbens, jbskceckbjcrbs jb on rbnoijnj burcpbn acrgnrîe pnrtb jb blérkitcs bspnþcobs qub ietbetnrîe scstbebr bo bstntus kcoceino. On kcgpoblijnj sckino no ietbricr jb ons pcsbsicebs `ispîeikns rnjiknrî, njbgîs, be on bxistbekin jb sbktcrbs viekuonjcs kcgbrkinogbetb kce Iemontbrrn, gibetrns Bspnþn sb bekcetrnfn be mubrrn, quibebs ietbetnrîe snknr prcvbk`c jb on situnkiûe. [bmüe Nfbonrjc Vngcs, on mubrrn pbrsbmuirî ue jcfob cflbtivc be nquboocs sbktcrbs gîs nvneznjcs pcoçtikngbetb< pcr ue onjc, igpbjir qub Ngérikn Ontien rbknybrn fnlc bo yumc nfscoutistn y, pcr bo ctrc, kcesbrvnr on ueijnj pcoçtikn jbo sistbgn virrbieno fnlc on acrgn jb uen Kceabjbrnkiûe jb ocs eubvcs mrnejbs bstnjcs.1  Ons mubrrns pcr on Iejbpbejbekin, ieaoubekinjns pcr ocs kngfics cpbrnjcs n bsknon guejino, prbsbetnrîe pnrtikuonrijnjbs sbmüe on rbmiûe, pbrc bekcetrnrîe tngfiée nomuecs rnsmcs be kcgüe. Tcr blbgpoc, jbtrîs jb bstb prckbsc, nomuecs sbktcrbs qub obvnetnrce ocs ijbnobs iejbpbejbetistns sbrîe jbabescrbs jb ocs netimucs oçgitbs jb ons rbmicebs virrbienobs. Jb nquç kcgbeznrîe n surmir ietbrrcmnetbs tnobs kcgc< kûgc kcestituir uen Enkiûe. Enkiûe. Nomuens jbaieikicebs scstibebe qub bsb kcekbptc supceb bo bstnfobkigibetc jb ue kceluetc jb iejivijucs be tcrec n uen kcgueijnj crimieno qub crimieno qub sb kcestituyb n trnvés bspiritunobs qub ob ctcrmne uen rbprbsbetnkiûe be bo jb bxprbsicebs gntbrinobs y bspiritunobs qub tibgpc. Bo ijicgn  auekicen kcgc gneiabstnkiûe qub ctcrmn knrîktbr jb pbrgnebeijicgn auekicen kin n uen Enkiûe y pbrgitb jbsnrrcoonrsb kcgc tno, n trnvés jb uen kcgueiknkiûe kcgpnrtijn no ietbricr jb on kcgueijnj. Tcr su pnrtb, subob scstbebrsb qub on kcgueijnj enkiceno jbfb nofbrmnrsb jbetrc jb ue gisgc oçgitb tbrritcrino, kce oc kuno bo tbrritcric tbrritcric pnsn  pnsn n acrgnr pnrtb jb on sbmuejn bxprbsiûe gntbrino jb on enkicenoijnj. Nsç, on kubstiûe be ocs tbrritcrics fnlc `bmbgceçn bspnþcon, tnetc ocs oçgitbs tbrritcrinobs kcgc bo ijicgn, sce obmnjcs njquirijcs pcr on kcequistn. Tnrn nomuecs rbvisiceistns bo `bk`c qub ntbetnrî kcetrn bo prckbsc jb ueiaiknkiûe sbrî on vnrinfob bkceûgikn, yn qub pnrn gnetbebr on ueijnj brn ebkbsnrin on kcestitukiûe jb ue scoc gbrknjc bkceûgikc. Bs nsç qub ons coimnrquçns pcrtunrins nvne1. VNGC[, LCVMB NFBONVJC, NFBONVJC, cp.kit., p. 1>.

6;

 

KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

znrce, oubmc jb on jéknjn jb >064, be on acrgnkiûe jb norbjbjcr jb vbietb gbrknjcs bkceûgikcs iejbpbejibetbs.

Vbspbktc n bstcs tbgns, Gbt`co Abrré, (>969-6449) ue abkuejc pbesnjcr carbkbjbueonrbontc crimieno jb on `istcrin jbsjb urumunyc on pbrspbktivn ‟pbriabrin‗ y `nkibejc jb onsujngbriknen, ‟pbriabrin‗ ue kbetrc. Bstn pbrspbktivn jb Abrré, qub sb jbaieb n sç gisgc ec kcgc urumunyistn siec kcgc `cgfrb jbo Rrumuny be Ngérikn Ontien y kce ue beacqub ietbmrnkiceistn, `n qubjnjc rbmistrnjn be bo vijbc "On Enkiûe [ujngbriknen"  kuyc  kuyc neîoisis bs igprbskiejifob pnrn on ietbmrnkiûe jb ocs kcetbeijcs prbsbetnjcs.

On fnokneiznkiûe Tbrc on kcestrukkiûe jb uen mrne enkiûe, nspirnjn pcr nomuecs prctnmceistns jb on épikn iejbpbejbetistn sujngbriknen, bekcetrnfn oçgitbs gntbrinobs, kcgc ons iegbesns bxtbesicebs tbrritcrinobs, kiujnjbs sbpnrnjns pcr giobs jb hioûgbtrcs y kbetrcs njgieistrntivcs noblnjcs. Booc sugnjc n ue sistbgn jb kcgueiknkicebs pckc pbrabkkicenjc, tnetc n eivbo tbrrbstrb kcgc gnrçtigc, y kce ue jbsimuno jbsnrrcooc jb on bstrukturn bkceûgikn be kcgpnrnkiûe n Burcpn. Zcjcs bstcs sbrîe anktcrbs jbfioitnjcrbs jbo subþc jb ocs oifbrtnjcrbs. Bo bsknsc jbsnrrcooc jb ons aubrzns prcjuktivns pbrgitirî bxpoiknr ‛betrb ctrcs anktcrbs‛ on igpcsifioijnj jb bstnfobkbr ngpoics oçgitbs kcestitutivcs jb ue üeikc bstnjc enkiûe. Bspnþn trnzû ue vçekuoc kcoceino be térgiecs bkceûgikcs kce sus jcgieics ngbriknecs scstbeijc n pnrtir jb on iestnonkiûe jb uen bkcecgçn gbrknetio. Bxistçn ue ietbesc trîaikc kcgbrkino qub surmçn jbsjb ons kcoceins, pbrc qub supceçn njbgîs ue bxtbejijc rémigbe jb kcetrnfnejc y ctrns gnebrns ieacrgnobs jb ietbrkngfic kce ons pctbekins burcpbns. Bstn rbonkiûe, qub sb aub

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kcescoijnejc kce bo pnsc jbo tibgpc, betrb sbktcrbs oimnjcs no kcgbrkic be ocs iekipibetbs pubrtcs kcoceinobs kce enkicebs kcgc Iemontbrrn, aub auejngbetno pnrn betbejbr on krbnkiûe jb eubvns rbpüfoikns qub gutionrce on pcsifioijnj jb uen enkiûe üeikn. Ren vbzbkceûgikcs nfibrtc bo prckbsc jb onsbiejbpbejbekin, jistnekins betrb ocs jéfiobs kbetrcs ngbriknecs prcauejizû y ocsonssbktcrbs jbo kcgbrkic, vibejc uen Bspnþn jbaieitivngbetb iebstnfob pnrn on prîktikn gbrknetio, jbkijibrce vcoknrsb `nkin Iemontbrrn kcgc priekipno sckin. Bstn üotign kcesijbrû gîs nprcpinjc pnrn sus ietbrbsbs ebmckinr kce vbietb rbpüfoikns qub kce ue scoc kbetrc bkceûgikc aubrtb y ueiaiknjc, y pnrn jbfioitnr on ueiaiknkiûe kcetiebetno, rbkurriû n ue bxtrncrjienric ue bemrnenlb jipocgîtikc y aienekibrc. N bstb prckbsc jb jbsgbgfrngib jbsgbgfrngibeetc tbrritcrino ‛cpbrnjc pcr Iemontbrrn be kcevivbekin kce ocs sbktcrbs kcgbrkinobs jb ons netimuns kcoceins‛ sb oc oongn fnokneiznkiûe . N pnrtir jb uen nkkiûe jipocgîtikn qub mbebrnfn trntnjcs jb oifrb kcgbrkic y noigbetnfn netimuns jisputns tbrritcrinobs betrb ons boitbs ocknobs, Iemontbrrn cpbrnrî n eivbo kcetiebetno. Trcetngbetb sb jbsnrgnrî on "Mrne Kcocgfin" (Qbebzubon, Tnengî, Kcocgfin, Bkunjcr), sb prcgcvbrî on iejbpbejbekin jb on Fnejn Cribetno acrgnejc bo bstnjc urumunyc (oubmc jb ue kuricsc nrfitrnlb iemoés be ue kceaoiktc qub ievcoukrnfn n on Kceabjbrnkiûe Nrmbetien y no Igpbric jbo Frnsio), sb jbspbjnznrî on Vbpüfoikn Kbetrcngbriknen. Bstb prckbsc kciekijirî kce bo bxioic jb [ne Gnrtçe, on gubrtb jb Fcoçvnr, ocs nsbsientcs jb [ukrb y Gcetbnmujc, tcjcs boocs prcgctcrbs jb on ueijnj kcetiebetno. Kce tcjc, Iemontbrrn ec pujc `nfbr triueanjc be bstn bgprbsn sie bo npcyc jb nquboocs sbktcrbs ocknobs qub, viekuonjcs no kcgbrkic, sb iesbrtnrce be ons bstrukturns jb jbkisiûe jb ocs eubvcs bstnjcs surmijcs no knocr jb on iejbpbejbekin. On Fnokneiznkiûe, bs jbkir, on acrgn be qub irîe surmibejc eubvcs bstnjcs ngpnrnjcs sutiogbetb pcr Iemontbrrn, ec pubjb bxpoiknrsb sie kcesijbrnr bo naîe sbpnrntistn jb pcoçtikcs viekuonjcs bstrbk`ngbetb kce bo igpbric fritîeikc. N pnrtir jb bstb gcgbetc, surmirî on ebkbsijnj jb ir jbsgcetnejc on ijbn jb Enkiûe Ontiecngbriknen. Ocs igpuoscrbs jb bstn prcpubstn sbrîe kceckijcs kcgc "kuotcrbs jbo Tntrin K`ikn". Tnrn ocs rbvisiceistns koîsikcs sbrîe bxprbsicebs ontbetbs jb bstb tipc jb pcoçtikn Fbrenrjiec Vivnjnvin, be Nrmbetien, y Arnekiskc jb Tnuon [netnejbr, be Kcocgfin. Bo ocknoisgc jb bstcs sbktcrbs rnjiknrî be on iestnonkiûe jb ue gcjboc bkceûgikc jb kcrtb bxpcrtnjcr, be jcejb ocs mrnejbs kbetrcs pcrtunrics mcznfne jb ons vbetnlns jb ons rbetns njunebrns qub ec jbsbnfne jistrifuir kce ctrns rbmicebs jb on gisgn zcen gbecs anvcrbkijns be térgiecs jb rbkurscs. On Fnokneiznkiûe anvcrbkbrî ue tipc jb knpitnoisgc jbpbejibetb be jcejb ocs bstnjcs prnktiknrîe bo gceckuotivc qub ebkbsitn on gbtrûpcoi pnrn scstbebr su prckbsc jb iejustrinoiznkiûe. [cstuvc Lcrmb Nfbonrjc Vngcs be su oifrc On Enkiûe Ontiecngbriknen< "Bo knpitn-  oisgc guejino sb auejû be on krbnkiûe jb mrnejbs bstnjcs enkicenobs y sb kcesc- 

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oijû pcr on arnmgbetnkiûe jbo pcjbr jb ons sbgikcoceins, n ons qub trnesacrgû be Bstnjcs gceckuotcrbs scgbtijcs n on pcoçtikn guejino jb prbkics rbmuonjcs pcr on Burcpn knpitnoistn‗.=

   (>9:;) jbo pietcr urumunyc Lcnquçe Zcrrbs Mnrkçn. Ngérikn ievbrtijn  (>9:;) Nktunogbetb be bo Gusbc Zcrrbs Mnrkçn. Gcetbvijbc, Rrumuny

Gcvigibetcs Enkicenobs Ocs prcybktcs fnokneiznjcrbs, si fibe aubrce babktivcs, ec aubrce nsigionjcs nrgceicsngbetb be ons kcgueijnjbs ocknobs. Guy pcr bo kcetrnric, nquboocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs jbsanvcrbkijcs jbsanvcrbkijcs be bstb bskbenric, sb bearbetnrîe kce nquboocs mcfibrecs iestituijcs n pnrtir jb on bstrntbmin jivisiceistn. N pbsnr jb on jisputns, ons ieikintivns sbpnrntistns triueanrîe y kce boons ue gcjboc jb kcetiebetb jbpbejibetb qub cribetnfn su prcjukkiûe n Burcpn y jnfn on bspnonjn n on ietbmrnkiûe rbmiceno. On kcescoijnkiûe jb bstb prcybktc sb jnrî be bo gnrkc jbo jbsnrrcooc jbo Igpbrinoisgc kcgc gcjboc bkceûgikc y bo oifbrnoisgc kcgc crjbe pcoçtikc qub pcoçtikc qub jbsnrrcoongcs be ons ueijnjbs netbricrbs. "On Enkiûe Ontiecngbriknen `nfçn sijc vbekijn pcr ons nrgns y sus pnrtbs bearbe-  tnjns betrb sç, Bstnjcs Reijcs b Iemontbrrn ob `nfçne nrrbfntnjc tbrritcrics iegbe-  scs n Géxikc y Fboikb, `nfçn vistc krbnr eubvns scfbrneçns be sus mrnejbs Bstnjcs, `nfçn bxpbrigbetnjc mubrrns arntrikijns y suikijns< on mubrrn k`ioben kcetrn on Kce-  abjbrnkiûe Tbrü-Fcoivinen, bo mbeckijic jb on Zripob Noinezn kcetrn bo Tnrnmuny y

=. VNGC[, LCVMB NFBONVJC, NFBONVJC, cp.kit. p. 6=>.

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aienogbetb sb `nfçn bstnfobkijc be sus sistbgns bjukntivcs on ijbn nfscoutn jb uen jbstrcec enkiceno pnrtikuonr‗ 0, nmrbmnrî bo gisgc Nfbonrjc Vngcs.

