Pengaruh Posisi Pronasi Terhadap Status Hemodinamik Bayi Premature
October 10, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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ZG@MKTWF ZEQBQB ZTE@KQB XGTFKHKZ QXKXWQ FGNEHB@KNBL DKRB ZTGNKXWTG
Kzlbk Nk`tksyk ;:;2:1;:46
Zremrkn Qtuhb Bcnu Lgpgrkwktk` Lgpgrkwktk` W`bvgrsbtks Okcgtgfk` Hgsgndgr, 4:4:
LKXK ZG@MK@XKT
Zuib syulur lgfkhbrkt bcckfb Tkddb yk`m tgckf ngcbnpkflk` rkfnkt hk` lkru`bk lkru `bk @yk sgfb`mmk sgfb`mmk pg`ucbs pg`ucbs hkpkt hkpkt ng`yusu ng`yusu` ` hk` ng`ygcg ng`ygcgskbl skblk` k` Nklkckf Nklkckf –Zg`mmu`kk` Lbpks K`mb` W`tul Ng`murk`mb Hbsp`gk Zkhk Zksbg` Lk`lgr„. Nklkckf Nklk ckf b`b hbsusu` hbsusu` mu`k ngng`uf ngng`ufbb tumks tumks nktk lucbkf lucbkf Gvbhk`ag Dgst Zrkatbag (GDZ). Qgcknk ng`ucbs nklkckf b`b, pg`ucbs tbhkl cgpks hkrb dk`tuk`
dgrdkmkb pbfkl. Zkhk lgsgnpktk` lgs gnpktk` b`b, pg`ucbs uakplk` uakp lk` tgrbnklksbf lgpkhk9 ;. Bdu @s. Hgwb Hgwb Tkfnkwkt Tkfnkwktb, b, Q.Lgp., Q.Lgp.,N.L N.Lgp gp sgcklu sgcklu Hesg` Zgndbn Zgndbndb` db`m m pkhk nktkk lucbkf nkt lucbkf GDZ yk`m tgckf tgckf ngndgrb ngndgrblk` lk` pgnblbrk pgnblbrk`, `, pg`mkrkfk` pg`mkrkfk`,, hk` dbndb`mk` sgfb`mmk ngnpgrck`akr hkckn pg`ygcgskbk` pg`ygcgskb k` cbtgkrur rbvbgw b`b. 4. Quknb Quknb hk` Erk`m Erk`m Xuk Xuk yk`m yk`m sgckcu sgckcu ngndgrb ngndgrb netbv netbvksb ksb 1. Xgnk`-t Xgnk`-tgnk gnk` ` Q; Bcnu Lgpgrkwk Lgpgrkwktk` tk` yk`m sgckcu sgckcu ngndgrb ngndgrb hulu`mk` hulu`mk` Zg`ucbs ng`ykhkrb dkfwk nklkckf b`b nksbf ikuf hkrb sgnpur`k, u`tul btu pg`ucbs ng`mfkrplk` lrbtbl hk` skrk` u`tul pgrdkblk` hk` lgsgnpur`kk fksbc yk`m hb hkpkt. Fkrkpk` pg`ucbs sgnemk rgvbgw iur`kc b`b hkpkt dgrnk`okkt lfusus`yk dkmb pg`ucbs hk` dkmb d kmb pgndkak pkhk unun`yk.
Tk`mlsdbtu`m :7 Hgsgndgr 4:4:
Zg`ucbs
b
HKOXKT BQB
LKXK ZG@MK@XKT ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................b ......b HKOXKT BQB..........................................................................................................bb DKD B……………………………………………………………………………...;
............................................ ............................................. ............................................ .................................; ...........; ZG@HKFWCWK@..................... K. Cktk Cktkrr Dgck Dgcklk lk`m `m Nks Nkskc kckf kf............................................................................; D.
........................................... ............................................ ............................................1 ......................1 Tunusk` Nk Nkskckf.....................
DKD BB…………………………………………………………………………….8 XB@IKWK@ XGETB...............................................................................................8 K. Dkyb Zrgnktur.............................................................................................8 ;.
Hgo Hgob`bs b`bsbb Dky Dkybb Zr Zrgnkt nkturg...................... ............................................ ............................................ ..............................8 ........8
4.
Lcks Lcksbo bobl blks ksbb Dkyb Dkyb Zrgn Zrgnkt ktur ur......................................................................8
1.
Gtbe tbecemb cemb Dkyb Dkyb Zrg rgn nktur ktur...........................................................................7
8.
Zkte Zkteob obsb sbec ecem embb Dky Dkybb Z Zrg rgnk nktu turr...................................................................?
7.
Nksk Nkskck ckff-Nk Nksk skck ckf f Zkh Zkhk k Dky Dkybb Zrg Zrgnk nktu turr................................................?
?.
Zg`k Zg`ktk tkck ckls lsk` k`kk kk` ` Dk Dkyb yb Zrg Zrgnk nktu turr...........................................................6
D.
.......................................... ............................................ .......................................;: .................;: Qtkt Qtktu us Fgne Fgnehb hb` `knbl knbl ....................
A.
Zesbsb Zr Zre`ksb.................... .......................................... ............................................ ...................................................;; .............................;;
............................................ ............................................ ...............................................;1 .........................;1 DKD BBB....................... BBB............................................. ZG@WXWZ………………………………………………………………………. ;1 K.
LGQBNZWCK@...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................;1 ..;1
........................................... ............................................ ................................................;8 ..........................;8 HKOXKT ZWQXKLK..................... .......................................... ............................................ ........................;? ..;? CKNZBTK@ FKQBC WIB ZCKMBKX....................
