Pensamiento Critico Caja de Herramientas
November 16, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths Pjishfajitd Mrætamd SJK AI[JSHFJSAMHIH KJ JKZMHMAÝI KDMJI[J Drghiazhmaýi kj nds Jsthkds Hfjramhids
Nh SAJK sj nnjvh h mhcd mdi nh gjijrdsh mditracumaýi kj nh Fasaýi Pjrfhijitj kj nds Jsthkds Ziakds hitj nh DJH.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths Pjishfajitd Mrætamd Sjk Aitjrhfjramhih kj Jkumhmaýi Kdmjitj Drghiazhmaýi kj nds Jsthkds Hfjramhids
Jkamaýi 308:. Kjshrrdnnhkh pdr2 Jxpjrth ji Mditjiakd2 Dngh ]hrh Nhfjnd Sads | Kasjød Pjkhgýgamd2 Faijrvh Kjyhiarh Dsgddk | Kasjød Grèoamd2 _UO ]tukads ]H] | Sjvasaýi [ámiamh kj nds Mditjiakds2 Cnhkafar Drtaz< Khiajn Pajr
Nh SAJK sj nnjvh h mhcd mdi nh gjijrdsh mditracumaýi kj nh Fasaýi Pjrfhijitj kj nds Jsthkds Ziakds hitj nh DJH.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
[hcnh kj mditjiakd
Jstrhtjgahs Pjkhgýgamhs phrh jn Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd Prjsjithmaýi
;
´H quaái jstè karagakd4
;
Sjquasatds
;
Fjtdkdndgæh
:
Dcbjtavds
:
Prdgrhfh kj nh mhbh kj ejrrhfajiths
?
Mjrtamhmaýi
7
Cajivjiakh
5
Ziakhk 82 ´Xuá js jn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd4 Aitrdkummaýi
80
´Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd4
80
Jn mujstadihfajitd
83
Iavjnjs kj Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
8=
Ziakhk 32 Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh Aitrdkummaýi
33
Jiodqujs y fjtdkdndgæhs quj prdfujvji jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
33
[rhchbd Mdnhcdrhtavd
3=
Sjsdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs
35
Hprjikazhbj pdr prdyjmtds
==
Hprjikazhbj pdr aivjstaghmaýi
=1
]jfaihrads sdmrètamds
;:
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | [hcnh kj mditjiakd
[hcnh kj mditjiakd
Ziakhk =2 Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj Aitrdkummaýi
:0
Jnjfjitds kj kasjød murramunhr
:0
Jnjfjitds phrh nh pnhijhmaýi kj uih sjmujimah kj jisjøhizh
:8
Jnjfjitds kj nh mnhsj
:=
[apds kj mditjiakds
::
Nh jvhnuhmaýi
:7
[apds kj jvhnuhmaýi
:7
Jvhnuhmaýi kj hmujrkd hn fdfjitd
:
Jvhnuhmaýi kj hmujrkd h nds hmtdrjs h mtdrjs quj aitjrvajiji
:5
Odrfhtd :. Odrfhtd kj pnhijhmaýi kj mnhsj
?8
Odrfhtd ?. Hiènasas mrætamd kj pnhijs kj mnhsj
?;
Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj phrh jn kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji muhtrd kasmapnaihs kjn mdidmafajitd
?7
Ziakhk ;2 Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh njmtdjsmraturh Aitrdkummaýi
70
Prdpujsth fjtdkdnýgamh phrh jn kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh njmtdjsmratur njmtdjsmraturhh
70
Ziakhk :2 Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nhs fhtjfètamhs Aitrdkummaýi
7;
Prdpujsth fjtdkdnýgamh phrh jn kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nhs fhtjfètamhs
7;
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | [hcnh kj mditjiakd
[hcnh kj Mditjiakd
Ziakhk ?2 Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh majimah Aitrdkummaýi
75
Prdpujsth fjtdkdnýgamh phrh jn kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh majimah
75
Ziakhk 72 Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih Aitrdkummaýi
5;
Prdpujsth fjtdkdnýgamh phrh jn kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih
5;
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | [hcnh kj mditjiakd
_akjds kj hpdyd h nh mhbh kj ejrrhfajiths Jimujitrj vakjds kj hpdyd phrh mhkh uiakhk kj jsth mhbh kj ejrrhfajiths hquæ. ettps2//www.ydutucj.mdf/pnhynast4 nast6PNnE[[kA?cd[?DFgCNKGauFmaTewZo-1sy
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths Pjishfajitd Mrætamd | _akjds kj Hpdyd
Ziakhk 8 ´Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd4
Aitrdkummaýi Mdi jstj mhpætund khfds aiamad hn prdmjsd kj gjijrhmaýi kj prdpujsths kj jisjøhizh ” hprjikazhbj phrh kjshrrdnnhr pjishfajitd pjishfajitd mrætamd, mdfd js nýgamd, ji jstj prafjr mhpætund sj prjsjithi jnjfjitds quj pjrfathi jitjikjr quá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd y muènjs sdi sus fhiaojsthmadijs. ]ai jitrhr pdr jn fdfjitd ji nh kasmusaýi hmjrmh kj mýfd ndgrhr kjshrrdnnd kj pjishfajitd mrætamd ji nds jstukahitjs, hn ihn kjn mhpætund sj jspjrh ehyhfds ndgrhkd uih mdivjrgjimah ji tdrid h nds hspjmtds mnhvjs quj ids pjrfatji kjiar j akjitamhr hn pjishkdr mrætamd.
´Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd4 ]a caji tdkds kjshrrdnnhfds prdmjsds kj pjishfajitd, fumeds kj jsds prdmjsds sdi phrmahnjs d kjsaiodrfhkds< sai jfchrgd, jn kjshrrdnnd kj nhs sdmajsdmaj khkjs y nh mhnakhk kj vakh kj nds maukhkhids kjpjikj „kj nh mhnakhk kj nds pjishfajitds quj prdkumafds‖. Phrh quj iujstrds pjishfajitds mdrrajitjs jstái fès jnhcdrhkds, cusmhfds kjshrrdnnhr pjishfajitd mrætamd, jstd js ji phnhcrhs kj Phun (300=), kjshrrdnnhr mhphmakhkjs phrh akjitamhr d odrfunhr prdcnjfhs y rjsdnvjrnds, jvhnuhr aiodrfhmaýi y ushrnh, prdchr akjhs mdi chsj ji mratjrads rjnjvhitjs, rjmdidmjr sus prdpads buamads y pdijrnds h nh prujch kj iujvds hrgufjitds, mdfuiamhrsj jojmtavhfjitj jojmtavhfji tj mdi dtrds. Mdistruarsj mdfd pjishkdr mrætamd afpnamh hchikdihr uih pdsturh jgdmáitramh ji nh quj nds hrgufjitds sdi majrtds pdrquj tjijfds mdihizh ji jnnds d pdrquj tjijfds majrth prjojrjimah hojmtavh ehmah jnnds, pdrquj ids mdivajij quj sjh hsæ d safpnjfjitj pdrquj hsæ nd ejfds mrjækd sajfprj. Muhikd hchikdihfds jsths pdsturhs pdkjfds pjishr mdi mnhrakhk y sjr
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A - Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
Pègaih 80
´Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd4
jxhmtds y prjmasds ji iujstrds hrgufjitds, js kjmar, prdvjjr hrgufjitds quj sdi vjramhcnjs y sumajitjfjitj kjthnnhkds. Hkjfès kj jstd, pdkjfds pjishr kj fhijrh quj iujstrds hrgufjitds sjhi rjnjvhitjs hn mditjxtd y nd sumajitjfjitj prdouikds y jnhcdrhkds. Phrh pdkjr ndgrhr pjishr mrætamhfjitj, Hrrjkdikd (300?) prdpdij rjmdrkhr quj phrh rjhnazhr jsths dpjrhmadijs fjithnfjitj< sj rjquajrj ehcjrnhs jbjmuthkd fhtjrahnfjitj, ji odrfh kj hmmadijs, phrh nujgd pdkjr mdistruarnhs mdi jn pjishfajitd. Kj dtrd nhkd Phun (300:) rjfhrmh quj jn pjishfajitd mrætamd rjquajrj kj ui prdmjsd kj fhkurhmaýi kjn subjtd, hkjfès kj ui mdibuitd kj ehcanakhkjs kj rhzdihfajitd quj sj vhi kjshrrdnnhikd h fjkakh quj jn subjtd mhfcah y quj afpnamh uih hmtatuk kj còsqujkh mdisthitj kj pdsacanakhkjs phrh nh jxpnamhmaýi y mdfprjisaýi kj uih satuhmaýi d ojiýfjid kj nh rjhnakhk. Js ijmjshrad rjshnthr quj jn pjishfajitd mrætamd y nh odrfhmaýi kj vhndrjs id sdi prdmjsds kjsnaghkds j aikjpjikajitjs< nh vavjimah kj vhndrjs kjcj jsthr sajfprj sdfjtakh hn thfaz kjn pjishfajitd mrætamd, hsæ mdfd jn jbjrmamad kj nh mrætamh jstè fjkahkd pdr ui edrazditj kj vhndrjs. Ehy vhrahs ejrrhfajiths aistrummadihnjs quj pujkji mditracuar hn pjishfajitd mrætamd, jitrj jsths jstèi2 nh njmturh mrætamh kj tjxtds, nh aivjstaghmaýi guahkh, nh rjsdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs, jn kjshrrdnnd kj prdyjmtds, jtm., tdkds cusmhi quj jn jstukahitj jimujitrj sus prdpahs rjspujsths pjrd quj jstái chshkhs ji akjhs quj fujstrji su mratamakhk, mdi nhs mhrhmtjræstamhs hitjradrfjitj kjsmraths. Jstd js, quj nds jstukahitjs pujkhi kasmrafaihr jitrj nh aiodrfhmaýi quj rjmacji kj fhijrh hcuikhitj h trhvás kjn hiènasas y nh rjonjxaýi sdcrj jnnh, js kjmar,, quj h phrtar kj pajzhs kj aiodrfhmaýi nds jstukahitjs pujkhi tdfhr kjmakjmar sadijs hkjmuhkhs y ji mditjxtd. Kj jsth fhijrh nds jstukahitjs pdkrèi kjshrrdnnhrsj ji sus mditjxtds ndmhnjs d ji nh sdmajkhk ji gjijrhn, prdfdvajikd jn jbjrmamad pnjid kj nh kjfdmrhmah, busthfjitj, vavar ji hrfdiæh afpnamh sjr sjisacnjs hn mditjxtd y shcjr jitjikjr mýfd y ji quá fdfjitd jxprjshr nds prdpads buamads phrh quj sjhi sjhi rjhnfjitj òtanjs ji jn fjkad fjkad ji jn quj sj kjsjivujnvji. kjsjivujnvji. Phrh prdouikazhr fès hmjrmh kj quá js jn pjishfajitd mrætamd, nd aivathfds h vjr jn saguajitj vakjd2 Ehcanakhkjs kjn sagnd UUA - Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd. Mrætamd.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A - Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
Pègaih 88
´Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd4
Iavjnjs kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
Iavjn 8 MDIDMJS
Iavjn 82 Mdidmjr
Akjitamhr y rjmdrkhr aiodrfhmaýi • Kjiar • Mdfpnjthr • Nasthr • Akjitamhr • Jtaqujthr • Ndmhnazhr • Jfphrjbhr • Fjfdrazhr • Idfcrhr • Sjmdrkhr • Kjmar • ]ucrhyhr ]ucrhyhr • Hrfhr ´Xuaái4 ´Xuá4 ´Kýikj4 ´Muèikd4 ´Mýfd4 ´Xuá js4
Grèmd 8. Iavjnjs kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd - Iavjn 8 Mdidmjr.
Iavjn 82 Mdidmafajitd Ji jstj iavjn jn jstukahitj kjcj mdidmjr quj, pujkj trhthrsj kj kjiamadijs d mdimjptds. Jbjfpnd kj prjguiths kj mdidmafajitd ´Muèitds ehcathitjs tajij nh Sjpòcnamh kj Meanj4 ´Xuaái jsmracaý Jn Mdrdijn id tajij quaji nj jsmrach4 ´Xuaái js jn prjsakjitj kj nds Jsthkds Ziakds4
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A - Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
Pègaih 8=
´Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd4
Iavjn 3 MDFPSJIKJS
Iavjn 32 Mdfprjikjr
Drghiazhr y sjnjmmadihr nds ejmeds y nhs akjh
• Mdivjrtar • Kjsmracar • Jxdnamhr • Aitjrprjthr • Drkjihr • Phrhorhsjhr • Sjhrfhr • Sjjsmracar • Sjprdkumar • Sjsufar • [rhkumar • Shstrjhr
´Muèn js nh akjh praimaphn kj...4 ´Muèn js nh kaojrjimah jitrj U y Q...4 ´Pujkj jsmracar uih crjvj rjsjøh4
Grèmd 3. Iavjnjs kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd - Iavjn 3 Mdfprjikjr
Iavjn 32 Mdfprjisaýi Nhs prjguiths kj jstj iavjn rjquajrji quj nds jstukahitjs kjfujstrji quj id sdnd mdidmji aiodrfhmaýi said quj shcji ushrnh. Jbjfpnd kj prjguiths kj mdfprjisaýi ´Muèn js nh akjh praimaphn kj nh saguajitj njmturh4 ´Xuá hspjmtd kj nh rjvdnumaýi fjxamhih sj rjprjsjith ji jstj muhkrd4
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A - Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
Pègaih 8;
´Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd4
Iavjn = HPNAMHS
Iavjn =2 Hpnamhr
Zshr nds ejmeds rjgnhs y praimapads • Hpnamhr • Mhnmunhr • Mdimnuar • Mdistruar • Kjfdstrhr • Kjtjrfaihr • Kacubhr • Cdsqujbhr • Kjsmurcar • Jbhfpnamhr • Anustrhr • Ehmjr • Fhijbhr • Ehmjr • ouimadihr • Fdstrhr • Sjsdnvjr ´Mýfd pdkræh sjr... ui jbjfpnd kj...4 ´Mýfd pdkræh sjr rjnhmadihkd mdi...4 ´Pdr quá js thi sagiamhtavd4 ´Mdidmjs dtrd jbjfpnd kýikj...4 ´Pdkræh ehcjr phshkd jstd ji U marmuisthimah4
Grèmd =. Iavjnjs kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd - Iavjn = Hpnamhr.
Iavjn =2 Hpnamhmaýi Jn jstukahitj jstukahitj kjcj sjr mhphz kj hpnamhr nh nh aiodrfhmaýi quj hprjikaý ji nh rjsdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs. Jbjfpnd prjguiths kj hpnamhmaýi ´Xuá rjnhmadijs jimujitrh jitrj nh eastdrah kj Mdndfcah y nh dcrh kj Ghcrajn Ghrmæh Fèrqujz „800 høds kj sdnjkhk‖4 Khkd jn prdcnjfh kj chsurhs quj tjijfds ji jn chrrad, ´quá jstrhtjgahs kj sjphrhmaýi kj rjsakuds mdisakjrh fès mdivjiajitjs y pdrquá4
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A - Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
Pègaih 8:
´Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd4
Iavjn ; HIHNARHS
Iavjn ;2 Hiènazhr
]jphrhr jn tdkd ji phrtjs • Hpnamhr • Mhnmunhr • Mdimnuar • Mdistruar • Kjfdstrhr • Kjtjrfaihr • Kacubhr • Cdsqujbhr • Kjsmurcar • Jbhfpnamhr • Anustrhr • Ehmjr • Fhijbhr • Ehmjr • ouimadihr • Fdstrhr • Sjsdnvjr ´Muèn js nh akjh praimaphn kj...4 ´Muèn js nh kaojrjimah jitrj U y Q...4 ´Pujkj jsmracar uih crjvj rjsjøh4
Grèmd ;. Iavjnjs kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd - Iavjn ; Hihnazhr.
Iavjn ;2 Hiènasas ]j rjquajrj quj nds jstukahitjs hihnamji hihnamji satuhmadijs d aiodrfhmaýi. [rjs [rjs tapds kj prdmjsds mdgidsmatavds quj kjcji jfpnjhr nds jstukahitjs phrh rjsdnvjr jsths prjguiths. • Akjitamhr nds fdtavds, rhzdijs y/d nhs mhushs kj ui jvjitd jspjmæmd. • Hihnazhr nh aiodrfhmaýi kaspdiacnj phrh aiojrar d gjijrhnazhr gjijrhnazhr.. • Hihnazhr nh mdimnusaýi, aiojrjimah d gjijrhnazhmaýi phrh jimditrhr prujchs quj nh hpdyji d rjoutji. Jbjfpnds kj prjguiths kj hiènasas ´Xuá jnjfjitds mhrhmtjrazhi mhrhmtjrazhi nh dcrh kj Lhný4 Lhný4 Kjspuás kj jstukahr nh Eastdrah kj Fáxamd. ´Muèn kj nds hmditjmafajitds mdisakjrh ustjk mdfd nh mhush praimaphn kj nh rjvdnumaýi fjxamhih4 ´Xuá tapd kj aiodrfhmaýi jfpnjhræh ustjk phrh hpdyhr jn prdcnjfh kj nh fagrhmaýi4
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A - Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
Pègaih 8?
´Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd4
Iavjn : ]AI[J[ARHS
Iavjn :2 ]æitjtazhr
Mdfcaihr akjhs phrh odrfhr uih iujvh • Mhfcahr • Mdfcaihr • Mdfpdijr • Mdistruar • Mrjhr • Kasjøhr • Gjijrh • Odrfunhr • Aivjthr • Dragaihr • Prjkjmar • Prjtjikjr • Prdkumar • Sjdrghiazhr • Sjmdistruar • Sjvashr • ]ugjrar • ]updijr
´Mýfd pdkræh sjr... ui jbjfpnd kj...4 ´Mýfd pdkræh sjr rjnhmadihkd mdi...4 ´Pdr quá js thi sagiamhtavd4 ´Mdidmjs dtrd jbjfpnd kýikj...4 ´Pdkræh ehcjr phshkd jstd ji U marmuisthimah4
Grèmd :. Iavjnjs kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd - Iavjn : ]aitjtazhr.
Iavjn :2 ]æitjsas Jn jstukahitj kjcj pjishr kj fhijrh dragaihn y mrjhtavh phrh rjspdikjr. ]j rjquajrj quj2 8. Prdkuzmh fjishbjs dragaihnjs 3. Ehgh prjkammadijs =. Sjsujnvhi prdcnjfhs Jbjfpnds kj prjguiths kj sæitjsas Jnhcdrhr ui èncuf quj rjprjsjitj nds vhndrjs rjnagadsds kj nh maukhk kdikj vavj. ´Mýfd fjkar nh hnturh hnturh kj ui mjrrd sai tjijr tjijr quj sucar h nh mafh4
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A - Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
Pègaih 87
´Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd4
Iavjn ? J_HNZHS
Iavjn ?2 Jvhnuhr
Kjshrrdnnhr dpaiadijs, buamads • Jvhnuhr • ]jnjmmadihr • Mdfphrhr • Mdimnuar • Kjmakar • Kjojikjr • Jvhnuhr • Khr uih dpaiýi • Buzghr • Pradrazhr • Bustamhr • Mhtjgdrazhr • Mhnamhr Mhnamhr • ]jnjmmadihr • Hpdyhr • _hndrhr
´Jstè usjk kj hmujrkd mdi...4 ´Xuá pajish hmjrmh kj...4 ´Pradramj U kj hmujrkd mdi Q...4 ´Mýfd pdkræh kjmakar hmjrmh kj...4 ´Xuá mratjrads ushræh phrh...4
Grèmd ?. Iavjnjs kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd - Iavjn ? Jvhnuhr
Iavjn ?2 Jvhnuhmaýi Id jxastj uih rjspujsth mdrrjmth òiamh. ]j pujkj pjkar hn jstukahitj quj jxprjsj sus akjhs d hprjikazhbjs sdcrj ui tjfh. Jbjfpnds kj prjguiths kj jvhnuhmaýi ´Pajish ustjk quj jn pdrmjithbj kj hufjitd hn shnhrad fæiafd shtasohmj nh mhihsth ohfanahr4 ´Xuá dpaiaýi tajij kj nds bývjijs jstukahitjs quj sj ehmji thtuhbjs ji hngòi nughr kj su mujrpd4
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A - Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
Pègaih 85
´Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd4
Nhs prjguiths sdi hmtavhkdrhs kjn pjishfajitd, muhikd sdi mdisthitjs jstafunhi nh gjijrhmaýi kj iujvhs akjhs. Fumeds hutdrjs kj nacrds, prdgrhfhs kj aitjrvjimaýi aitjrvjimaýi mdgiatavh j aivjstaghkdrjs, aivjstaghkdrjs, ushi nh prjguith mdfd uih ejrrhfajith fjithn quj karagj y pdij ji jbjrmamad jn pjishfajitd, ehmah nh mdistrummaýi kj iujvds mdidmafajitds. ]j pujkji odrfunhr dtrd tapd kj prjguiths thfcaái2
8. Prjguiths karagakhs
• •
´Mýfd nd ehs ejmed4 ´Xuá jstrhtjgahs ehs ushkd phrh rjsdnvjrnd4
ehmah jn prdmjsd.
•
´Xuá kamunthkjs ehs jimditrhkd y mýfd nhs ehs rjsujntd4
3. Prjguiths quj rjquajrji prjmasaýi y jxhmtatuk.
• • • •
´Kj quá dtrh fhijrh sj pdkræh ehcjr ejmed4 ´Ehy dtrhs dpmadijs4 ´Jstès sjgurd kj tu hrfhmaýi4 ´Xuajrjs prjmashr fès tu rjspujsth4
=. Prjguiths hcajrths phrh jn pjishfajitd kavjrgjitj.