Netb bstn situnkiûe, on notbrentivn sbrî ue nutckceckigibetc jbtnoonjc jb eubstrn situnkiûe pbriaérikn, pbriaérikn, on jbeuekin netb on jcgienkiûe acgbetnejc bo jbsnrrcooc rbaobxivc n pnrtir jbjbsprbejbrçn vnrins kntbmcrçns qub jibrne kubetn jb on rbnoijnj riknen. Jb bstc sb ue rbkceckigibetc n eubstrc pnsnjc ontiecngbbe kcgüe be ocs gibgfrcs jb uen enkiûe gutionjn n pnrtir jb on Fnokneiznkiûe. [urmirî, nsç, prcpic, ieaoubekinjn pcr on kuctn `istcrikistn. N kcesbkubeuen nutcbstign `nkin oc prcpic, jbeimrnjn pcr bo prcybkkin, bgbrmbrî ue pbrçcjc jb nutcnairgnkiûe jb uen rbmiûe jbeimrnjn pcr tc bkceûgikc y pcoçtikc jb ocs kuotcrbs jb on Tntrin k`ikn. On jbfioijnj pcoçtikn y on benlbenkiûe bkceûgikn jbo kcetiebetb ngbriknec qubjnrne no jbskufibrtc n pnrtir jb aienobs jb simoc PIP. On rbspubstn pcpuonr n bstb bskbenric rnjiknrî be qub ec scoc sb visifioiznrî n ons coimnrquçns bxpcrtnjcrns kcgc ocs bebgimcs jb on nutcecgçn y jb on lustikin, siec qub rbkceckbrî ue eubvc sbktcr netnmûeikc qub kcgpobtn ons knrns jb on gcebjn< bo igpbrinoisgc. igpbrinoisgc. Be kcesbkubekin, yn n pnrtir jb aiebs jbo simoc PIP kcgbeznrî n jiauejirsb uen prcausn y kbrtbrn oitbrnturn netikcoceinoistn. Jbtrîs jb bstb jinmeûstikc sufynkbe uen sbrib jb kcekbptcs auejngbetnobs pnrn betbejbr on kcestitukiûe jb ocs gcvigibetcs enkicenobs be Ontiecngérikn. Nsç, ons eckicebs jb Tntrin, Enkiûe y on kubstiûe enkiceno njquibrbe ue rco auejngbetno. auejngbetno . On onrmn rbsistbekin igpuosnjn pcr ocs pubfocs gîs mcopbnjcs pcr bo igpbrinoisgc sb kcescoijnrî ‛sbmüe ocs rbvisiceistns‛ n pnrtir jbo rbkceckigibetc jb on situnkiûe jb jbpbejbekin, be on qub sb bstnfobkb qub on pntrin mrnejb `nfçn sijc jbsgbgfrnjn ec scoc be térgiecs tbrritcrinobs, siec tngfiée, tngfiée , be térgiecs bkceûgikcs y kuoturnobs. Nvneznr be pcsikicebs qub fusqube rbvbrtir y qub prcgubvne be ocs gcvigibetcs enkicenobs ue rco kbetrno jb kngfic, acrgnrî pnrtb jb bstb gcgbetc. Jik`cs gcvigibetcs sb brimibrce kcgc ocs mbstcrbs jb ons tnrbns jbgckrîtikns iekcekousns, auejngbetnogbetb on kcestitukiûe jb gbrknjc ietbrec. Tnrn tno ocmrc jbfibrce jbsgnetbonr ocs priekipics jb on Enkiûe fnokneiznjn, scstbeijn pcr ons coimnrquçns ocknobs.

Bxpbribekins jb gcvigibetcs enkicenobs n oc onrmc jbo simoc PP be eubstrn Ngérikn @nstn betrnjc bo simoc PP, bo igpbrinoisgc n trnvés jb on kcestrukkiûe jb acrgns jb ietbrkngfic kcgbrkino y jb jivisns npnrbkçn kcgc bo üeikc gcjc jb krbkigibetc pcsifob. Jik`c abeûgbec, luetc kce ons jbgckrnkins oifbrnobs be térgiecs pcoçtikcs, brne ocs jcs pionrbs jb uen mbcpcoçtikn jbsimuno be térgiecs jb ietbrkngfic betrb ocs "lûvbebs" pnçsbs jb ocs kcetiebetbs pbriaérikcs y ons enkicebs kbetrnobs. [i fibe bstcs pcstuonjcs kcgibezne n jbsmnstnrsb n pnrtir jb on irrupkiûe jb on Trigbrn Mubrrn Guejino, ocs ietbrkngfics jbsimunobs y on ieaoubekin jb ocs igpbrics sbmuirîe vimbetbs `nstn betrnjn on jéknjn jbo ‐;4. 0. VNGC[, LCVMB NFBONVJC, NFBONVJC, cp.kit. p. ;>4.

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N pnrtir jb bstb gcgbetc, uen sbrib jb bvbetcs gcjiaiknrîe bo tnfobrc jb ons rbonkicebs n eivbo guejino. Tcr ue onjc, on krisis jbo ‐;4 gcjiaiknrî ocs rbmçgbebs jb ietbrkngfic prcpikinejc, be ue prigbr gcgbetc, ue jurc mcopb n ons enkicebs prcvbbjcrns jb gntbrins prigns, yn qub bo vnocr jb bstb tipc jb fibebs `nfçn sijc pcjbrcsngbetb brcsicenjc n pnrtir jb on krisis. Bstn situnkiûe sbrî nkcgpnþnjn pcr nugbetc jb eivbobsbstnjcs jb prctbkkiceisgc bkceûgikc pnrtb jb ocs pnrn pnçsbs bo igpbrinobs. Onsocslûvbebs jbo kcetiebetb jbfbrîepcr iembeiîrsbons pcjbr sustituir ocs prcjuktcs n ocs qub netbricrgbetb nkkbjçne n pnrtir jbo ietbrkngfic jbsimuno, be ue kcetbxtc jcejb bo ietbrkngfic sb ietbrrugpb c pnsn n sbr nüe gîs jbsanvcrnfob. Ctrc jb ocs bobgbetcs qub kcgbeznrî n pcebrsb be tbon jb luikic sbrîe ons jbgckrnkins pnrongbetnrins, ec jbsjb bo puetc jb vistn jb on obmitigijnj, siec jbsjb on kibrtn ieknpnkijnj jb bstns jbgckrnkins pnrn jbrrifnr ocs supubstcs oifbrnobs qub aubrce kcejikiûe jb su bgbrmbekin, kce oc kuno bstnfne oigitnjns n on `crn jb bgprbejbr rbacrgns sckinobs be ons sckibjnjbs ngbriknens. No gisgc tibgpc, tibgpc, Bstnjcs Reijcs irî pnuontiengbetb njquiribejc gnycr ieaoubekin be ons jbkisicebs jb ocs bstnjcs surngbriknecs, gibetrns qub be bo knsc nrmbetiec, Iemontbrrn sbmuçn gnetbeibejc prignkçn `nstn betrnjn on jéknjn jbo ‐;4. Bstb gnpn jb rbonkicebs pcoçtikns y bkceûgikns kcgbeznrî n kubsticenrsb n pnrtir jb ocs gcvigibetcs jb knrîktbr enkiceno y pcpuonr qub sb jne n oc onrmc jbo kcetiebetb. Jbtnoonrbgcs n kcetieunkiûe nomuecs jb bstcs knscs<

Frnsio y bo vnrmuisgc Kce bo nskbesc jbo Mbtuoic Qnrmns be Frnsio kcgbeznrî n jiskutirsb ue gcjc jb prcjukkiûe qub `nstn bsb gcgbetc brn kbetrnogbetb nmrçkcon y kuyc nktcr kbetrno brn on coimnrquçn knabtbrn jb ons ankbejns . Bo eubvc pbrçcjc ieikinjc kce Qnrmns npuetn `nkin uen pcoçtikn iejustrinoistn jcejb bo bstnjc jbfçn rbcribetnr su pbraio bkceûgikc y brimirsb kcgc nktcr auejngbetno. Tnrn betbejbr bo krbkigibetc bkceûgikc jbo pbrçcjc, on kcestrukkiûe jb ue bstnjc aubrMbtuoic Qnrmns (>006->92:) tb y üeikc qub mnrnetizn y acgbetn bo gbrknjc ietbrec ‛ue pionr nusbetb be bo netimuc bsqubgn sbgikcoceino‛ brn uen jiaçkio tnrbn be ue iegbesc pnçs crmneiznjc abjbrntivngbetb, knrmnjc jbo pnrtikuonrisgc qub ob igprigçne ocs bstnjcs prcviekinobs mcfbrenjc pcr ons coimnrquçns ocknobs. Qnrmns, be on füsqubjn pcr on ueiaiknkiûe, jbfiû bearbetnrsb n bstcs sbktcrbs qub rbtnrjnfne on pcsifioijnj jb gcjbreiznkiûe jb ons bstrukturns prcjuktivns, yn qub bo gcjboc bkceûgikc scfrb bo kuno sb gcetne ons coimnrquçns ocknobs brn bo jb ntrnsc y kcesugc jb fibebs suetunrics, rnsmc tçpikc n eivbo kcetiebetno.

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Nvneznr be bsn oçebn supceçn ue kceckigibetc jb ons jbfioijnjbs y acrtnobzns jbo pnçs. Be bstb sbetijc, uen pcoçtikn iejustrino rbqubrçn on kcestrukkiûe jb ue gbrknjc ietbrec, pnrn oc qub aub ebkbsnrin e bkbsnrin on bjiaiknkiûe jb uen obmisonkiûe jb knrîktbr sckino qub rbkceckibrn ocs jbrbk`cs jbo trnfnlnjcr. Jb tcjcs gcjcs, Qnrmns jbfçn kcejukir ue bstnjc kce nþcs jb rémigbe nmrcbxpcrtnjcr. nmrcbxpcrtnjcr. Jbetrc jbo arbetb enkiceno qubauejngbetno oc oobvn no pcjbr ec tcjcs ocs nktcrbs tbeçne pnrn ocs gisgcs ietbrbsbs. Jb n`ç qub sbrî on kieturn pcoçtikn jbo frnsiobrc kcejukir be on `btbrcmbebijnj, bobgbetc kcestitutivc jb ocs arbetbs netiigpbrinoistn netiigpbrinoistnss surmijcs be Ngérikn Ontien n pnrtir jbo ‐;4. Bo netimuc gcjboc coimîrquikc frnsiobrc mnrnetiznfn ue crjbe rbmuonjc pcr bo gbrknjc, jcejb bo bstnjc scoc nktunfn pnrn rbprigir bo kceaoiktc sckino. On ebkbsijnj jb scstbebr uen bkcecgçn jb ngpoinkiûe jbo gbrknjc ietbrec supusc uen poneiaiknkiûe jb on bkcecgçn jiabrbetb n on jbo bstnjc coimîrquikc, y bs nsç qub uen jb ons knrnktbrçstikns jb ocs gcvigibetcs enkicenobs, be bspbkino bo frnsiobrc, sbn on poneiaiknkiûe be tcrec n ue pone n onrmc ponzc qub supceb on kcestrukkiûe jb cfrns y bquipngibetc knpnkbs jb betbrrnr bo gcjboc jb ntrnsc jb on netimun boitb mcfbrenetb. Be bsb sbetijc, on rbacrguonkiûe jb ue eubvc sistbgn bskconr qub nkcgpnþb ocs kngfics cpbrnjcs be on bstrukturn bkceûgikn sb tcrenrî iejispbesnfob. Trbkisngcvigibetcs. Zno bs gbetb, on bjuknkiûe bs uec jb ocs rnsmcs vitnobs jb ocs eubvcs gcvigibetcs. nsç qub Qnrmns iestnon bo [brvikic Enkiceno jb Nprbejiznlb Iejustrino kcgc bstrntbmin `nkin bo auturc y kce bo cflbtivc jb jbsgcetnr ue bsqubobtc pbjnmûmikc qub rbacrznfn ocs eivbobs jb jbpbejbekin y acrgnfn lûvbebs pnrn jbsnrrcoonr prcabsicebs oifbrnobs, jblnejc jb onjc on acrgnkiûe jb ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs y su auturn iekousiûe be bo guejc jbo trnfnlc. Jurnetb su prbsijbekin, Qnrmns ocmrnrî enkicenoiznr bo pbtrûobc, pubs be bkcecgçns kce ue aubrtb kcgpcebetb bxtrnelbrc brn iejispbesnfob gnrk`nr `nkin on enkicenoiznkiûe jb ocs priekipnobs rbkurscs enturnobs.

Bo knrjbeisgc be Géxikc Bo mcfibrec jb Kîrjbens be Géxikc bs kcetbgpcrîebc no jb Qnrmns be Frnsio. [i nomc knrnktbrizn n ocs gcvigibetcs enkicenobs bs on igprcetn gcjbreiznjcrn kce knpnkijnj jb trnesacrgnr ons bstrukturns netimuns. Jb netimuns. Jb n`ç qub sb fusknrn tbrgienr kce ons acrgns jb prcjukkiûe y crmneiznkiûe auejnjns be bo ontiauejic y on bxpoctnkiûe jb ocs rbkurscs giebrnobs be gnecs bxtrnelbrns. Rec jb ocs prcfobgns gîs nkukinetbs be bo knsc gbxiknec brn on prbsbekin jb bgprbsns bxtrnelbrns qub gneblnfne on bkcecgçn jbo pnçs. Bo 14% jbo pbtrûobc,

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uec jb ocs priekipnobs rbkurscs bkceûgikcs, bstnfn be gnecs jb kcgpnþçns iemobsns gibetrns qub bo ;9.6% pbrtbebkçn n kcgpnþçns ecrtbngbriknens. Bstc sb bxpoiknfn tngfiée pcr bo bobvnjc eivbo jb bxtrnelbriznkiûe jb on tibrrn.

Oîznrc Kîrjbens jbo Vçc (>092->9=4), mbebrno y bstnjistn, Trbsijbetb jb Gélikc jbsjb >9;: n >9:4.

@ny qub jbstnknr ue bobgbetc kbetrno be bo prckbsc gbxiknec< Kîrjbens bs `ilc jb on rbvcoukiûe gbxiknen, on kuno rbnoizû kngfics prcauejcs be on sckibjnj. s ckibjnj. Bo knrjbeisgc viec n iestitukicenoiznr bscs kngfics. Eubvngbetb fics.  Eubvngbetb sb vubovb iejispbesnfob on kceacrgnkiûe jb ue gbrknjc ietbrec y, pnrn bstc, brn ebkbsnrin on cftbekiûe jb rbkurscs gntbrinobs jb ocs kunobs Géxikc mcznfn, pbrc qub no bstnr be gnecs jb kcgpnþçns bxtrnelbrns ocs fbebaikics jb bstcs rbkurscs brne jbstienjcs n ons knsns gntrikbs jb ocs pnçsbs igpbrinobs.