bb
bbb
DKD B ZG@HKFWCWK@ K. Cktkr Cktkr Dgckl Dgcklk`m k`m Nksk Nkskckf ckf
Zrgk Zrgknk nktu turr kh khkc kckf kf
dk dkyb yb yk yk`m `m tgrc tgrckf kfbr br yq yq`m `m tgrc tgrckf kfbr br hg hg`m `mk` k`
usbklgfknbck` lurk`m hkrb 1= nb`mmu, ktku dgrkt dkhk` lurk`m hkrb 47:: mrkn (K`mmrkg`b (K`mmrkg`b gt kc. kc.,, 4:;2). 4:;2). Dkyb prgnktur prgnktur ngnbcb ngnbcblb lb rgsb rgsble le pg`yklbt pg`yklbt cgdbf tb`mmb hbdk`hb`mlk` hg`mk` dkyb `ernkc sgpgrtb hbskdbcbtks hkckn fkc neterbl, lem`btbo, vbsukc, pg`hg`mkrk`, sblkp, gnesb, sesbkc, lgsgfktk`, hk` nkskckf pgrtundufk`, Dkflk` dkyb hbckfbrlk` prgnktur dgrgsble tb`mmb ng`ygdkdlk` lgnktbk` (@bswkf, 4:;?) ]erch ch Fgkctf Fgkctf Ermk`b Ermk`bzkt zktbe` be` 4:;= Hktk ]er 4:;= ng`y ng`yktk ktklk lk` ` dkfwk dkfwk pg`ygdkd lgnktbk` utknk u tknk pkhk dkcbtk hb hu`bk khkckf kh kckf lenpcblksb lgckfbrk`
prgnkturg, p`gune`bk, ksoblsbk ckfbr, hbkrg hk` nkckrbk. Fknpbr sgpkruf hkrb lgnktbk` btu tgrikhb pkhk dkyb dkru ckfbr. Ngurut ]FE 4:;= K`mlk Lgnktbk` @ge`ktkc (Dkyb :-; duck`) hb B`he`gsbk ;1.8: pgr ;::: lgckfbrk` fbhup, fksbc pg`gcbtbk` ng`u`iulk` dkfwk pg`ygdkd tgrdk`ykl KL@ hb B`he`gsb B`he `gsbkk ykbtu ykbtu lgkfbrk` lgkfbrk` prgnktur prgnktur hg`mk` hg`mk` prgsg`t prgsg`tksg ksg 18,?6% 18,?6% (]FE, (]FE, 4:;=). Iunckf KL@ hb Zrevb`sb Dk`tg` tkfu` 4:;= sgdgskr ;:17 pgr ;::: lgckfbrk` lgckfbrk ` fbhup, hg`mk` k`mlk tgrg`hkf ykbtu 1: pgr ;::: lgckfbrk` fbhup yk`m yk` m hb hbhuh huhulb ulb ecgf ecgf Letk Letk Qgrk` Qgrk`m, m, sghk` sghk`ml mlk` k` KL@ KL@ tgrt tgrtb`m b`mmb mb Zr Zrevb evb`sb `sb Dk`tg` hb Lkdupktg` Xk`mgrk`m Xk`mgrk`m ykbtu 4?6 pgr ;::: lgckfbrk` fbhup, yk`m nk`kk pg`ygdkd nk` pg`ygdkd`yk `yk k`tkrk k`tkrk ckb ckb` ` prgnktu prgnktur, r, bdu ng`mkck ng`mkcknb nb k`gnbk k`gnbk,, hk` lurk`m`yk ksupk` mbzb skkt fknbc. Iblk KL@ hb suktu hkgrkf tb`mmb nklk hkpkt hblktklk` dkfwk tb`mlkt pgckyk` lgsgfktk` hb hkgrkf tgrsgdut rg`hkf (Zreobc Lgsgfktk` Zrevb`sb Dk`tg`, 4:;=). Tgspbrktery Hbstrgss Qy`heng skk skktt b`b b`b ng`ik ng`ikhb hb nkskc nkskckf kf yk`m yk`m
sgrb`m sgr b`m tgri tgrikhb khb pkhk pkhk dkyb dkyb hb hbnk nksk sk kwkc kwkc lgckf lgckfbr brk`. k`. Lgmkw Lgmkwkt ktk` k` b`b b`b dbsk dbsk
;
ng`ygdkdlk` lgnktbk` pkhk dkyb. Nklk hkrb btu hkckn le`hbsb b`b dkyb prgnkturg fkrus ng`hkpkt tktk cklsk`k yk`m dkbl, u`tul ng`mfb`hkrb nksk nk skckf ckf tgrsg tgrsgdut dut k`tkrk k`tkrk ckb` ckb` ykbt ykbtu u hg hg`mk `mk` ` hbdgrb hbdgrblk lk``y ``ykk kckt kckt dk`tu dk`tu pgr`kpksk` dkbl vg`tbcksb nglk`bl ,nkupu` Ae`tb`eus Zesbtbvg Kbrwky Zrgssurg (AZKZ). (AZKZ). Qgckb` ngndutuflk` kckt dk`tu pgr`kpksk` pgr`kpksk` AZKZ iumk ngngrcu ngn grculk` lk` b`tgrvg` b`tgrvg`sb sb pg`hulu` pg`hulu`m m u`tul u`tul ng`b`ml ng`b`mlktlk ktlk` ` stktus stktus elsbmg` elsbmg` dkyb tgrsgdut skckf sktu`yk hg`mk` pgndgrbk` pesbsb pre`ksb (Eltkrbk`b gt kc., 4:4:) Zre`ksb khkckf suktu pesbsb tbhur tgcu`mlup hg`mk` Lgpkck nbrb`m lg skckf sktu sbsb (lk`k` ktku lbrb), pesbsb tk`mk` ng`glul hb hkhk dkyb, hk` cutut ng`gnpgc ng`gnpgc lg hkhk dkyb (Fkriktb, (Fkriktb, 4:;1). Zesbsb pre`ksb dgrtuiuk` u`tul u`tu l ngnpgr ngnpgrdkbl dkblbb obsbecem obsbecembs bs pgr`kpks pgr`kpksk` k` hk` stkdbcb stkdbcbtks tks lkrhbevk lkrhbevksluc slucgr, gr, sg sgrrtk
ng` g`bb`mlkt mlktl lk`
hbstr strbdusb dusb
vg`tb `tbcksb
hk`
ng` g`m mur urkk`mb `mb
Qfu`t
B`trkpucne`kc (pg`ygdkd dkyb fbpelsgnbk) (Qugl, 4:;1)