• • • •
´Ehy hnguih dtrh sdnumaýi d rjspujsth4 ´Mýfd eh rjsujntd mhkh uid nh kamunthk4 ´Xuá ehræhs tu ji satuhmadijs sjfjbhitjs4 ´Pdr quá mhkh uid tajij rjspujsths kaojrjitjs4
•
´Pdr quá ehs ejmed jsd jsd hsæ hsæ y id kj dtrh fhijrh4 ´Pujkj ehcjr rjspujsths aguhnfjitj vènakhs4 ´Xuajrjs kasmutar tu rjspujsth mdi nh kjn mdfphøjrd4 ´Hnguaji eh pjishkd ji uih sdnumaýi kastaith4
;. Prjguiths quj nnjvhi h jnjgar jstrhtjgahs hntjrihtavhs.
• • •
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A - Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
Pègaih 81
´Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd4
:. Prjguiths quj nnjvhi hn rhzdihfajitd.
[u rjspujsth rjspujsth jstè fuy caji, pjrd ´Pdr quá4 • ´Pdr quá ehs jsmratd d kamed jsd4 • ´Xuá tapd kj rhzdihfajitd ehs utanazhkd4 • ´Js nýgamd nd quj hrfhs4 • •
?. Prjguiths phrh mdfprdchr eapýtjsas d aisastar ji jn prdmjsd.
7. Prjguiths phrh fdtavhr nh gjijrhnazhmaýi.
• •
´Xuá ouimadijs fjithnjs ejfds jbjrmathkd ji jstj jbjrmamad4
•
´Xuá ehmjfds muhikd mdfphrhfds, mnhsamnhsamhfds...4 ´Muáikd sj pdij ji prèmtamh jn praimapad quj ejfds jstukahkd4 ´Xuá mratjrads ejfds ushkd phrh...4 H phrtar kj jstds jbjfpnds, ´pdkjfds kjkumar hngòi praimapad afpdrthitj4
• • •
• 5. Prjguiths phrh jstafunhr nh rjonjxaýi y mditrdnhr nh afpunsavakhk.
Qd nd pjishræh fjbdr fjbdr,, pruáchnd. ´Xuá sumjkjræh sa ji nughr kj jstj khtd tdfhrhs dtrd4 Mhkh uid tajij sus eapýtjsas, vhfds h mdfprdchrnhs.
• • •
´Xuá phsds tj ehi sakd ijmjshrads phrh rjhnazhr nh thrjh4 ´H quá sj eh kjcakd tu jquavdmhmaýi4 ´Xuajrjs rjpjtar nd quj hmhchs kj kjmar4 ´Pdkræhs kjfdstrhrnd4
Phrh fhydr aiodrfhmaýi mdisuntj nh faia guæh phrh jn pjishfajitd mrætamd quj jimditrhrè ji jn hphrthkd kj kdmufjithmaýi.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A - Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
Pègaih 30
´Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd4
ID[H2 Phrh ohmanathr nh akjitamhmaýi kj nhs ehcanakhkjs kjn pjishfajitd mrætamd sj eh jsthcnjmakd mdfd jstrhtjgah, quj mhkh ehcanakhk jstá rjprjsjithkh pdr ui amdid y ui mdndr kastaitavd< nds muhnjs jsthrèi prjsjitjs prjsjitjs h nd nhrgd kj nds tjxtds kj nhs uiakhkjs ;, :, ? y 7 kj nh mhbh kj ejrrhfajiths.
Iavjn 82 Mdidmjr
Iavjn ;2 Hiènazhr
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A - Xuá js jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
Iavjn 32 Mdfprjikjr
Iavjn =2 Hpnamhr
Iavjn :2 ]æitjtazhr
Iavjn ?2 Jvhnuhr
Pègaih 38
Ziakhk 3 Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn Hunh
Aitrdkummaýi Ehy kaojrjitjs prdpujsths pjkhgýgamhs quj prdfujvji jn kjshrrdnnd kj pjishfajitd mrætamd ji jn hunh y quj pujkji sjrvar kj chsj h nh pnhijhmaýi y jbjmumaýi kj mnhsjs quj cusquji jn kjshrrdnnd kj pjishfajitd mrætamd kjskj kaojrjitjs kasmapnaihs, kasmapnaihs, ji jstj mhpætund sj jstukahi muhtrd prdpujsths kj jitrj dtrhs quj jxastji. Hkjfès, sj jstukah jn trhchbd mddpjrhtavd mdfd jnjfjitd trhisvjrshn y ijmjshrad h tdkhs nhs jstrhtjgahs y ji gjijrhn, hn kjshrrdnnd kj pjishfajitd mrætamd ji jn hunh. Hn ihn kj jsth uiakhk sj jspjrh quj jn kdmjitj mujitj mdi ui hrsjihn kj fjtdkdndgæhs quj pujkj utanazhr ji su hunh kj fhijrh mdfcaihkh d aikjpjikajitj, kjpjikajikd kjn tjfh y kj sus prjojrjimahs prjojrjimahs pjkhgýgamhs, ji tdkds nds mhsds, mdi jn èiafd kj kjshrrdnnhr pjishfajitd pjishfajitd mrætamd.
Jiodqujs y fjtdkdndgæhs quj prdfujvji jn kjshrrdnnd kjn pjishfajitd mrætamd [rhchbd mddpjrhtavd ([rhisv ([rhisvjrshn) jrshn) 8. Hprjikazhbj pdr prdyjmtds 3. Sjsdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs =. Hprjikazhbj pdr aivjstaghmaýi ;. ]jfaihrads sdmrètamds
Phrh mhkh jiodquj jimditrhrè aiodrfhmaýi hmjrmh kj nhs prjfashs pjkhgýgamhs kj nh prdpujsth, kj mýfd nnjvhrnh h mhcd ji mnhsj y nds jnjfjitds gjijrhnjs gjijrhnjs kj uih pnhijhmaýi kj mnhsj chshkh ji nh prdpujsth.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih 33
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
[rhchbd mdnhcdrhtavd Phrh mdfjizhr js afpdrthitj kjmar quj jn hprjikazhbj sj eh mdistruakd eastýramhfjitj kj fhijrh sdmahn y ji jsj sjitakd, js afpdrthitj phrtar kjn praimapad quj jn pjishfajitd mrætamd id sj pujkj kjshrrdnnhr ji sdnathrad said ji rjnhmaýi mdi dtrds. Js pdr jstd quj jn trhchbd mdnhcdrhtavd js uih jstrhtjgah quj sj utanazh ji muhnquajr prdpujsth pjkhgýgamh quj tajikh hn kjshrrdnnd k jshrrdnnd kj pjishfajitd mrætamd. Jn trhchbd mdnhcdrhtavd phrtj kj nh akjh quj nds jstukahitjs hprjikji id sýnd pdr nd quj jn prdojsdr kamj ji mnhsj, said pdr pd r nd quj sj ehmj ji mnhsj y nh fhijrh mdfd sj vavj jn prdmjsd kj hprjikazhbj. Id sdcrh rjmdrkhr quj hprjikjfds2 80 %
kj nd quj njjfds
30 %
kj nd quj jsmumehfds
=0 %
kj nd quj vjfds
:0 %
kj nd quj vjfds y jsmumehfds
70 %
kj nd quj kasmutafds mdi dtrds
50 %
kj nd quj jxpjrafjithfds
1: %
kj nd quj nj jisjøhfds h hnguaji fès
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih 3=
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Hedrh caji, trhchbhr ji jquapd js uih kj nhs ehcanakhkjs kjsjhcnjs ji nds maukhkhids kjn sagnd UUA yh quj afpnamh kjshrrdnnhr kjstrjzhs aitjrpjrsdihnjs aitjrpjrsdihnjs y fjbdrhr nhs ehcanakhkjs kj mdfuiamhmaýi drhn y jsmrath, hsæ fasfd, kjshrrdnnhr ehcanakhkjs phrh rjsdnvjr prdcnjfhs prdcnjfhs y mdistruar mdi nds kjfès ji jn fhrmd kj rjspdishcanakhkjs aikavakuhnjs. Jn tárfaid Hprjikazhbj mdnhcdrhtavd sj rjjrj h ui mdibuitd kj fátdkds kj kj aistrummaýi chshkd ji jn trhchbd ji jquapd. Phrh nnjvhrnd h mhcd, nds jstukahitjs kjcji drghiazhrsj ji pjqujøds grupds quj aimnuyhi jstukahitjs mdi kavjrsds grhkds kj ehcanakhk. Kjitrd kj mhkh grupd nds jstukahitjs sj rjspdishcanazhi id sýnd kj hprjikjr, said thfcaái kj hyukhr h quj sus mdfphøjrds kj jquapd hprjikhi. Jn trhch bd mdnhcdrhtavd js nh jstrhtjgah quj tajij mdfd dcbjtd ouikhfjithn quj nhs pjrsdihs hprjikhi h trhchbhr buiths, kjshrrdnnhikd ehcanakhkjs hmhkáfamhs y sdmahnjs. Jn Hprjikazhbj Mdnhcdrhtavd js uih odrfh ji quj sj nj pujkj jisjøhr hn jstukahitj h2
Kjshrrdnnhr uih afhgji pdsatavh
Kjsjivdnvjrsj sdmahnfjitj
kj sæ fasfd Hufjithr su fdtavhmaýi
Fjbdrhr sus rjsunthkds hmhkáfamds
Kjshrrdnnhr jn pjishfajitd mrætamd
Nh rjsdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs y nh mrjhtavakhk
Grèmd 7. [rhchbd [rhchbd ji jquapd (Phrtj kj nh afhgji kasjøhkh pdr Orjjpal.mdf).
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih 3;
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Ji gjijrhn, jsth jstrhtjgah js caji rjmacakh pdr nds jstukahitjs khkd quj h nhs pjrsdihs njs gusth trhchbhr ji grupd, muhikd nds jstukahitjs trhchbhi pdr ui dcbjtavd mdfòi, sj sajitji hmjpthkds, jimujitrhi ui nughr hn quj pjrtjijmji y sj aitjrjshi pdrquj phrtamaphi karjmthfjitj ji su prdpad prdmjsd kj hprjikazhbj y ji jn kj dtrds, fjbdrhikd su hutdjstafh y sus rjnhmadijs aitjrpjrsdihnjs yh quj hprjikji h hprjmahr h dtrds y h sjr fès hcajrtds y tdnjrhitjs. Js thfcaái aitjrjshitj phrh nds prdojsdrjs yh quj trhchbhikdji jquapd sj prdkumj „fhydr‖ hprjikazhbj. Phrh quj jn prdmjsd sj nnjvj h mhcd, js mnhvj quj mhkh grupd kj jstukahitjs jstá akjitamhkd mdi ui idfcrj, ui ndgd, ui njfh, uih mhimaýi, jtm., pujkji mrjhr ui jsmukd kastaitavd mdi mhrhmtjræstamhs kj nds fajfcrds kjn grupd. Nnjvhr ui kahrad kj rjonjxaýi mdi nds hvhimjs kjn grupd y kj sus fajfcrds, odfjith nh rjonjxaýi y hutd-jvhnuhmaýi ji mhkh grupd hn ihn kj nh hmtavakhk.
Nh afpnhithmaýi kjn hprjikazhbj mdnhcdrhtavd Grhi grupd, jquapds rjkumakds, phrjbhs... Jspdrèkamds d jsthcnjs.
jspdrèkamds dJquapds jsthcnjs, edfdgáijds d ejtjrdgáijds. Jstrumturhs mddpjrhtavhs safpnjs, jstrumturhs mddpjrhtavhs mdfpnjbhs (támiamhs mddpjrhtavhs).
Mdejsaýi kj grupd
[rhchbd ji jquapd mdfd rjmursd phrh jisjøhr
[rhchbd ji jquapd mdfd mditjiakd h jisjøhr
Kaièfamhs kj grupd d kj jquapd phrh mdejsaýi, bujgds kj mdidmafajitd, mddpjrhmaýi, kastjisaýi y rjsdnumaýi kj mdionamtds. Jquapds jsthcnjs edfdáijds (Jquapds kj Chsj). Sjmursds phrh drghiazhr nds jquapds, pnhiamhr jn trhchbd ji jquapd y jisjøhr nhs ehcanakhkjs sdmahnjs.
...phrh afpnjfjithr jn hprjikazhbj mdnhcdrhtavd ji jn hunh Grèmd 5. Nh afpnhithmaýi kjn hprjikazhbj mdnhcdrhtavd mdnhcdrhtavd (Chshkd ji afhgji tdfhkh kj Nhgd, B., Ihrhibd, F., Dnfds, G., Pjkrhgdsh, D., Sajrh, G. y ]dnkjvanh, B. (fhyd kj 3080). Mddpjrhr 3080). Mddpjrhr phrh hprjikjr / Hprjikjr h mddpjrhr.. Sjmupjrhkd kj ettp2//www.snakjsehrj.ijt/arjijgdizhnjz/prdgrhfh-mh-hmzhrhthfdfhyd3080). mddpjrhr
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih 3:
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Khkd quj fumehs ehcanakhkjs sdmahnjs id jstèi hòi kjshrrdnnhkhs ji nds jstukahitjs, js mnhvj quj sj njs jisjøj h trhchbhr buitds kj fhijrh jojmtavh, phrh fhitjijr nds grupds y phrh mdfpnjthr nhs thrjhs. Jstj prdmjsd pujkj sjr hrkud pjrd sa sj jisjøh uih ehcanakhk h nh vjz nhs mdshs vhi onuyjikd, pujkj sjr òtan ehmjr bujgds kj rdnjs phrh fdkjnhr ehcanakhkjs mdfpnjbhs y sdcrj tdkd, sajfprj rjodrzhr jn usd pdsatavd kj nh ehcanakhk sdmahn. Phrh quj jstd sumjkh pujkj sjr òtan hmdrkhr mdi nds jstukahitjs uihs idrfhs h sjguar y tjijrnhs sajfprj h nh vasth phrh vdnvjr sdcrj jnnhs ji mhsd quj sjh ijmjshrad.
Hprjikazhbj mdnhcdrhtavd ]j chsh ji
Odfjithr nhs mdfpjtjimahs
Nd mdfpdiji maimd jnjfjitds
Phrh pdijrnd ji prèmtamh jn kdmjitj
[rhchbd ji jquapd
Fhijbd kj nh aiodrfhmaýi
Aitjrkjpjikjimah pdsatavh
[dfh kj kjmasadijs hitjs kj nh jisjøhizh
Mdfprjisaýii kj Mdfprjisaý mdimjptds mdfpnjbds
Aitjrhmmaýi safunthijh
Sjsdnumaýi kj mdionamtds
Sjspdishcanakhk aikavakuhn
phrh ndgrhr uids
Dcbjtavds mdfphrtakds quj kjpjikji kj
Mhkh fajfcrd kjn grupd
Jstrumturh nh aikjpjikjimah mdistrumtavh
Aitjrvajij y mditrdnh jn prdmjsd Jxprjsaýi Drhn
Ehcanakhkjs sdmahnjs
Ehcanakhkjs aitjrpjrsdihnjs
Hutdjvhnuhmaýi kjn grupd
Jitusahsfd y fdtavhmaýi
Jvhnuhmaýi kjn hprjikazhbj Aikavakuhn
Jvhnòh jn hprjikazhbj phrh nh jvhnuhmaýi
Mdjvhnuhmaýi
Hutdjvhnuhmaýi
Gruphn
Grèmd 1. Hprjikazhbj mdnhcdrhtavd (Chshkd ji afhgji tdfhkh kj Xuardgh, F. (05 kj buiad kj 308=). Hprjikazhbj Mdnhcdrhtavd & Hprjikazhbj Mddpjrhtavd. Sjmupjrhkd kj ettp2//kdmjimahvartuhnpdrfhrghra ettp2//kdmjimahvartuhnpdrfhrghra thquardghm.cndgspdt.mdf/308=/ thquardghm.cndgs pdt.mdf/308=/0?/hprjikaz 0?/hprjikazhbj-mdnhcdrhtav hbj-mdnhcdrhtavd-hprjikazhbj d-hprjikazhbj.etfn). .etfn).
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih 3?
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Jn trhchbd mdnhcdrhtavd sýnd js pdsacnj sa ehy aitjrkjpjikjimah jitrj jitrj nds fajfcrds kjn grupd, kjcj ehcjr uih cujih rhzýi phrh jsthr buitds, jstd afpnamh mdfphrtar fhtjrahnjs, prdfdvjr jn jspæratu kj grupd, khr rjmdfpjishs, khr idths kj grupd. ]ai jfchrgd, kjcji ehcjr rjspdishcanakhkjs aikavakuhnjs, js kjmar, mhkh uid kj nds aitjgrhitjs kjn grupd kjcj tjijr ui rdn d thrjh. Nds jstukahitjs kjcji shcjr quj ji òntafhs mhkh uid js rjspdishcnj kj nd quj ndgrji mdi su grupd. Pdsacnjs rdnjs phrh nds jstukahitjs sdi2
Njmtdr, ]aitjtazhkdr, Ihrrhkdr, Fdiatdr, Aivjstaghkdr, Hyukhitj, Fdkjrhkdr, Hiafhkdr, Mditrdnhkdr kj tajfpd, Dcsjrvhkdr / rjgastrhkdr, ]ufaiastrd kj fhtjrahnjs, Phrhorhsjhkdr, Odrfunhkdr kj prjgui ths, Jvhnuhkdr, Jimhrghkd kj aistrummadijs, Jsmratdr, Dyjitj, Sjpdrtjrd.
Grèmd 80. Pdsacnjs rdnjs phrh jstukadhitjs (Phrtj kj nh afhgji kasjøhkh pdr Orjjpal.mdf).
Hnguihs odrfhs kj prdfdvjr nh rjspdishcanakhk aikavakuhn sdi2 rfh aikavakuhn ji nds prdkumtds, jn prdojsdr tdfh uih fujstrh hn hzhr kj nds prdkumtds, odrfhs kavjrshs kj jvhnuhmaýi, rjphsds y mdfprdchmadijs pjrfhijitjs kj nd quj sj jstè jstukahikd, rjgastrds pjrsdihnjs kj rjonjxaýi y hutd- jvhnuhmaýi. Hedrh caji, sa sj trhchbh mddpjrhtavhfjitj, nh jvhnuhmaýi kjcj mditjfpnhr hn fjids kds hspjmtds2
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih 37
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
´Muèn ouj jn rjsunthkd hmhkáfamd y kj ndgrd kjn dcbjtavd prdpujstd4 (hspjmtd hmhkáfamd)
´Mýfd trhchbý jn grupd mdfd grupd4 (hspjmtd sdmahn)
Grèmd 88. Hspjmtds phrh jvhnuhmaýi kjn trhchbd mdnhcdrhtavd .
Sjmdrkjfds quj jstj trhchbd mdnhcdrhtavd vh h sjr ouikhfjithn phrh kjshrrdnnhr nhs jstrhtjgahs quj sj kjsmracji h mditaiuhmaýi y quj hyukhi hn fhjstrd h su hmtavakhk kj hunh.
Sjsdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs Zi prdcnjfh pujkj kjiarsj sjgòi nh kamunthk quj prjsjitj phrh jn aikavakud, pdkjfds kjmarEhy quj quj ui prdcnjfh js uih quj mujstaýi phrhnhs nh pjrsdihs quj id ehyaitjrprjthi uih sdnumaýi hphrjitj. tjijr ji mujith id tdkhs jn prdcnjfh kj nh fasfh odrfh, nd quj phrh hnguaji pujkj sjr ui prdcnjfh, phrh dtrh pjrsdih pujkj sjr uih mujstaýi dcvah, kjcakd h sus mdidmafajitds, pjrsdihnakhk y kj nhs jstrhtjgahs quj kaspdigh, uih satuhmaýi afpnamh prdcnjfh d js safpnjfjitj hngd dcvad d h nd sufd ui rdfpjmhcjzhs quj kjcj hrfhr.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih 35
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Ehy hn fjids kds tapds kj prdcnjfhs2
Hcajrtds2 id tajiji uih sdnh sdnumaýi, sdi
sucbjtavds, rjquajrji uih hfpnah ghfh kj aiodrfhmaýi.
Mjrrhkds2 tajiji uih òiamh rjspujsth, sdi dcbjtavds, rjquajrj ui mdidmafajitd jspjmæmd kj támiamhs.
Grèmd 83. [apds kj prdcnjfhs.
Phrh ui jsqujfh aistrummadihn kjcj tjijr ji mujith2
Phrtar kjn mdimjptd quj vhi h trhchbhr ji mnhsj.
Pnhitjhr nh prdcnjfètamh rjnhmadihkh hn mdimjptd quj sj vh h trhchbhr (pujkj sjr prdpujsth pdr jn fhjstrd, pdr nds jstukahitjs d ji mdibuitd).
Hitamaphr nhs hmtavakhkjs quj kjcji sjguar nds jstukahitjs phrh sdnumadihrnd y prdpdiársjnhs.
Jxpnamathr nds hprjikazhbjs hprjikakds ji jn fhrmd kj nh rjsdnumaýi kjn prdcnjfh.
Sjmdidmjr quá shcji y quá id shcji ndskjn jstukahitjs hmjrmh tjfh.
Cusmhr mýfd sj pujkji hpnamhr nds mdimjptds h iujvds aitjrrdghitjs.