Tcr bstn rnzûe sb tcren auejngbetno on enkicenoiznkiûe jb on iejustrin pbtrcobrn, yn qub no gneblnr ocs iemrbscs jb bstb rbkursc brn pcsifob nvneznr `nkin uen gcjbreijnj iekousivn. Tnrn tno aie, sbrî ebkbsnric bo npcyc jb ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs< bstb aub ue rnsmc auejnetb jb bstcs prckbscs prckbscs jb oifbrnkiûe. [ie npcyc pcpuonr ei knpnkijnj jb gcvioiznkiûe ec sb `ufibrne pcjijc tcgnr gbjijns bstrukturnobs kcgc ons oobvnjns n knfc pcr Kîrjbens. Mcfibrecs kcgc éstb kubsticenrîe y gcjiaiknrîe bsqubgns jb krbkigibetc qub ec kcetbgponfne on igitnkiûe jb ocs gcjbocs burcpbcs. Ocs mcfibrecs jb eubstrc kcetiebetb ‛n pnrtir jb ue kceckigibetc jb on rbnoijnj qub ec rbpoiknfn bsqubgns burcpbcs‛ jbfibrce pbesnr gcjbocs jb krbkigibetc qub iekcrpcrnsbe n ocs jiabrbetbs sbktcrbs jb on kcgueijnj. Bstn kuctn krbntivn fibe pujb cfsbrvnrsb be ue pbrçcjc jb on `istcrin ntrnvbsnjn pcr focqubs `bmbgûeikcs jb ijbns kcgc brne bo kcgueisgc y bo anskisgc< on crimienoijnj rnjikn be pbesnr ue gcjboc jb krbkigibetc nutûecgc. Be bo knsc jb Géxikc, pnrn tnobs aiebs aub ebkbsnric krbnr uen rbj jb fnekcs prcpics, kcgc bo Fnekc jb Géxikc, kcetrconr ons bxpcrtnkicebs jb crc y pontn y tbebr ietbrvbekiûe jirbktn scfrb on rbsbrvn enkiceno jb jivisns. On bxprcpinkiûe jb ocs rbkurscs enturnobs igpoiknrî, njbgîs, on kcestrukkiûe jb ue nejnginlb jb rbonkicebs ietbrenkicenobs, yn qub jb enjn sirvb bxprcpinr kunejc ocs priekipnobs pctbekins sb pcebe jb nkubrjc pnrn rbnoiznr ue fcikct kcgbrkino. Be bstb puetc tngfiée jbfbgcs cfsbrvnr on knpnkijnj jb kcejukkiûe y on `nfioijnj pnrn bstnfobkbr nkubrjcs< be bsb sbetijc, bo mcfibrec jb Kîrjbens aub tngfiée oc suaikibetbgbetb krbntivc kcgc pnrn nvneznr be on enkicenoiznkiûe jb ocs rbkurscs.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

Kîrjbens tngfiée npcrtc kngfics be on acrgnkiûe bjukntivn n pnrtir jb ue sistbgn qub mnrnetiznfn on bjuknkiûe kcgc ue jbrbk`c ueivbrsno. On krbnkiûe jb eubvns bskubons be tcjc bo pnçs aub ue rnsmc tçpikc jb su mbstiûe.

Gurno be `cecr jb Oîznrc Kîrjbens

Tnz Bstbesscrc y bo Gcvigibetc Enkicenoistn Vbvcou Vbvcoukicenric kicenric fcoivinen Ocs gcvigibetcs enkicenobs jbo simoc PP sb knrnktbriznrce pcr pnrtir jb ue jinmeûstikc qub sb kbetrnfn be bo `bk`c jb qub, ocs bstnjcs be jcejb nkcetbkibrce, sb bekubetrne mcfbrenjcs pcr coimnrquçns coimnrquçns qub bstnfobkibrce aubrtbs onzcs onzcs kce ocs igpbrics kbetrnobs. Be on gbjijn qub bo vçekuoc betrb coimnrquçn ockno b igpbric brn gîs bstrbk`c, on jbpbejbekin sb `nkçn gîs bvijbetb y ons kcejikicebs jb vijn jbo pubfoc ievcoukrnjc brne prcpcrkicenogbetb pbcrbs. Zno bs bo knsc jb Fcoivin, ue pnçs viekuonjc nsigétrikngbetb n ocs bstnjcs kbetrnobs n trnvés jb on bxpcrtnkiûe jb bstnþc, nktivijnj bxtrnktivn qub mbebrnfn uen mnenekin kuneticsn pnrn nomuens pckns angioins y rbjukçn n on gisbrin n ocs trnfnlnjcrbs. Jikb Vngcs< "Kiekubetn gio giebrcs rbkouijcs be ons gcetnþns prcjukçne bo vnocr jb tcjns ons bxpcrtnkic-  ebs jb Fcoivin qub noigbetnfne su bskuîoijc npnrntc bstntno" 9. On noigbetnkiûe jb

ocs giebrcs kcesistçn fîsikngbetb be igpcrtnetbs jcsis jb `cln jb kckn pnrn gitimnr bo `ngfrb y on sbj. N pbsnr jb `nfbr ntrnvbsnjc uen bxpbribekin jb kcrtb enkicenoistn kce bo nskbesc no pcjbr jbo Kcrcebo Fusk`, éstb sb vic oigitnjc be su nkkicenr jbfijc n qub bo betrngnjc jb sbktcrbs coimîrquikcs (kcgpubstc pcr tbrrntbeibetbs, bxpoctnjcrbs jb giens, furmubsçn kcgbrkino) ocmrû arbenr bo prckbsc enkicenoistn igpuosnjc pcr éstb igpuosnjc. Knpçtuoc npnrtb gbrbkb on nkkiûe jb VNJBTN, fnlc bo gnejc jb Munofbrtc Qioonrcbo, kce pcstbricrijnj n on mubrrn jbo prbtrûobc. Bo Gcvigibetc Enkicenoistn Vbvcoukicenric (GEV) sbrî `brbjbrc jb bstn trnjikiûe y quibe gblcr betibejn on rbnoijnj jb jbpbejbekin fcoivinen. Jurnetb on jéknjn jbo ‐:4, bo GEV nkuguonrî aubrzns vibejc kûgc sb sukbjbe prbsijbetbs qub, be priekipic, pnrbkbe igpuosnr ue prcmrngn enkicenoistn, pbrc qub no ec prcauejiznr be ons gbjijns jb mcfibrec prcetngbetb sbrîe jbrrcknjcs pcr ocs sbktcrbs coimîrquikcs no ngpnrc Bstnjcs Reijcs. 9. VNGC[, LCVMB NFBONVJC, NFBONVJC, cp.kit. p. ;62.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

Vbkiée be >926 bo GEV, kcejukijc pcr Qçktcr Tnz Bstbesscrc, oobmnrî n On Tnz trns onrmns lcrenjns jb iesurrbkkiûe. Kce on oobmnjn jbo GEV sb rbscovbrîe ons jcs priekipnobs jbgnejns qub nrrnstrnfne no pubfoc fcoivinec n uen kcejikiûe sbgikcoceino< pcr ue onjc, sb enkicenoizne ons giens ‛kcejikiûe ebkbsnrin pnrn rcgpbr kce bo yumc igpbrinoistn‛, pcr bo ctrc, y sb nvnezn be on rbacrgn nmrnrin.

Qçktcr Tnz Bstbesscrc. (Znriln, >94=-644>) Tcoçtikc fcoivinec, prbsijbetb jb on Vbpüfoikn jb Fcoivin be kuntrc cknsicebs.

Tnz Bstbesscrc `nfçn kcestruijc su pcjbr be nþcs y, kcgc tnetcs ctrcs kcejuktcrbs jb gcvigibetc enkiceno, kceckçn on rbnoijnj fcoivinen. Kce su triueac, sb nfrb ue eubvc bskbenric jcejb bs ebkbsnric gnetbebr ocs ocmrcs jbo prckbsc. Tbrc on kceacrgnkiûe jb ocs gcvigibetcs enkicenobs sb knrnktbrizû pcr nofbrmnr be su sbec n sbktcrbs `btbrcméebcs y n vbkbs cpubstcs. Nomuens jb bsns kcetrnjikkicebs cpbrnrce be bo sbec jbo GEV.

Qbonzkc Novnrnjc y on Vbvcoukiûe Tbrunen On bxpbribekin pbrunen bs sigionr n on jb ocs ctrcs gcvigibetcs enkicenobs, jcejb tngfiée bo rco jbo non enkicenoistn jbo blérkitc rbsuotnrn konvb pnrn betbejbr bo pbrçcjc. Tbrü `nstn >910, kunejc Novnrnjc oobmn no pcjbr, aub mcfbrenjn pcr pcoçtikcs viekuonjcs n ocs ietbrbsbs jbo knpitno. Trbkisngbetb, bo quibfrb jbo 10º igpoikn be prigbr oumnr uen rbvcoukiûe pcoçtikn, yn qub surmb uen eubvn konsb mcfbrenetb jiabrbetb n on netimun coimîrquikn y tngfiée jbfb sbr vistc kcgc uen rbvcoukiûe sckino, pubs sb gcjiaikn bo sistbgn prcjuktivc rbcribetîejcsb n on gnycrçn jb on pcfonkiûe. Qbonzkc rbspcejb n ocs pntrcebs knrnktbrçstikcs jb ocs kcejuktcrbs enkicenobs, enki cenobs, netiigpbrinoistn y enkicenoistn, prcgctcr jb rbacrgns bstrukturnobs be bo npnrntc bstntno, gcjbreiznjcr netb bstngbetcs bstntnobs furckrntiznjcs, furckrntiznjcs, y tngfiée kce ue rco tçpikc jb ocs gioitnrbs enkicenoistn enkicenoistns. s. N  N pbsnr jb ons krçtikns qub rbkifirî jb sbktcrbs oifbrnobs, bstcs kcejuktcrbs ietbetnrîe rbspbtnr ons oifbrtnjbs iejivijunobs jb gnebrn gîs babktivn.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

Lune Arnekiskc Qbonskc Novnrnjc Novnrnjc (>9>4 >9==), aub ue gioitnr y pcoçtikc pbrunec. Ckupû on prbsijbekin jbo Tbrü jbsjb cktufrb >910 y `nstn nmcstc jb >9=2

Kce Qbonzkc be bo pcjbr, be gntbrin bkceûgikn sb kugpoirîe ocs pcstuonjcs qub sce pnrtb jbo prcmrngn jb ocs gcvigibetcs enkicenobs, bo Bstnjc tcgnrî ue rco prctnmûeikc n on `crn jb kcejukir on bkcecgçn, jbsponznejc ocs netimucs ietbrbsbs jb ons coimnrquçns, sb nvnezn be on kubstiûe jb on tibrrn ‛jbgnejn bsbekino jb on pcfonkiûe pbrunen viekuonjn n on nmrikuoturn‛, sb acgbetn ocs fbebaikics n on iejustrin kce bo aie jb mbebrnr ue gcjboc prcjuktivc qub rcgpn kce on oûmikn jb on jivisiûe ietbrenkiceno jbo trnfnlc, sb oobvnrî njbonetb ue knpitnoisgc jb bstnjc jcejb éstb jbfb supoir on nusbekin jb uen furmubsçn iejustrino y sb bstnfobkb tngfiée ctrc tipc jb ietbrkngfic kcgbrkino fusknejc eubvcs sckics. Jb bstn gnebrn, bsknpn n ons zneknjioons qub pubjb oobvnr n knfc bo igpbric kbocsc pcr ons gcjiaiknkicebs be on bstrukturn bkceûgikn.

Lcrmb Mnitîe, on rbvcou rbvcoukiûe kiûe suspbejijn y bo gno oongnjc oongnj c Fcmctnzc Bo 9 jb nfrio jb >9:0, Lcrmb Boiékbr Mnitîe aub nsbsienjc nsbsi enjc kce trbs jispnrcs< on gubrtb jbo kcejuktcr pcpuonr nfrçn uen jb ons pîmiens gîs snemribetns jb on `istcrin jb Kcocgfin. Bstb `bk`c bxpoikn on igpcsifioijnj jbo nkkbsc jb ue gcvigibetc enkiceno be Kcocgfin no pcjbr. Mnitîe rbprbsbetnfn bo pbraio jb pcoçtikc bekunjrnjc be ons ijbns netiigpbrinoi netiigpbrinoistns stns y enkicenoistn jb tcjc kcejuktcr jb ue arbetb enkiceno. Jb eno.  Jb prckbjbekin pcoçtikn y ec gioitnr tuvc uen nmitnjn nktivijnj pnrongbetnrin jbeuekinejc jbsjb su fnekn on ieabrbekin igpbrinoistn be on vijn kcocgfinen. On jbeuekin pcr pnrtb jb ocs `cgfrbs jb ocs gcvigibetcs enkicenobs sbrî uen prîktikn kcgüe auejngbetnogbetb jurnetb on jéknjn jbo ;4 jb simoc PP. On jbeuekin brn nkcgpnþnjn kce on füsqubjn jb uen vçn jbgckrîtikn jb jbsnrrcooc knpitnois-

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

tn jcejb sb pubjn gcjiaiknr bo pbraio prcjuktivc kcocgfinec, besnynejc besnek`nr ue gbrknjc ietbrec rnquçtikc prcjuktc jb on nsaixin qub blbkutnfn Bstnjcs Reijcs scfrb on vijn bkceûgikn kcocgfinen.

Lcrmb Boiékbr Mnitîe (Fcmctî >94; >9:0) aub ue pcoçtikc y luristn kcocgfinec, noknojb jb Fcmctî be >9;1, gieistrc (Bjuknkiûe be >9:4 y Zrnfnlc be >9::), kcemrbsistn (vnrics pbrçcjcs jbsjb >969 n >9:0) y knejijntc jisijbetb jbo Tnrtijc Oifbrno n on Trbsijbekin jb on Vbpüfoikn pnrn bo pbrçcjc >9:1->924.; [u nsbsientc be Fcmctî prcjulc becrgbs prctbstns pcpuonrbs kceckijns kcgc Bo Fcmctnzc

Mnitîe, kcgc be ctrcs prckbscs jbskriptcs, ietbetnrî kcevbrtirsb be bo mnrnetb jb gnetbebr on kc`bsiûe jbo gcvigibetc enkiceno be bo kceaouybe jiabrbetbs sbktcrbs sckinobs, y be jcejb bo npcyc jb on imobsin lubmn ue rco auejngbetno kcgc be tcjcs ocs gcvigibetcs enkicenobs. Kcocgfin tuvc ue bskbenric pcoçtikc be bo qub notbrnrce oifbrnobs y kcesbrvnjcrbs. Mnitîe surmiû jbo sbec oifbrno, situnkiûe qub ob ifn n mbebrnr krçtikns jb on izquibrjn kcocgfinen. Ec cfstnetb n bstc, bo knujiooc oneznfn uen oçebn ietbren jbetrc jbo oifbrnoisgc oongnjc Reiûe jb Izquibrjn Vbvcoukicenrin. Mnitîe rbprbsbetnfn on üeikn notbrentivn jbgckrîtikn pcpuonr knpnz jb jcfobmnr ue simoc jb sulbkiûe.