Hkckn Hkc kn sgdukf sgdukf glspgrb glspgrbng` ng` hbhkpktl hbhkpktlk` k` fksbc fksbc dkfwk dkfwk pgndgrb pgndgrbk` k` pesbsb pre`ksb hkpkt ngndk`tu ng`ikmk peck pgr`kpksk` pkhk dkyb tg tgru rutk tknk nk sktu skturk rksb sb el elsb sbmg mg` ` hk hk` ` ngnd ngndk` k`tu tu `g `ge` e`kt ktkc kc hk hkrb rb pg pg`y `ykl klbt bt pgr`kpksk`. Zg`gcbtbk` b`b hbcklulk` pkhk dkyb DDCT hg`mk` hg`mk ` dgrkt dkhk` k`tkrk ;4:: hk` 47:: mrkn yk`m hbrkwkt hb @BAW tk`pk pgrcu kckt dk`tu. Fksbc pg`gcbtbk` tgrsgdut ng`yktklk` dkfwk khk`yk pgrdghkk` dgrnkl`k pkhk peck pgr`kpksk` dkyb sgtgckf hbdgrblk` pesbsb pre`ksb sgcknk ; ikn hg`mk` hg`m k` afb-squk afb-squkrg rg sgdgskr sgdgskr 1,2?6 1,2?6 hbtgnu hbtgnulk` lk` sbm`bob sbm`boblk` lk` sgakrk sgakrk stktbst stktbstbl bl hg`mk` hg` mk` vkrbkdc vkrbkdcgg Z >:,:8? > :,:8? ( Z Z 3 :,:7) :,:7) (I (Ikmk kmkhgg hggsw swkrb krb & Qe`by Qe`byk, k, 4:4:). 4:4:). Hkck Hk ckn n pg`gc pg`gcbt btbk bk` ` ckb`` ckb``yk yk yk`m yk`m hbck hbcklul lulk` k` tgrfk tgrfkhkp hkp 14 dk dkyb yb prgnk prgnktur tur ng`u`iulk` fksbc dkfwk pgndgrbk` pesbsb pre`ksb hkpkt ng`b`mlktlk` hg`yut hg` yut ik`tu ik`tu`m `m hk` sktur skturksb ksb elsb elsbmg` mg` pk pkhk hk dkyb dkyb hg`mk` hg`mk` `bckb `bckb rk rktk tk-rk -rktk tk tgrtb`mmb skturksb elsbmg` 2=,74 hk` `bckb p>:,:::. (K`mmrkg`b gt kc.,4:;2). Qgduk Qgdukf f iur`kc iur`kc b`tgr b`tgr`ks `ksbe` be`kc kc yk`m yk`m ngnd ngndk` k`hb` hb`mlk mlk` ` fksbc fksbc gl glspg spgrb rbng ng` ` pg`mkruf
pgndgrbk`
pesbsb
pre`ksb
hg`mk`
supb`ksb
tgrfkhkp
fgnehb` fgn ehb`knb knbl l dkyb prgnktu prgnkturg rg ng`hkpk ng`hkpktlk` tlk` fksbc fksbc dkfwk dkfwk supb`ksb supb`ksb hk`
4
pre`ksb hkpkt ng`b`mlktlk` skturksb elsbmg` hg`mk` `bckb p>(:,::3:,:7) (Zrkwgstb gt kc., 4:;2) Dgrhk grhksk skrl rlk` k`
cktk cktkrr
dgck dgcklk lk`m `m
nksk nkskck ckf f
hbkt hbktks ks
pg`u pg`ucb cbss
b`mb b`mb` `
ng`hgslrbpsblk` dkmkbnk`k mkndkrk` tgerb hkrb pg`mkruf pesbsb pre`ksb tgrfkhkp stktus fgnehb`knbl dkyb prgnktur.
D. Tunu Tunusk sk` ` Nksk Nkskck ckf f
W`tul ng`mfb`hkrb lgmkwkthkrurktk` pkhk dkyb prgnkturg dgdgrkpk upkyk yk`m hbcklulk` khkckf hg`mk` pgndgrbk` kckt dk`tu pgr`kpksk` dkbl vg`tbck vg`t bcksb sb nglk`bl nglk`bl ktkupu` hg`mk` pg`mmu`k pg`mmu`kk` k` Ae`t Ae`tb`eus b`eus Zesbtbvg Zesbtbvg Kbrwky Kbrwky Zrgssurg (AZKZ). (AZKZ). Qgckb` btu hbpgrculk` hbpgrculk` iumk b`tgrvg`sb pg`hulu`m ae`tef`yk
hg`mk` pgndgrbk` pesbsb pre`ksb pkhk dkyb tgrsgdut. Rk`m ng`ikhb pgrtk`ykk` kpklkf pgndgrbk` pesbsb pre`ksb hkpkt ngnpgrdkblb stktus fgnehb`knbl pkhk dkyb prgnkturg5 Kpklkf knk` sgfb`mmk hkpkt hbb`tgrvg`sblk`5 hbb`tgrv g`sblk`5
1
DKD BB XB@IKWK@ XGETB K. Dkyb Dkyb Zrg Zrgnk nktu turr ;. Hgob Hgob`b `bsb sb Dkyb Dkyb Zrg Zrgnk nktu turg rg
dkyb prgnktur khkckf dkyb yk`m ckfbr hg`mk` usbk mgstksb lurk`m hkrb 1? nb`mmu hbfbtu`m hkrb fkrb pgrtknk fkbh tgrklfbr (Qkrb, 4:;=). Qgnuk dkyb yk`m yk`m hbckfbrlk` hbckfbrlk` pkhk usbk lgfknbck` lgfknbck` hbdkwkf 1= nb`mmu nb`mmu hbsgdut dkyb prgnkturg, `knu` hkckn fkc dgrkt rb`mk``yk le`hbsb dkyb ckfbr tgrmk`tu`m hkrb usbk lgfknbck` skkt dkyb hbckfbrlk`. hbckfbrlk`. Le`hbsb dkyb prgnkturg tbhkl sgnuk`yk sknk, nklb` nuhk usbk lgfknbck` sgnklb` lgabc dgrkt dkhk``yk (Rus`k, 4:4:).
4. Lcksbo Lcksboblk blksb sb Dkyb Dkyb Zrgnkt Zrgnktur ur
Lcksbob Lck sboblksb lksb dkyb prgnktur prgnkturgg dgrhksk dgrhkskrlk` rlk` usbk usbk lgfknbc lgfknbck` k` hbdkmb hbdkmb ng`ikhb sgdkmb dgrblut9 k. Cktg prgtgrn / prgnk prgnktur turgg klfbr klfbr (usbk (usbk lgfkn lgfknbc bck` k` 18-1= 18-1= nb`mmu) d. Nehgrktg prgnkturg / prgnkturg sghk`m (usbk lgfknbck` 14 - 3 18 nb`mmu) a. _gry prgtgrn / sk`mkt prgnkturg prgnkturg ( usbk lgfknbck` lgfknbck` 46 - 314 nb`mmu) h. Gxtrgngcy prgtgrn / (usbk lgfknbck` 346 nb`mmu). Lcksboblksb dkyb prgnkturg dgrhkskrlk` dgrkt dkhk` 9 k. Cew dbrtf wgbmft / / dgrkt dkhk` ckfbr rg`hkf (;7::-47::m) d. _gry cew dbrtf wgbmft / dgrkt dkhk` ckfbr sk`mkt rg`hkf a. Gxtgrgn Gxtgrgncy cy cew dbrt dbrtf f wgbmft wgbmft / dgrkt dgrkt dkhk` dkhk` ckfbr ckfbr knkt knkt sk`mkt sk`mkt rtg`hkf (3;:::m). Zgndkmbk` lcksboblksb dkyb prgnkturg b`b dgrtuiuk` u`tul ngcbfkt rgsble hk` b`tgrvg`sb kpk skik yk`m dbsk hbcklulk` u`tul ngrkwkt dkyb prgnkturg. (Rus`k, 4:4:). 4:4:) .