Grèmd 8=. Jsqujfh aistrummadihn.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih 31
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Ji jstj jsqujfh sj ehmj jvakjitj quj js mnhvj quj jn prdcnjfh sj rjsujnvh ji jn fhrmd kj hmtavakhkjs y id quj sj jxpdigh h nds jstukahitjs nh sdnumaýi kjn prdcnjfh, jimditrhr jsth sdnumaýi pujkj afpnamhr fòntapnjs hmtavakhkjs pjrd js fuy afpdrthitj quj sjhi aitjrjshitjs, aitjrjshitjs, phrh jstd, pujkj prjguithrsj2
´Muèn js jn prdcnjfh hcdrkhcnj ji jsth satuhmaýi4
´Xuá vh h ehmjr mdi sus jstukahitjs, phrh quá y pdrquá4
´Mýfd jvhnuhrèi jn prdmjsd4
´Mýfd sj pujkj rjsdnvjr jn prdcnjfh, muènjs sdi nhs jstrhtj-
´Muèn js jn mrdidgrhfh4
gahs, fjtdkdndgæh, phsds h sjguar4 ´Xuá rjmursds kaspdiacnjs tajij4
Grèmd 8=. [apds kj prdcnjfhs.
Zi pdsacnj odrfhtd phrh kjshrrdnnhr uih mnhsj kj rjsdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs js2 Odrfhtd 82 Jsqujfh kj pnhijhmaýi kj mnhsj rjsdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih =0
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Odrfhtd 82 Jsqujfh kj pnhijhmaýi kj mnhsj rjsdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs
Grupd2 (jn grupd mdi jn quj trhchbh)
]jsaýi2 (ui prdcnjfh pujkj dmuphr vhrahs sjsadijs kj mnhsj js afpdrthitj hidthr nh sjmujimah)
[jfh2 (jn tjfh kjn murræmund d pnhi kj jstukads quj jstè hcdrkhikd)
Dcbjtavds2 (nd quj vh h hprjikjr jn jstukahitj, id nd quj sj vh h ehmjr ji mnhsj)
Prdcnjfh2 (jn prdcnjfh quj sj vh h hcdrkhr d sj jstè hcdrkhikd ji ui grupd kj mnhsjs) Phsd
Hmmadijs kjn prdojsdr
Jxpdsamaýi kj nh satuhmaýi prdcnjfh.
Kjcj prjsjithr uih satuhmaýi quj js susmjptacnj kj mhpthr nh htjimaýi kj nds jstukahitjs.
Sjmdidmafajitd kj akjhs prjvahs.
Ehmj prjguiths d hmtavakhkjs quj nj pjrfatj rjmdidmjr nd quj nds jstukahitjs yh shcji d
Mdistrummaýi kj nh prjguith prdcnjfh. Guæh prèmtamh (id tajij quj sjr jsmrath, pujkj trhthrsj kj aistrummadijs drhnjs).
pajishi kj fhijrh aituatavh. Mdi chsj ji nh satuhmaýi prdcnjfh mdistruyj uih prjguith prdcnjfh h rjsdnvjr. Prdpdij y guæh uih sjraj kj hmtavakhkjs quj nj vhi h pjrfatar hn jstukahitj rjsdnvjr jn prdcnjfh pujkji sjr kj kavjrsh ihturhnjzh pjrd js mnhvj quj jn jstukahitj tjigh nh dpdrtuiakhk kj pjishr ji jn prdcnjfh j aitjrmhfcahr mdi sus mdfphøjrds ji jn fhrmd
Hmmadijs kjn jstukahitj
Jxpnamath nd quj shcj d mrjj hmjrmh kjn tjfh.
Mdfprjikji hmjrmh kj quá vhi h trhchbhr, quá prdcnjfh kjcji rjsdnvjr. ]j aivdnumrh ji jn kjshrrdnnd kj hmtavakhkjs quj nj vhi h pjrfatar rjsdnvjr ji jquapd jn prdcnjfh.
kj ui trhchbd mddpjrhtavd.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih =8
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Phsd
Hmmadijs kjn prdojsdr
Hmmadijs kjn jstukahitj
]dmahnazhmaýi kj nh sdnumaýi hn prdcnjfh.
Fdkjrh nh prjsjithmaýi kj rjsunthkds pdr phrtj kj nds grupds.
Prjsjithi h sus mdfphøjrds sus rjsunthkds, jstèi kaspujstds h rjmdidmjr quj dtrhs rjspujsths sdi kaojrjitjs y h vjmjs fjbdrjs quj nhs suyhs.
Pnhitjhfajitd kj iujvds jbjs prdcnjfètamd.
Mdi chsj ji nds rjsunthkds fdkjrh uih kasmusaýi hmjrmh kj dtrds aitjrrdghitjs quj qujkhi hcajrtds d quj sj gjijrhi mdi nh mnhsj.
Jxprjshi sus iujvhs prjguiprjguiths j aiquajtukjs h rhæz kjn prdcnjfh.
Odrfhn Odr fhnazh azhmaý maýii mdimj mdimjpt ptuhn. uhn.
Jn pr prdo dojs jsdr dr md mdii hy hyuk ukhh kj md mdiisunths cacnadgrèmhs (ji nd akjhn) odrfhnazh nds hprjikazhbjs quj sj jspjrh nds jstukahitjs ehyhi hkquarakd mdfd prdkumtd kj nh rjsdnumaýi kjn prdcnjfh.
[dfhi hpuitjs, ehmji prjguiths y hyukhi h mdistruar mdimjptds, kjiamadijs d akjhs quj sj prdkumji ji nh rjsdnumaýi kjn prdcnjfh.
Odrfhn Odr fhnazh azhmaý maýii mdimj mdimjpt ptuhn. uhn.
Jn pr prdo dojs jsdr dr md mdii hy hyuk ukhh kj md mdiisunths cacnadgrèmhs (ji nd akjhn) odrfhnazh nds hprjikazhbjs quj sj jspjrh nds jstukahitjs ehyhi hkquarakd mdfd prdkumtd kj nh rjsdnumaýi kjn prdcnjfh.
Jxprjshi sus iujvhs prjguiprjguiths j aiquajtukjs h rhæz kjn prdcnjfh.
Jstrhtjgah kj jvhnuhmaýi2 (kj quá fhijrh kj jvhnuhrè h nds jstukahitjs ji jn mursd kj nh hmtavakhk d hn ihn kj ui grupd kj hmtavakhkjs) Mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi2 (muènjs sdi nds mratjrads quj ushrè phrh kjmakar jn iavjn kj kjsjfpjød kj ui jstukahitj) [rhchbd phrh nh mhsh2 (mýfd pujkji mditaiuhr nds jstukahitjs nds hprjikazhbjs kj fhijrh [rhchbd hutýidfh) Idths kjn prdojsdr2 (hpuitjs hmjrmh kj nd quj sumjkj ji mnhsj quj sjh òtan phrh nd quj vajij y phrh iutrar su prdpah prèmtamh)
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih =3
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Kj jstj jbjfpnd kj pnhijhmaýi sj kjsprjikj uih nasth kj mejqujd quj nj pujkj hyukhr h shcjr sa nh hmtavakhk mufpnj mdi mhrhmtjræstamhs prdpahs kj nh rjsdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs2 Mratjrad
]æ
Id
Jxastj ui prdcnjfh hcdrkhcnj pdr nds jstukahitjs. Jn prdcnjfh pjrfatj hcdrkhr ui tjfh kjn murræmund. Jstè mnhrd nd quj nds jstukahitjs vhi h hprjikjr. ]j tajij ji mujith nd quj nds jstukahitjs yh shcji. Nhs hmtavakhkjs pjrfatji rjsdnvjr jn prdcnjfh. Nhs hmtavakhkjs pdtjimahi jn pjishfajitd mrætamd fès hnnè kj nh mrjjimah. Nhs hmtavakhkjs pjrfatji hprjikjr nhs tjfètamhs jsthcnjmakhs ji jn murræmund. Jstè prjvastd mýfd shcjr sa nds jstukahitjs hprjikajrdi nd quj sj jspjrhch. ]j mujithi mdi mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi mnhrds y pòcnamds.
Ji nh uiakhk : kj nh Mhbh kj nh Ejrrhfajiths jimditrhrè ui jbjfpnd kj uih pnhijhmaýi ejmeh chshkh ji rjsdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs phrh ui hprjikazhbj ji fhtjfètamhs.
Hprjikazhbj pdr prdyjmtds Zi prdyjmtd js uih jstrhtjgah quj pjrfatj drghiazhr y drajithr hmmadijs ji jn hunh quj rjspdikhi h ui prdpýsatd kjtjrfaihkd, ji jstj sjitakd pujkj sdnumadihr ui prdcnjfh quj ihmj ji nh mdfuiakhk d ji nh prdpah kasmapnaih htjikajikd ijmjsakhkjs rjnjvhitjs y ndgrhikd mhfcads ji nds jstukahitjs y ji nh aistatumaýi ji gjijrhn.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih ==
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
]j jspjrh quj ji jn kjshrrdnnd kj ui prdyjmtd nds jstukahitjs sj jiorjitji h rjsdnvjr prdcnjfhs ji nds quj pujkhi ushr sus mdidmafajitds y ehcanakhkjs y quj ji jn fhrmd kj ui trhchbd mdnjmtavd, kjshrrdnnji mdidmafajitds, kjstrjzhs y hmtatukjs. Ji jsth jstrhtjgah nds jstukahitjs tajiji dpdrtuiakhkjs phrh mdfprjikjr mdimjptds y prdmjkafajitds ji nh prèmtamh, hsæ fasfd nds jstukahitjs pujkji rjsdnvjr thrjhs mdfpnjbhs ji jn fhrmd kj ui trhchbd mdnhcdrhtavd ji jn quj jn hprjikazhbj id sj kh pdr trhisfasaýi said ji jn fhrmd kj uih mdistrummaýi mdnjmtavh y hpnamhkh. Pujkj drghiazhr jsth aiodrfhmaýi kj jsth odrfh2
Prdcnjfh.
Dcbjtavd gjijrhn2 (phrh quá sj ehmj jn prdyjmtd).
Dcbjtavds jspjmæmds2 (quá hprjikjrèi hprjikjr èi nds jstukahitjs ji mhkh èrjh, quá jxpjmthjxpjmthtavhs mdfuiathrahs sj vhi h shtasohmjr).
Sjsunthkds jspjrhkds.
Sjmursds.
Hmtavakhkjs.
Mrdidgrhfh.
Jstrhtjgah kj jvhnuhmaýi.
Grèmd 8;. Jsqujfh phrh drghiazhmaýi kj nh aiodrfhmaýi.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih =;
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Phrh ndgrhr ehmjr jstd, ehy vhrads hmtdrjs aivdnumrhkds2
Jstukahitjs
Grè Grèmd mdy mdidmjr 8:. Jstukahitjs2 Kjcji shcjrkj shcjr quá shcji id shcjikjn hmjrmh kjn tjfh kjn d prdcnjfètamh, mdid mjr sus jxpjmthtavhs nds pdsacnjs hpdrtjs jnnds phrhynhquá rjsdnumaýi prdcnjfh (Afhgji kasjøhkh pdrmdidmjr Orjjpal.mdf).
Karjmtavds kj nh jsmujnh
Grèmd 8?. Karjmtavds kj nh jsmujnh2 Ijgdmahr nh pdsacanakhk kj aistatumadihnazhmaýi kj nh prdpujsth y nh vahcanakhk kj nnjvhrnh h mhcd (Afhgji kasjøhkh pdr Orjjpal.mdf).
Fajfcrds kj nh mdfuiakhk
Grèmd 87. Fajfcrds kj nh mdfuiakhk2 ji mhsd quj jn prdyjmtd rjspdikh h ui prdcnjfh mdfuiathrad, vhnj nh pjih shcjr nhs hmmadijs quj eh jfprjikakd nh mdfuiakhk, shcjr jn mdidmafajitd y nds rjmursds quj tajij nh mdfuiakhk hmjrmh kjn tjfh, nnjghr h hmujrkds sdcrj nhs kaojrjitjs hmmadijs quj pdkræhi ehmjr ji mdibuitd (Afhgji kasjøhkh pdr Orjjpal.mdf).
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih =:
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Zi prdyjmtd afpnamh quj nds jstukahitjs sj aivdnumrji ji hmtavakhkjs hutáitamhs quj vhi h pjrfatar su hprjikazhbj kj nh fhid mdi dtrds jstukahitjs y fajfcrds kj nh mdfuiakhk. Zi pdsacnj odrfhtd phrh kjshrrdnnhr uih mnhsj ji jn fhrmd kj ui prdyjmtd2
Odrfhtd 32 Jsqujfh kj pnhijhmaýi kj mnhsj ji jn fhrmd kj ui prdyjmtd
Grupd2 (jn grupd mdi jn quj trhchbh)
]jsaýi2 (ui prdyjmtd pujkj dmuphr vhrahs sjsadijs kj mnhsj js afpdrthitj hidthr nh sjmujimah)
[jfh2 (jn tjfh kjn murræmund d pnhi kj jstukads quj jstè hcdrkhikd)
Dcbjtavds2 (nd quj vh h hprjikjr jn jstukahitj, id nd quj sj vh h ehmjr ji mnhsj)
Prdyjmtd2 (jn prdyjmtd quj sj jstè kjshrrdnnhikd ji ui grupd kj mnhsjs y sa jstè kavakakd, nh phrtj kjn prdyjmtd quj sj trhchbh ji jn èrjh) è rjh) Phsd
Hmmadijs kjn prdojsdr
Hmmadijs kjn jstukahitj
Sjmhpa Sjm hpatun tunhma hmaýi ýi kjn kjn prd prdyjm yjmtd. td.
Prjsjith Prjsj ith jn prd prdyjm yjmtd td d nh phrt phrtjj kjn prdyjmtd ji nh quj vhi h trhchbhr.
Sjmdidmafajitd kj akjhs prjvahs.
Ehmj prjguiths d hmtavakhkjs quj nj pjrfatj rjmdidmjr nd quj nds jstukahitjs yh shcji d pajishi kj fhijrh aituatavh.
Jxpnamath nd quj shcj d mrjj hmjrmh kjn tjfh.
Mdistrummaýi kj nh thrjh d prjguith.
Mdi chsj ji jn mrdidgrhfh kjn prdyjmtd hmujrkh nh thrjh d prjguith jspjmæmh phrh nh mnhsj.
Mdfprjikji hmjrmh kj quá vhi h trhchbhr.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih =?
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Guæh prèmtamh (id tajij quj sjr jsmrath, pujkj trhthrsj kj aistrummadijs drhnjs).
Prdpdij y guæh uih sjraj kj hmtavakhkjs quj nj vhi h pjrfatar hn jstukahitj ehmjr su trhchbd pujkji sjr kj kavjrsh ihturhnjzh pjrd js mnhvj quj jn jstukahitj tjigh nh dpdrtuiakhk kj pjishr ji jn prdcnjfh j aitjrmhfcahr mdi sus mdfphøjrds ji jn fhrmd kj ui trhchbd mddpjrhtavd.
]j aivdnumrh ji jn kjshrrdnnd kj hmtavakhkjs quj nj vhi h pjrfatar mufpnar su thrjh.
]d ]dma mahn hnaz azhm hmaý aýii kjn kjn tr trhc hchb hbd. d.
Fdk dkjr jrhh nh nh pr prjs jsji jitthm hmaý aýii kj kj rjsunthkds pdr phrtj kj nds grupds.
Prjsjithi h sus mdfphøjrds sus rjsunthkds, jstèi kaspujstds h rjmdidmjr quj dtrhs rjspujsths sdi kaojrjitjs y h vjmjs fjbdrjs quj nhs suyhs.
Odrf Od rfhn hnaz azhm hmaý aýii mdim mdimjp jptu tuhn hn..
Jn prd prdoojs jsdr dr mdi mdi hyu hyukh kh kj kj mdimdisunths cacnadgrèmhs (ji nd akjakjhn) odrfhnazh nds hprjikazhbjs quj sj jspjrh nds jstukahitjs ehyhi hkquarakd mdfd prdkumtd kj nh hmtavakhk kj mnhsj.
[dfhi hpuitjs, ehmji prjguiths y hyukhi h mdistruar mdimjptds, kjiamadijs d akjhs quj sj prdkumji ji nh hmtavakhk.
Prdyjmmaýi kjn trhchbd h vjiar.
Mdi chsj ji nds rjsunthkds fdkjrh uih kasmusaýi hmjrmh kj
Jxprjshi sus iujvhs prjguiprjguiths j aiquajtukjs y mdfprd-
nd ehi ndgrhkd nd quj saguj d nhquj rjnhmaýi mdi jn ytrhchb trhchbd d kj dtrhs èrjhs.
fasds.
Jstrhtjgah kj jvhnuhmaýi2 (kj quá fhijrh kj jvhnuhrè h nds jstukahitjs ji jn mursd kj nh hmtavakhk d hn ihn kj ui grupd kj hmtavakhkjs) Mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi2 (muènjs sdi nds mratjrads quj ushrè phrh kjmakar jn iavjn kj kjsjfpjød kj ui jstukahitj) [rhchbd phrh nh mhsh2 (mýfd pujkji mditaiuhr nds jstukahitjs nds hprjikazhbjs kj fhijrh [rhchbd hutýidfh) Idths kjn prdojsdr2 (hpuitjs hmjrmh kj nd quj sumjkj ji mnhsj quj sjh òtan phrh nd quj vajij y phrh iutrar su prdpah prèmtamh)
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih =7
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Kj jstj jbjfpnd kj pnhijhmaýi sj kjsprjikj uih nasth kj mejqujd quj nj pujkj hyukhr h shcjr sa nh hmtavakhk mufpnj mdi mhrhmtjræstamhs prdpahs kjn trhchbd pdr prdyjmtds2 Mratjrad
]æ
Id
Nh mnhsj sj jifhrmh ji jn kjshrrdnnd kj ui prdyjmtd. Jn prdyjmtd aivdnumrh h vhrads hmtdrjs kj nh mdfuiakhk. Jn prdyjmtd js rjnjvhitj phrh nds jstukahitjs y/d nh mdfuiakhk. Jn prdyjmtd pjrfatj hcdrkhr nhs tjfètamhs kjn murræmund. Jstè mnhrd nd quj nds jstukahitjs vhi h hprjikjr. ]j tajij ji mujith nd quj nds jstukahitjs yh shcji. Nhs hmtavakhkjs pjrfatji hvhizhr ji jn prdyjmtd. Nhs hmtavakhkjs pdtjimahi jn pjishfajitd mrætamd fès hnnè kj nh mrjjimah. Nh hmtavakhk sj mdfpnjfjith mdi dtrhs mnhsjs d èrjhs. Jstè prjvastd mýfd shcjr sa nds jstukahitjs hprjikajrdi nd quj sj jspjrhch. ]j mujithi mdi mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi mnhrds y pòcnamds.
Ji nh uiakhk ; kj nh Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths jimditrhrè ui jbjfpnd kj uih pnhijhmaýi ejmeh chshkh ji prdyjmtds phrh jn hprjikazhbj kj nh njmtdjsmratur njmtdjsmraturh. h.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih =5
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Hprjikazhb Hprjikazhbjj pdr aivjstaghmaýi Jsth prdpujsth phrtj kj nh akjh quj mhkh kasmapnaih tajij uihs odrfhs phrtamunhrjs kj mdistruar mdidmafajitd. Jsd sagiamh quj mhkh kasmapnaih tajij uihs prjguiths y uids fátdkds phrh rjspdikjrnhs, quj nj sdi phrtamunhrjs y quj nh kjiji ji mditrhpdsamaýi h dtrhs odrfhs d fdkds kj mdidmafajitd. Kameds fátdkds pdkræhi sjr rjprdkumakds pdr nds jstukahitjs phrh hprjikjr id sýnd mdidmafajitds prdpads kj nh kasmapnaih said thfcaái, nhs odrfhs ji quj nh kasmapnaih sj mdistruyj, js kjmar prdmjkafajitds prdpads kj nh kasmapnaih y mujstadihfajitds prdpads kj nh kasmapnaih. Nds jstukahitjs quj aitjrhmtòji mdi ui majrtd shcjr, h trhvás kj odrfhs prdpahs kj nh kasmapnaih, hprjikji h odrfunhr prjguiths y h rjsdnvjrnhs kj fhijrh mdejrjitj, ghihikd ji su mhphmakhk mrætamh pdrquj vhi h tjijr nhs ejrrhfajiths phrh jvhnuhr aiodrfhmaýi y prdmjkafajitds. Pdr fjkad kj nh prdpujsth sj cusmh ui mhfcad mdimjptuhn pujs jn hprjikazhbj js ui prdmjsd mrjmajitj ji kdikj nds iaøds mdistruyji ui rjpjrtdrad kj mdidmafajitds, ehcanakhkjs y eècatds fjithnjs.
Pnhitjhr satuhmadijs prdcnjfètamhs quj gjijrji aitjrás y prdpdrmadiji uih mdimjpmaýi prjnafaihr kj nh thrjh.
Jstukahr muhnathtavhfjitj nhs satuhmadijs prdcnjfètamhs pnhitjhkhs.
Grèmd 85. Prdmjsd kj hprjikazhbj.
Drajithr jn trhthfajitd majitæmd kj nds prdcnjfhs jstukahkds.
Pnhitjhr jn fhijbd rjatjrhkd kj nds iujvds mdidmafajitds ji uih vhrajkhk kj satuhmadijs.