Kce bo ntbetnjc n Mnitîe qubjû truekc bo nkkbsc no pcjbr jb ue eubvc gcvigibetc enkiceno be eubstrn Ngérikn. No nkujir no nsbsientc jbo njvbrsnric pcoçtikc, on coimnrquçn kcocgfinen jnfn gubstrns jb su igpctbekin pcoçtikn ieknpnz jb mbebrnr ue knejijntc cpcsitcr. Ons kcesbkubekins iegbjintns jbo krigbe pcoçtikc aubrce jçns jb nmiBo Fcmctnzc ‛ bskben be >9:0 tnkiûe sckino be jcejb ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs kongnfne pcr on vbemnezn jb su kcejuktcr< n bstn situnkiûe sb on kceckb kcgc Fcmctnzc. Tbrc bs ue brrcr `istûrikc rbjukir on gneiabstnkiûe n on knpitno kcocgfinen, yn qub on ouk`n sb bxtbejiû n oc onrmc jb tcjc bo pnçs. Knrocs Tiþbirc Iþimubz sietbtizn uen knrnktbriznkiûe jb ocs gcvigibetcs frbvbgbetb prbsbetnjcs nquç jbo simuibetb gcjc< sbrîe bsbekinogbetb ‟gcjbreiznjcrbs, qub igpuosnrce on iejustrinoiznkiûe sustitutivn jb igpcrtnkicebs y on enkicenoizn-  kiûe jb rbkurscs bkceûgikcs fîsikcs, sb sustbetnrce be noinezns sckinobs ietbrkon-  sistns y oobvnrce njbonetb prcybktcs jb ueijnj enkiceno, njnptnrce pcoçtikns sckin- 

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

obs rbjistrifutivns y pcoçtikns bxtbricrbs iejbpbejibetbs, jb kcrtb ontiecngbrikneis-  tn. Aienogbetb, jimngcs qub sb prcpusibrce n sç gisgc blbrkibejc ons tnrbns jb mcfbrenr bo Bstnjc kcgc rbbgponznetbs jb ons furmubsçns enkicenobs qub eubstrcs pnçsbs, be on iegnjurbz jb su jbsnrrcooc, ec `nfçne nokneznjc n mbebrnr. Oc jis-  tietivc bs bo knrîktbr jb mbebrnoiznjn rbnkkiûe netioifbrno qub igpoikn bstb ngpoic  y aouijc gcvigibetc rbmiceno, jbetrc jbo kuno sb prcjukbe prcjukbe pbqubþcs nenkrceisgcs qub `nkbe qub eiemüe gcgbetc sb bekubetrbe tcjcs c ocs priekipnobs enkicen-  oisgc be bo pcjbr‗.>4 

Jurnetb bo jbsnrrcooc jb bstcs üotigcs tbgns, `bgcs jbskriptc nomuens jb ons knrnktbrçstikns qub tibebe be kcgüe b ijbetiaikne n ocs gcvigibetcs jb knrîktbr enkiceno y pcpuonr. Bs igpcrtnetb uen obkturn jb rbvisiûe nkcgpnþnjn pcr bo neîoisis jbo tbxtc jb Nofbrtc Gbt`co Abrré< Bo Rrumuny kcgc prcfobgn. y bo vijbc jispceifob be<  

`ttps>.

Nairgn tngfiée MNON[[C qub bsn rbkcestrukkiûe jbo pnsnjc sb sustbetn be jcs kcougens< `burçstikn>. MNON[[C, E. (64>>). E. (64>>). @istcrin jb on Nrmbetien . Fubecs Nirbs< Kcoi`ub, pîm. 9. >6. ifçj. 9.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

eubstrc pnçs. Be kunetc n on `brgbeéutikn `brgbeéutikn,, bs cfvic qub éstn sb viekuon be acrgn jirbktn kce on ietbrprbtnkiûe jb knjn `istcrinjcr, `istcrinjcr, qub n su vbz sb bekubetrn sulbtn n on ijbcocmçn jb bsb `istcrinjcr `istcrinjcr.. Qistc jb bstn acrgn, rbsuotn guy jiaçkio pbesnr qub on `istcrin sbn uen kibekin cflbtivn.   N on `crn jb kcestruir bo rbontc `istûrikc, bstns situnkicebs `nkbe qub bo `istcrinjcr pricrikb jbtbrgienjcs nspbktcs, nkcetbkigibetcs, nkcetbkigibetcs, ecgfrbs y abk`ns sbmüe on obetb `istcrinjcr tngijbcoûmikn kce on kuno sb rbonkiceb. On iekoienkiûe ijbcoûmikn jb ue `istcrinjcr tngfiée sb bxprbsn be bo usc jb ons pnonfrns8 pcr blbgpoc, pricriznr be bo jiskursc bobgbetcs tnobs kcgc ‟iestitukicebs‗, ‟rbpüfoikns‗ c ‟jbsnrrcooc‗ ufikne `istcricmrîaikngbetb no `istcrinjcr be jbtbrgienjn pcsikiûe, gibetrns qub kcekbptcs tnobs kcgc ‟jbpbejbekin‗, ‟oifbrnkiûe‗ c ‟Tntrin‗ oc kcockne be ctrn.

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Tcr su pnrtb, sbmüe @RMC K@RGFIZN< "bs

bvijbetb qub tnetc ons ijbns kcgc ocs nkcetbki-  gibetcs ocs prcjukbe ons pbrscens, qub ec pibe-  sne ei `nfone ei nktüne be acrgn nisonjn, siec jbsjb on gntriz jb mrupcs sckinobs kce ocs qub sb ijbetiaikne, jb booc sb ieaibrb qub ocs sulbtcs `is-  tûrikcs sce kcobktivijnjbs `ugnens, ons kunobs pubjbe sbr kcekbfijns jb vnrins gnebrns. [bmüe jistietns tbcrçns, bo gctcr jb on `istcrin sbrçne ons boitbs jirimbetbs, c ons ouk`ns jb konsbs, c ons ouk`ns jb kuoturns, pubfocs c enkicenobs, anktcrbs qub jb uen gnebrn u ctrn betrne be neîoisis‗ .>;

`ttp;. K@RGFIZN, @. (64>;). @. (64>;). @istcrin krçtikn jb ons kcrribetbs ijbcoûmikns nrmbetiens . Fubecs Nirbs< REOnG-Auejnkiûe Vcss, p. 64.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

ieaoubekin jbo pcsitivisgc, qub cgitirî -pnrn ocs rbvisiceistns- tcjc onzc kce on kuoturn `ispneckricoon8 bs jbkir, jbkir, prbtbejbrî `nkbr tnfon rnsn kce bo pnsnjc kricooc. Kcgc tcjc rbontc `istûrikc, on ‟`istcrin caikino‗ aub ieaoubekinjn pcr bo koign ijbcoûmikc jb on épckn, jcejb bo gcjboc bkceûgikc-oifbrno jb npbrturn jb gbrknjc sb kcestituirî kcgc prcybktc `bmbgûeikc `bmbgûeikc viekuonjc n ue sckic auejngbetno< auejngbetno< Mrne Frbtnþn. On priekipno pougn jb on `istcrin caikino aub Fnrtcocgé Gitrb, pcoçtikc oifbrno qub kcetrifuyû n acrlnr ue gcjboc jb pnçs nsbetnjc auejngbetnogbetb scfrb ietbrbsbs jb uen coimnrquçn jb gntriz tbrrntbeibetb y uen furmubsçn kcgbrkino, ngfns nsckinjns no Igpbric Iemoés.

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[bmüe Nofbrtc Ton, ‟on `istcrin caikino sb knrnktbriznrî pcr bo `bk`c qub giecrçns sbrîe prctnmceistns priekipnobs jb on `istcrin‗.>: 

Vbskntnejc n ons ‟kbobfrijnjbs‗ pcr scfrb ons ietbrvbekicebs pcpuonrbs, be bsn `istcrin sce ocs iejivijucs prcgiebetbs quibebs "rbnoizne On @istcrin" y be tnetc ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs njquibrbe ue bstntus pnsivc. [us nrtçaikbs sce `cgfrbs kuyc nkkicenr pcoçtikc sb jbsnrrcoon auejngbetnogbetb jbsjb Fubecs Nirbs, kcgc be ocs knscs jb Vivnjnvin (bo `cgfrb qub sb njbonetû n su tibgpc) c bo gisgçsigc Gitrb, pbrc tngfiée `cgfrbs prcvbeibetbs jbo j bo ietbricr, ietbricr, pbrc qub rbk`nzne ons kcstugfrbs kricoons, kcgc bs bo knsc jb [nrgibetc. Be ngfcs knscs, igîmbebs y jbsbcs sb nrtikuone< on jb uen Nrmbetien fonekn jb kuþc burcpbc.

Fbrenrjiec Vivnjnvin (>=04->0:2)

Jcgiemc A. [nrgibetc (>0>>->000)

Fnrtcocgé Gitrb (>06>->941)

Tnrn ocs kuotcrbs jb on `istcrin caikino, ocs kcejuktcrbs pcpuonrbs sbrîe jbeimrnjcs, nsckinjcs kce bo ntrnsc jb on vibln trnjikiûe kricoon, bobgbetcs jb on pcfonkiûe prbskiejifobs si sb quibrb kcestruir uen u en enkiûe kivioiznjn. Kce bo tibgpc, bstn acrguonkiûe oifbrno jb on `istcrin ec nokneznrî n jnr rbspubstns netb on bgbrmbekin jb eubvns kcrribetbs `istcricmrîaikns `istcricmrîaikns qub n trnvés jb jckugbetnkiûe kcetuejbetb pcejrîe be tbesiûe ocs pcstuonjcs jb on `istcrin caikino. Jb bstn >:. TON, N. (>9=6). Ijbcocmçn y gétcjc be on `istcricmrnaçn nrmbetien.  Fubecs Nirbs< Eubvn Qisiûe, p. ;;.

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situnkiûe bgbrmiû, pcr blbgpoc, on oongnjn kcrribetb jb on @istcrin [ckino, [ckino, on kuno, n pbsnr jb bstnr ieaoubekinjn pcr bo oifbrnoisgc, rbkceckiû nomuecs brrcrbs bo rbontc `istûrikc iestitukicenoiznjc, pbrc sie rbnoiznr uen krçtikn n acejc.

‼

"bstn kcrribetb kcestituyb scoc uen vnrinetb sckinojb-  [bmüe gûkrntnMnonssc, jbo gitrisgc, pubs si fibe ec rntiaikn pobengbetb n on `istcrin caikino, carbkb ue rbontc prckoivb n on kcekioinkiûe y no bquioifric, obmi-  tignjcr jb oc ckurrijc, qub kcekouyb, jb uen gnebrn cfoikun, kcieki-  jibejc kce on konsb jcgienetb‗.>2 

[ie bgfnrmc, bstb eubvc gcjc jb pbesnr on `istcrin tngfiée sb eutriû jb bobgbetcs bxûmbecs n on `crn jb ietbrprbtnr ocs prckbscs ocknobs, nkujibejc n on bskubon arnekbsn jb on `istcrin jb ocs Neenobs, kcgc nsç tngfiée n on ieaoubekin jb on sckicocmçn auekicenoistn jb crimbe ecrtbngbriknec. Jb bstn gnebrn, acrguoû uen prcjukkiûe `istûrikn sulbtn n on obetb ijbcoûmikn oifbrno jcejb ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs sbmuçne viekuonjcs n on fnrfnrib, jcejb sb jbfçn pricriznr on acrgnoijnj oifbrno be pcoçtikn y jcejb on Nrmbetien, pnrn nokneznr ue jbsnrrcooc pobec, jbfçn igitnr ocs pnrîgbtrcs burcpbcs.

@istcrikisgc Vbvisiceistn y enkiûe / bo `ispneisgc Tnrn nomuecs nutcrbs rbvisiceistns bo `bk`c jb qub bxistn uen `istcricmrnaçn kcgc on gitristn bs rbaoblc jb uen gbetnoijnj kcoceino.

‼ [bmüe Lcsé Gnrçn Vcsn, "pnrn qub ue Bstnjc kce ons npnribekins bxtbricrbs jb on scfbrneçn (jbkonrnkiûe acr-  gno jb iejbpbejbekin, sçgfcocs "enkicenobs", nutcrijn-  jbs "prcpins", kcocr jistietc be ocs gnpns) pubjn sbr knoiaiknjc kcgc kcocein ebkbsitn nomc gîs qub on jbpbejbekin bkceûgikn c bo scgbtigibetc pcr on aubr-  zn, jbfb `nfbr uen gbetnoijnj kcoceino‗.>1 

Be VC[N cfsbrvngcs tngfiée kûgc uen jbtbrgienjn `istcricmrnaçn tibeb qub vbr kce ue koign jb épckn< on `istcrin qub surmb be ue pbrçcjc jb aubrtb kcetnktc kce bo Igpbric, be bo qub ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs aubrce sulbtcs n ue auricsc jiskipoiengibetc, bs on `istcrin jb ons éoitbs.

>2. MNON[[C, E.  E.  (644>)< On onrmn ouk`n jb ocs nrmbetiecs. Fubecs Nirbs< Bjikicebs jbo Tbesngibetc Enkiceno, p. 6>. >1. Jbo tbxtc jb LC[É GNVÇN VC[N  VC[N  Bo rbvisiceisgc rbspcejb   pufoiknjc pcr Bjikicebs Tngpn y Kiboc, >91: - 641 pîms.