8
1. Gt Gtbe bece cemb mb Dkyb Dkyb Zrg Zrgnk nktu turr
Dkyb yk`m hbckfbrlk` sgakrk prgnkturg hkpkt hbsgdkdlk` ecgf dgdgrkpk oklter ykbtu y kbtu sgdkmkb dgrblut9 k. Oklter BBd du ;) Xelsgn Xelsgnbk bk mrkvbhkr mrkvbhkrun un (prglckn (prglcknsbk sbk hk` gackn gacknpsbk psbk)) 4) Tbw bwky kykt kt
lgck lgckfb fbrk rk` `
pr prgn gnkt ktur urgg
sgpg sgpgrt rtbb
pgrh pgrhkr krkf kfk` k`
k`tgpkrtun, nkc`utrbsb hk` k`gnbk stkdbc 1) Lgck Lgckb`k b`k` ` dg`tu dg`tul l utgrus utgrus (utgr (utgrus us dulg`b dulg`bs, s, b`len b`lenpg pgtg tg` ` sgrvbls) 8) Xuner Xuner (nbenk (nbenk utgrb, utgrb, gbsten gbstenk) k) 7) Bdu ng`hgr ng`hgrbtk btk pg`yklb pg`yklbtt klut hg`mk` hg`mk` mgikck mgikck pk`ks pk`ks tb`mmb tb`mmb sgpgtb tfypus kdhenb`kcbs, hk` nkckrbk ?) Bdu ng`hgrb ng`hgrbtk tk pg`yklbt pg`yklbt lre`bs lre`bs (XDA, (XDA, pg`yklb pg`yklbtt ik`tu`m, ik`tu`m, fbpgrtg`sb, pg`yklbt mb`ikc) =) Xrkunk Xrkunk pkhk pkhk nksk nksk lgfknb lgfknbck`, ck`, k`tkr k`tkrkk ckb` iktu iktuf f 6) Lgdbksk Lgdbkskk` k` bdu (lgtgrmk (lgtgrmk`tu` `tu`mk` mk` edkt `krlet `krletbl, bl, relel relel hk` kcaefec) 2) Wsbk Wsbk bdu pkhk pkhk lurk`m lurk`m hkrb hkrb 4: tkfu` tkfu` ktku ktku cgdbf cgdbf hkrb 17 tkfu` skkt fknbc ;:) Dglgrik yk`m yk`m tgrckcu dgrkt dgrkt ;;) Ikrkl fknbc fknbc hk` dgrskcb` tgrckcu tgrckcu hglkt d. Oklter Ik`b` oklter ik`b` iumk hkpkt ngnpg`mkrufb ngnpg`mkrufb tgrikhb`yk tgrikhb`yk prgnkturg prgnkturg k`tkrk ckb` lgfknbck` mk`hk, fbhrkn`be`, lgtudk` pgakf hb`b, akaktt dkwkk`, akak dkwkk`, lgckb`k lgckb`k` ` lrenesen lrenesen,, b`oglsb b`oglsb (rudgcc (rudgcck, k, sbobcbs sbobcbs,, telsepcksnesbs), telsepcks nesbs), b`suog`sb pcksg`tk, pcksg`tk, b`lenpktbdbcbtk b`lenpktbdbcbtkss hkrkf bdu hk` ik`b` (okater rfgsus, mece`mk` hkrkf K, D hk` E) b`oglsb hkckn rkfbn.
7
a. Oklter Ck Ckb` Okat Okater er ckb` ckb` yk`m yk`m ng`ik ng`ikhb hb pg`ygd pg`ygdkd kd prgnk prgnktur turgg ykbtu ykbtu ok okat ater er pcksg`tk, sgpgrtb pcksg`tk prgvbk hk` secusbe pcksg`tk, okater cb`mlu`mk`, rkhbksb, zkt-zkt dgrkau`, lgkhkk`` seabkc gle`enb yk yk`m `m rg`h rg`hkf kf,, lg lgdb dbks kskk kk` ` pg pglg lgri rikk kk` ` yk yk`m `m ngcg ngcgck ckfl flk` k` hk hk` ` ngrelel (Qurknb, 4:;6)
8. Zkteob Zkteobsbe sbecem cembb Dkyb Dkyb Zrgnkt Zrgnktur ur
Zkteobsbecemb Zkteob sbecemb dkyb ckfbr prgnkturg prgnkturg sk`mkt dk`ykl sglkcb okater `yk, okater okat er yk`m dgrpgrk` dgrpgrk` pkhk lgckfbr lgckfbrk` k` prgnkt prgnkturg urg k`tkrkc k`tkrkckk ckb ckb` ` rgklsb rgklsb b`ockngs hk` gogl premgstgre`. Xgrikhb`yk rgklsb b`ocknksb pkhk lgckfbrk` prgnkturg hbklbdktlk` ec ecgf gf pr pres esgs gs pkte pktemg mg`b `bl l sp spgs gsbo bobl bl yk`m yk`m hbn hbnghbk ghbksb sb ecgf ecgf sbte sbtelb lb` ` preb`ocknksb, ngtkcepretksg ngtkcep retksg nktrbls, hk` prestkmck`hb`. prestkmck` hb`. B`ocknksb pkhk p khk ikck` ckfbr ng`mkldktlk` le`trklsb utgrus hk` pgrudkfk` sgrvbls,, fkc b`b ngnbau ruptur`yk lk`tu`m kn`be`, sgfb`mmk sgfb`mmk tgrikhb lgtudk` pgakf hb`b hk` lgckfbrk` prgnkturg. Zremg Zremgst stgre gre`g `g ngnb ngnbcb cblb lb ou`msb ou`msb k`tbb k`tbb`oc `ockn knksb ksb,, k`tbk k`tbkder dertu tus, s, hk` ngnp ng npgr grtk tkfk fk`l `lk` k`
nktrb ktrbls ls
sgrv sgrvbl bls. s.