Ohvdrjmjr nhs hmtavakhkjs kj sæitjsas, nh jnhcdrhmaýi kj prdkumtds y nh mdimjpmaýi kj iujvds prdcnjfhs.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih =1
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Nh mnhsj jstè drajithkh pdr uih prjguith prdpah kj nh kasmapnaih quj kjtjrfaih nds dcbjtavds kj hprjikazhbj y nhs hmtavakhkjs kj mnhsj. Nh odrfh kj rjspdikjr nh prjguith kjcj sjr uih odrfh mdejrjitj mdi nhs kasmapnaih kj fhijrh quj nds jstukahitjs mdistruyhi su mdidmafajitd saguajikd fátdkds safanhrjs h nds quj ushi nhs pjrsdihs quj mdistruyji mdidmafajitd ji jsh kasmapnaih. Jstj mdibuitd kj jstrhtjgahs tajiji mdfd prdpýsatd mdijmthr nh aivjstaghmaýi mdi nh jisjøhizh, kasjøhikd ui pnhi kj mnhsj ji kdikj nds jstukahitjs rjquajrji ehmjr mdijxadijs aitjnjmtuhnjs y prèmtamhs jitrj jn mditjiakd y ehcanakhkjs kjmnhrhkds ji jn prdgrhfh, y nds jiodqujs kj aivjstaghmaýi y orditjrhs kasmapnaihsmditracuyhi quj nd mdfpdiji. Jstd afpnamh qujjnid sýnd nds rjsunthkdskj kjnhs aivjstaghmaýi hn murræmund said thfcaái, prdmjsd kj aivjstaghmaýi, hn jstrumturhr jn prdmjsd kj jisjøhizh ” hprjikazhbj. Pdr supujstd, jstd id vh h sjr pdsacnj sa nds jstukahitjs id hprjikji h ushr ejrrhfajiths kj aivjstaghmaýi (jtidgrhoæh, hiènasas kj khtds, jsthkæstamh, dcsjrvhmaýi…). _hrads hutdrjs ehi kdmufjithkd quj nh aivjstaghmaýi js ui prdmjsd kj hprjikazhbj ji sæ fasfh, js kj ejmed nh jstrhtjgah praimaphn pdr nh muhn nds outurds prdojsadihnjs prdkumji mdidmafajitd. Pdr jnnd, mdisakjrhi quj jsth rjnhmaýi „aivjstaghmaýi ” hprjikazhbj‖ kjcjræh sjr uih mhrhmtjræstamh jsjimahn kj nds prdmjsds kj jisjøhizh ” hprjikazhbj quj sj khi hn aitjradr kjn hunh kj mnhsj. Nhs aivjstaghmadijs quj sj rjhnazhi ji nds kaojrjitjs iavjnjs jkumhtavds tajiji dtrds hnmhimjs y jn mdidmafajitd quj ji jnnhs sj dctajij id js iujvd mdidmafajitd, said quj js mdidmafajitd quj yh sj mdidmj pjrd quj nds jstukahitjs id mdidmji. Oaihnfjitj mdfd jn fhjstrd mdidmj jn mdidmafajitd quj sj jspjrh quj jn jstukahitj hprjikh y hkjfès mdidmj nh fhijrh mdfd nh eufhiakhk nnjgý h mdidmjrnd, pujkj prdpdijr h nds jstukahitjs prdmjsds safanhrjs (huiquj fès mdrtds ji tajfpd y odrfh) phrh quj nds jstukahitjs nd rjmdistruyhi, jsths jstrhtjgahs pujkji aimnuar2
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih ;0
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Jxpdsamaýi rjvjnhkdrh kj prdcnjfhs
Jxpnamhmaýi aiodrfhkh kj tjdræhs (quj jxjxpnamathi kj kýikj sj dctuvajrdi)
Aivjstaghmaýi faiumadsh kj prdcnjfhs
]æitjsas uiamhuiamhkdrh kj hspjmtds kavjrgjitjs
Jn
Hpnamhmaýi kj tjdræhs h prdcnjfhs prèmtamds
kjsmucrafajitd kj iujvhs akjhs
Grèmd 81. Jstrhtjgahs phrh nh mdistrummaýi kjn mdidmafajitd (Phrtj mdidmafajitd (Phrtj kj nh afhgji kasjøhkh pdr Orjjpal.mdf).
Odrfhtd =2 Jsqujfh kj pnhijhmaýi kj mnhsj phrh jn hprjikazhbj pdr aivjstaghmaýi
Grupd2
]jsaýi2
(jn grupd mdi jn quj trhchbh)
(ui prdyjmtd pujkj dmuphr vhrahs sjsadijs kj mnhsj js afpdrthitj hidthr nh sjmujimah)
[jfh2 (jn tjfh kjn murræmund d pnhi kj jstukads quj jstè hcdrkhikd)
Dcbjtavds2 (nd quj vh h hprjikjr jn jstukahitj, id nd quj sj vh h ehmjr ji mnhsj)
Aivjstaghmaýi2 (nh jxpndrhmaýi quj sj vh h kjshrrdnnhr)
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih ;8
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Phsd
Hmmadijs kjn prdojsdr
Hmmadijs kjn jstukahitj
Mditjxtd.
Prjsjith nh aivjstaghmaýi quj sj prdpdij h nds jstukahitjs.
Sjmdidmafajitd kj akjhs prjvahs.
Ehmj prjguiths d hmtavakhkjs quj nj pjrfatj rjmdidmjr nd quj nds jstukahitjs yh shcji d pajishi kj fhijrh aituatavh.
Jxpnamath nd quj shcj d mrjj hmjrmh kjn tjfh.
Prjg Pr jgui uith th kj kj aivjs aivjsta tagh ghma maýi ýi..
Prjsji Prjs jith th d mdi mdisstr truy uyjj mdi mdi nd ndss jstukahitjs nh prjguith kj ai-
Mdfprjikji hmjrmh kj quá vhi h trhchbhr.
vjstaghmaýi quj sj vh h trhchbhr ”pujkj jsthr jifhrmhkh ji uih grhi prjguith quj sj kjshrrdnnh ji uih sjraj kj mnhsjs”. Js afpdrthitj quj jsth prjguith sj pujkh rjsdnvjr mdi nds fátdkds prdpads kj nh kasmapnaih. Prjk Pr jkam amma madi dijs js d eap eapýt ýtjs jsas as..
Nds js Nds jstu tuka kahi hitj tjss gj gjij ijrrhi pr prjk jkam am-madijs d eapýtjsas hmjrmh kj nh pdsacnj rjspujsth h nh prjguith kj aivjstaghmaýi.
Sjmdnjmmaýi kj khtds y hièna-
Prdpdij jstrhtjgahs phrh quj
]j aivdnumrh ji jn kjshrrdnnd
sas (kjcj mdrrjspdikjr mdi nhs odrfhs kj aivjstaghmaýi quj utanazh nh kasmapnaih).
nds jstukahitjs rjmdnjmtji khtds quj njs pjrfathi rjspdikjr nh prjguith kj aivjstaghmaýi. Nds khtds ji sæ fasfds id sdi sumajitjs, nh jstrhtjgah kjcj mditjfpnhr jstrhtjgahs kj hiènasas kj nds khtds.
kj hmtavakhkjs quj nj vhi h pjrfatar rjsdnvjr nh prjguith kj aivjstaghmaýi.
]dma ]d mahn hnaz azhm hmaý aýii kjn kjn tr trhc hchb hbd. d.
Fdkjr jrhh nh pr prjsjithm hmaý aýii kj rjsunthkds pdr phrtj kj nds grupds.
Prjsjithi h sus mdfphøjrds sus rjsunthkds, chsèikdsj ji nds khtds dctjiakds y jstèi kaspujstds h rjmdidmjr quj dtrhs rjspujsths sdi kaojrjitjs y h vjmjs fjbdrjs quj nhs suyhs.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
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Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Od Odrf rfhn hnaz azhm hmaý aýii mdim mdimjp jptu tuhn. hn.
Jn pr prdo dojs jsdr dr md mdii hyu hyukh kh kj md mdiisunths cacnadgrèmhs cacnadgrèmhs (ji nd akjhn) odrfhnazh nds hprjikazhbjs quj sj jspjrh nds jstukahitjs ehyhi hkquarakd mdfd prdkumtd kj nh hmtavakhk kj mnhsj.
[dfhi hpuitjs, ehmji prjguiths y hyukhi h mdistruar mdimjptds, kjiamadijs d akjhs quj sj prdkumji ji nh hmtavakhk.
Prdyjmmaýi kjn trhchbd h vjiar.
Mdi chsj ji nds rjsunthkds fdkjrh uih kasmusaýi hmjrmh kj nd quj ehi ndgrhkd y nhs iujvhs prjguiths pdsacnjs.
Jxprjshi sus iujvhs prjguiprjguiths j aiquajtukjs y mdfprdfasds.
Jstrhtjgah kj jvhnuhmaýi2 (kj quá fhijrh kj jvhnuhrè h nds jstukahitjs ji jn mursd kj nh hmtavakhk d hn ihn kj ui grupd kj hmtavakhkjs) Mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi2 (muènjs sdi nds mratjrads quj ushrè phrh kjmakar jn iavjn kj kjsjfpjød kj ui jstukahitj) [rhchbd phrh nh mhsh2 (mýfd pujkji mditaiuhr nds jstukahitjs nds hprjikazhbjs kj fhijrh [rhchbd hutýidfh) Idths kjn prdojsdr2 (hpuitjs hmjrmh kj nd quj sumjkj ji mnhsj quj sjh òtan phrh nd quj vajij y phrh iutrar su prdpah prèmtamh)
Pègaih ;=
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA | Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Kj jstj jbjfpnd kj pnhijhmaýi sj kjsprjikj uih nasth kj mejqujd quj nj pujkj hyukhr h shcjr sa nh hmtavakhk mufpnj mdi mhrhmtjræstamhs prdpahs kjn hprjikazhbj pdr aivjstaghmaýi2 Mratjrad
]æ
Id
Nh mnhsj mujith mdi uih prjguith kj aivjstaghmaýi mdejrjitj mdi nh kasmapnaih. Nh prjguith kj aivjstaghmaýi sj jifhrmh ji jn pnhi kj jstukads. Nh prjguith kj aivjstaghmaýi sj pujkj rjspdikjr mdi fátdkds prdpads kj nh aivjstaghmaýi ji nh kasmapnaih Nh mnhsj mdisakjrh hmtavakhkjs quj pjrfathi hn jstukahitj rjsdnvjr nh prjguith kj aivjstaghmaýi saguajikd fátdkds prdpads kj nh kasmapnaih. Jstè mnhrd nd quj nds jstukahitjs vhi h hprjikjr. ]j tajij ji mujith nd quj nds jstukahitjs yh shcji. Nds jstukahitjs rjspdikji nh prjguith h phrtar kj khtds. Nhs hmtavakhkjs pdtjimahi jn pjishfajitd mrætamd fès hnnè kj nh mrjjimah. Nh rjspujsth h nh prjguith kj aivjstaghmaýi pjrfatj odrfhnazhr hprjikazhbjs Jstè prjvastd mýfd shcjr sa nds jstukahitjs hprjikajrdi nd quj sj jspjrhch. ]j mujithi mdi mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi mnhrds y pòcnamds.
Ji nh uiakhk ? kj nh Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths jimditrhrè ui jbjfpnd kj uih pnhijhmaýi ejmeh chshkh ji aivjstaghmaýi phrh nhs majimahs m ajimahs ihturhnjs. ihturhnjs.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih ;;
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
]jfaihrads sdmrètamds Jn sjfaihrad d hunh sdmrètamh ihmj kj nh pjkhgdgæh kj ]ýmrhtjs y mdisastj ji jn kjshrrdnnd kj mdidmafajitd h trhvás kj prjguiths jsjimahnjs, jsjimahnjs, ji gjijrhn hpdrth h nnjghr hn odikd kj nds prdpads hrgufjitds y jvhnuhrnds, kjsmucrajikd ji hnguids mhsds quj sdi aimdfpnjtds d aimdrrjmtds. Jsth prdpujsth mditrhkamj nh prjvhnjimah kjn fdkjnd mnèsamd kj prdojsdr pdsjjkdr kj tdkhs nhs rjspujsths y prdpdij vdnmhr jn tajfpd kjn hunh h nh mdivjrshmaýi y nh njmturh. Jsth prdpujsth sj pujkj kjiar mdfd uih mdivjrmdivjr shmaýi sj jstrumturh hkjphrtar kj nhh njmturh y pdstjradr hiènasas kj odrfunh. ui tjxtd y quj sjquj vh jstrumturhikd hmujrkd nhs prjguiths quj jn prdojsdr Jsth mdivjrshmaýi tajij mdfd dcbjtavd quj nds jstukahitjs jxpndrji jn tjfh y sus hrgufjitds, phrh nnjghr h mdimnusadijs sýnakhs, mdistruakhs ji jn fhrmd kj uih mdivjrshmaýi hrgufjithkh. Ji jstj jbjrmamad nds jstukahitjs hprjikji y fjbdrhi su mdfprjisaýi njmtdrh, kjshrrdnnhi pjishfajitd mrætamd, mhphmakhk kj hiènasas y kj sæitjsas, kj mdfphrhmaýi j aiojrjimahs, kj rjnhmadihr y bjrhrquazhr jtm.
Dcsjrvhmaýi Hmtavakhkjs kj sjfaihrad Prjguiths
Ehcanakhkjs aitjnjmtuhnjs h kjshrrdnnhr
[jxtd
Grèmd 30. Mujstadihfajitd y jn hiènasas kj aiodrfhmaýi rjnjvhitj.
y jvhnuhmaýi
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
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Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Ji nds ]jfaihrads ]dmrètamds jn hprjikazhbj js uih jspjmaj kj „mdionamtd kj akjhs‖ quj gjijrh iujvd mdidmafajitd fjkahitj jn mujstadihfajitd y jn hiènasas kj aiodrfhmaýi rjnjvhitj, jstd supdij quj sj jsmdbhi fuy caji nds tjxtds sdcrj nds quj sj vhi h trhchbhr, sdi prdpamads nds tjxtds quj khi fès aiodrfhmaýi hmjrmh kj nhs mdimnusadijs quj prjsjithi y quj kdmufjithi nh fhijrh mdfd nhs mdimnusadijs oujrdi dctjiakhs y nds kjchtjs quj hòi id sj ehi sdnvjithkd. Jn prdojsdr mhfcah su rdn ji jn fhrmd kj jstds sjfaihrads, sa caji js án quaji jsmdgj ui tjxtd mdi aiodrfhmaýi hkjmuhkh y sumajitjfjitj jstafunhitj, su rdn mhfcah yh quj id js án quaji prdvjj prdvjj nds hprjikazhbjs hprjikazhbjs ihnjs kj nds jstukahitjs said quj su phpjn js2
Ehmjr prjguiths prdkumtavhs, quj nnjvji h nds jstukahitjs h kjsgndshr y hihnazhr jn tjxtd, cusmhikd prdchcnjfjitj fès aiodrfhmaýi. Jsths prjguiths kjcji pjrfatar jn surgafajitd kj dtrhs quj fdvanamji nh kasmusaýi jitrj nds jstukahitjs gjijrèikdsj ui kaèndgd onuakd, mujstadihkdr y prdkumtavd.
Fhitjijr nh kasmusaýi mjitrhkh pdr fjkad kj prjguiths quj nnjvji h nds phrtamaphitjs h hmnhrhr sus
SDN KJN KDMJI[J
puitds kj vasth.
Drghiazhr nh aiodrfhmaýi quj vh surgajikd ji fjkad kj nh mdivjrshmaýi yh quj js fuy afpdrthitj jimditrhr puitds kj mdivjrgjimahnhs y mdimnusaýi ji jn fhrmd kj kasmusadijs.
Fhitjijr h nds phrtamaphitjs aivdnumrhkds hmtavhfjitj ji nh kasmusaýi. Js fuy afpdrthitj quj tdkds phrtamapji, phrh jstd pujkj sjr afpdrthitj vaganhr quj id ehyh ui fdidpdnad kj nh phnhcrh.
Grèmd 38. Mujstadihfajitd y jn hiènasas kj aiodrfhmaýi rjnjvhitj.
Pdr supujstd jstd id js pdsacnj sai uih pnhijhmaýi quj afpnaquj mdidmjr jn tjxtd y pnhijhr nh fhijrh kj quj nh mdivjrshmaýi m divjrshmaýi jvdnumadij ihturhnfjitj. ihturhnfjitj.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
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Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Odrfhtd ;2 Jsqujfh kj pnhijhmaýi kj mnhsj ji ui sjfaihrad sdmrètamd
Grupd2 (jn grupd mdi jn quj trhchbh)
]jsaýi2 (sa sj jstè trhchbhikd ui tjxtd sumajitjfjitj nhrgd, js pdsacnj quj jn sjfaihrad nnjvj fès kj uih sjsaýi)
[jfh2 (jn tjfh kjn murræmund d pnhi kj jstukads quj jstè hcdrkhikd)
Dcbjtavds2 (nd quj vh h hprjikjr jn jstukahitj, id nd quj sj vh h ehmjr ji mnhsj)
[jxtd d oujitj2 (jn sjfaihrad sj kjshrrdnnh h phrtar kj ui kdmufjitd ji odrfh kj tjxtd d hukadvasuhn) Phsd
Hmmadijs kjn prdojsdr
Hmmadijs kjn jstukahitj
Prjsjithmaýi kjn tjxtd, oujitj d tjfh.
Prjsjith jn tjfh, tjxtd d ouji- ouji- tj quj sj trhchbhrè, ji nd pdsacnj jifhrmhkh ji ui mditjxtd.
Jxpjmthtavhs j akjhs kj phrtakh.
Ehmj prjguiths d hmtavakhkjs Jxpnamath nd quj shcj d mrjj quj nj pjrfatj rjmdidmjr nd quj hmjrmh kjn tjfh. jspjrhi nds jstukahitjs kj nh hmtavakhk y nd quj yh mdidmji.
[rhchbd [r hchbd mdi jn tjxtd.
Kj fhijrh aikavakuhn d mdnjm- Mdfprjikji jn tjxtd oujitj. tavh hyukh h nds jstukahitjs h quj aitjrrdguji jn tjxtd, nd mujstadiji y sdcrj tdkd nd jitajikhi.
Kasmusaýi.
Odrfunh prjguiths quj vh h hyukhr h nds jstukahitjs h kjshrrdnnhr sus hrgufjitds y mdfprjisaýi kjn tjxtd (jstd sj pujkj ehmehmjr ji grupds d ji fjsh rjkdikh).
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih ;7
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
]d ]dma mahn hnaz azhm hmaý aýii kjn trhc hchb hbd. d.
Fdkjr Fdk jrhh nh prjs jsji jith thma maýi ýi kj Prjsjithi h sus mdfphøjrds rjsunthkds pdr phrtj kj nds sus akjhs. grupds, sa nds eucd d ui chnhimj hmjrmh kj nd kjshrrdnnhkd mjitrhkds ji nh prjguith kj ´quá hprjikafds4
Odrf Od rfhn hnaz azhm hmaý aýii md mdim imjp jptu tuhn hn..
Jn pr prdo dojs jsdr dr od odrf rfhn hnaz azhh nd ndss hprjikazhbjs quj sj jspjrh nds jstukahitjs ehyhi hkquarakd mdfd prdkumtd kj nh hmtavakhk kj mnhsj.
Prdyjmmaýi kjn trhchbd h vjiar.
Mdi chsj ji nh prjguith kj Jxprjshi sus iujvhs prjguiprjgui´mýfd pdkjfds hpnamhr nd ths j aiquajtukjs y mdfprdhprjikakd4 Fdkjrh uih kasmusaýi fasds. hmjrmh kj nd quj sj pujkj ehmjr ji hkjnhitj.
[dfhi hpuitjs, ehmji prjguiths y hyukhi h mdistruar mdimjptds, kjiamadijs d akjhs quj sj prdkumji ji nh hmtavakhk.
Jstrhtjgah kj jvhnuhmaýi2 (kj quá fhijrh kj jvhnuhrè h nds jstukahitjs ji jn mursd kj nh hmtavakhk d hn ihn kj ui grupd kj hmtavakhkjs) Mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi2 (muènjs sdi nds mratjrads quj ushrè phrh kjmakar jn iavjn kj kjsjfpjød kj ui jstukahitj) [rhchbd phrh nh mhsh2 (mýfd pujkji mditaiuhr nds jstukahitjs nds hprjikazhbjs [rhchbd h prjikazhbjs kj fhijrh hutýidfh) Idths kjn prdojsdr2 (hpuitjs hmjrmh kj nd quj sumjkj ji mnhsj quj sjh òtan phrh nd quj vajij y phrh iutrar su prdpah prèmtamh)
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Pègaih ;5
Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
Kj jstj jbjfpnd kj pnhijhmaýi sj kjsprjikj uih nasth kj mejqujd quj nj pujkj hyukhr h shcjr sa nh hmtavakhk mufpnj mdi mhrhmtjræstamhs prdpahs kjn sjfaihrad sdmrètamd2 Mratjrad
]æ
Id
Nh mnhsj sj jstrumturh h phrtar kj uih rjonjxaýi prdouikh. Nh mnhsj sj mjitrh ji nh kasmusaýi kj akjhs y hrgufjitds. Nh mnhsj phrtj kj uih rjonjxaýi sdcrj ui tjfh d uih oujitj. Nh mnhsj mdisakjrh hmtavakhkjs quj pjrfathi hn jstukahitj kjshrrdnnhr sus akjhs y hrgufjitds. Jstè mnhrd nd quj nds jstukahitjs vhi h hprjikjr. ]j tajij ji mujith nd quj nds jstukahitjs yh shcji. Nds jstukahitjs mdistruyji ji jn kahndgd sus hprjikazhbjs. Nhs hmtavakhkjs pdtjimahi jn pjishfajitd mrætamd fès hnnè kj nh mrjjimah. Nh sæitjsas kjn kjchtj pjrfatj odrfhnazhr hprjikazhbjs. h prjikazhbjs. Jstè prjvastd mýfd shcjr sa nds jstukahitjs hprjikajrdi nd quj sj jspjrhch. ]j mujithi mdi mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi mnhrds y pòcnamds.