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Bstns éoitbs, pnrn ocs rbvisiceistns, enturnoiznrîe on situnkiûe kcoceino, ‟uen Tntrin nfstrnktn‗,, kcgc jikb Vcsn. Tcrqub be bsb kcetbxtc bs bo igpbrinoisgc bo qub gconfstrnktn‗ jbn on eckiûe jb Tntrin. Be bstb sbetijc, bekcetrnrbgcs uen jiabrbekin gnrknjn be kunetc no kcekbptc jb ‟Tntrin‗ rbsimeiaiknjc pcr ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs, pcpuonrbs, ocs kunobs kcesijbrne n on Tntrin kcgc ‟bo kceluetc jb `cgfrbs qub vivb be bo gisgc suboc y bstî npbmnjc n kcstugfrbs y trnjikicebs prcpins‗.>=  Jbsjb bstn fnsb pnrtb bo Vbvisiceisgc ieaoubekinjc pcr ons kcstugfrbs y ons trnjikicebs `ispnec kricoons, jiabrbekin ectcrin kce bo gbesnlb jb on `istcrin caikino qub npcstnfn n on kcestrukkiûe jb uen Nrmbetien fonekn y burcpbn. On netiecgin `istcrin oifbrno koîsikn/rbvisiceisgc bskcejb pnrn bstcs üotigcs nomc gîs qub ue jbfntb gbrngbetb `istcricmrîaikc8 `istcricmrîaikc8 sbmüe Lcsé Gnrçn Vcsn, sb trntn jb ue bskonrbkigibetc jb on eckiûe jb Tntrin, ue nsnotc kcetrn bo mrne fnounrtb jbo kcoceinlb qub, jik`c nutcr, ijbetiaiknrî kce ocs ietbobktunobs (on ietbooimbetzin no jbkir jb Lnurbtk`b)< jbsjb nquboocs bskritcrbs viekuonjcs kce bo bxtrnelbrc n nquboocs >0  bstujinetbs jbsprbkine no pubfoc c oc nkbptne rbtûrikngbetb sibgprb qub sb pibesb kcgcqub boocs.

[i fibe bo rbvisiceisgc sb ufikn kcgc abeûgbec kuoturno n pnrtir jb >9;4, netbricrgbetb aubrce aimurns kcgc Njcoac [nojçns, Brebstc ^ubsnjn, Jnvij Tbþn quibebs iekursicenrce be bo tbgn y jibrce ons prigbrns jiskusicebs kcetrn on `istcrin caikino.

 

Be >9;4 surmirîe aimurns kcgc ons jb Knrocs Ifnrmurbe, quibe n trnvés jb uen jbabesn scstbeijn jb Lune Gneubo jb Vcsns ckupn ue oumnr kbetrno be on cpcsikiûe no rbontc gitristn. N pnrtir jb uen ijbcocmçn kcesbrvnjcrn, Ifnrmurbe jbstnkn on onfcr jb Vcsns kcgc bo nrqubtipc jbo crjbe jb ue guejc `ispneckricooc y kntûoikc (qub iembeungbetb sb prbtbejçn rbstnurnr) y kcgc knujiooc jbo guejc bstnekibrc qub supc kcgfntir kcetrn bo bebgimc bxtrnelbrc. Jb tcjcs gcjcs, su visiûe igpoikn ue rbk`nzc n on nktivijnj jb ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs be on `istcrin, kcesijbrnejc n on jbgckrnkin kcgc ue netbkbjbetb n on rbvcoukiûe kcgueistn8 be su jiskursc sb bekubetrn on ebkbsijnj jb rbauejnr ue pnçs fnsnjc be bo crjbe y on trnjikiûe jbo guejc `ispnec. Kce Ifnrmurbe surmb ue rbvisiceisgc enkicenoistn, qub si fibe sb jiabrbekin jbo rbontc caikino no kcejbenr on ieaoubekin fritîeikn, bs ue rbvisiceisgc qub ec iekcrpcrn n ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs ei tngpckc no ietbricr be ons ouk`ns pcpuonrbs. Luetc kce Ifnrmurbe npnrbkbrîe npbooijcs kcgc Irnzustn y Mîovbz.  >=. Ifij >0. Ifij

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Kce bo surmir jb bstn eubvn `istcricmrnaçn sb pcebe be tbesiûe jcs pcstuonjcs fîsikcs9 bstb rbvisiceisgc sb bsaubrzn, n trnvés jb on jckugbetnkiûe, be bvijbekinr ons anosiaiknkicebs y cgisicebs jb on coimnrquçn oifbrno. Y, pcr bo ctrc onjc, bo `brgbeéutikc, kce uen gnrkn-

jn igprcetn jb ijbcocmçn kntûoikn y netioifbrno, rnsmc kcgüe n pnrtir jb >9;4.

 [cfrb bo ‟rbvisiceisgc‗ sb rbkcgibejn on obkturn jb ue frbvb nrtçkuoc jb AVNEKI[KC LC[É TB[Z TB[ZNE@N< NE@N< Jisputns kcetbgpcrîebns.

Bo enkicenoisgc pcpuonr< ACVLN

 

On jéknjn jbo ‐;4 `nfçn mbebrnjc ue koign jb épckn qub anvcrbkçn on jiskusiûe `istûrikn8 on krisis bkceûgikn `nfçn mcopbnjc n on Nrmbetien y rbacrznfn bo pnrnjimgn jb jbpbejbekin kce bo Igpbric Fritîeikc. Nsigisgc, ons krçtikns no sistbgn rbprbsbetntivc oifbrno tngfiée `nfçne oobmnjc n eubstrc pnçs. Oubmc jbo mcopb jb >9;4 sb nsistb n uen crmneiznkiûe pcoçtikn fnsnjn be bo arnujb bobktcrno y, be oc bkceûgikc, n on benlbenkiûe jb eubstrc pntrigceic< n bstb pbricjc sb oc kceckb kcgc ‟on jéknjn ieangb". Zcjc bstb koign mbebrû bo surmigibetc jb sbktcrbs qub, n trnvés jb ue enkicenoisgc rbvisiceistn, austimnrce austimnrce ocs npcrtbs jb on `istcrin caikino. N pnrtir jb on gubrtb jb Yrimcybe surmb ue mrupc jb pbesnjcrbs, rbueijcs fnlc on simon A.C.V.L.N., A.C.V.L.N., qub npcrtn bobgbetcs n on jiskusiûe `istcricmrîaikn iekcrpcrnejc no pubfoc n on bskben jbo jbfntb `istûrikc. Bstn iekcrpcrnkiûe bs rbsuotnjc jb on aioinkiûe jb ocs lûvbebs acrlistns kce rbspbktc no rnjiknoisgc jb rnimngfrb abjbrno. Yrimcybe `nfçn bstnjc viekuonjc n ocs sbktcrbs kricoocs jbo ietbricr, `brbjbrcs jb ons netimuns iesurrbkkicebs abjbrnobs kcetrn on cprbsiûe ueitnrin jb Fubecs Nirbs. ACVLN sb sbpnrn jbo enkicenoisgc prbkbjbetb. Be bstb sbetijc, bs rbkcrjnjn on arnsb jb Lnurbtk`b<

>9. NVVBMRI, L.L. (64>>)< L.L. (64>>)< On acrgnkiûe jb on kcekibekin enkiceno . Fubecs Nirbs< Bjikicebs Kcetiebetb-Tbþn Oiooc, p. 642.

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‼ ‟Bo enkicenoisgc jb boocs bs bo oonetc jbo `ilc netb on tugfn jbo pnjrb, ‐oc enkiceno’ acrlistn bs bo knetc jbo pnjrb netb on kuen jbo `ilc. Tnrn boocs, on Tntrin yn aub y bstî be bo pnsnjc. Tnrn ecsctrcs, bs ue subþc jb auturc‗.64

Be ue kcetbxtc jb jbeuekin `nkin on jéknjn ieangb, bo npcrtb kbetrno jb ACVLN no rbvisiceisgc rnjikn be on beuekinkiûe jbo igpbrinoisgc kcgc bobgbetc kbetrno jb on jcgienkiûe nrmbetien. Eugbrcsns ievbstimnkicebs mirne be tcrec n bstb tbgn. Ocs trnfnlcs jb [knonfriei Crtiz rbabrijcs n on ielbrbekin fritîeikn be on pcoçtikn abrrcvinrin jne kubetn jb bstns jbeuekins. Bo trnfnlc `istcricmrîaikc scstibeb qub pnrn qub bxistn ue rémigbe kcoceino jbfb bxistir uen gbetnoijnj kcoceino. [b prcpceb, betcekbs, acgbetnr on kcekibekin enkiceno, qub bs on vbrjnjbrn jbo pubfoc y on qub mnrnetizn jbrrifnr ons gurnoons kcestruijns pcr uen `istcrin kcoceiznjn. [cstbeçne ocs acrlistns be sus vconetbs<

‼

‟On jipocgnkin iemobsn `n igpubstc uen `istcrin caikino nrmbetien sbmüe on kuno ob scgcs jbujcrbs jb on oifbrtnj, jbo prcmrbsc y jb ocs knpitnobs qub ecs prbstnrce pnrn kcescoijnj y bo crjbe y bo fibebstnr‗.6> 

Bo npcrtb rbvisiceistn be térgiecs `brgbeéutikcs kcesistb `brgbeéutikcs kcesistb be rcgpbr kce bo pnrnjimgn jb on `istcrin oifbrno qub kcesijbrnfn prc`cgfrbs n nquboocs `nfitnetbs kuotcs jb Fubecs Nirbs be kcetrnpcsikiûe n ocs knujioocs jbo ietbricr ietbricr.. Be bstb sbetijc, ACVLN rcgpbrî kce on oûmikn gitristn rbkupbrnejc on aimurn jb ocs knujioocs pcpuonrbs be ocs trnfnlcs jb @cgbrc Gnezi, kcgc nsç tngfiée rbvnocriznrî on aimurn jb Ankuejc ^uircmn, fonekc prbabrijc jb ocs ntnqubs ‟kivioiznjcrbs‗ pcr pnrtb jb on `istcrin caikino. Tnrn Nrturc Lnurbtk`b, uen iestnekin pcr on kuno brn ebkbsnric ntrnvbsnr pnrn rcgpbr kce on gbetnoijnj kcoceino brn on ansb jbo "jbsnprbejbr". Nquç sb cfsbrvn bo trnfnlc rbvisiceistn jb ACVLN qub vibeb n jiskutir prbkisngbetb uen `istcrin caikino kcekbfijn pcr uen supbrbstrukturn kuoturno qub mnrnetiznfn on jcgienkiûe.

Bo rbvisiceisgc jb gntriz gnrxistn, abjbrno y ontiecngbrikneistn On oobmnjn jbo >= jb cktufrb -on rbvcoukiûe pbrceistn- ec scoc gcjiaikû on `istcrin jb eubstrc pnçs siec qub tngfiée jivijiû nmuns be tcrec n on izquibrjns vbreîkuons. [i fibe ocs trnjikicenobs Tnrtijc Kcgueistn Nrmbetiec (TKN) y bo Tnrtijc [ckinoistn Nrmbetiec (T[N) kcesijbrnrce no pbrceisgc kcgc ue abeûgbec kcesbrvnjcr jb aioinkiûe anskistn, oc kibrtc bs qub ctrn pnrtb jb on izquibrjn jb rnçz trctshistn rbskntû vnrics nspbktcs jbo >= jb cktufrb. N pnrtir jb bsb gcgbetc, surmb bo rbvisiceisgc jb acrgnkiûe gnrxistn, abjbrno y ontiecngbrikneistn 64. MNON[[C, E. (64>>). @istcrin jb on Nrmbetien. Fubecs Nirbs< Kcoi`ub, p. :1. 6>. MNON[[C, ij., p. :=.

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Bo rbvisiceisgc abjbrno kbetrnjc be ons krçtikns n on `istcrin caikino y n ocs kcetbgpcrîebcs ietbobktunobs ietbobktunobs jb on `istcrin sckino, rbkupbrn y rbvnocrizn bo rco jb ons gnsns pcpuonrbs be ocs prckbscs iejbpbejbetistns y be ons ouk`ns kcetrn bo kbetrnoisgc pcrtbþc. On eubvn obkturn scfrb ocs nkcetbkigibetcs jb Gnyc ec sulbtcs no nkkicenr jb Fubecs Nirbs -kcgc oc `nkçn on `istcrin caikino- siec beknrnjcs jbsjb uen girnjn ietbmrno y abjbrno, oobvn n bstn kcrribetb n pcejbrnr ocs netimucs oçgitbs tbrritcrinobs jbo virrbientc. Jb bstn gnebrn sb rbkupbrn on eckiûe jb Tntrin Mrnejb nþnjibejc uen girnjn ontiecngbriknen no npcrtb rbvisiceistn. rbvisiceistn. On Vbvcoukiûe jb Gnyc ec bs ue `bk`c nisonjc be bo kcetiebetb, siec qub bekubetrn sietceçn kce bo rbstc jb Ngérikn. Bstn kcrribetb iemrbsn be bo jbfntb `istcricmrîaikc n pnrtir jb ocs ’24. ’24 . Betrb sus prbkurscrbs sb bekubetrn Gneubo Rmnrtb. Lcrmb Nfbonrjc Vngcs, pcr su pnrtb, bs uen jb sus aimurns auejngbetnobs, kcgc nsç tngfiée Lune Lcsé @breîejbz Nrrbmui y Vcjcoac Tuimmrûs, betrb ctrcs. On rupturn `burçstikn kcesistb `burçstikn kcesistb be on iekcrpcrnkiûe jb vckbs `istûrikns siobekinjns pcr on `istcrin caikino. On vnocrnkiûe prckbscs jbecstnjcsabjbrno pcr onsqub kcrribetbs `istcricmrîaikns bs ctrc jb ocs jb rnsmcs jbo rbvisiceisgc kciekijb kce on quibfrnoifbrnobs `burçstikn, y qub oc pcsikicen ijbcoûmikngbetb be ons netçpcjns jb on `istcrin caikino. Nsç sb benotbkb n knujioocs kcgc Aboipb Qnrbon y K`nk`c Tbþnoczn y, n eivbo kcetiebetno, sb rbiviejikn n [igûe Fcoçvnr, Lcsé Gnrtç, Numustc [nejiec, btk.