Zk Zkhk hk
lgck lgckfb fbrk rk` `
pr prgn gnkt ktur urgg
premgstgre`g cgdbf rg`hkf sgfb`mmk pgnduktk` ZBDO ngckcub sgc pcksg`tk iumk ng`uru`, `knu` nglk`bsng tgrikhb`yk pg`uru`k` premgstgre`g b`b dgcun hblgtkfub sgakrk pkstb pk stb (Ourhe`, 4:;=).
7. Nkskck Nkskckf-N f-Nksk kskckf ckf Zkhk Zkhk Dkyb Dkyb Zrgnkt Zrgnktur ur
Nkskckf yk`m yk`m sgrb`m tgrikhb tgrikhb pkhk dkyb prgnkturg prgnkturg khkckf nkskckf nkskckf yk`m dgrfudu`mk` hg`mk` ou`msb bnktur hk` systgn ermk`. Nksckf b`b ngcbputb9 k. Zkru- pk pkru Tgspbrktery Hbstrgss Qy`hreng khkckf khkckf nkskckf nkskckf yk`m sgrb`m sgrb`m
tgrikhb tgri khb pkhk pkru-pkr pkru-pkru u dkyb prgnktur prgnkturg, g, fkc b`b hblkrg`k hblkrg`klk` lk`
?
prehulsb surokltk` yk`m tbhkl ngnkhkb mu`k ng`agmkf aecckpsg hk` ktgcgltksbs
d. @gurecembl @gurecemba klut yk`m sgrb`m tgrikhb pkhk dkyb prgnkturg khkckf pgrhkrkfk` b`trkark`bkc hk` hgprgsb pgrb`ktkc. Zg`ygdkd`yk khkck khk ckf f g`sgcepktb bslgnbl (GBF). Igiks pkhk etkl yk`m tgrikhb pkhk nksk pgrb`ktkc hblgtkfub ng`ikhb pg`ygdkd utknk mk`mmu mk` mmuk` k` `gurec `gurecemb embss dgrkt dgrkt yk`m yk`m ngnb ngnbcb cblb lb hknpkl hknpkl hkckn hkckn ik`mlk pk`ik`m yk`m yk` m hblg`kc hg`mk` Agrgdrkc Zkbsy. a. QQZ QQZ (sus (susu`k u`k` ` syk sykrko rko puskt) puskt) Hb Hbsg sgdk dkdl dlk` k` lk lkrg rg`k `k tb tbhk hkl l ngnk ngnkhk hkb` b`yk yk le leer erhb hb`k `ksb sb rg rgoc ocgx gx ng`m ng `mfb fbsk skp p
hk` hk`
ng`gc g`gck` k` sgfb sgfb`m `mmk mk hbdg hbdgbb
nklk` klk` sgak sgakrk rk
b`trkvg`k. h. Lkrh Lkrhbe bevk vksl sluc ucgr gr Mk`mmuk` yk`m sgrb`m tgrikhb khkckf fbpevecgnbk., nbskc`yk lgfbck`mk` vecung, mk`mmuk` ou`msb ik`tu`m hk` vksehbcktksb klbdkt sgpsbs. g. B`oglsb Dkyb Dk yb prgnk prgnktur turgg ngnb ngnbcb cblb lb rbsbl rbsble e tgrik tgrikhb hb`yk `yk b`og b`oglsb lsb klbdk klbdktt hgobsbg`sb rgspe` bnu` hk` funerkc. o. Zg Zg`m `mkt ktur urk` k` Quf ufu u Dkyb prgnk Dkyb prgnktu turg rg sucbt sucbt u`tul u`tul ngnd ngnduk uktt sufu sufu tuduf` tuduf`yk yk stkdb stkdbcc lkrg`k gogl sfbvgrb`m pkhk dkyb prgnkturg tbhkl khk. Lgtblk tgrpk tgrpkpkr pkr hg`mk hg`mk` ` sufu sufu cb`ml cb`mlu`m u`mk` k` dk dkwk wkf f `gtrk `gtrkcc kl klk` k` agpkt agpkt lgfbck`m lgfb ck`mk` k` pk`ks pk`ks hblkrg`k hblkrg`klk` lk` ngnpu`y ngnpu`ykb kb cuks cuks pgrnulkk pgrnulkk` ` tuduf yk`m dgskr hbsdk`hb`m rksbe. m. Qkcu Qkcurk rk` ` pg`a pg`agr gr`k `kk` k` Dkyb Dk yb pr prgn gnkt kturg urg tbhkl tbhkl nknp nknpu u ng`yg ng`ygrk rkp p KQB KQB hg`mk` hg`mk` dkbl dkbl lkrg`k lkrg `k skcurk` skcurk` pg`agr`k pg`agr`kk` k` `yk dgcun dgcun sgnpur` sgnpur`k, k, klbdkt` klbdkt`yk yk pg`mese`mk` ckndui`m tgrckndkt hk` ng`bnduclk` hgsbstg`sb ckndu`m usus.
=
f. Mb`ikc Dktk Dk tkss le`sg` le`sg`tr trksb ksb hk` hbcu hbcusb sb akbrk akbrk` ` ur urb`g b`g lurk` lurk`m m ngnk ngnkhkb hkb lkrg`k lkr g`k btu btu ou`ms ou`msbb mb mb`i `ikc kc pkhk pkhk dkyb dkyb prgnk prgnktur turgg nksb nksbf f bnkt bnktur ur
b.
sgfb`mmk tbhkl sgpgrtb dkyb `ernkc ckb``yk. Nktk Tgtrecg`tkc obdrepcksbk, b`b tgrikhb tgrikhb klbdkt klbdkt pgndgrb pgndgrbk` k` elsbmg` elsbmg`
tb`mmb tb`m mb pkhk dkyb prgnktur prgnkturgg ngruskl ngruskl pgnducuf pgnducuf hkrkf hkrkf rgtb`k rgtb`k yk`m nksbf dgcun nktk`m. i.