Ji nh uiakhk 7 kj nh Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths jimditrhrè ui jbjfpnd kj uih pnhijhmaýi ejmeh h phrtar kj ui sjfaihrad sdmrètamd phrh nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AA - Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji jn hunh
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Ziakhk = Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
Aitrdkummaýi Ji jsth uiakhk sj jxpndrhi nds jnjfjitds quj kjcj tjijr uih pnhijhmaýi kj mnhsjs, cusmhikd khrnj sjitakd h kaojrjitjs jnjfjitds pjkhgýgamds quj dmurrji hitjs, kurhitj y kjspuás kj nhs mnhsjs. Jstds jnjfjitds jstèi jifhrmhkds jifhrmhkds kjitrd kjn kasjød famrd murramunhr y cusmhi prdvjjr ejrrhfajiths tjýramhs y prèmtamhs quj pjrfathi drajithr nh prèmtamh pjkhgýgamh. Hn ihnazhr nh uiakhk sj jspjrh quj nds kdmjitjs pujkhi ushr mrætamhfjitj odrfhtds, quj h su vjz drajitji sus pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsjs y kj ásth fhijrh pujkhi kjshrrdnnhr ehcanakhkjs kjn pjishfajitd mrætamd ji sus jstukahitjs.
Jnjfjitds kj kasjød murramunhr Nh jxpjrajimah kdmjitj jfpajzh kjskj hitjs quj jn prdojsdr kjshrrdnnj su prafjrh mnhsj, hn prjphrhr mdi muakhkd ui pnhi d uih pnhijhmaýi kj su mnhsj y kjn tjfh quj kjsjh trhchbhr. trhchbhr. Zi pnhi kj mnhsj jxprjshrjfds quj js jn mdibuitd kj hprjikazhbjs quj kjcji hcdrkhrsj phrh jn ndgrd kj nhs mdfpjtjimahs jkumhtavhs h trhvás kj jstrhtjgahs kj drghiazhmaýi y sjmujimahmaýi, bjrhrquazhikd su afpdrthimah y jn tajfpd ijmjshrad phrh jn hprjikazhbj sai kjbhr kj mdisakjrhr jn iavjn kj kjshrrdnnd mdgiatavd kj nds jstukahitjs y sus kdfaiads kj kjsjfpjød, hsæ mdfd su mditjxtd sdmahn j aitjrjsjs.
Phrh quj nh pnhijhmaýi sjh jojmtavh sj rjquajrj2 Aivdnumrhfajitd hmtavd kj nds jstukahitjs ji jn prdmjsd ushikd dcbjtds y fhtjrahnjs. Jiodmhrsj ji ui iòfjrd nafathkd kj akjhs d mdimjptds. Khr jn tajfpd sumajitj phrh quj nds mdimjptds y ehcanakhkjs pujkhi kjshrrdnnhrsj.
Aikjpjikajitjfjitj kj sus kjthnnjs, tdkhs nhs uiakhkjs rjonjbhi jn praimapad ouikhfjithn kj quj ji nh jkumhmaýi, id js sumajitj jisjøhr nds rjsunthkds dctjiakds pdr nh kasmapnaih. Nds jstukahitjs kjcji ehmjr sus prdpahs jxpjrajimahs y hprjikjr kj jnnhs, tjijr nh dpdrtuiakhk kj jxprjshr sus akjhs, jxpdijr sus rhzdihfajitds, prdchr sus prjkammadijs j aivdnumrhrsj ji hmtavakhkjs prdkumtavhs.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AAA - Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
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Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
Jnjfjitds phrh nh pnhijhmaýi kj uih sjmujimah kj jisjøhizh Pnhijhr uih sjmujimah kj jisjøhizh afpnamh2 ]jnjmmadihr jn mditjiakd2
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]jnjmmadihr ui mditjxtd2
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´Muènjs sjrèi nhs pdsacnjs prjguiths kj jvhnuhmaýi y thrjhs quj utanazhræhfds y quj rjsunthkds rjsunthkds jspjrhfds4 jspjrhfds4
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Hnguids ojiýfjids sdi aitræisjmhfjitj aitjrjshitjs pdr sæ fasfds y id ijmjsathi kj dtrd mditjxtd, sai jfchrgd ástj pujkj aionujimahr quj thi sagiamhtavh js nh uiakhk phrh nds jstukahitjs< hsæ mdfd jn tapd kj mdijxadijs y hpnamhmadijs quj jnnds ehrèi kj nd hprjikakd ji su vakh kahrah d ji dtrhs èrjhs kj jstukad. ´Kýikj, ji jn fuikd mdtakahid kj nds jstukahitjs jstèi nds nds ojiýfjids, dcbjtds y fhtjrahnjs h trhvás kj nds muhnjs nds mdimjptds kjcjræhi jsthr karagakds phrh sjr jimditrhkds4 ´Xuá mditjxtd pjrfatj uih aivjstaghmaýi sagiamhtavh ji prdouikakhk y h nd nhrgd kjn tajfpd4 ´Xuá js prdchcnj quj fdtavj y kjspajrtj jn aitjrás kj nds jstukahitjs4 ´Xuá fhtjrahnjs y rjmursds jstèi kaspdiacnjs4
• • • • Kjshrrdnnd kj uih sjmujimah2
´Xuá, kj kj tdkd tdkd nd quj ehy ji fa kasmapnaih, js ijmjshrad ijmjshrad quj nds jstukahitjs hprjikhi4 ´Muènjs sdi nhs prdchcnjs akjhs prjvahs y jxpjrajimahs quj nds jstukahitjs trhjrèi h mujith ji jsth uiakhk4 ´Xuá iavjn kj jitjikafajitd kj nds mdimjptds sjnjmmadihkds jspjrhfds quj sjhi mhphmjs kj hnmhizhr nds jstukahitjs4
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Nh prdgrjsaýi kj akjhs y jxpjrajimahs kj hprjikazhbj ji nh uiakhk js fuy afpdrthitj. Zih uiakhk id pujkj safpnjfjitj jnhcdrhrsj h phrtar kj uih sjraj kj hmtavakhkjs sdcrj ui týpamd. Nhs jxpjrajimahs kj hprjikazhbj kjcji sjguarsj uih h dtrh ji uih muakhkdsh y drkjihkh sjmujimah, quj js drghiazhkh phrh pjrfatar h nds jstukahitjs nh mdistrummaýi kj shcjrjs jspjmæmds. Jnnd id sagiamh quj ehy sýnd uih sjmujimah d uih fjbdr quj dtrh. [hfpdmd sagiamh quj uid id kjch pdijr htjimaýi h nhs prjguiths gjijrhkhs pdr nds jstukahitjs, quj pujkhi surgar kurhitj jn kjshrrdnnd kj nh uiakhk. Pjrd thitd phrh jn fhjstrd mdfd phrh jn jstukahitj kjcj qujkhr mnhrd pdr quá uih jxpjrajimah hprjikazhbj vajij su hitjs d kjspuás kj dtrhehcanakhkjs. y mdfd nds jstukahitjs kj jstèi kjshrrdnnhikd jitjikafajitd y sus
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AAA - Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
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Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
Kasjød kj nh jvhnuhmaýi ihn kj nh uiakhk2
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[jiajikd ji mujith ui mdibuitd kj fjths (mdimjptds, ehcanakhkjs y hmtatukjs), ui mditjxtd, y nh eastdrah, sugjrafds quj ehyh uih rjmdisakjrhmaýi kj mýfd sjrè jvhnuhkd jn prdgrjsd kjn jstukahitj. Nhs saguajitjs sdi hnguihs prjguiths phrh rjonjxadihr hmjrmh kj nh jvhnuhmaýi ji jn kjshrrdnnd kj nh uiakhk2 ´Muènjs sdi nhs praimaphnjs akjhs ji nh uiakhk pdr sjr jvhnuhkhs4 ´Muènjs sdi nhs ehcanakhkjs4 ´Xuá prjguiths y thrjhs pjrfatarèi h nds nds jstukahitjs kjfdstrhr su jitjikafajitd hitjs quj nd quj rjmujrkji d ehyhi fjfdrazhkd4 ´Mýfd kaojrjimahr kaojrjimahrèè nh thrjh d prjguith prjguith jitrj ehcanakhkjs kj nds nds jstukahitjs ji jn njiguhbj y su mdfprjisaýi4 ´Pjrfatarèi nhs thrjhs d prjguiths rjspdikjr ji kaojrjitjs iavjnjs fès quj safpnjfjitj khr uih rjspujsth mdrrjmth d jrrýijh4 ´Nhs prjguiths d thrjhs tdfhi ji mujith nhs jxpjrajimahs quj sdi hmmjsacnjs h tdkds nds jstukahitjs4 ´Mýfd sjrèi hihnazhkds y jvhnuhkds nds rjsunthkds4
Zih vjz quj tdkd nd hitjradr eh sakd mdfpnjthkd, jn saguajitj phsd js kjtjrfaihr nhs jxpjrajimahs kj hprjikazhbj aikavakuhnjs, nd jspjmæmd quj nds jstukahitjs rjrjhnazhrèi ji nh uiakhk. Zih jxpjrajimah kj hprjikazhbj rjqujrarè fès kj uih sjsaýi kj trhchbd, kjpjikajikd sdcrj quá trhth y jn tajfpd quj kurhrè nh sjsaýi. Jn puitd kj hrrhiquj kj nh uiakhk js mrætamd. ]a js uih prjguith d prdcnjfh, ijmjsath mhptur¬hr jn aitjrás kj nds jstukahitjs y jsthcnjmjr nhs jthphs kjn trhchbd pdr vjiar2
Prjguiths aiamahnjs ´Xuá aivdnumrhrè y/d fdtavhrè h nds jstukahitjs4 ´Mýfd aiamahrè nh uiakhk4 ´Xuá tapds kj jxpjrajimahs pjrfatarèi h nds jstukahitjs aivjstaghr kj fhijrh aikjpjiaikjpji kajitj mdfd sjh pdsacnj4 ´Muèiths jxpjrajimahs kj hprjikazhbj sjrèi rjqujrakhs phrh hnmhizhr ui mdimjptd4 ´Mýfd nhs jxpjrajimahs jiodmhrèi nh htjimaýi kj nds jstukahitjs sdcrj nh afpdrthimah kj nds mdimjptds y nds anustrhrè kj fhijrh fès jmajitj4 ´Xuá fhtjrahnjs sjrèi ijmjshrads4
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AAA - Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
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Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
Ndgrhr mditjsthr jsths prjguiths afpnamh2 •
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Kjiar nhs fjths y dcbjtavds2 Id jstè pdr kjfès kjmar quj mhkh jxpjrajimah kj hprjikazhbj kjcj tjijr ui dcbjtavd mnhrd (quj sjh fuy jvakjitj nd quá vhi h hprjikjr nds jstukahitjs y ji quá iavjn kj prdouikakhk). Kjiar jn tapd kj hmtavakhkjs quj sj vhi h rjhnazhr. Mýfd shcjr shcjr sa nds jstukahitjs jstèi hprjikajikd nd quj sj jspjrh. Mýfd gjstadihr jn hfcajitj kj hunh.
Nds jnjfjitds kj nh mnhsj Jn saguajitj muhkrd pujkj hyukhrnj h satuhr nds jnjfjitds kj mhkh mnhsj2 ]atuhmaýi kakèmtamh ji nh quj sj hpnamhi nhs jstrhtjgahs (mdidmafajitds kjmnhrhtavds)
Jstrhtjgahs kakèmtamhs h ushr ( sjgòi nd quj sj quajrh jisjøhr)
´Xuj jspjrhfds quj sumjkh ji nds jstukahitjs4 (mdfpjtjimahs)
8. ]atuhmaýi kakèmtamh hn aiamad kj mnhsj. • ]j jstafunhi nds mdidmafajitds prjvads kjn jstukahitj, js kjmar pdij su
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Hmtavakhk quj ohmanatj nh hpnamhmaýi kj prjguiths quj gjijrji jn rjmujrkd kj nds mdidmafajitds prjvads. Nnuvah kj akjhs.
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fjfdrah ji jn prjsjitj. ]j mditjxtuhnazh, hn jstukajstukahzitj kèikdnj nds prdpýsatds, nd quj vhi h hprjikjr mýfd nd vhi h ehmjr y mýfd sj njs vh h jvhnuhr. Sjnhmadihi nds mdidmafajitds quj tajiji ji nhs fjfdrah, quj yh ehisakd mdfprjikakds d id< mdi nh iujvh aiodrfhmaýi, nh muhn kjcj sjr òtan phrh rjmtamhr d hfpnahr su hprjikazhbj.
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Prdpýsatds, mdfpjtjimahs h ndgrhr. Fhtjrahnjs quj kjsmrachi jn tjfh h trhthr. (grèmds, najizds ji fdvafajitd…), njmturhs, mujitds…
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Mdfprjikj nh ihnakhk y hnmhimj kj nd quj hprjikjrè. [dfh mdimajimah kj nd quj sj jspjrh ndgrhr ji án, hn tárfaid kj nh sjsaýi. Nj kh sjitakd h su hprjikazhbj y sj jsoujrzh pdr hprjikjr kj fhijrh sagiamhtavh. Akjitamh y rjmdidmj oèman oèman-fjitj jn mditjiakd h trhthr.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AAA - Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
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3. ]atuhmaýi kakèmtamh kurhitj • nh jbjmumaýi kj nh mnhsj. (mdidmafajitds prdmjkafjithnjs y hmtatukaihnjs). • • Fjkahi kj fhijrh jojmtavh nh aitjrhmmaýi phrh mditrdnhr nh htjimaýi y jn htjikjr. • Pjrfatji uih mdisthitj • htjimaýi, afpdrthitj ji jn prdmjsd kj hprjikazhbj. • Kjshrrdnnhi mdimajimah kj nds prdmjsds y ehcanakhkjs
Pujkji sjr odtds, kacu bds,, jst bds jsthkæs hkæstamd tamds, s, sjg sjgòi òi nh tjfètamh h trhthr. ]j pujkj ushr nh mnhsa mnhsa-mhmaýi phrh drghiazhr hgruphmadijs pdr mhtjgdræhs d htracutds. Hihndgæhs, sj mdisakjrhi phrh rjnhmadihr sjfjbhizhs jitrj satuhmadijs kastaiths rjnhmadihr mdshs kastaiths, mdfphrhr mdidmafajitd
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mdgiatavhs. Dcsjrvhi, akjitamhi y kaskastaiguji nhs mhrhmtjræstamhs kj ui dcbjtd, kj dtrd quj tajiji sjfjbhizhs y kaojrjimahs. Ohvdrjmji nh drghiazhmaýi kjn mdidmafajitd prjvad mdi jn iujvd, hn prjsjithr nh aiodrfhmaýi kj fhijrh grègrèmh d jsmrath, jiraqujmajikd su sagiamhtavakhk nýgamh phrh ohmanathr jn hprjikazhbj sagiamhtavd.
prjvad fajitd.mdi iujvd mdidmaFhphs mdimjptuhnjs phrh jnhcdrhr bjrèrquamhfjitj nds mdimjptds y prdpdsamadijs ushikd ushikd phnhcrhs kj jinhmj. ]j pujkji jnhcdrhr hn ihn ihn d kurhitj nh mnhsj kjnhitj kj nds jstukahitjs. ]jøhnhfajitds phrh ohmanathr jn hprjikazhbj. Sjkjs sjfèitamhs, phrh rjnhmadihr mdimjptds, rjojrakds h ui fasfd tjfh.
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Sjsufji, sj pujkji jnhcdrhr kurhitj d hn tárfaid kj nh mnhsj. Jsmratds tjxtuhnjs.
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=. Hn ihnazhr nh hmtavakhk kj hprjikazhbj. • ]j hutdjvhnòh jn jstukahitj. • ]j odrfh uih akjh kj nd quj hprjikaý y kj nd quj nj ohnth pdr hprjikjr sdcrj nd trhthkd. • Ohvdrjmj nh rjtrdhnafjithmaýi kj nds mditjiakds id ndgrhkds. • Hprjikj kj fhijrh sagiamhtavh.
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[dfh mdimajimah kj mýfd trhismurrj y prdmjsh su hprjikazhbj. Ndgrh hutdjvhnuhrsj. Pnhitjh y kdfaih sjmujimahs drkjihkhs kj prdmjkafajitds quj kjvajiji ji ehcanakhk, phrh khr sdnumaýi h satuhmadijs aifjkahths. Akjitamh, kastaiguj kaojrjimahs y sjfjbhizhs, mnhsamh, ehmj hihndgæhs. Mdfprjikj nd hprjikakd bjrhrqu bjr hrquazh azh nds mdimjp mdimjptds tds y jnhcdrh fhphs mdimjptuhnjs. Aitjrprjth sjøhnhfajitds phrh ohmanathr su hprjikazhbj. Zsh mdfd rjmursd rjmursd kj hprjikazhbj rjkjs sjfèitamhs. Sjonjxadih y rhzdih nd quj eh hprjikakd. Prhmtamh nh Mdjvhnuhmaýi. Jnhcdrhi mdibuithfjitj mdi jn prdojsdr, sdnds d ji trhchbd mdnhcdrhtavd, kj fhijrh crjvj, ui rjsufji sdcrj nd hprjikakd. Akjitamh y hidth kj fhijrh hmjrthkh nhs akjhs praimaphnjs y drghiazh hkjmuhkhfjitj nds tjfhs hprjikakds. Jsmracj tjxtds, kjcakhfjitj jstrumturhnjs. Jxpdij ji jquapd jn hprjikazhbj mdistruakd.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AAA - Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
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Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
[apds kj mditjiakds Js afpdrthitj quj id sj dnvakj, quj id sj cusmh quj nds jstukahitjs hprjikhi sdnd mdimjptds, kj uih odrfh fès hfpnah sj jspjrh hyukhr hn jstukahitj h2
Hprjikjr h mdidmjr
Hprjikjr h sjr
Jstukahitj
Hprjikjr h ehmjr
Hprjikjr h vavar
Grèmd 33. [apds kj mditjiakds.
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Hprjikjr h mdidmjr, js uih ijmjsakhk, quj afpnamh jn jbjrmamad jbjrmamad y kjshrrdnnd kj mhphmakhkjs aitjnjmtuhnjs cèsamhs, nd quj supdij hprjikjr h hprjikjr phrh pdkjr hprdvjmehr nhs pdsacanakhkjs quj dorjmj nh jkumhmaýi h nd nhrgd kj nh vakh, pdr jbjfpnd tdfhr ji mujith nds mditjiakds kj hnguih hsagihturh hsagihturh jstukahkh jstukahkh saguajikd uih drghiazhmaýi sastáfamh sastáfamh kj nds prdmjsds kj jisjøhizh y hprjikazhbj. Hprjikjr h ehmjr, mdi nh ihnakhk kj hkquarar fès quj uih mhnamhmaýi, mhnamhmaýi, uih mdfpjtjimah quj mhphmatj hn jstukahitj phrh ehmjr orjitj h grhikjs satuhmadijs y h trhchbhr ji jquapd, pdiajikd ji jbjrmamad sus hptatukjs aitjnjmtuhnjs quj nj pjrfathi pjrfathi kjshrrdnnhr kjshrrdnnhr su pdtjimahn kj hprjikazhbj. Ehy quj mdisakjrhr quj nds bývjijs y hkdnjsmjitjs hkdnjsmjitjs hprjikji h ehmjr hkquarajikd jxpjrajimahs kjitrd kjn mditjxtd sdmahn d kj trhchbd kdikj sj rjhnazhi.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AAA - Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
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Hprjikjr h vavar, buitds ehmajikd mdimajimah quj sj kjcj rjspjthr y vhndrhr
kj fhijrh fhijrh mdfprjisavh mdfprjisavh nhs kaojrjitjs kaojrjitjs odrfhs odrfhs kj aitjrkjpjikjimah jitrj jn uid y jn dtrd hn tdfhr kjmasadijs, phrh rjhnazhr prdyjmtds mdfuijs kjitrd kj ui hfcajitj kj hrfdiæh y mdrkahnakhk. • Hprjikjr h sjr, kjshrrdnnhikd ji mhkh jstukahitj sus mhphmakhkjs aitjnjmtuhnjs, oæsamhs oæsamhs y nhs hptatukjs quj prjmasji sjr jiraqujmakhs jiraqujmakhs mdi nds kaojrjitjs mdidmafajitds mdidmafajitds pujstds h su hnmhimj, jstj praimapad jstè rjnhmadihkd mdi nh hmtatuk, jn aitjrás y nh fdtavhmaýi ijmjshrah mdi nh ihnakhk kj fdnkjhr su prdpah pjrsdihnakhk, y sj fhiajstj fhiajstj mdfd ui subjtd hutýidfd, hutýidfd, buamadsd y rjspdishcnj. Zi hspjmtd h rjshnthr js quj phrh nh gjstaýi kj nh mnhsj y jn hprjikazhbj kj nds jstukahitjs, jn hprjikazhbj mdnhcdrhtavd js mjitrhn, sj jitajikj pdr pd r hprjikazhbj mdnhcdrhtavd (HM) hn prdmjsd kdikj nds mdfpdijitjs kj ui grupd aitjrhmmadihi jitrj jnnds, mdi nh rjspdishcanakhk rjspdishcanakhk kj sjr nds hrtæmjs kj su prdpad hprjikazhbj hprjikazhbj hkjfès kj aitjrjshrsj aitjrjshrsj kj fhijrh sjrah pdr jn hprjikazhbj hprjikazhbj kj nds kjfès, rjonjrjonjxadihi, hihnazhi, hrgufjithi y kasmutji, kjravèikdsj ji ui hprjikazhbj mdfòi y sdnakhrad. Mhkh jstukahitj mufpnj uih rjspdishcanakhk kjitrd kjn jquapd, hprjikji jvhnuhikd y rjonjxadihikd sdcrj sus puitds kj vasth, mdfphrtajikd y rjma rjma-cajikd hyukh jitrj nds mdfphøjrds kj jquapd sdcrj jn mdidmafajitd quj jstèi mdistruyjikd. Jstj prdmjsd prdfujvjjnjvh ji ndssujstukahitjs kjshrrdnnd nhs ehcanakhkjs j aitjnagjimahs pjrsdihnjs, hutdjstafh,jnnds hutdjstafh, jstafunhkjh prhmtamhr nh aivjstaghmaýi, hpdrthikd jnjfjitds kj aiodrfhmaýi quj ohvdrjmji nh mdistrummaýi kj mdidmafajitds mdidmafajitds mdi akjhs kj mhnakhk. Ji jstj prdmjsd jn prdojsdr js ui ohmanathkdr y fjkahkdr quj guæh y jitrjih h nds jstukahitjs phrh su hprjikazhbj, sj mhrhmtjrazh pdr kdfaihr nhs hmtavakhkjs kjn hunh, jstè ji tdkd fdfjitd htjitd h nhs ijmjsakhkjs kj nds jstukahitjs y sus rjspdishcanakhkjs. Ji jquapds kj hprjikazhbj mdnhcdrhtavd sj pujkji kjshrrdnnhr kaojrjitjs tapds kj hmtavakhkjs, pdr jbjfpnd nds prdojsdrjs prdojsdrjs trhchbhi, jvhnòhi jvhnòhi y kjmakji nh pnhijhmaýi murramunhr, murramunhr, odrfunhi prdyjmtds kj aivjstaghmaýi, fhijbd kj nhs [AM, pnhiamhi jstrhtjgahs phrh nh sdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs jkumhtavds. Pnhiamhi nh jkumhmaýi h kasthimah chshkh ji jitdrids vartuhnjs.