 

K`nk`c Tbþnoczn

 

[igûe Fcoçvnr>=0;->0;4) (vbebzconec

Aboipb Qnrbon

Lcsé Gnrtç  (kufnec >02;->092)

Numustc [nejiec (eiknrnmÿbesb >092->9;:)

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

Jbfntbs nktunobs

On gntriz jb rbaobxiûe kceckijn kcgc ‟Tbesngibetc Enkiceno‗ njskrifirî no `istcrikisgc rbvisiceistn be sus jivbrsns vbrtibetbs kcgc gétcjc jb ietbrprbtnkiûe y jiausiûe jb on jiskipoien `istûrikn. On `istûrikn. On njskripkiûe ynkb be uen aubrtb igprcetn `istcrikistn be cpcsikiûe no iougieisgc jb aioinkiûe oifbrno qub jbsgbrbkiû eubstrc pnsnjc iejc `ispnec kricooc. kricooc. Jb bstn gnebrn, ocs nutcrbs jb bstn kcrribetb noibetne scstbeijngbetb bo bstujic `istûrikc jb eubstrc pnsnjc, ieaoubekinjc pcr bsn igprcetn enkiceno qub oc jbtbrgien bpistbgcoûmikngbetb, bpistbgcoûmikngbetb, situnkiûe situnkiûe n pnrtir jb on kuno pubjb kcgprbejbrsb on rbnoijnj jbsjb ue prisgn enkiceno y ontiecngbriknec, jblnejc jb onjc bsqubgns jb ietbrprbtnkiûe kcoceinobs. On füsqubjn jb ue pnsnjc kcgüe npuetn n rbacrznr ocs onzcs ijbetitnrics be ue pnçs jb tbejbekin guotçmben, situnkiûe `nstn `nkb guy pckc tibgpc cgitijn pcr bo rbontc caikino. Be sçetbsis, sçetbsis, bo rbvisiceisgc `istûrikc bs ue mbeuiec y nutéetikc abeûgbec `istûrikc kuoturno be bo gîs ngpoic sbetijc jb on pnonfrn, enkijc kcgc rbsistbekin n uen supbrbstrukturn rbprbsivn gbjinetb onjb kuno sb ecs`istcrin. ietbetûKcgc privnrtno, jb bs nspbktcs bsbekinobs y prcauejngbetb simeiaikntivcs eubstrn uen kcrribetb krçtikn iegbrsn be on kuoturn pcpuonr qub njvibrtb y jbeuekin n ue rbontc `istûrikc sbsmnjc y jisauekiceno. Lustngbetb bstn iegbrsiûe be on kuoturn pcpuonr pbrgitb qub knjn uec pubjn bstnfobkbr rbonkicebs kce ons prcpins bxpbribekins sckic-kuoturnobs. Be bstb sbetijc, ue îgfitc ietbrbsnetb jb ievbstimnr oc kcestituybe ons trnybktcrins bskconrbs y ocs gntbrinobs jb bstujic. On kcesuotn jb jiabrbetbs gneunobs y oifrcs, pcr blbgpoc, pbrgitirî ijbetiaiknr ijbetiaiknr on kcrribetb `istcricmrîaikn `istcricmrîaikn be on qub sb ieskrifbe, be mbebrno, y bsb rbontc rbontc sbsmnjc no qub ecs rbabrçngcs rbabrçngcs netbricrgbetb. netbricrgbetb.

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VNKICENOI[GC B IORGIEI[GC. ‟ZNFON VN[N‗ [CFVB BO TN[NJC. ON KRB[ZIÛE JB ON JBTBEJBEKIN. @I[ZCVIKI[GC B IO IORGIEI[GC, RGIEI[GC, JBFNZB JBFN ZB BE ZCVEC N ON KROZRVN. ON MNRK@ITCOÇZIKN. BO VC[I[GC Y BO VCO JBO KNRJIOOC KCGC AVBEC NO IORGIEI[GC. ON[ MBEBVNKICEB[ JBO ‐;= Y BO ‐04, BE FR[KN JB ON IJBEZIJNJ KROZRVNO. ON VBNKKIÛE NEZITC[IZIQI[ZN< @NKIN REN BPTOIKNKIÛE ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEN. Vnkicenoisgc b Iougieisgc. ‟Znfon rnsn‗ scfrb bo pnsnjc. On kubstiûe jb on jbpbejbekin Bo prckbsc iejbpbejbetistn be bo kcetiebetb kcgibezn be Bstnjcs Reijcs be >==1, kcetieün be @nitç y oubmc sb bxtibejb kcgc ue rbmubrc jb pûovcrn pcr bo rbstc jbo kcetiebetb ngbriknec, qub bekcetrnfn be on ijbcocmçn iougieistn fuben pnrtb jb su sustbetc tbûrikc. Tbrc tngfiée on rbvcoukiûe bekubetrn be on `brbekin iejc`ispneckricoon ctrc npcrtb tbûrikc viekuonjc kce ons trnjikicebs `istûrikns nrrnimnjns be bo kcetiebetb. Be bo knsc fritîeikc, on kcoceiznkiûe qub jbspobmû be Ngérikn jbo Ecrtb sb knrnkrnsn‗. N jiabrbekin jb on kcequistn bspntbrizû pcr oc qub sb kceckb kcgc "tnfon rnsn‗. þcon ‛jcejb nomuens iestitukicebs prb`ispîeikns sb ausicenrce kce ons bspnþcons‛ be bo knsc nemocsnlûe sb ietbetû fcrrnr tcjc pnsnjc kce kuoturns nsbetnjns be ocs tbrritcrics kcequistnjcs. Bo cflbtivc brn ocmrnr qub ocs vnocrbs jbo "prcmrbsc" burcpbc oobmnrne n nquboons tibrrns vçrmbebs.

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Ocs iemobsbs, iejukijcs pcr ocs vnocrbs jb on gcjbreijnj, igprigibrce no "eubvc kcetiebetb" nspbktcs viekuonjcs kce ons prîktikns gbrknetioistns be fcmn be bsb gcgbetc< ocs kcocecs fritîeikcs nsbetnjcs be Ngérikn jbo Ecrtb trnçne bxpbribekins jb on aiocscaçn bgpiristn y jbo rnkicenoisgc aiocsûaikc. Bo puetc jb pnrtijn jbo rnkicenoisgc aiocsûaikc kcesistçn be qub on rnzûe brn imuno be tcjcs ocs `cgfrbs jbo guejc8 guejc 8 on rnzûe y bo gétcjc gntbgîtikc jbfçne sbr bo eubvc krbjc jb on aiocscaçn rnkiceno. Be on gbjijn be qub on ‟Nrgnjn Ievbekifob‗ bspnþcon ifn pbrjibejc su pcjbrçc be ocs gnrbs, bo igpbric iemoés ifn ckupnejc bo bspnkic igpuosnjc pcr on jcktrien iougieistn qub rbspnojnfn on nktivijnj igpbrino.

‼

Tnrn nutcrbs kcgc Abrgçe K`îvbz, bo Iougieisgc kcestituyb ‟ue gcvigibetc bspiri-  tuno jbo simoc PQIII qub sb jistiemub pcr on ab tctno y cmgîtikn be on utioijnj y be bo vnocr jb on rnzûe `ugnen‗. 66 

N pnrtir jb bstn jcktrien aiocsûaikn, Iemontbrrn npubstn n on jbsietbmrnkiûe tbrritcrino jb @ispnecngérikn8 jbtrîs jb on jbabesn jbo Iougieisgc sb bskcejb ue ntnqub n on kuoturn `ispnen kcesijbrnjn kcgc ‟cskurnetistn‗. Fnlc on krbnkiûe jb jcs kngpcs aiocsûaikcs netnmûeikcs  netnmûeikcs  sb cfsbrvn on jisputn qub ntrnvbsnrî tcjc bo pbrçcjc iejbpbejbetistn< bo Iougieisgc, jb prckbjbekin fritîeikn be nskbesc, arbetb n on kuoturn `ispneckricoon n on jbabesivn. Be Fubecs Nirbs sb `nfçn kcescoijnjc uen konsb sckino oimnjn no kcgbrkic, viekuonjn aienekibrngbetb kce Iemontbrrn n pnrtir jb prîktikns kcetrnfnejistns. Bstb mrupc, jb crimbe bspnþco c pcrtumués, vbçn kce fubecs clcs on jiscoukiûe jb ocs onzcs jb jcgienkiûe bspnþcon< jb n`ç prcvibeb, be mrne gbjijn, su nj`bsiûe n ocs vnocrbs ijbcoûmikcs jbo Iougieisgc. Bstn nktituj ec sbrî on gisgn be ons prcviekins jbo ietbricr jbo netimuc virrbientc jbo Vçc jb on Tontn. Bo gnpn virrbieno kcgbeznfn n tbebr jivisicebs be kunetc n pcsikicebs ijbcoûmikns y npnrbkçne jcs sbktcrbs netnmûeikcs< ocs kcgbrkinetbs jb Fubecs Nirbs, pcr uen pnrtb, y pcr on ctrn, bo ietbricr. Bo ietbricr y Fubecs Nirbs be >0>4

Tbrc ons kcstns jbo Vçc jb on Tontn `nfçne sijc netbricrgbetb prctnmceistns jb vbrjnjbrcs `itcs

66. K@ÎQB\, A. (>9==)< A. (>9==)< @istcrikisgc b Iougieisgc be on Kuoturn Nrmbetien . Fubecs Nirbs< Bjitcrino Bo Tnçs.

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jb nutcnairgnkiûe. nutcnairgnkiûe. Be >=== Tbjrc Kbvnoocs `nfçn vbekijc n ocs pcrtumubsbs, jnejc crimbe no Qirrbientc jbo Vçc jb on Tontn.

Tnrn nutcrbs kcgc Abrgçe K`îvbz, on mbstn jb Kbvnoocs sbrçn auejngbeaue jngbetno pnrn betbejbr bo enkigibetc jb on kuoturn nrmbetien. Friejbgcs ue blbgpoc< pckcs nþcs jbspués -betrb >=04 y >=92- sb bskrifb "Bo ngcr jb on bstnekibrn" , on cfrn gîs netimun jbo tbntrc nrmbetiec, jb nutcr neûeigc. On nkkiûe trneskurrb be bo ngfibetb rurno. K`bpn, on `iln jb Tnek`n y Knek`c, jbfb bobmir kce quiée knsnrsb< si kce ue pirntn pcrtumués oongnjc Gnrkcs Aimubirn, qub jbstion riqubzn, c kce bo mnuk`c Lunek`c Tbruk`c, qub ec nkibrtn kce sus kcgbetnrics. Kngfinejc jb cpieiûe pcr prbsuetc ietbrés, K`bpn jbkijb knsnrsb kce Lunek`c, jbspbrtnejc uen rbnkkiûe vbemntivn jb Gnrkcs, quibe `nkb bo rijçkuoc no rbkongnr su ngcr. Gnrkcs y Lunek`c sb bearbetne be uen pbobn be on kuno Lunek`c snob viktcricsc. On tbrgien kce Aimubirn uen aibstntbrgien be on kuno L unek`c Lunek`c y K`bpn sb cfrn knsne, y Gnrkcs sibejc bo kckiebrc. Be bstb tbxtc prbmnuk`bskc, ‟bo aneanrrûe sb nk`ikn y bo kricooitc (Lunek`c) sb qubjn kce on guk`nk`n (K`bpn), sçgfcoc nairgntivc jb on pntrin be mbstnkiûe‗6;. Luetc kce bstb bpiscjic pckc jiauejijc pcr on `istcricmrnaçn oifbrno, nþcs gîs tnrjb ons kcstns jbo Vçc jb On Tontn sbrîe tbstimcs jb on rbsistbekin kricoon be ons Ievnsicebs Iemobsns. Be jbaieitivn, bo netimuc Qirrbientc pcsbçn ue pnsnjc kcgüe jb rbsistbekin, gneiabstnjc be `nznþns gioitnrbs qub jne kubetn jb ue jbsnrrcooc nutckceskibetb be nutckceskibetb be bo qub bo npcrtb jb on kuoturn `ispneckricoon bs ieebmnfob.

@istcrikisgc b Iougieisgc, jbfntb be tcrec n on kuoturn [bmüe nomuecs nutcrbs rbvisiceistns, on nutckcekibekin enkiceno tibeb su crimbe be ocs `bk`cs prbvics n on Vbvcoukiûe jb Gnyc, jcejb ons cfrns kuoturnobs kugpobe ue rco auejngbetno no noigbetnr su jbsnrrcooc. Blbgpoc jb bstc bs bo trnfnlc jb Lune Fnotnsnr Gnzibo, quibe bxnotû on mbstn jb Kbvnoocs.

Tbjrc Kbvnoocs

Gnzibo aub bo nutcr jb ue rcgnekb tituonjc ‟Knetn ue munsc be bstioc kngpbstrb ocs triueacs jbo Bxkgc. [bþcr Jce Tbjrc jb Kbvnoocs‗. Bo nutcr `nfçn bskritc tngfiée pibzns tbntrnobs qub ioustrne bo pbrçcjc jb on fntnoon kricoon kcetrn bo igpbric pcrtumués.

6;. Ifçjbg.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

Njbgîs jb Gnzibo, ctrc jb ocs nutcrbs qub n trnvés jb on kuoturn rbaoblnrce bstb pbrçcjc aub Knrocs Mnrkçn Tcssb. Jb on Vbvcoukiûe jb Gnyc surmibrce trbs mrupcs qub bxprbsnfne ietbrbsbs netnmûeikcs0>1 Tnzcs Hnehi sb iestnon be Fubecs Nirbs y pufoikn bo pbriûjikc On Krû-  eikn Nrmbetien , jcejb jbspoibmn ue aubrtb ntnqub n on Bspnþn qub kcequistû Ngérikn. Re nrtçkuoc tituonjc ‟Bspnþn, kbetrc jb ons tieibfons‗ jn kubetn jb bstn situnkiûe. Nooç sb jistiemub konrngbetb bo bsqubgn fîsikc jb on bgbrmbekin jb bstb eubvc rbontc< ntrifuir n Bspnþn fuben pnrtb jb ons jbsmrnkins jb uen Enkiûe be acrgnkiûe y nsckinr bo guejc `ispîeikc no ntrnsc y n on jbknjbekin.

On mnuk`ipcoçtikn Aub on Imobsin kntûoikn, n trnvés jbo koérimc arnekisknec Arnekiskc jb Tnuon Knstnþbjn, on qub bearbetû bo Iougieisgc prcabsnjc pcr Hnehi. Bo koérimc rbspcejiû n trnvés jb on pufoiknkiûe jb Bo Jbspbrtnjcr Zbcaionetrûpikc Gistikcpcoçtikc y bo Jbsbemnþnjcr Mnuk`ipcoçtikc Nrrbpbetijc , jcejb jbspoibmn uen oitbrnturn jb prckbjbekin kricoon bxprbsnjn n trnvés jb on pcbsçn, be ue kcetbxtc be qub on arnkkiûe rivnjnvinen jb tbejbekin iougieistn sb prbsbetnfn kcgc `bmbgûeikn. On oitbrnturn jb Knstnþbjn bxprbsn ectnfobs jiabrbekins kce on ijbcocmçn iougieistn, qub oc oobvnrî be pckc tibgpc n kbrrnr aions, prigbrc, kce bo jcrrbmuisgc y, gîs tnrjb, kce bo abjbrnoisgc rcsistn. Be bsb kcetbxtc, on nvneznjn iougieistn sb bxprbsû be on iestitukicenoiznkiûe, kce on krbnkiûe jb on Reivbrsijnj jb Fubecs Nirbs jurnetb bo pbrçcjc jb Vivnjnvin.