Fbpgrdbcbrudb`gnbk
l. Fbpe Fbpemc mcbl blgn gnbk bk c. Xghg` ghg`sb sb (Qkr (Qkrb, b, 4: 4:;= ;=)) ?. Zg`kt Zg`ktkck kcklsk lsk`kk `kk` ` Dkyb Dkyb Zrgnk Zrgnktur tur
Xuiuk` Xuiu k` ut utkn knkk pg pg`kt `ktkck kcklsk lsk`kk `kk` ` dkyb dkyb prgnk prgnktu turg rg khkck khkckf f u`tul u`tul ng`murk`mb nertkcbtks dkyb, pgrcu hblgtkfub dkfwksk`yk tbhkl sgnuk dkyb prgnkturg khkckf dkyb sklbt, pg`ktkcklsk`kk` dkyb prgnkturg tgrmk`tu`m pkhk le`hbsb dkyb skkt ckfbr. Dgrblut dgdgrkpk tktk cklsk`k pkhk dkyb prgnkturg9 k. Tuiulk` Zkhk unun`yk dkyb prgnkturg ngndutuflk` pgrkwktk` hb ruk`m @BAW, sgpgrtb pkhk le`hbsb glcknsbk/prgglcknsbk ktku lerbekn lerb ekn`be` `be`btt bttbs, bs, `knu` `knu` tbhkl tbhkl sgnuk sgnuk runkf runkf sklbt sklbt ngnbcb ngnbcblb lb ru ruk` k`m m @BAW @BAW,, ck`m ck`mlk lkf f yk yk`m `m pk pkcb cb`m `m tgpk tgpktt kh khkc kckf kf hg hg`m `mk` k` ngruiulnyk lg oksbcbtks yk`m cgdbf ngnkhkb. d. Qtkdbcbsksb hk` Tgsusbtksb Dkyb Dk yb
pr prgn gnkt ktur urgg
ngpu ngpu`y `ykb kb
rg rgsb sble le
tb`m tb`mmb mb
ng`m ng`mkc kckn knbb
fbpetgrnbk hk` mk`mmuk` rgspbrkterbl sgfb``mk ngndutuflk` pgrfktbk` cgdbf.
Xgrnergmucksb Xkrmg Xk rmgtt sufu sufu tu tuduf duf dkyb dkyb prgnk prgnktu turg rg khkck khkckf f 1?.7-1 1?.7-1=.7 =.7
Agca Ag cabus bus,, pg`agm pg`agmkfk kfk` ` fbpetg fbpetgrn rnbk bk hkpkt hkpkt hbckl hbcklulk ulk` ` hg`mk` hg`mk`
6
pgndgrbk` b`tgrvg`sb sgpgrtb lk` lk`mkr mkree ee netfgr netfgr akrg akrg(LNA), pgrkwktk` lucbt, hk` pg`mmu`kk` pg` mmu`kk` pckstbl iumk hkpkt hbcklulk`.
Nk`kigng` Tgspbrkterbl Nk`k Nk `kig igng ng` ` rgsp rgspbr brkt kter erbl bl hg hg`m `mk` k`
pg pgnd ndgr grbk bk` `
vg vg`t `tbc bcks ksbb
tglk`k` pesbtbo(_XZ) pesbtbo(_XZ) ngkckub su`mlup, ae`tb`ueus pesbtbvg kbr wky (AZKZ), ktku hg`mk` b`tudksb fkrus sgsukb hg`mk` tkrmgt
skturksb elsbmg` Xgrk Xg rkpb pb surokl surokltk tk` ` unun unun`yk `yk iumk iumk hbckl hbcklulk ulk` ` pkhk pkhk dkyb dkyb prgnkturg sgtgckf khk mgikck rgspbrkterbl hk` sgdgcun tgrikhb pgndurulk`, dbksk`yk 4 ikn pksak ckfbr (Hkrnkwk`, 4:;2 4:;2)) Khk
dgdg dgdgrk rkpk pk
b` b`tg tgrv rvg` g`sb sb
pg`h pg`hul ulu` u`m m
ckb` ckb``y `ykk
u` u`tu tul l
ng`b`mlktlk` lkhkr elsbmg` pkhk dkyb prgnkturg skckf sktu`yk hg`mk` pgndgrbk` pesbsb pre`ksb (Eltkrbk`b gt kc., 4:4:) a. Xgrk Xgrkpb pb @utr @utrbsb bsb hk` Akbr Akbrk` k` Qgakrk unun pg`ktkcklsk`kk` akbrk` yk`m hkpkt hbdgrblk` pkhk dkyb prgnkturg khkckf mculesk hk` lrbstkcebh. Zgnk`tkuk` Zgnk`tkuk ` gcgl gcgltr trec ecbt bt hb hbck cklu lulk lk` ` sgtb sgtbkp kp ;4 ;4-4 -48 8 ikn ikn sglk sglkcb cb sghk sghk`m `mlk lk` ` pgnk`tkuk` dgrkt dkhk` dk hk` hbcklulk` sgtbkp 48 4 8 ikn sglkcb.
Xktk cklsk`k Fbpemcblgnbk Xkrmgt muck hkrkf pkhk dkyb prgnkturg khkckf 7:-;;: nm/hc. Hg`mk` pgngrblskk` hbuck`mb sgtbkp 4: ng`bt lgnuhbk` ?: ng`bt fb`mmk stkdbc hk` ngndkbl.