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Nh jvhnuhmaýi Nh jvhnuhmaýi js ui aigrjkajitj fuy afpdrthitj kjn prdmjsd kj odrfhmaýi2 •
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Nh jvhnuhmaýi jvhnuhmaýi kjcj vhnakhr vhnakhr y rjodrzhr nh akjh kj quj nh jkumhmaýi jkumhmaýi cusmh jn kjshrrdnnd kjshrrdnnd aitjgrhn aitjgrhn kj nh pjrsdih y quj nh aitjimadihnakhk aitjimadihnakhk pjkhgýgamh y jkumhtavh rjspdikh pdr jn kjshrrdnnd aitjgrhn y hrfýiamd kj tdkds nds maukhkhids. Nh jvhnuhmaýi ijmjsath mditjxtuhnazhr nds hprjikazhbjs jsmdnhrjs phrh quj vhyhi kj nh fhid mdi nh akjitamhmaýi y mdfprjisaýi kj nhs mdikamadijs y ohmtdrjs aitrh y jxtrh jsmujnh, quj ohvdrjmji y ehmji pdsacnj quj nds jstukahitjs hnmhimji hprjikazhbjs sagiamhtavds, rjnjvhitjs y jsthcnjs. Nh jvhnuhmaýi jvhnuhmaýi eh kj dorjmjr mratjrads y jstrhtjgahs jstrhtjgahs phrh fjbdrhr su usd usd h iavjn kj nhs jsmujnhs y nhs mdfuiakhkjs jkumhtavhs. Nh jvhnuhmaýi caji mdfprjikakh y utanazhkh js ui hnahkd jstrhtágamd j aisustatuacnj phrh fjbdrhr nds prdmjsds kj jisjøhizh y hprjikazhbj y mdi jnnd, jn kjsjfpjød d rjikafajitd jsmdnhr. Nh jvhnuhmaýi jvhnuhmaýi thfcaái kjcj sjr sjr mdejrjitj mdejrjitj mdi nds dcbjtavds dcbjtavds quj sj ehi trhzhkd y nhs hmtavakhkjs kjshrrdnnhkhs.
[apds kj jvhnuhmaýi Jvhnuhmaýi kj hmujrkd hn fdfjitd •
•
Nh jvhnuhmaýi kahgiýstamh2 tajij pdr ouimaýi akjitamhr nd quj jn jstukahitj yh shcj, nd quj jn jstukahitj pajish, jstd vh h sjr fuy afpdrthitj pdrquj nhs akjhs quj sj quajrji kjshrrdnnhr id vhi h sjr pdsacnjs sa id sj tajij ji mujith nd quj jn jstukahitj pajish y sj kjmdistruyj ji mhsd quj sjh ijmjshrad. Nh jvhnuhmaýi odrfhtavh2 utanazh nh aiodrfhmaýi rjmhchkh phrh tdfhr kjmasadijs kurhitj jn prdmjsd kj jisjøhizh-hprjikazhbj, j ar rjtrdhnafjithikd y kdsamhikd kj sjr ijmjshrad ijmjshrad jn ratfd kj nds hprjikazhbjs, su prdpýsatd js fjbdrhr nh mhnakhk kj nds prdmjsds jkumhtavds y jn rjikafajitd jsmdnhr.
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Nh jvhnuhmaýi sufhtavh2 tajij mdfd prdpýsatd tdfhr uih kjmasaýi prjmash phrh hsagihr uih mhnamhmaýi tdthnazhkdrh hn jstukahitj, quj rjonjbj nds ndgrds hnmhizhkds ji jn mursd, sjfjstrj d uiakhk. ]u ouimaýi js jxpndrhr jn hprjikazhbj phrh akjitamhr jn iavjn aikavakuhn kj ndgrd. ]j rjmdfajikh ushr aistrufjitds kj jvhnuhmaýi.
Nh jvhnuhmaýi kahgiýstamh
Nh jvhnuhmaýi odrfhtavh
Nh jvhnuhmaýi sufhtavh
Grèmd 3=. Jvhnuhmaýi kj hmujrkd hn fdfjitd.
Jvhnuhmaýi kj hmujrkd h nds hmtdrjs quj aitjrvajiji • Hutdjvhnuhmaýi js ui prdmjsd fjthmdgiatavd kj odrfhmaýi, quj pjrfatj
• •
rjonjxadihr hn jstukahitj sdcrj sdcrj su trhchbd< trhchbd< mdi jn prdpýsatd kj fjbdrhr y tdfhr cujihs kjmasadijs. Ndgrhr nh fjthmdgiamaýi js afpdrthitj yh quj js jn grhkd kj mdimajimah quj sj tajij kj nds prdmjsds aitjnjmtuhnjs jfpnjhkds phrh rjhnazhr kjtjrfaihkh thrjh d hnmhizhr uih fjth, jitrj fès kjshrrdnnhkh sj tjigh nh mhphmakhk kj fjthmdgiamaýi, fès hutdidfæh sj vh h tjijr ji jn prdmjsd kj hprjikazhbj. Ji jstj prdmjsd nds jstukahitjs tajiji nh dpmaýi kj prjguithrsj ´nd ndgrá4, ´mýfd nd ndgrá4, ´muèikd4 ´mýfd4 Mdjvhnuhmaýi aivdnumrh h nds jstukahitjs kjn grupd ji nh jvhnuhmaýi kj nds hprjikazhbjs, kjitrd kj ui hfcajitj sdnakhrad jxprjshikd sus puitds kj vasth, sus buamads mrætamds y hrgufjitds. Ejtjrdjvhnuhmaýi js jn prdmjsd kj jvhnuhmaýi quj sj ehmj jitrj kds hmtdrjs kaojrjitjs kjn prdmjsd, pdr jbjfpnd, nh jvhnuhmaýi quj ehmji nds fhjstrds kj nds jstukahitjs mdi ijs odrfhtavds d sufhtavds.
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Hutdjvhnuhmaýi
Mdjvhnuhmaýi Ejtjrdjvhnuhmaýi
Grèmd 3;. Jvhnuhmaýi kj hmujrkd h nds hmtdrjs quj aitjrvajiji.
Ji ui prdmjsd kj jvhnuhmaýi js fuy afpdrthitj kjtjrfaihr nds mratjrads y nds aikamhkdrjs quj sj vhi h utanazhr. Nds mratjrads, sj kjtjrfaihi h phrtar kj nds dcbjtavds quj sj kjsjhi ndgrhr ji jn jn kjshrrdnnd kj ui prdmjsd jkumhtavd. Jstds kjcji sjr mnhrds y pòcnamds, js kjmar, jn jstukahitj kjcj mdfprjikjrnds, kj thn odrfh quj nd jstafunj h jsodrzhrsj pdr jn ndgrd prdpujstd. Nds aikamhkdrjs, rjsunthi kj nds mratjrads mratjrads jnhcdrhkds, jvhnòhi j aiodrfhi ji quá fjkakh sj jstè mufpnajikd mdi jn ndgrd kj nds mratjrads prdpujstds, sj pujkji pnhitjhr kj fhijrh muhitathtavh d muhnathtavh. Hedrh caji, phrh drghiazhr nds mratjrads j aikamhkdrjs sj mdistruyji fhtramjs quj sdi uih ejrrhfaj ejrrhfajith ith phrh quj2 • •
Jn jstukahitj jstukahitj pujkh hutdrrjgunhr hutdrrjgunhr su kjsjfpjød kjsjfpjød y shcjr pdr quá nj ouj hsagihkh uih vhndrhmaýi. Jn prdojsdr prdojsdr pujkh pujkh tjijr tjijr uih fhijrh kj vhndrhr vhndrhr h tdkds nds jstukahitjs jstukahitjs kj nh fhijrh fès dcbjtavh pdsacnj.
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Ji jn saguajitj jbjfpnd pujkj vjr mýfd nds mratjrads j aikamhkdrjs sj drghiazhi ji uih fhtraz2
MSA[JSAD] Phrtamaphmaýi
IA_JN ; Jxmjnjitj (; puitds)
IA_JN = Cujid (= puitds)
Phrtamaph hmtavhfjitj y mdi jitusahsfd.
Phrtamaph hmtavhfjitj.
Phrtamaph h vjmjs mdi akjhs prdpahs.
Id prjsjith akjhs prdpahs ji nhs rhrhs dmhsadijs quj phrtamaph.
Hsufj h vjmjs su rjspdishcanakhk sdcrj nh thrjh.
[rhth kj kjnjghr [rhth su rjspdishcanakhk ji dtrds.
Id hsufj su rjspdishcanakhk.
]hcj jsmumehr nds puitds kj vasth kj nds kjfès.
Aitjrhmtòh pjrd id hmjpth puitds kj vasth mditrhrads h nds suyds.
Id aitjrhmtòh mdi sus mdfphøjrds.
Id hsufj mnhrhfjitj nds rdnjs quj sj sj nj hsagihi.
Id hsufj mdisastjitjfjitj su rdn.
Id hsufj su rdn.
Sjspdishcanakhk Hsufj su rjsmdfphrtakh pdishcanakhk sdcrj nh thrjh.
Mhnakhk kj nh aitjrhmmaýi
Fujstrh ehcanakhkjs kj nakjrhzgd y shcj jsmumehr nds puitds kj vasth
IA_JN 3 Ji prdmjsd (3 puitds)
IA_JN 8 Aisuomajitj
(8 puitds)
kj nds kjfès.
Kjitrd kjn grupd
Hsufj su rdn ji jn grupd y hyukh h nds kjfès h hsufar jn suyd.
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Odrfhtd :. Odrfhtd kj pnhijhmaýi kj mnhsj Mýfd sj eh vastd ji nh uiakhk 3, kjpjikajikd kjn jiodquj phrtamunhr quj nj afprafhfds h uih mnhsj, pujkj rjqujrar kaojrjitjs kaojrjitjs jnjfjitds kj pnhijhmaýi, sai jfchrgd, prdpdijfds ui odrfhtd gjiáramd kj pnhijhmaýi kj mnhsjs quj pujkj sjr hkhpthkd h su fjtdkdndgæh phrtamunhr.
Odrfhtd :2 Odrfhtd kj pnhijhmaýi kj mnhsj Grupd2 (jn grupd mdi jn quj trhchbh)
]jsaýi2 (uih sjmujimah kj jisjøhizh pujkj dmuphr vhrahs sjsadijs kj mnhsj, js afpdrthitj hidthr kýikj vh)
[jfh2 (jn tjfh kjn murræmund d pnhi kj jstukads quj jstè hcdrkhikd)
Dcbjtavds2 (nd quj vh h hprjikjr jn jstukahitj, id nd quj sj vh h ehmjr ji mnhsj)
Prdpujsth mjitrhn2 (fjtdkdndgæh y mditjxtd kj nh hmtavakhk)
Phsd
Hmmadijs kjn prdojsdr
Mditjxtd.
Prjsjith jn fhrmd ji jn quj sj kjshrrdnnhrè nh mnhsj, sarvj kj fdtavhmaýi.
Sjmdidmafajitd kj akjhs prjvahs.
Ehmj prjguiths d hmtavakhkjs quj nj pjrfatj rjmdidmjr nd quj nds jstukahitjs yh shcji d pajishi kj fhijrh aituatavh.
Hmmadijs kjn jstukahitj
Jxpnamath nd quj shcj d mrjj hmjrmh kjn tjfh.
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Phsd
Hmmadijs kjn prdojsdr
Hmmadijs kjn jstukahitj
Dcbjtavds.
Kjij mdi nds jstukahitjs jn puitd mjitrhn kj nh mnhsj quj pujkj sjr uih hmtavakhk, prjguith d prdcnjfh. Js afpdrthitj quj nds jstukahitjs sjphi muèn js jn prdkumtd jspjrhkd hn ihn kj nh sjsaýi.
Mdfprjikji hmjrmh kj quá vhi h trhchbhr.
Hmtavakhkjs.
]jgòi nh fjtdkdndgæh jsmd-
[rhchbh [r hchbh ji jquapd phrh nh
gakh, jn tjfh y jn grupd,quj sj prjsjithi hmtavakhkjs pjrfathi mufpnar mdi nds dcbjtavds. Jn mdfòi kjidfaihkdr js quj jsths hmtavakhkjs kjcji jsthr mjitrhkhs ji jn jstukahitj, pjrfataáikdnj sjr prdthgdiasth kj nh mnhsj y trhchbhr ji jquapd.
mdisjmumaýi kj dcbjtavds.
Fdkjrh nh nh pr prjsjithmaýi kj kj rjsunthkds pdr phrtj kj nds grupds.
Prjsjithi h sus mdfphøjrds sus rjsunthkds y jstèi kaspujstds h rjmdidmjr quj dtrhs rjspujsths sdi kaojr-
]dma ]d mahn hnaz azhm hmaý aýii kjn kjn trhc trhchb hbd. d.
jitjs y h vjmjs fjbdrjs quj nhs suyhs. Odrfhn Odr fhnazh azhmaý maýii mdimjp mdimjptuh tuhn.n.
Jn pr prdo dojs jsdr dr md mdii hyu hyukh kh kj ou ouji jitj tjss vènakhs, odrfhnazh nds hprjikazh bjs quj sj js jspjr pjrhh nds nds js jstuk tukahi ahitjs tjs ehyhi hkquarakd mdfd prdkumtd kj nh hmtavakhk kj mnhsj.
[dfhi hpuitjs, ehmji prjguiths y hyukhi h mdistruar mdimjptds, kjiamadijs d akjhs quj sj prdkumji ji nh hmtavakhk.
Prdyjmmaýi kjn trhchbd h vjiar.
Mdi chsj ji nds rjsunthkds fdkjrh uih kasmusaýi hmjrmh kj nd quj ehi ndgrhkd y nhs iujvhs prjguiths pdsacnjs.
Jxprjshi sus iujvhs prjguiprjguiths j aiquajtukjs y mdfprdfasds.
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Jstrhtjgah kj jvhnuhmaýi2 (kj quá fhijrh kj jvhnuhrè h nds jstukahitjs ji jn mursd kj nh hmtavakhk d hn ihn kj ui grupd kj hmtavakhkjs) Mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi2 (muènjs sdi nds mratjrads quj ushrè phrh kjmakar jn iavjn kj kjsjfpjød kj ui jstukahitj) [rhchbd phrh nh mhsh2 (mýfd pujkji mditaiuhr nds jstukahitjs nds hprjikazhbjs kj fhijrh [rhchbd hutýidfh) Idths kjn prdojsdr2 (hpuitjs hmjrmh kj nd quj sumjkj ji mnhsj quj sjh òtan phrh nd quj vajij y phrh iutrar su prdpah prèmtamh)
Kj jstj jbjfpnd kj pnhijhmaýi sj kjsprjikj uih nasth kj mejqujd2
Mratjrad Nh mnhsj sj jstrumturh h phrtar phr tar kj dcbjtavds kj hprjikazhbj. Nds dcbjtavds kj hprjikazhbj jstèi hrtamunhkds mdi jn murræmund. Nh mnhsj pjrfatj nh hmtavakhk kjn jstukahitj fès hnnè kj nh jsmumeh. Nh mnhsj mdisakjrh hmtavakhkjs quj pjrfathi hn jstukahitj kjshrrdnnhr sus akjhs y hrgufjitds. Jstè mnhrd nd quj nds jstukahitjs vhi h hprjikjr. ]j tajij ji mujith nd quj nds jstukahitjs yh shcji. Nds jstukahitjs mdistruyji sus hprjikazhbjs. Nhs hmtavakhkjs pdtjimahi jn pjishfajitd mrætamd fès hnnè kj nh mrjjimah. Nh mnhsj prjvá uih jstrhtjgah phrh odrfhnazhr hprjikazhbjs. Jstè prjvastd mýfd shcjr sa nds jstukahitjs hprjikajrdi nd quj sj jspjrhch. ]j mujithi mdi mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi mnhrds y pòcnamds.
]æ
Id
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Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
Odrfhtd ?2 hiènasas mrætamd kj pnhijs kj mnhsj Jstj aistrufjitd sj eh kasjøhkd mdi jn dcbjtavd kj hyukhrnd, h hpdrthrnj mrætamhfjitj rjmdfjikhmadijs h nh pnhijhmaýi kj mnhsj, suyh d kj dtrds, js afpdrthitj quj tjigh ji mujith nds mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi
MSA[JSAD
KJ]MSAPMAÝI KJN MSA[JSAD
DCBJ[A_D] KJ HPSJIKARHBJ 8. Prjsjimah kj dcbjtavds.
]di akjitamhcnjs nds dcbjtavds kj hprjikazhbj ji jn pnhi kj jstukad.
3. Sjnjvhimah kj nds dcbjtavds.
Nds dcbjtavds ehmji rjojrjimah h uih akjh afpdrthitj kj nh kasmapnaih d h ui puitd kjn pnhi kj jstukads prdpujstd ji jn phæs.
=. ]di dcbjtavds kj hprjikazhbj.
Nds dcbjtavds ehcnhi kj nds quj jn jstukahitj vh h hprjikjr (Jb. Mdfprjikjr quj nh mánunh jstè mdfpujsth kj ètdfds) y id kj nd quj jn jstukahitj vh h ehmjr (Jb. Ehmjr ui fdkjnd famrdsmýpamd kj nh mánunh) d kj nd quj jn kdmjitj vh h ehmjr (Jb. Jxpdijr kaojrjitjs fdkjnds kj mánunh).
]Æ
ID
KÝIKJ ND J_AKJIMAH MHFCAD]
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;. Mnhrakhk.
Nds prdpýsatds sdi mnhrds (id sj pujkji aitjrprjthr kj kaojrjitjs fhijrhs) y ehcnhi kjn iavjn kj prdouikakhk hcdrkhkd (h vjmjs nds dcbjtavds kamji quj vhi h hprjikjr „aitjrprjthr tjxtds‖ pjrd id ji quá iavjn, pdr jbjfpnd „kjtjrfaihikd tjfh y pjrsdihbjs‖ yh quj js kaojrjitj mdfd nd aitjrprjthræh ui kdmtdr ji njiguhbj quj ui iaød kj cèsamh prafhrah).
:. Jvhnuhcanakhk.
Nds prdpýsatds sj pujkji jvhnuhr, phrh jsd jstèi hmdfphøhkds kj aikamhkdrjs kj ndgrd mdimrjtds.
HM[A_AKHKJ] ?. ]jmujimahmaýi.
Js pdsacnj akjitamhr dr ghiazhkdrjs kjn pnhi drkjjstukads (jbjs, eands mdikumtdrjs, tjfhs...) ji nds quj nds jnjfjitds jstèi drkjihkds nýgamhfjitj kjn fès safpnj hn fès mdfpnjbd.
7. Jstrhtjgahs kj hunh.
Nhs hmtavakhkjs jstèi mjitrhkhs ji nh hmtavakhk kjn jstukahitj y id ji nh jxpnamhmaýi kjn prdojsdr.