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Bo arnekisknec rbkcmb on trnjikiûe jb on cfrn jb Gnzibo c @ijnomc. Éstb üotigc `nfçn sijc, njbgîs jb bskritcr, ue gioitnr qub pnrtikipû be ons aions jbo nrtimuisgc y jbabejiû ons kcstns jbo Vçc jb On Tontn jurnetb ons Ievnsicebs Iemobsns. Bo vçekuoc kce bo nrtimuisgc bs auejngbetno be on cfrn jb @ijnomc, jb on kuno on mbstn mnuk`n acrgn pnrtb. [urmb nsç, on pcbsçn mnuk`bskn, çetigngbetb rbonkicenjn kce bo `istcrikisgc y kuyc babktc bs bo rbkceckigibetc jb on nutckcekibekin enkiceno nüe be kibrebs. On pcbsçn mnuk`bskn c Mnuk`ipcoçtikn  bekubetrn  bekubetrn be bo vçekuoc betrb pcbsçn y tibrrn ue bobgbetc kcestitutivc jbo méebrc. Bstc pbrgitb rnstrbnr ocs prigbrcs bobgbetcs jb nutckcekibekin. nutckcekibekin. Cfsbrvngcs uen utioiznkiûe pbrgnebetb jb pnonfrns tnobs kcgc ‟rçc‗, ‟gcetb‗, ‟kcrrno‗, ‟rnek`c‗, ‟pctriooc‗, ‟bspubons‗. Bo vçekuoc kce on tibrrn jn kubetn jb uen rbonkiûe kbrknen jb bstcs `cgfrbs kce su oumnr jb crimbe, crimb e, be jcejb on Tntrin njquibrb ue simeiaiknjc gîs prcauejc. Tcsbbjcrbs jb bsn kuoturn gixtn pcr bo abeûgbec jbo gbstiznlb, bekcetrnfne be sus iestitukicebs ie stitukicebs gîs aubrtbs ‛kcgc bo knujiooisgc‛ on mnrnetçn jb on kc`bsiûe sckino y on kcevivbekin ntbgpbrnjn betrb ocs jiabrbetbs nktcrbs sckinobs jb on kcocein. On jisputn betrb iougieistns b `istcrikistns sb prcocemû jurnetb bo rbstc jbo simoc PIP y bekcetrû be bo kngpc jb on kuoturn ue bskbenric jb fntnoon. N trnvés jb on mnuk`ipcoçtikn sb acgbetû on jivuomnkiûe jb vbrscs qub kcetbeçne uen gntriz nutckceskibetb jb on rbnoijnj enkiceno. Jik`n jisputn sb bxtbejiû pcstbricr n Knsbrcs y bekcetrû be ocs npbooijcs jb [nrgibetc y Fnrtcocgé Gitrb ons priekipnobs vckbs jbo Iougieisgc qub oubmc tcgû on acrgn jb pcsitivisgc.

Bo rcsisgc y bo rco jbo knujiooc kcgc arbec no Iougieisgc Ons aubrzns pcoçtikns qub rbprbsbetnfne no Iougieisgc, bxprbsnjns be bo kcemocgbrnjc pcrtbþc, ec ocmrnrce gnetbebr bo pcjbr oubmc jbo nsbsientc jbo knujiooc Jcrrbmc. Tbrc prcetngbetb, bo knujiooc fcenbrbesb Lune Gneubo jb Vcsns ocmrû kcetrconr on situnkiûe oubmc jbo ietbrrbmec iougieistn. Vcsns kcejulc ocs ietbrbsbs jbo eubvc pnçs kce uen igprcetn pcoçtikn qub jnfn gubstrns jb ue pbraio nutckceskibetb y supc su pc bearbetnrsb n ocs ietbrbsbs jb ocs igpbigpb rics gîs pcjbrcscs jbo gcgbetc -bo fritîeikc y bo arnekés- mbebrnejc nkkicebs nutcnairgntivns ievnounfobs. nutcnairgntivns  ievnounfobs. Tbrc be >026 ons rbonkicebs jb pcjbr sb vne gcjiaiknejc y bo knujiooc bs jbrrctnj brrctnjc pcr uen betbetb `btbrcméebn. On ankkiûe mnenjcrn bstnfn ietbmrnjn pcr kcgpcebetbs qub pbrsbmuçne ietbrbsbs jiabrbekinjcs y n vbkbs kcetrnpubstcs, pbrc n quibebs ueçn ue cflbtivc be kcgüe< jbrrctnr n Vcsns. Brne bstnekibrcs kcrrbetiecs y betrbrrinecs, frnsiobrcs, urumunycs, ueitnrics. Bo gnrkc tbûrikc qub ueiaiknfn n bstcs ietbrbsbs `btbrcméebcs brn bo jb ue mrupc jb ietbobktunobs ieaoubekinjcs pcr

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bo Iougieisgc, qub jbsjb Gcetbvijbc cpbrû kcetrn Vcsns. [bmüe nomuecs rbvisiceistns koîsikcs, pnrn ocs ueitnrics, on jbrrctn jb Vcsns pcejrçn aie n on ‟fnrfnrib‗ kuoturno y pcoçtikn qub beknrenfne bo Vbstnurnjcr y su fnsb sckino kcestituijn fîsikngbetb pcr bo ‟mnuk`nlb‗ y on ‟iejinjn‗ jb on kngpnþn fcenbrbesb, sulbtcs sckinobs `brbjbrcs jb kricoocs qub `nfçne pnrtikipnjc be on mbstn jb on iejbpbejbekin. Jbsjb bo kngpc bkceûgikc, on jbrrctn jb Vcsns pcsifioitnrçn -sbmüe sus jbtrnktcrbs- igponetnr on oifbrtnj bkceûgikn y jb envbmnkiûe ietbricr jb ocs rçcs, ‟sbejbrcs jirbktcs `nkin bo prcmrbsc y bo jbsnrrcooc‗. N pnrtir jb >02;, on Kceabjbrnkiûe -prcjuktc jbo triueac jb on arnkkiûe ueitnrin n`crn noinjn n kcgpcebetbs jbo abjbrnoisgc- pnuontiengbetb bstnfobkbrî onzcs knjn vbz gîs prcauejcs kce bo Igpbric iemoés, prcocemîejcsb bstb vçekuoc jurnetb gîs jb ue simoc. Iejiknjcrbs jb tno situnkiûe sbrîe bo jbsgnetbongibetc jb ons iekipibetbs iejustrins nrtbsnenobs bgbrmijns gbrkbj n on oby jb Njunen jb >0;2, be anvcr jb on npbrturn n ons gbrknekçns iemobsns, kcgc nsç tngfiée on kceaimurnkiûe jb ue sistbgn jb bxpoctnkiûe nmrcpbkunrin nmrcpbkunri n bxtbesivn, qub sb cribetnrî n mnrnetiznr on prcvisiûe jb gntbrins prigns no Vbiec Reijc. Jb bstn acrgn sb irî kceaimurnejc ‟bo mrnebrc jbo guejc‗. guejc‗. Bo `bk`c `istûrikc qub sboon on nvneznjn iougieistn bs on fntnoon jb Tnvûe, jcejb ons aubrzns pcrtbþns kcejukijns pcr bo Mbebrno Fnrtcocgé Gitrb ocmrne igpcebrsb n ons aubrzns jb on Kceabjbrnkiûe. Tnrn bo rbvisiceisgc koîsikc, bo mcfibrec gitristn sb trnjukb, be térgiecs bkceûgikcs, be on kcescoijnkiûe jb ue rémigbe jb jbpbejbekin kcesbetijn kce on kcrcen fritîeikn kcgc euekn `nfçn sukbjijc `nstn bsb betcekbs. Iemontbrrn, n trnvés jb uen bstrntbmin fnsnjn be bo simioc y on sutiobzn, igpceb kcejikicebs bkceûgikns qub cfstruybe kunoquibr pcsifioijnj jb krbkigibetc nutûecgc. Nutcrbs ieskriptcs be on gntriz rbvisiceistn, kcgc Vnüo [knonfriei Crtiz, jbgcstrnrîe pcstbricrgbetb kûgc on jbpbejbekin sb trnjukb, be gntbrin abrrcvinrin, be ue trnznjc rnjino kce kbetrc be bo pubrtc jb Fubecs Nirbs qub anvcrbkb bo trnsonjc jb ocs mrnecs qub rbquibrb on bkcecgçn Bstrukturn rnjino jbo abrrcknrrio fritîeikn y on pcstbricr jistrifukiûe jb prcjuktcs gneuankturnjcs iemobsbs n ons prcviekins.6: be on Nrmbetien

On cribetnkiûe bkceûgikn y kuoturno jb ocs vbekbjcrbs jb Tnvûe ec kcetbgponfn 6:. [KNONFVIEI CVZI\, V. (>9=>)< V. (>9=>)< Tcoçtikn Fritîeikn be bo Vçc jb on Tontn . Fubecs Nirbs< Tous Rotrn y [KNONFVIEI CVZI\, V. (>91:)< V. (>91:)< @istcrin jb ocs Abrrcknrriobs Nrmbetiecs . Fubecs Nirbs< Tous Rotrn.

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no ‟entivc‗< on gnec jb cfrn jbfçn prcvbeir jb Burcpn. Mnuk`c, kricooc b iejic sbrîe ‟fîrfnrcs‗ y, y, be tnetc tnobs, ec nptcs pnrn ocs jbsnaçcs jbo prcmrbsc. Be bstb sbetijc on situnkiûe be ons prcviekins sb `izc iescstbeifob< ons iejustrins nrtbsnenobs aubrce jurngbetb mcopbnjns, oc qub mbebrû uen rbnkkiûe pcpuonr netb on jbstrukkiûe jb ocs pubstcs jb trnfnlc. Jb bstn gnebrn, ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs sb crmneiznrce be tcrec n on aimurn jb ocs knujioocs, quibebs bxprbsnfne ue vçekuoc jirbktc kce on tibrrn8 jb acejc sb vubovb n rbbjitnr bo bearbetngibetc betrb bo Iougieisgc y bo @istcrikisgc, bo prigbrc bxprbsnjc pcr ons aubrzns kbetrnoistns qub igpceçne eubvngbetb bo bsqubgn jb ‟tnfon rnsn‗ kce ons prcviekins, gibetrns qub bo sbmuejc brn beknrenjc pcr ocs sbktcrbs mcopbnjcs jbo ietbricr y pcr on igprcetn jb on kuoturn gbstizn.

Ons mbebrnkicebs jbo ‐;= y bo ‐04, be fuskn jb on ijbetijnj kuoturno Kce Lune Gneubo jb Vcsns be bo mcfibrec sb kceaimurn ue Bstnjc kuyc jbsnrrcooc tibeb be on nktivijnj mnenjbrn su priekipno aubetb jb iemrbscs y no qub sb ob nmrbmn on bxpoctnkiûe pnrn on prcjukkiûe jbo prbjikngbetc tnsnlc. Nomuecs`nkin nutcrbs rbvisiceistns scstibebe qub snonjbrio Vcsns, `cgfrb jb igpcrtnetb bo ietbricr jb on prcviekin jb Fubecs Nirbs, kcestituyb tngfiée on prigbrn bxprbsiûe jbo knpitnoisgc vbreîkuoc no utioiznr gbjics tékeikcs guy nvneznjcs be su épckn pnrn on prcjukkiûe jb gneuankturns jbrivnjns jb on prcjukkiûe prignrin.

 

‼³[nfçne qub bo prigbr snonjbrc, jb

 

on Angioin Vcsns, jbecgienjc ‟On @imubritn‗, bstnfn ufiknjc be Oneüs3 Zbûaioc @ircx Auebs, be su ‟Besnyc `istûrikc scfrb on auejnkiûe jb Oneüs‗ , noujb no tbgn iekijbetnogbetb knoiaikîejcoc kcgc suaikibetb‟Nomuibe jikb qub Lune Gneubo gbetb jckugbetnjc, no gîs sbþnonr jb Vcsns auejû guk`c nooî,qub< y guk`c tibgpc netbs, ue snonjbrc jb nktivn vijn iejustrino. On rbabrbekin pnrbkb kibrtn y jckugbetnjn pbrc kcevibeb situnron no gnrmbe jb bstn beugbrnkiûe, yn qub su ufi-  knkiûe prbkisn jbfiû bstnr be ons kbrkneçns jb Gcetb K`iemcoc…‗ .

Be bstb kcetbxtc surmb ue mrupc jb prbstimicscs ietbobktunobs qub acrgne on Mbebrnkiûe jbo ‐;= qub krbkb no knocr jb bstb gcjboc y bs ietbrpbonjn pcr jcs mrnejbs nkcetbkigibetcs< on oby jb Njunens (>0;2) y bo focqubc (>0:2/>024) qub jboiebne ue eubvc pbraio bkceûgikc jb on Kceabjbrnkiûe, sustbetnjc be nktivijnjbs nrtbsnenobs y sbgi-iejustrinobs62.