@utrbsb pkhk dkyb prgnkturg Zkhkk dkyb prgnktur Zkh prgnkturgg lgdutufk lgdutufk` ` `utrbsb `utrbsb dgrdghkdgrdghk-dghk dghk tgrmk`tu`m hkrb le`hbsb lcb`bs dkyb. Lgdutufk` lkcerb dkyb prgnkturg cgdbf tb`mmb unun`yk ;4:-;7:/lm/fkrb. KQB
khkckf
sundgr`utrbsb
utknk
hbrgleng`hksblk` u`tul dkyb prgnkturg. h. Xgrk Xgrkpb pb okrn okrnkl klec ecem embs bs
2
yk`m
Iblk tgrikhb b`hblksb nklk yk`m fkrus hbcklulk` ykbtu hg`mk` tgrk tgrkpb pb
okrn okrnkl klec ecem embs bs,,
pg pg`k `ktk tkck ckls lsk` k`kk kk` `
hb hbpg pgrc rcul ulk` k` khkc khkckf kf ed edkt kt b`et b`etre repb pbaa
yk yk`m `m
sgrb sgrb`m `m
ktku ktku gpb` gpb`go gorb rb` `
drkhblkrhb. _g`tbcksb hk` elsbmg`ksb ngnpgrdkblb drkhblrhb (Hkrnkwk`, 4:;2)
yk`m
dkbl
lk lkcb cb u` u`tu tul l hpkt
D. Qtktus Qtktus Fgnehb Fgnehb`kn `knbl bl
Fgnehb`knbl khkckf mkndkrk` hkrb pgngrblskk` sbrlucksb hkrkf, ou`msb ou`m sb ik`tu`m ik`tu`m hk` lkrkltg lkrkltgrbst rbstbl bl obsbecem obsbecembs bs vksauckr vksauckr pgrbogr pgrbogr.. Ne`bter Ne`bterb`m b`m fgnehb`knbl hkpkt hbcklulk` hg`mk` ngtehg b`vksbvg hk` `e` b`vksbvg (Fgrnk` gt kc., 4:;7). k. Zgnk Zgnk`t `tkuk kuk` ` Fgnehb Fgnehb`kn `knbl bl B`vk B`vksbv sbv Zkrkngtgr pgnk`tkuk` fgnehb`knbl b`vksbvg hkpkt hbcklulk` pkhk krtgrb, vg`k sg`trkc sg`trk c ktkupu` krtgrb pucne`kcbs. pucne`kcbs . d. Zgnk`tkuk` Fgnehb`knbl `e` b`vksbvg b`v ksbvg
Zgr`kpksk` Zg`mkturk` Zg`mktur k` orglug`sb `kpks pkhk pksbg` hbsgsukblk` hg`mk` usbk pksbg`. Ng`g`tulk` orglug`sb pgr`kpksk` pkhk pksbg` yk`m ng`mmu`klk` vg`tbcksb nglk`bl dgrkhk pkhk dktks dkwkf hk` dktks ktks, yk`m nk`k iblk `b `bckb ckb dgrkhk dgrkhk hb dk dktk tkss dkwkf dkwkf ngnd ngndgr grblk blk` ` b`oern b`oernksb ksb dkfwk pksbg` ng`mkcknb fbpevg`tbcksb, iblk dgrkhk hb dktks ktks pkhk `bckb ng`u`iulk` pksbg` ng`mkcknb fbpgrvg`tbcksb. Dktks-d s-dktks
or orgglug`s ug`sbb
`er ern nkc
pkhk
dgrhkskrlk` usbk 9 -
@ge`k ge`ktg tgs9 s9 1: 1:-? -?: : lkc lkcbb / ng ng`b `btt
-
;d ;duc uck` k`-; -; tkfu tkfu`9 `9 47 47-7 -7: : lkc lkcb/ b/ ng`b ng`btt
-
;;-4 4 tkf tkfu` u` 9 4747-7: 7: lkcb lkcb / ng` ng`bt bt
-
11-8 8 tkf tkfu` u`99 4 4::-1: 1: lkcb lkcb// ng` ng`bt bt
-
7- ;: tkfu tkfu` ` ccgd gdbf bf99 ;7;7-1: 1: lk lkcb cb// ng` ng`bt bt
-
Hgwks gwksk9 k9 ;4 ;4-4 -48 8 lkc lkcbb / ng ng`b `btt
;:
pksbg sbg`
Qkturksb Elsbmg` @bckb
`ernkc
skturksb
elsbmg`
khkckf
27-;::%.
Zgnk`tk Zgn k`tkuk` uk` u`tul u`tul ng`mgtk ng`mgtkfub fub skturks skturksbb elsbmg` elsbmg` hkrb fgnemc fgn emcedb edb` ` ng`mm ng`mmu`k u`klk` lk` kckt kckt yk`m yk`m dgr`kn dgr`knkk pucsg pucsg exbngtry.
Orglug`sb Hg`yut Ik`tu`m Kc Kckt kt dk dk`t `tu u yk yk`m `m hbmu hbmu`k `klk lk` ` u` u`tu tul l ng`m ng`mfb fbtu tu`m `m orglu orglug` g`sb sb hg`yu hg`yuti tik`t k`tu`m u`m ng`m ng`mmu` mu`kl klk` k`
kckt kckt dk`tu dk`tu
ne`bter. Dgrblut orglug`sb hg`yut ik`tu`m dgrhkskrlk` usbk9
-
; duc duck` k` 9 ;:: ;::-; -;6: 6: lkcb lkcb / ng` ng`bt bt
-
? duc duck` k` 9 ;4: ;4:-; -;?: ?: lkcb lkcb / ng` ng`bt bt
-
; ttkf kfu` u` 9 2 2::-;8 ;8: : lkc lkcb/ b/ ng`bt g`bt
-
4 ttkf kfu` u` 9 6 6::-;8 ;8: : lkc lkcb/ b/ ng`bt g`bt
-
? ttkf kfu` u`99 = =77-;: ;:: : lkc lkcb/ b/ ng`b ng`btt
-
;: tkfu tkfu` ` 9 ?: ?:-2 -2: : lkc lkcbb / ng`bt g`bt
-
;? tkfu tkfu` ` lgkt lgktks ks 9 ?:?:-;: ;:: : lkc lkcb/ b/ng ng`b `btt
Xglk`k` Hkrkf Zgrfbtu`mk` tglk`k` hkrkf ng`mmu`klk` kckt dk`tu ne`bter sgsykb usbk pksbg`9 -
; duck`9 67 67/7: nn nnFm
-
? duck` 9 2:/71 nn nnFm
-
; tkfu` 9 2;/78 nn nnFm
-
4 tkfu`9 2; 2;/7? nn nnFm
-
? tkfu` 9 27/7= nn nnFm
-
;: tkf kfu u` 9 ;:4/ :4/?4 nnFm
-
4: tkfu` tkfu` lgk lgktk tkss 9 ;4:/ ;4:/6: 6: nnF nnFm m (igve (igve`s, `s, 4:;;). 4:;;).