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5. Mujstadihfajitd.
Nhs hmtavakhkjs pjrfatji hn jstukahitj rjonjxadihr
1. Hfcajitj kj hunh.
Nhs hmtavakhkjs pjrfatji hn jstukahitj trhchbhr mdnhcdrhtavhfjitj jbjrmajikd ji fdfjitds nakjrhzgd y rjsdnvajikd pdsacnjs mdionamtds.
80. Sjnhmaýi dcbjtavds.mdi nds
Nhs hmtavakhkjs jstèi mnhrhfjitj hsdmahkhs h ui dcbjtavd d grupds kj dcbjtavds.
J_HNZHMAÝI 88. Jstrhtjgahs kj jvhnuhmaýi.
Nh kjsmrapmaýi pjrfatj aiojrar hmtavakhkjs kj jvhnuhmaýi mdimrjths.
83. Pjrtaijimah kj nh jvhnuhmaýi.
Nhs hmtavakhkjs kj jvhnuhmaýi jstèi mnhrhfjitj hsdmahkhs h nds dcbjtavds kj hprjikazhbj.
8=. Jvhnuhmaýi odrfhtavh.
Nhs odrfhs ji nhs quj sj jvhnòh pjrfatji hn jstukahitj shcjr quá jstè ehmajikd caji y quá pujkj fjbdrhr.
8;. Mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi.
]j prdpdiji mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi quj pjrfatji fjkar tdkds nds kjsjfpjøds kj nds jstukahitjs kj aguhn fhijrh.
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Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj phrh jn kjshrrdnnd kjn pjishfajitd mrætamd ji muhtrd kasmapnaihs kjn mdidmafajitd ]jnjmmadij uih kj nhs saguajitjs prdpujsths phrh jn kjshrrdnnd kjn pjishfajitd mrætamd sjgòi su èrjh kj aitjrás2
Ji nh njmtd jsmraturh
Ji nhs fhtjfètamhs Jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd
Ji nhs majimahs
Ji nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih
Grèmd 3:. Kjshrrdnnd kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd sjgòi su èrjh kj aitjrás.
H fjiukd nds pnhijs kj jstukad jstèi mhrghkds kj fumeds mditjiakds y jn tajfpd kaspdiacnj phrh hcdrkhrnds, iuimh phrjmj sumajitj, sa hkjfès kj jstd sj cusmh kjshrrdnnhr fjtdkdndgæhs quj hpdrtji hpdr tji hn pjishfajitd mrætamd, nh thrjh phrjmj tdrihrsj afpdsacnj. Zih kj nhs pdsacnjs sdnumadijs h jstj prdcnjfh js hgruphr nds mditjiakds ji tjfhs d prdyjmtds trhisvjrshnjs quj aivdnumrji h vhrahs èrjhs y vhrads mditjiakds kj fhijrh quj ehyh jn tajfpd sumajitj phrh kjshrrdnnhr uih prdpujsth kj mnhsj mjitrhkh ji jn jstukahitj, yh quj fajitrhs sj kjshrrdnnh, jn jstukahitj jstè hprjikajikd vhrads mditjiakds prjvastds ji jn pnhi kj jstukads. Kjshrrdnnhr ui trhchbd fhimdfuihkd jitrj nds kdmjitjs js thfcaái nh dpdrtuiakhk phrh mdistruar mdfuiakhkjs kj hprjikazhbj y prèmtamh, quj pjrfathi hprjikjr nds uids kj nds dtrds ji nh jsmujnh, ndgrhikd sdnakhrakhkjs y pdr quá
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Pègaih ?7
Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
id, ui trhchbd mdnhcdrhtavd quj cjijmaj h nh mdfuiakhk. ]aguajikd jsth nýgamh, nhs uiakhkjs ;, :, ? y 7 prjsjithi mnhsjs phrh kaojrjitjs kaojrjitjs èrjhs y chshkhs ji kaojrjitjs prdpujsths phrh jn kjshrrdnnd kj pjishfajitd mrætamd pjrd tdkhs trhchbhi ji uih tjfètamh trhisvjrshn trhisvjrshn quj js jn kj nh jmaji jmaji-mah jijrgátamh. Ehy fumeds tjfhs quj sj pujkji prjsthr h ui trhchbd funtakasmapnaihr pdrquj ji gjijrhn, nds ojiýfjids ji jn fuikd sdi mdfpnjbds y sj pujkji y kjcji jstukahr kjskj kastaiths kasmapnaihs. Nh jijrgæh ji gjijrhn y nhs jijrgæhs rjidvhcnjs, rjidvhcnjs, sdi ui tjfh kj k j hmtuhnakhk tdkh vjz quj nh fhydr phrtj kj nh jijrgæh quj mdisufafds prdvajij kj oujitjs oýsanjs, quj id sýnd sj hgdthi said quj ehi mhushkd jn kjtjradrd kj fòntapnjs jmdsastjfhs. Ji jsj sjitakd, hihnazhr mdi nds jstukahitjs iujstrd mdisufd kj jijrgæh, jn afphmtd quj jstj tajij ji jn fjkad hfcajitj y nhs pdsacnjs hntjrihtavhs kj prdkummaýi kj jijrgæh, js mnhvj phrh su outurd. Ji nh saguajitj thcnh sj prjsjith nh kastracumaýi kj uiakhkjs phrh quj ustjk jsmdbh muèn trhchbhr kj hmujrkd hn èrjh, tjfh d fjtdkdndgæh quj fès nj aitjrjsj2 Ziakhk
[jfètamh
[jfètamh kjn jbjfpnd
Jstrhtjgah pjkhgýgamh phrh jn jbjfpnd
;
Jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh njmtdjsmratur nj mtdjsmraturh. h.
Hedrrd kj jijrgæh.
Hprjikazhbj pdr prdyjmtds.
:
Jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nhs fhtjfètamhs.
Dptafazhmaýi kjn mdisufd kj jijrgæh.
Sjsdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs.
?
Jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nhs majimahs.
[rhisodrfhmaýi kj nh jijrgæh.
Hprjikazhbj pdr aivjstaghmaýi.
7
Jn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih.
Pdsacnjs mhushs kjn usd pradrathrad kj oujitjs oýsanjs y sus afpnamhmadijs.
]jfaihrad sdmrètamd.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AAA - Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
Pègaih ?5
Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
Ji mhkh uiakhk jimditrhrè aiodrfhmaýi hmjrmh kj nh nýgamh gjijrhn kjn kjshrrdnnd kj pjishfajitd mrætamd ji mhkh kasmapnaih, ui jbjfpnd kj pnhijhmaýi y kj jsqujfh kj kjshrrdnnd kj mnhsj, chshkd ji uih jstrhtjgah quj aivdnumrh ui tjfh kj nh kasmapnaih.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk AAA - Pnhijhmadijs kj mnhsj
Pègaih ?1
Ziakhk ; Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh njmtdjsmraturh
Aitrdkummaýi Ji jsth uiakhk sj jxpndrhi nhs pdtjimahnakhkjs kj nh njmtdjsmraturh phrh jn
kjshrrdnnd kj pjishfajitd mrætamd, phrtj kj jnjfjitds kj nh jisjøhizh kj nh njmtdjsmraturh quj pujkji prdfdvjr jn pjishfajitd mrætamd y tjrfaih pdr prjsjithr ui jbjfpnd kj uih pnhijhmaýi kj uih mnhsj kj njmtdjsmraturh ji jn fhrmd kjn kjshrrdnnd kj ui prdyjmtd. Prdpujsth fjtdkdnýgamh phrh jn kjshrrdnnd kjn pjishfajitd mrætamd ji nh njmtdjsmraturh
Grupd2 (jn grupd mdi jn quj trhchbh)
]jsaýi2 3 kj nh ouikhfjithmaýi kjn prdyjmtd/ Hedrrd
kj jijrgæh. [jfh2 Jnhcdrhmaýi kj rjsòfjijs y vhnakhmaýi kj oujitjs.
Dcbjtavds2 hn ihnazhr nh sjsaýi jn jstukahitj mdfprjikj
quj2 • • • •
Ehy oujitjs aiodrfhmaýi quj id sdi vènakhs phrh nhkjhrgufjithmaýi. Nhs oujitjs kj aiodrfhmaýi sdi vhnakhkhs ji ouimaýi kj su prdvjiajimah y sustjitd. Zi rjsufji id afpnamh nh dpaiaýi pjrsdihn kjn hutdr. Zi rjsufji js jn h nh aiodrfhmaýi
prjsjithkh pdr nh oujitj. Prdpujsth mjitrhn2 (fjtdkdndgæh y mditjxtd kj nh hmtavakhk) h mtavakhk)
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A_ - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh njmtdjsmraturh
Pègaih 70
Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh njmtdjsmraturh
Phsd
Hmmadijs kjn prdojsdr
Hmmadijs kjn jstukahitj
Sjmhpatunhmaýi kjn prdyjmtd.
]atòh quj ji jn fhrmd kjn prdyjm- ]j satòhi ji jn trhchbd kjn td kj jijrgæhs hntjrihtavhs, jn kæh. td èrjh kj njmtdjsmraturh jstè trhchbhikd ji nh njmturh kj tjxtds
hmjrmh kj nh jijrgæh, ji jn kæh kj edy vhi h hprjikjr h ehmjr rjsòfjijs h phrtar kj ui tjxtd sdcrj jn hedrrd kj jijrgæh. Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 Mhrtjnjrh kjn prdyjmtd y mrdidgrhfh. Sjmdidmafajitd kj akjhs prjvahs.
Njs prjguith sa eh ejmed Jxpnamath nd quj shcj d mrjj rjsòfjijs, quá mdisakjrhi quj sj hmjrmh kjn tjfh. kjch tjijr ji mujith phrh ehmjr ui rjsufji, pujkj pdijr kj jbjfpnd ui pèrrhod kj uih njmturh muhnquajrh y pjkarnjs quj nd rjsufhi.
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 [hcnjrd, fhrmhkdrjs. fhrmhkdrjs. Mdistrummaýi kj nh thrjh d prjguith.
Njs prjsjith nds dcbjtavds kj nh Mdfprjikji hmjrmh kj quá mnhsj y nh akjh gjijrhn kj nd quj vhi h trhchbhr y mýfd ehmjr js ui rjsufji2 ui rjsufji. Jn rjsufji js uih sæitjsas quj mdisastj ji rjkumar ui tjxtd mdi
nhs akjhs praimaphnjs kj ástj. Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 [hcnjrd, fhrmhkdrjs. fhrmhkdrjs. Guæh prèmtamh (id tajij quj sjr jsmrath pujkj trhthrsj kj aistrummadijs drhnjs)
Njs pakj h nds jstukahitjs kavak- Ehmji nh njmturh kjn tjxtd ji arsj ji grupds kj trhchbd y quj trhchbd mddpjrhtavd phrh mdismhkh uid njh ui sjgfjitd kjn truar ui sdnd rjsufji. tjxtd2 ettp2//jijrgy.gdv/satjs/prdk/ oanjs/308;/88/o81/jijrgyT shvjrTsphiaseTguakj.pko
Jstd ji mdijnjn grupd, dcbjtavdnhquj mdfpnjtji, njmturh kj
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A_ - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh njmtdjsmraturh
Pègaih 78
Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh njmtdjsmraturh
tdkh nh mhrtannh. Fajitrhs njji jn tjxtd, sucrhyhi phnhcrhs quj id ehyhi mdfprjikakd, kjcji ehmjr uih njmturh gjijrhn, jitjikjr jn sagiamhk,
ar pèrrhod pdr pèrrhod, sucrhyhr, rjshnthr d trhismracar, phrhorhsjhr jn tjxtd, jnhcdrhr ui rjsufji y rjnjjrnd h su grupd phrh ndgrhr quj sjh mnhrd y mdfpnjtd. Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 Mdpahs kjn hrtæmund, hr tæmund, muhkjrids, nèpamjs. ]dmahnazhmaýi kjn trhchbd.
Fdkjrh nh prjsjithmaýi kj Prjsjithi h sus mdfphøjrds rjsunthkds pdr phrtj kj nds grupds. sus rjsunthkds, rjsunthkds, jstèi kaspujstds h rjmdidmjr quj dtrhs rjspujsths sdi kaojrjitjs y h vjmjs fjbdrjs quj nhs suyhs.
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 Fhrmhkdrjs, thcnjrd. Odrfhnazhmaýi mdimjptuhn.
Jn prdojsdr mdi hyukh kj mdi- [dfhi hpuitjs, ehmji prjsunths cacnadgrèmhs (ji nd akjhn) guiths y hyukhi h mdistruar odrfhnazh nds hprjikazhbjs quj mdimjptds, kjiamadijs d sj jspjrh nds jstukahitjs ehyhi akjhs quj sj prdkumji ji nh hkquarakd hmtavakhk kjmdfd mnhsj.prdkumtd kj nh hmtavakhk. Pujkji kasmutar ji tdrid h nhs prjguiths2 • ´Muèn js nh akjh praimaphn kjn tjxtd4
•
´Kj quá fhijrh sustjith jn tjxtd jsth akjh4
• • •
´Muèn js jn rdn kj nhs afègjijs ji nh mdfprjisaýi kj nh njmturh4 ´Mýfd kjcjfds ehmjr ui rjsufji4 ´Xuá hprjikafds sdcrj nh jijrgæh4
´Mýfd nd aimdrpdr aimdrpdrhfds hfds h Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A_ - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh njmtdjsmraturh
Pègaih 73
Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh njmtdjsmraturh
iujstrh mhrtjnjrh kj prdyjmtd44 td Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 Fhrmhkdr, thcnjrd. Prdyjmmaýi kjn trhchbd h vjiar.
Mdi chsj ji nds rjsunthkds Jxprjshi sus iujvhs prjguifdkjrh uih kasmusaýi hmjrmh kj ths j aiquajtukjs y mdfprdnd quj js ui rjsufji y kjn hvhimj fasds. kjn prdyjmtd.
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 Fhrmhkdrjs y thcnjrd, mhrtjnjrh kjn prdyjmtd. Jstrhtjgah kj jvhnuhmaýi2 jvhnuhmaýi2 Nds jstukahitjs rjonjxadihi d mdisunthi sdcrj jstrhtjgahs phrh kasfaiuar mdisufd kj jijrgæh qujnjmturhs, sjræhi hkdpthkhs mhsh, pdstjradrfjitj mhsh, uih mhrtannhjn mdi rjsòfjijs kj sus hpdyhkds ji mdisuafègjijs quj sdpdrtjijnhcdrhrhi nhs akjhs jscdzhkhs. Mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi2 Mratjrad
:
=
8
Nhs mhrtannhs quj mufpnji mdi trjs mratjrads
Nhs mhrtannhs quj mufpnji mdi kds mratjrads
Jn tjxtd js mnhrd y mujith
mdi cujih drtdgrhoæh y grhfètamh. Nhs afègjijs quj hmdfphøhi hn tjxtd nd anustrhi.
Nhs akjhs prjsjithkhs sj hrgufjithi. ]j mathi mdrrjmthfjitj y ji ui fasfd odrfhtd, nhs rjojrjimahs utanazhkhs.
Nhs mhrtannhs quj mufpnji mdi tdkds nds mratjrads
[rhchbd phrh nh mhsh2 mhrtannh quj sj jvhnuhrè. Idths kjn prdojsdr2
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk A_ - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh njmtdjsmraturh
Pègaih 7=
Ziakhk : Nh jisjøhizh kjn pjishfajitd mrætamd ji nhs fhtjfètamhs
Aitrdkummaýi Ji jsth uiakhk sj jxpndrhi nhs pdtjimahnakhkjs kj nh fhtjfètamh phrh jn kj shrrdnnd kj pjishfajitd mrætamd, phrtj kj jnjfjitds kj nh jisjøhizh kj nh fhtjfètamh quj pujkji prdfdvjr jn pjishfajitd mrætamd y tjrfaih pdr prjsjithr ui jbjfpnd kj uih pnhijhmaýi kj uih mnhsj kj fhtjfètamh ji jn fhrmd kj nh rjsdnumaýi kj prdcnjfhs.
Prdpujsth fjtdkdnýgamhs phrh jn kjshrrdnnd kjn pjishfajitd mrætamd ji nhs fhtjfètamhs
Grupd2 (jn grupd mdi jn quj trhchbh)
]jsaýi2 3 sjsaýi (nh prafjrh ouj kj rjmdnjmmaýi kj khtds).
[jfh2
Dcbjtavds2
pdrmjithbjs / pjishfajitd prdpdrmadihn.
Hn oihn kj nh sjsaýi nds jstukahitjs pujkji2
•
Mhnmunhr pdrmjithbjs.
•
Sjnhmadihr pdrmjithbjs mdi prdpdrmadihnakhkjs.
Prdcnjfh2 ´Ji muèitd pdkjfds rjkumar iujstrd mdisufd kj jijrgæh ji ui hød sa hphghfds nds cdfcannds y nds hphrhtds jnjmtrýiamds quj id jsthfds utanazhikd4 Phsd
Hmmadijs kjn prdojsdr
Hmmadijs kjn jstukahitj
Jxpdsamaýi kj nh satuhmaýi
Sjmujrkh h nds jstukahitjs quj ji nh prafjrh sjsaýi ehi pnhijhkd ehmjr ui trhchbd kj rjmdnjmmaýi kj aiodrfhmaýi hmjrmh kjn mdisufd kj jijrgæh quj ehcat-
]atòhi nds khtds quj ehi vjiakd rjmdnjmthikd hmjrmh kjn mdisufd jijrgátamd kj su edghr ji mdikamadijs ehcatuhnjs d vhrahikd eècatds
prdcnjfh
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _ - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nhs fhtjfètamhs
Pègaih 7;
Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nhs fhtjfètamhs
uhnfjitj ehy ji sus edghrjs y jn kj mdisufd. mdisufd quj dctajiji ehmajikd ui fjbdr usd kj nh jijrgæh. Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 Fhrmhkdrjs, thcnjrd. Sjmdidmafajitd kj akjhs prjvahs.
Njs pakj h nds jstukahitjs rjsdnvjr prdcnjfhs sjimannds kj prdpdrmadihnakhk y mènmunds kj pdrmjithbjs22 pdrmjithbjs • ]a tjigd =0 grhfds kj fhitjquannh y 70 grhfds kj
•
Sjsujnvji nds prdcnjfhs prdpujstds h phrtar kj nd quj shcji y nd fujstrhi h sus shcji mdfphøjrds y prdojsdr. prdojsdr.
fjrfjnhkh, kjn tdthn kj 800 grhfds, muèitd pdrmjithbj tjigd kj fhitjquannh. ]a phrh prjphrhr ui sèikwame ijmjsatd kds phijs y
ui bhfýi, phrh prjphrhr 80 sèikwame muèitds bhfdijs
ijmjsatd. Kjspuás kj jstd ehmj uih jx-
pnamhmaýi h nds jstukahitjs y prdpdij vhrads jbjfpnds. jbjfpnds. Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 Muhkjrids, nèpamjs, fhrmhkdr, fhrmhkdrjs. fhrmhkdrjs. Mdistrummaýi kj nh prjguith prdcnjfh.
Mdi chsj ji nds khtds quj nds jstukahitjs rjsdnvajrdi njs prjsjith jn prdcnjfh kj nh mnhsj2 mnhsj2 ´Ji muèitd pdkjfds rjkumar iujstrd mdisufd kj jijrgæh ji ui hød sa hphghfds nds cdfcannds y nds hphrhtds jnjmtrýiamds quj id jsthfds utanazhikd4
Mdfprjikji hmjrmh kj quá vhi h trhchbhr, quá prdcnjfh kjcji rjsdnvjr mdi chsj ji su trhchbd prjvad.
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 [hcnjrd, [hcnjrd, fhrmhkdrjs. Guæh prèmtamh (id tajij quj sjr jsmrath pujkj trhthrsj kj aistrummadijs drhnjs).
Njs prdpdij h nds jstukahitjs ]j aivdnumrh ji su grupd, ji quj2 jn fhrmd kjn hiènasas kj nds • Drghiamji nh aiodrfhmaýi khtds quj eh hpdrthkd. quj trhji kj su mhsh. • Mdfphrji jn mdisufd mdisufd
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _ - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nhs fhtjfètamhs
Pègaih 7:
Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nhs fhtjfètamhs
• • •
hitjs y kjspuás kj aitjrvjiar su mdisufd. mdisufd. Mdfphrji su rjsunthkd mdi dtrd grupd. Mhnmunji jn pdrmjithbj kj jijrgæh quj jmdidfazhrdi. Mdi ui mènmund prdpdrmadihn kjoihi muèith jijrgæh
pdkræhi hedrrhr ji ui hød. Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 Muhkjrids, nèpamjs, khtds rjmdnjmthkds (sa nds jstukahitjs id ehmji nh thrjh prjvah, js afpdrthitj tjijr khtds phrh quj pujkhi trhchbhr). ]dmahnazhmaýi kj nh sdnumaýi hn prdcnjfh.
Fdkjrh nh prjsjithmaýi kj rjsunthkds pdr phrtj kj nds grupds.
Prjsjithi h sus mdfphøjrds sus rjsunthkds, mdistruyji uih thcnh mdfphrhtavh kj tdkd jn mursd.
Pnhitjhfajitd kj iujvds jbjs prdcnjfètamd.