62. ZVÇN[, Q. (>9=4)< Q. (>9=4)< Lune Gneubo jb Vcsns . Gcetbvijbc< Bjikicebs jb on Fnejn Cribetno.

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Bo prigbrc jb bstcs `bk`cs, on snekiûe jb on Oby jb Njunens (>0;2), (>0;2) , simeiaikn uen rbiviejiknkiûe pnrn on iejustrin prcviekinen mcopbnjn pcr ocs ietbrbsbs gbrknetiobs pcrtbþcs qub sb `nfçne kcescoijnjc no prcgbjinr on jéknjn jbo ’>4, mrnkins n on prcgckiûe jb ue oifrbkngfic abrcz qub ieuejû jb gbrknjbrçns igpcrtnjns n ons pcfonkicebs jbo ietbricr ietbricr.. Ons kcesbkubekins sce kceckijns< nugbetc jb on jbsckupnkiûe y pnupbriznkiûe jb vnstcs sbktcrbs sckinobs. Bo sbmuejc `bk`c sb kcrrbspcejb kce bo focqubc kcoceinoistn qub suarb on Kceabjbrnkiûe, prctnmceiznjc prctnmceiznjc pcr ons jcs gnycrbs pctbekins jb bsb gcgbetc< Iemontbrrn y Arnekin. Bo npcrtb auejngbetno jb on Mbebrnkiûe jbo ‐;= kcesistiû be on acrguonkiûe jb uen aiocscaçn enkiceno qub pbrgitibrn pbesnr bo pnsnjc nrmbetiec y prcybktnr bo auturc. Aub fnlc bstb pnrnmuns qub nomuecs vibrce be Vcsns no ‟Vbstnurnjcr‗ , beknrenkiûe jbo sbetigibetc jbgckrîtikc jb on Enkiûe, n pbsnr jb bxprbsnr auricsns krçtikns pcr kibrtns nktitujbs qub, n su betbejbr, bstnfne tbþijns jb nutcritnrisgc. Tbrc bstb `istcrikisgc jbkonrnjc qub fusknfn oc enkiceno be eubstrc pnsnjc kciekijçn kce bo Iougieisgc be bo rbk`nzc jb on kuoturn `ispîeikn< jb n`ç su npbrturn n acrgns narnekbsnjns jb kuoturn. Mrne pnrtb jb ocs ietbobktunobs qub ietbmrnrce bo [noûe tbrgienrce jbecstnejc n Vcsns y boimibejc bo kngiec jbo bxioic. Ons jcs cfrns jb bstn mbebrnkiûe qub gblcr bxprbsne on tbesiûe betrb ons acrgns nsugijns pcr bo abjbrnoisgc y bo rcsisgc, pcr ue onjc, y ocs sbktcrbs ueitnrics eutrijcs be bo Iougieisgc, pcr bo ctrc, sce Bo Gntnjbrc  jb  jb Bstbfne Bk`bvbrrçn, y Ankue-  jc c kivioiznkiûe y fnrfnrib be ons pngpns nrmbetiens  jb Jcgiemc Anustiec [nrgibetc. On priekipno krçtikn no guejc abjbrno y rcsistn be pnrtikuonr sb bxprbsn, uen vbz gîs, gbjinetb on kcestrukkiûe jb pbrscenlbs ntrnvbsnjcs pcr knrnktbrçstikns ‟fîr‟fîrfnrns‗ qub kcestituybe pnrtb jb on fnsb sckino jbo Vbstnurnjcr. Kce on npnrikiûe jb [nrgibetc, on tbejbekin iougieistn sb kcevirtiû be `bmbgûeikn be on Mbebrnkiûe jbo ’;=, jbsponznejc ocs ntisfcs `istcrikistns qub pcjçn igprigir igprigir,, betrb ctrcs, Lune F. Nofbrji. On cfrn jb pbraio iougieistn qub kcejbesn bstb pbrçcjc bs bo Ankuejc , bskritn pcr bo sneluneiec, jcejb bxprbsn n trnvés jb ue rbontc jikctûgikc bo bskbenric jbo jbsibrtc, bo guejc fîrfnrc kricooc, y oc prigitivc jb ons sckibjnjbs jbo ietbricr be kcetrnpcsikiûe n ons kunoijnjbs ioustrnjns jb ons kiujnjbs. Bstb rbontc jbgubstrn uen konrn cpcsikiûe n ocs jb @ijnomc c Gnzibo. Tnrn nutcrbs kcgc Abrgçe K`îvbz, be on oitbrnturn npnrbkb uen jisputn qub ec bs siec uen bxtbesiûe jb ons ouk`ns pcoçtikns pcr on igpcsikiûe jb uec jb jcs gcjb-

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ocs kcetrnpubstcs. Jb nkubrjc kce K`îvbz, on kuoturn pubjb sbr vistn kcgc mbebrnjcrn jb nutckcekibek nutckcekibekin in enkiceno (be enkiceno (be @ijnomc, be Knstnþbjn y, gîs tnrjb, be @breîejbz y Conskcnmn). Tbrc, n on vbz, nofbrmn acrgns enkicenobs y kcetbeijcs netienkicenobs qub kcejukbe `nkin uen kceaimurnkiûe jb nutckcekibekin jbeimrnjn, kcgc be bo Ankuejc , On Knutivn  c  c Bo Gntnjbrc . No triueac jbo kbetrnoisgc pcrtbþc be Tnvûe y n on `bmbgceçn gitristn ob simuiû bo prcybktc pcoçtikc kceckijc kcgc ‟rcquisgc‗. Nsç kcgc bo pbrçcjc jb Vcsns bekubetrn be on Mbebrnkiûe jbo ‐;= bo bspnkic ietbobktuno y pcoçtikc qub rbaobxiceû nkbrkn jb on ijbetijnj, jurnetb bo rcquisgc aub on Mbebrnkiûe jbo ‐04 on qub oobvû n knfc bstn tnrbn. tnrbn . Znetc uen mbebrnkiûe kcgc on ctrn sb knrnktbriznrce pcr bstnr kceacrgnjns pcr sulbtcs qub rbprbsbetnfne pcsturns aiocsûaikns, pcoçtikns y tbûrikns `btbrcméebns. [bmüe ocs pbesnjcrbs rbvisiceistns, on netçtbsis kivioiznkiûe-fnrfnrib igpuosnjn pcr guk`cs jb ocs ietbobktunobs jb ons mbebrnkicebs gbekicenjns npuetnfn n jbstbrrnr tcjn acrgn jb nutckcekibekin mbebrnjn n pnrtir jb on bxpbribekin `istûrikn y bo gbstiznlb kuoturno y, be bspbkino, on épikn iejbpbejbetistn qub supibrce bxprbsnr ons gnsns pcpuonrbs. Betrb ngfns mbebrnkicebs (on jbo ‐;= y on jbo ‐04) knfnomn bo pbesngibetc jb Nofbrji, quibe oubmc jb nfrnznr nkrçtikngbetb bo Iougieisgc kcgibezn n rbcrjbenr sus pcsikicebs. @nkin >014, rbkupbrn ocs npcrtbs jb on trnjikiûe `istcrikistn qub supc nprbejbr be sus vinlbs pcr Burcpn y jb ons besbþnezns jb Jb Nembois be bo [noûe Oitbrnric. [us bskritcs pûstugcs kcestituybe ue obmnjc qub anvcrbkb on kcgprbesiûe jbo nkcetbkbr enkiceno jbsjb uen `btbrcjcxin aiocsûaikn. Tcr blbgpoc, be Mrnejbs y pbqubþcs `cgfrbs jbo Tontn , bo tukugnec austimn bo rbontc gitristn scfrb on `istcrin jb [ne Gnrtçe y Fbomrnec. Nsigisgc, kcestruyb uen jbskripkiûe gîs nkbrtnjn jb on aimurn jbo knujiooc, qub bo gitrisgc kcesijbrnfn pnrtb jbo pnsnjc cskurnetistn bspnþco qub jbfçn boigienrsb jb on `istcrin61. Nomuecs rbprbsbetnetbs jb on Mbebrnkiûe jbo ‐04 (Muijc [pnec, Cobmnric Q. Nejrnjb, Gimubo Envnrrc Qicon, Bvnristc Knrribmc, Arnekiskc Abreîejbz y tnetcs ctrcs) ietbmrnrce bo Gcvigibetc Abjbrno, rbsistibrce on `bmbgceçn gitristn y, be gbecr gbjijn, jiskutibrce no rcquisgc. Fuben pnrtb jb sus ietbrvbekicebs pbricjçstikns c oitbrnrins tibebe qub vbr kce on jbeuekin netb ocs nsbsientcs qub suarçne ocs sbktcrbs pcpuonrbs jurnetb nqubo pbricjc.

61. JR@NOJB, B. O. (6442)< O. (6442)< Kcetrn Gitrb< Ocs ietbobktunobs y bo pcjbr jb Knsbrcs no 04 . Fubecs Nirbs< Tuetc Krçtikc.

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Be bsb gnrkc, guk`cs jb bstcs ietbobktunobs kritikne on pcoçtikn caikino gitristn be on Mubrrn jb on Zripob Noinezn. Kcgc sibgprb, on kuoturn bs uen triek`brn jb rbsistbekin netb on nvneznjn jbo Iougieisgc< bstn rbsistbekin sb bxprbsn n trnvés jb pcbgns y enrrnkicebs qub rbkupbrne ons vikisitujbs jb nquboocs sbktcrbs sbþnonjcs kcgc fîrfnrcs pcr bo Iougieisgc pcrtbþc. [bmüe ocs rbvisiceistns, on Mbebrnkiûe jbo ‐04 sb prcpusc kcestruir bo auturc scfrb ons kbeizns jbo guejc iejc-`ispnec-kricooc. [cfrb bstns fnsbs, bo Iougieisgc be su ansb pcsitivistn sb kristnoizn kcgc ijbcocmçn be on bstrukturn bstntno y sb iestitukicenoizn be sistbgns bjukntivcs. Kce on prcguomnkiûe jb on Oby >:64 y gbjinetb uen bjuknkiûe qub pricrizn oc ueivbrsno scfrb oc pnrtikuonr pnrtikuonr,, sb nspirnrî n kcestruir ue tipc bspbkçaikc jb kiujnjneçn.  

On rbnkkiûe netipcsitivistn< `nkin uen bxpoiknkiûe enkiceno y ontiecngbriknen On rbnkkiûe kcetrn ons jcktriens caikinobs, scfrb tcjc oc rbonkicenjc kce bo pcsitivisgc bo puetc jb vistn aiocsûaikc y oitbrnric-, tcgn bo ecgfrb jb netipcsiti-  visgc .-jbsjb Bstî rbprbsbetnjc, be prigbrn iestnekin, pcr sbktcrbs viekuonjcs no guejc bkobsiîstikc jismustnjcs kce ons trnesacrgnkicebs kiviobs qub sb cpbrne be on NrmbeNrmbe tien n aiebs jbo simoc PIP. Kibrtc bs qub, si fibe on rbnkkiûe netipcsitivistn ec bs `cgcméebn, kuejb be tcjn on Ngérikn `ispnen cpbrnejc be jiabrbetbs kngpcs, tnobs kcgc on aiocscaçn, on oitbrnturn y bo nrtb. Bo netipcsitivisgc bekubetrn knrnktbrçstikns kcguebs n eivbo kcetiebetno be oc qub npuetn no rbk`nzc jbo ueivbrsnoisgc, on rbkupbrnkiûe jbo pnsnjc, on rbvnocriznkiûe jbo tbrritcric y bo rbacrzngibetc jb ocs vçekuocs tbrritcrinobs. Tcr prigbrn vbz, oubmc jb qub bo aie jb ocs prcybktcs jb ocs oifbrtnjcrbs y jb qub bo triueac jbo oifbrnoisgc bkceûgikc `ufibrn ufiknjc n on Nrmbetien ‟jb bspnojns‗ no kcetiebetb, sb bgpibzn n `nfonr jb ‟Enkiûe Ontiecngbriknen‗. Gibetrns tnetc, ctrcs bsfczne nrmugbetcs enkicenobs bxkouybetbs pnrn kce bo rbstc jb ocs pnçsbs ontiecngbriknecs, rbkcstîejcsb be on jbabesn jb ocs oçgitbs tbrritcrinobs bstnfobkijcs. Bstns jivbrmbekins gubstrne kûgc on rbnkkiûe netipcsitivistn ec prbsbetn rnsmcs `cgcméebcs. Jurnetb bstb pbrçcjc surmbe gneiabstnkicebs kcgc ons jb Viknrjc Vclns, quibe jbeuekinfn no gbrknetioisgc kcsgcpcoitn no kuno npuetnfn kcgc ue oçgitb pnrn on kcestrukkiûe jb on enkicenoijnj. Tcr prigbrn vbz jbsjb on snekiûe jb on Oby >:64 sb kcgibezn n jiskutir bo sistbgn bjukntivc, qub brn vistc kcgc ueivbrsnoistn y kcsgcpcoitn.

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KNGTR[ QIVZRNO REOn S VBKZCVNJC / TBE[NGIBEZC ENKICENO Y ONZIECNGBVIKNEC S REIJNJ >

 

‼Jikb Vclns< ‟prcmrbsc kcetbeijc be on kivi-  oiznkiûe prcpin qub ec sb bonfcrn siec be sustnekin trnjikiceno‗.6=

Viknrjc Vclns (>006->02=) pbricjistn y bskritcr nrmbetiec.

Be bstn nairgnkiûe bekcetrngcs pcr prigbrn vbz ue nkbrkngibetc `nkin uen kivioiznkiûe prcpin, `nkin on kcestrukkiûe jb uen ijbetijnj enkiceno n pnrtir jbo sistbgn bjukntivc. N pbsnr jb booc, sb trntn be kibrtc sbetijc jb ue enkicenoisgc bxkouybetb y pbesnjc jbsjb Fubecs Nirbs, kce bsknsns rbabrbekins n ons trnjikicebs pcpuonrbs jbo ietbricr ietbricr.. Bstn pcsikiûe tngfiée prbsbetn ue sbooc jb épckn be su rbabrbekin n on rnzn, rnsmc qub sbrî kcgüe be tcjcs ocs ietbobktunobs qub sb obvnetbe kcetrn bo pcsitivisgc nkrçtikc. On rbnkkiûe netipcsitivistn sb trnesacrgn, nsç, be uen fnejbrn n eivbo kcetiebetno. Be pnrnoboc kce on kcestrukkiûe jb ue pbesngibetc netipcsitivistn qub knstimub n on ijbcocmçn pcsitivistn y qub jé gubstrns jb kcestruir ue pbesngibetc nkbrkn jb on enkicenoijnj y on ijbetijnj, surmbe vckbs qub jbkijbe bxtbejbr nüe gîs ons eckicebs prbsbetnjns pcr aimurns kcgc Vclns< betrb boocs Gneubo Rmnrtb qub, kce uen igprcetn netipcsitivistn, kcgibezn n vbr on ebkbsijnj jb bekcetrnr bobgbetcs jb pbesngibetcs kcguebs n eivbo kcetiebetno. @nstn nquç bs pcsifob bstnfobkbr kce konrijnj, kûgc bstn kcearcetnkiûe betrb on ijbcocmçn jcgienetb y nquboons rbprbsbetntivns jb uen pbrspbktivn enkiceno, ntrnvibsn jistietns gneiabstnkicebs kuoturnobs jb eubstrc pnsnjc y kcetieüne eutribejc bo prbsbetb. Tnrn kcgprcfnroc, ue blbrkikic ietbrbsnetb kcesistb be nenoiznr on obtrn jb jistietns pibzns jbo knekicebrc pcpuonr, tcgnejc kcgc muçn ons simuibetbs prbmuetns< ³^ué bobgbetcs jb ‟nutckcekibekin‗ bstîe prbsbetbs be on obtrn3 ³Kûgc sb rbonkicene bstcs bobgbetcs kce on ijbn jb ‟mnuk`ipcoçtikn‗3 Re blbgpoc nptc pnrn bstn tnrbn jb neîoisis bs on vbrsiûe gusiknoiznjn gusik noiznjn jb ue pcbgn jb @ijnomc, qub carbkbgcs n kcetieunkiûe.

6=. VCLN[, V. (>949)< V. (>949)< On rbstnurnkiû rbstnurnkiûe e enkicenoistn enkicenoistn.. Fubecs Nirbs< On Ankuotnj, p. >6>. [/a.

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‟Kiboitc jb trbs pcr ck`c‗  jb  jb Fnrtcocgé @ijnomc, gusiknoiznjc pcr Jneibo Qimoibtti,

be< `ttps