Mdi chsj ji nds rjsunthkds fdkjrh uih kasmusaýi hmjrmh kj dtrds aitjrrdghitjs quj qujkhi hcajrtds. hcajrtds. Njs pakj quj pdr grupds jnhcdrji ui pdstjr phrh nh jsmujnh hmjrmh kj nhs jstrhtjgahs kj kasfaiumaýi kj mdisufd kj jijrgæh.
Jxprjshi sus iujvhs prjgui-
ths j aiquajtukjs sdcrj jn hedrrd kj jijrgæh y nds mènmunds prdpdrmadihnjs. prdpdrmadihnjs. Jnhcdrhi ui pdstjr mdi sus hprjikazh bjs hmjrmh kjn hedrrd kj jijrgæh quj jstè sustjithkd ji sus khtds.
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 Mhrtjnjrh kjn mursd, fhrmhkdrjs. Odrfhnazhmaýi mdimjptuhn.
Njs pakj quj jstukaji jn mhpætund kjn nacrd quj ehmj rjojrjimah h nds pdrmjithbjs.
[dfhi hpuitjs, ehmji prjguiths y hyukhi h mdistruar nds mdimjptds ji bujgd.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _ - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nhs fhtjfètamhs
Pègaih 7?
Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nhs fhtjfètamhs
Jstrhtjgah kj jvhnuhmaýi2 Nds jstukahitjs mdistruyji ui pdstjr fdstrhikd mdi sus mènmunds jn afphmtd quj tajij jn mhfcad kj eècatds ji jn mdisufd kj jijrgæh. Mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi2
Mratjrad
Mufpnj
Id mufpnj
Jn pdstjr prjsjith pdrmjithbjs y mènmunds prdpdrmadihnjs. Jn pdstjr aivath h ui mhfcad kj eècatds kj mdisufd kj jijrgæh. Nhs akjhs sj prjsjithi mnhrhfjitj. [r [rhchbd hchbd phrh nh mhsh2 njjr jn mhpætund sdcrj jn tjfh d cusmhr aiodrfhmaýi Idths kjn prdojsdr2
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _ - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nhs fhtjfètamhs
Pègaih 77
Ziakhk ? Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh majimah
Aitrdkummaýi Ji jsth uiakhk sj jxpndrhi nhs pdtjimahnakhkjs kj nh jkumhmaýi majitæmh phrh
jn kjshrrdnnd kj pjishfajitd mrætamd, phrtj kj jnjfjitds kj nh jisjøhizh kj nhs majimahs quj pujkji prdfdvjr jn pjishfajitd mrætamd y tjrfaih pdr prjsjithr ui jbjfpnd kj uih pnhijhmaýi kj uih mnhsj kj majimahs ji jn fhrmd kjn hprjikazhbj pdr aivjstaghmaýi. Prdpujsths fjtdkdnýgamhs phrh jn kjshrrdnnd kjn pjishfajitd mrætamd ji nh majimah
Grupd2 (jn grupd mdi jn quj trhchbh)
]jsaýi2 Òiamh.
[jfh2 [rhispdsamaýii kj nh jijrgæh. [rhispdsamaý
Dcbjtavds2 Ji jstj trhchbd, nds jstukahitjs hprjikjrèi quj2 • • •
Nh jijrgæh quj ushfds eh sakd usuhnfjitj trhisodrfhkh prjvahfjitj. Nh jijrgæh sj mdisjrvh. Ztanazhfds grhikjs mhitakhkjs kj jijrgæh kahrahfjitj y pdkræhfds ushrnhs kj fdkd fès hkjmuhkd.
Aivjstaghmaýi2 Pdkjr mhndræmd kj nds mdfcustacnjs Phsd
Hmmadijs kjn prdojsdr
Hmmadijs kjn jstukahitj
Mditjxtd.
Njs prjsjith nds fhtjrahnjs y Akjitamh nds fhtjrahnjs, sa id njs kamj quj vhi h ehmjr uih jx - mdidmj hnguids, prjguith.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _A - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh majimah
Pègaih 75
Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh majimah
pjrajimah phrh fjsurhr jn mhndr kjsprjikakd pdr kaojrjitjs mdfcustacnjs. Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 •Zi sdpdrtj. • Kavjrsds hnafjitds phrh qujfhr (fhsfjnds, meatds, fhæz…), kjcj hsjgurhrsj quj mditjighi prdtjæihs, mhrcdeakrhtds mhrcdeakrhtds y grhshs. • Zi rjmapajitj mdi hguh. • Paizhs phrh jn rjmapajitj. • Zi tjrfýfjtrd. • Paizhs phrh jn tjrfýfjtrd. • Sjmapajitj phrh nh mdfcustaýi kj uih fujstrh kj hnafjitd. • Chnhizh. • Papjth. •Fjmejrd d oýsodrds. oýso drds. • Mrdidfjtrd. • Mdfcustacnjs næquakds (jbjfpnds2 hnmdedn, ghsdnaih, pjtrýnjd). Sjmdidmafajitd kj akjhs
Ehmj prjguiths mdfd2
prjvahs.
• • •
Jxpnamath nd quj shcj d mrjj
´Phrh quá sj utanazhi nds hmjrmh kjn tjfh. mdfcustacnjs4 ´Xuá mdfcustacnjs mdidmji4 ´Kj kýikj prdvajij nh jijrgæh quj mdisufafds ehcatuhnfjitj4
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 [hcnjrd, fhrmhkdrjs. fhrmhkdrjs. Prjguith kj aivjstaghmaýi.
´Muèn kj nds mdfcustacnjs (hnmd- Mdfprjikji hmjrmh kj quá edn, ghsdnaih, pjtrýnjd) prdkumj vhi h trhchbhr. fès mhndr ji uih mdfcustaýi4
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 [hcnjrd, fhrmhkdrjs. Prjkammadijs d eapýtjsas. Prjguith h nds jstukahitjs muèn Jnhcdrhi prjkammadijs hmjrmh mdfcustacnj kj nds kaspdiacnjs kj nh mdfcustaýi y jn pdkjr mrjji quj prdkumarè fès mhndr y mhndræmd kj kaojrjitjs mdfpdrquá. custacnjs næquakds. Prjguith quá mrjji quj vhi h vjr kurhitj nh jxpjrajimah.
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 Fhrmhkdr, thcnjrd. Sjmdnjmmaýi kj khtds y hiènasas (kjcj mdrrjspdikjr mdi nhs odrfhs kj aivjstaghmaýi quj utanazh nh kasmapnaih).
Njs kamj quj js pdsacnj mhnmunhr nh jijrgæh quj prdkumj ui mdfcustacnj, fakajikd jn mhfcad kj tjfpjrhturh quj gjijrh ji uih
Ehmji grupds kj trhchbd mddpjrhtavd. Ehmji ui kasjød jxpjrafjithn phrh hvjraguhr quá thith
fujstrh kj hguh.
jijrgæh prdvjji nds mdf-
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _A - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh majimah
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Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh majimah
Njs pakj quj ehghi ui kasjød custacnjs kaspdiacnjs, jstj jxpjrafjithn y njs hyukh h quj kasjød kjcj aimnuar vhrahcnjs. sjhi mdejrjitjs, pujkj mdf- Sjmujrkhi nhs rjgnhs kj phrhr nds kasjøds kj nds jstuka- sjgurakhk. hitjs y jn fdithbj prdpujstds. Zih vjz ejmed jstd, ehmji su Kjiji2 ´quá vhrahcnjs pdkjfds fdithbj y kjtjrfaihi y rjgfjkar4, ´quá vhrahcnjs kjcjfds astrhi nhs fhshs aiamahnjs kj mditrdnhr4 = fujstrhs kj mdfcustacnj. (]ýnd vhi h fjkar nh tjfpjrhturh Nh fujstrh kjcj jsthr hchbd kjn hguh y quj nhs mhitakhkjs kj ji jn sdpdrtj sai tdmhr nh nhth hguh y kj mdfcustacnj kjcji ji nh quj jstè jn hguh pjrd sumajitjfjitj mjrmh pjrfhijmjrnhsmdisthitjs). Sjmujrkh rjgnhs kj sjgura- quj id sj pajrkh jn mhndrphrh y jn khk. tjrfýfjtrd id kjcj tdmhr nhs phrjkjs kjn rjmapajitj ji jn quj jn hguh jstè mditjiakh. Ji jn sdpdrtj phrh jn hguh kjcji mdndmhr uih mhitakhk bh,
mdfd kasmutajrdi hitjs, hngd rhzdihcnj pdkræh sjr :0fN kj hguh. Mdistruyji uih thcnh phrh rjmdgjr khtds.
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 •Zi sdpdrtj. • Kavjrsds hnafjitds phrh qujfhr (fhsfjnds, meatds, fhæz…), kjcj hsjgurhrsj quj mditjighi prdtjæihs, mhrcdeakrhtds mhrcdeakrhtds y grhshs. • Zi rjmapajitj mdi hguh. • Paizhs phrh jn rjmapajitj. • Zi tjrfýfjtrd. • Paizhs phrh jn tjrfýfjtrd. • Sjmapajitj phrh nh mdfcustaýi kj uih fujstrh kj hnafjitd. • Chnhizh. • Papjth. •Fjmejrd d oýsodrds. o ýsodrds. • Mrdidfjtrd. • Mdfcustacnjs næquakds
(jbjfpnds2 hnmdedn, ghsdnaih, pjtrýnjd).
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _A - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh majimah
Pègaih 50
Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh majimah
]d ]dma mahn hnaz azhm hmaý aýii kj kjnn tr trhc hchb hbd. d.
Aiv ivatathh h hihn hihnaz azhr hr md mdi sus sus kht khtds Hihnazhi sus khtds khtds y nds nhs saguajitjs prjguiths2 sdmahnazhi mdi dtrds grupds. • ´Xuá fhsh kjn mdfcustacnj sj mdisufj ji jn prdmjsd ji mhkh mhsd4 • ´Muèitd mhfcaý nh tjfpjrhturh kjn hguh ji mhkh mhsd4 • ´Xuá rj rjsakuds sakuds sj odrfhi4 • ´Xuá pdkjfds mdimnuar kj jstd4 Qaiodrfhmaýi njs pakj quj jsth mdimdfphrthi nh mnhsj mnhsj y ehnnji ui khtd prdfjkad phrh jn mdibuitd kj nh mnhsj. Mhnmunhr nh jijrgæh ghihkh pdr jn hguh. Jijrgæh hkquarakh pdr hguh 6 (fhsh kj hguh) x (mhfcad kj tjfpjrhturh kjn hguh) x (;,85 B/g ° M).
;,85 Bunads pdr grhfd ²M sj nnhfh „mhndr jspjmæmd‖ kjn hguh.
Jstd js, nh mhitakhk kj jijrgæh quj sj ijmjsath phrh hufjithr ji ui grhkd mjitægrhkd nh tjfpjrhturh kj ui grhfd kj hguh. Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 [hcnjrd, fhrmhkdrjs.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _A - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh majimah
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Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh majimah
Odrfhnazhmaýi mdimjptuhn.
Hihnazhi thcnhs ji mdibuitd2 Mdfcustacnj
Mhitakhk kj MD3 quj nacjrh uiakhkjs jstèikhr
Mhitakhk kj mhndr nacjrhkh ji uiakhkjs jstèikhr
Mhrcýi
1;,:=
=;,7
Mrukd
7=,35
;;,0
Kaásjn
7;,08
;3,0
Ghsdnaih
?1,3:
;=,7
Ljrdsjij
78,;:
;=,0
Ghs prdphid
?=,03
=7,;;
Ghs ihturhn
:?,0?
:=,05
´[dkds nds mdfcustacnjs tajiji aguhn afphmtd sdcrj jn fjkad hfcajitj4, ´[dkds tajiji nh fasfh jmhmah4
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 [hcnjrd, fhrmhkdrjs. Prdyjmmaýi kjn trhchbd h vjiar.
Aivath h mdisunthr2 • ´Kj kýikj vajij nh jijrgæh quj mdisufafds4 • ´]di oujitjs rjidvhcnjs4 • ´Xuá pdkjfds ehmjr phrh jquanacrhr iujstrd mdisufd kj jijrgæh4
Mdi hyukh kj oujitjs cacnadgrèmhs rjspdikji2
• • •
´Kj kýikj vajij nh jijrgæh quj mdisufafds4 ´]di oujitjs rjidvhcnjs4 ´Xuá pdkjfds ehmjr phrh jquanacrhr iujstrd mdisufd kj jijrgæh4
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 Fhtjrahn kj mdisunth.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _A - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh majimah
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Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh majimah
Jstrhtjgah kj jvhnuhmaýi2 Nds jstukahitjs prdpdiji odrfhs kj sustatumaýi kj jijrgæhs id rjidvhcnjs pdr rjidvhcnj. Mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi2 Nh prdpujsth kjfujstrh mýfd ouimadih nh oujitj kj jijrgæh rjidvhcnj Nh prdpujsth hihnazh nh trhisodrfhmaýi quj sj kh kjskj nh oujitj ehsth nh jijrgæh utanazhcnj ]j math nh aiodrfhmaýi utanazhkh y sj sjnjmmadih aiodrfhmaýi mdihcnj.
[rhchbd phrh nh mhsh2 [rhchbd mhsh 2 Nds jstukahitjs prdpdiji odrfhs kj sustatumaýi kj jijrgæhs id rjidvhcnjs pdr rjidvhcnj. Idths kjn prdojsdr2
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _A - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh majimah
Pègaih 5=
Ziakhk 7 Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih
Aitrdkummaýi Ji jsth uiakhk sj jxpndrhi nhs pdtjimahnakhkjs kj nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih phrh
jn kjshrrdnnd kj pjishfajitd mrætamd, phrtj kj jnjfjitds kj nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih quj pujkji prdfdvjr jn pjishfajitd mrætamd y tjrfaih pdr prjsjithr ui jbjfpnd kj uih pnhijhmaýi kj uih mnhsj quj trhchbh nh maukhkhiæh pdr fjkad kj ui sjfaihrad sdmrètamd. Prdpujsths fjtdkdnýgamhs phrh jn kjshrrdnnd kjn pjishfajitd mrætamd ji nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih
Grupd2 (jn grupd mdi jn quj trhchbh)
]jsaýi2 Òiamh.
[jfh2 [rhispdsamaýii kj nh jijrgæh. [rhispdsamaý
Dcbjtavds2 Hn ihn kj nh mnhsj nds jstukahitjs jsthrèi ji
mhphmakhk kj2 • Hsdmahr eècatds h sus afphmtds ji jn fjkad hfcajitj. • Bustamhr nh afpdrthimah kj nh mdimajimah ji jn hmtuhr y nh tdfh kj kjmasadijs • Kjtjrfaihr vjithbhs y kjsvjithbhs kj kaojrjitjs eècatds kj mdisufd jijrgátamd. [jxtd d oujitj2
´Mýfd ushfds nh jijrgæh4 Phsd
Hmmadijs kjn prdojsdr
Prjsjithmaýi kjn tjxtd,
Prjsjith h nds jstukahitjs Dcsjrvhi nds vakjds y sj jn tjfh, pujkj ushr jn vakjd satòhi ji nh kasmusaýi kjn
oujitj d tjfh.
Hmmadijs kjn jstukahitj
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _AA - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih
Pègaih 5;
Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih
ettps2//www.ydutucj.mdf/ whtme4v6T83j_yvcOMA
sjfaihrad.
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 _akjd cjhf, Mdfputhkdr. Jxpjmthtavhs j akjhs kj
phrtakh.
[rhchbd [r hchbd mdi jn tjxtd.
Ehmj prjguiths mdfd2 Kasmutji hmjrmh kj sus akjhs ´Muèn pajishi quj js jn hsuitd h pradra. praimaphn4 ´Pdr quá js afpdrthitj prjguithrsj pdr iujstrd usd kj nh jijrgæh4 ´Xuá supdsamadijs pdkjfds ehmjr chshkds ji jstj tjfh4 ´Jstd mdikumj h dtrds hsuitds d prjguiths afpdrthitjs4 ]dnamath h nds jstukahitjs quj pdr grupds sj kdmufjitji ji nh cacnadtjmh sdcrj nh kastracumaýi kjn ghstd jijrgátamd ji edghrjs y ji jn phæs phæs y su afphmtd ji jn fjkad hfcajitj.
Pdr grupds sj kdmufjithi hmjrmh kj nds eècatds prjkdfaihitjs ji jn usd jijrgátamd jijrgátamd y sus afpnamhmadijs.
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 Oujitjs cacnadgrèmhs.
Kasmusaýi.
Odrfunh jsths prjguiths2
Ji grupds rjspdikji h nhs
• • •
prjguiths2 • ´Muènjs sdi nds eècatds kj mdisufd prjkdfaihitjs4 • ´pdrquá4 ´muènjs sdi sus afpnamhmadijs4 • ´Xuá pdkjfds ehmjr phrh trhisodrfhrnds4
´Muènjs nds eècatds kj mdisufdsdi prjkdfaihitjs4 prjkdfaihitjs4 ´pdrquá4 ´muènjs sdi sus afpnamhmadijs4 • ´Xuá pdkjfds ehmjr phrh trhisodrfhrnds4 Afpdrthitj hmnhrhrnjs y phshr pdr nds grupds hsjgurèikdsj quj nds hrgufjitds sjhi kjshrrdnnhkds ji prdouikakhk, mdiordithkds h nhs oujitjs y kasmutakds mdi èiafd mdistrumtavd.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _AA - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih
Pègaih 5:
Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih
]dmahnazhmaýi kjn trhchbd.
Fdkjrh nh prjsjithmaýi kj rjsunth- Prjsjithi h sus mdfphøjrds kds pdr phrtj kj nds grupds, muhi- sus akjhs. kd sjtjighuih rjspujsth, kasmuth kasmuth hmjrmh kj ´quá hprjikafds4
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 [hcnjrd, fhrmhkdrjs. fhrmhkdrjs. Odrfhnazhmaýi mdimjptuhn.
Phrh odrfhnazhr nh kasmusaýi pujkj [dfhi hpuitjs, ehmji prjushr jn vakjd2 ettps2//www.ydutucj. guiths y hyukhi h mdistruar mdf/whtme4v6k_wbNTKL?BF&- mdimjptds, kjiamadijs d aikjx63&nast6PNNNJ8nucPUgXc - akjhs quj sj prdkumji ji nh _f-8K=FUqwoswNlLKIct hmtavakhk.
Fhtjrahnjs u hidthmadijs2 _akjdcjhf, mdfputhkdr. Prdyjmmaýi kjn trhchbd h vjiar.
Mdi chsj ji nh prjguith kj ´mýfd Jxprjshi sus mdfprdfasds pdkjfds hpnamhr nd hprjikakd4 phrh ndgrhr nh jmajimah Fdkjrh uih kasmusaýi hmjrmh kj jijrgátamh. nds mdfprdfasds h nds quj pujkji nnjghr pdr jn pnhijth.
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _AA - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih
Pègaih 5?
Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajitd Mrætamd ji nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih
Jstrhtjgah kj jvhnuhmaýi2 Jnhcdrhi pdr grupds ui aiodrfj hmjrmh kj dcsjrvhmadijs ejmehs pdr uih sjfhih ji nh jsmujnh hmjrmh kjn mdisufd kj jijrgæh jijrgæh quj aimnuyj uih jstrhtjgah phrh nh jmajimah jijrgátamh ji nh jsmujnh.
Mratjrads kj jvhnuhmaýi2 Mratjrad Odrfh kjn tjxtd.
Hiènasas.
Mdfjithrads.
:
=
8
Jn jsmratd js mnhrd y jstè caji jsmratd.
Jn jsmratd js mnhrd pjrd tajij jrrdrjs grhfhtamhnjs y drtdgrèoamds.
Jn jsmratd id js mnhrd.
Ji su hiènasas jstè aitjgrhkh uih pjrspjmtavh kj nh joamajimah jijrgátamh hpdyhkh ji dcsjrvhmadijs.
Ji su hiènasas jstèi nhs dcsjrvhmadijs pjrd id uih pjrspjmtavh kj joamajimah jijrgátamh.
Js ui hiènasas quj id sj rjnhmadih mnhrhfjitj mdi nd vastd ji mnhsj.
Kh su puitd kj vasth hrgufjithikd fjithi kd mdi dtrhs oujitjs.
Kh su puitd kj vasth hrgufjithikd kjskj su sucbjtavakhk.
Kh su puitd kj vasth pjrd id nd hrgufjith.
[rhchbd phr phrhh nh mhsh2 Jnhcdrhi pdr grupds ui aiodrfj hmjrmh kj dcsjrvhmadijs ejmehs pdr uih sjfhih ji nh jsmujnh hmjrmh kjn mdisufd kj jijrgæh quj aimnuyj uih jstrhtjgah phrh nh jmaji-
mah jijrgátamh ji nh jsmujnh Idths kjn prdojsdr2
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths | Ziakhk _AA - Nh jisjøhizh kjn Pjishfajit Pjishfajitdd Mrætamd ji nh jkumhmaýi maukhkhih
Mhbh kj Ejrrhfajiths Pjishfajitd Mrætamd SJK AI[JSHFJSAMHIH KJ JKZMHMAÝI KDMJI[J Drghiazhmaýi kj nds Jsthkds Hfjramhids Sjk Aitjrhfjramhih kj Jkumhmaýi Kdmjitj 308: kj nh Drghiazhmaýi kj nds Jsthkds Hfjramhids
Drghiazhmaýi kj nds Jsthkds Hfjramhids 8551 O ]trjjt, I.W., Whseaigtdi, K.M. 3000?, Z]H
Kasjød Grèoamd Bunad Hikrás Fjikdizh N. _OU ]tukads ]H] voxstukads.mdf.md
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