A. Zesb Zesbsb sb Zre Zre`k `ksb sb
;;
Zre`ksb khkckf suktu pesbsb tbhur tgcu`mlup tgcu`mlup hg`mk` Lgpkck nbrb`m
lg skckf sktu sbsb (lk`k` ktku lbrb), pesbsb tk`mk` ng`glul hb hkhk dkyb, hk` cutut cutut ng`gnp ng`gnpgc gc lg hkhk dkyb (Fkrikt (Fkriktb, b, 4:;1). 4:;1). Zesbsb Zesbsb pre`ksb pre`ksb yk`m hbdgrblk` pkhk dkyb dgrtuiuk` hbdgrblk` dgrtuiuk` u`tul ngnpgrdkblb ngnpgrdkblb obsbecembs obsbecembs pgr`kpksk` pgr`kpksk` hk` stkdbcbtks lkrhbevkslucgr, sgrtk ng`b`mlktlk` hbstrbdusb vg`tbcksb hk` ng`m ng `mur urk` k`mb mb Qf Qfu` u`tt B` B`trk trkpu pucn cne` e`kc kc (pg (pg`yg `ygdkd dkd dkyb dkyb fbpel fbpelsgn sgnbk bk)) (Q (Qug ugl, l, 4:;1). Fkc hbktks hbdultblk` hg`mk` khk`yk dgdgrkpk fksbc glspgrbng` hbk`t hbk `tkrk krk`yk `yk,, pg`gc pg`gcbt btbk` bk` yk`m yk`m hb hbckl cklulk ulk` ` hbruk hbruk`m `m @BAW @BAW TQ K`-`b K`-`bsk sk Xk`m Xk `mmgr mgrk`m k`m,, tgrhk tgrhkpkt pkt pg`mkr pg`mkruf uf dgrnk dgrnkl`k l`k pkhk pkhk pgndgr pgndgrbk bk` ` pre`k pre`ksb sb tgrfkhkp tgrf khkp stktus stktus fgnehb` fgnehb`knb knbl l dkyb prgnktur prgnkturgg tgrutkn tgrutknkk pkhk orglug`s orglug`sbb `koks dkyb hg`mk` sbm`boblk` `bck p>:,:::3p:,:7 (Eltkrbk`b gt kc., 4:4:). Glspgrb Glspg rbng ng` ` lghuk lghuk ng`hk ng`hkpkt pktlk` lk` fk fksbc sbc dkfwk dkfwk pesbsb pesbsb pre`ks pre`ksbb hkpkt hkpkt ng`b`mlktlk` ng`b`mlk tlk` orglug`sb pgr`kpksk` hg`mk` `bckb p>:,:4? krtb`yk p 3 :,:7 (Kprbcb (Kpr bcbkwk kwktb tb & Teskcb` Teskcb`k, k, 4:;?).
Qgck`iu Qgck`iut`y t`ykk tgrhkpk tgrhkpktt pg`gcbt pg`gcbtbk` bk` yk`m
hbtuc hbt ucbs bs hkckn hkckn iu iur`k r`kcc yk`m yk`m dgriuh dgriuhuc uc –Xf –Xfgg Googvtb Googvtbvg` vg`gss gss Eo Zre`g Zre`g k`h Qupb`g @gstb`m Zesbtbe` e` Afk`mgs Eo Exymg` Qkturktbe` k`h ]gbmft b` Zrgnkturg Dkdbgs„ ng`ui ng`uiulk ulk` ` fksbc fksbc dk dkfw fwkk khk`yk khk`yk pg`mkr pg`mkruf uf pesbs pesbsbb
pre`ksb hkckn ng`b`mlktlk` skturksb elsbmg` pkhk dkyb prgnkturg hbdultblk` hg`mk` `bckb p>:,:::3:.:7 (Zrkwgstb gt kc., 4:;2)
;4
DKD BBB ZG@WXWZ K. LGQB LGQBN NZWCK ZWCK@ @
Dkyb prgnktur khkckf dkyb yk`m ckfbr hg`mk` usbk mgstksb lurk`m hkrb 1? nb`mmu hbfbtu`m hkrb fkrb pgrtknk fkbh tgrklfbr. Nkskckf yk`m sgrb`m tgrikhb pkhk dkyb prgnkturg khkckf nkskckf yk`m dgrfudu`mk` hg`mk` ou`msb bnktur hk` systgn ermk`. Mk`mmuk` yk`m sgrb`m tgrikhb khkckf Tgspbrktery Hbstrgss Qy`hreng hk` fbpevecgnbk. Fgnehb`knbl khkckf mkndkrk` hkrb pgngrblskk` sbrlucksb hkrkf, ou`msb ik`tu`m hk` lkrkltgrbstbl obsbecembs vksauckr pgrbogr. Zgnk`tkuk` fgnehb`knbl hbdkmb huk ykbtu hg`mk` pgnk`tkuk` b`vksbvg hk` `e` b`vksbv. b`vk sbv. Dgdgrkp Dgdgrkpkk yk`m hbpk`tku hbpk`tku pkhk pgnk`t pgnk`tkuk` kuk` b`vksbvg b`vksbvg khkckf khkckf pgr`kpksk` skturksb elsbmg`, tglk`k` hkrkf, hk` orglug`sb hg`yut ik`tu`m. Zre`ksb khkckf suktu pesbsb tbhur tgcu`mlup hg`mk` lgpkck nbrb`m lg skckf sktu sbsb (lk`k` ktku lbrb), pesbsb tk`mk` ng`glul hb hkhk dkyb, hk` cutut ng`gnpgc lg hkhk dkyb. Zesbsb pre`ksb yk`m hbdgrblk` pkhk dkyb dgrtuiuk` u`tul ngnpgrdkblb obsbecembs pgr`kpksk` hk` stkdbcbtks lkrhbevkslucgr, sgrtk ng`b`mlktlk` hbstrbdusb vg`tbcksb hk` ng`murk` ng`m urk`mb mb Qfu`t Qfu`t B`trkpuc B`trkpucne`k ne`kcc (pg`ygdk (pg`ygdkd d dkyb fbpelsgn fbpelsgnbk). bk). Fkc hb hbkt ktks ks
hb hbdu dult ltbl blk` k`
hg`m hg`mk` k`
khk` khk`yk yk
dgdg dgdgrk rkpk pk
fksb fksbcc
glsp glspgr grbn bng` g`
hbk`tkr hbk` tkrk`yk k`yk,, pg`gcbtb pg`gcbtbk` k` yk`m hbcklul hbcklulk` k` hbruk`m hbruk`m @BAW @BAW TQ K`-`bsk K`-`bsk Xk`mmgr Xk` mmgrk`m, k`m, tgrhkpk tgrhkpktt pg`mkruf pg`mkruf dgrnkl`k dgrnkl`k pkhk pgndgrb pgndgrbk` k` pre`ksb pre`ksb tgrfkhkp stktus fgnehb`knbl dkyb prgnkturg tgrutknk pkhk orglug`sb `koks dkyb hg`mk` sbm`boblk` `bck p>:,:::.
;1
HKOXKT ZWQXKLK
K`mmrkg`b, C. H., B`hbkf, G. Q., & Hkryktb, Q. (4:;2). Zg`mkruf Zesbsb Zre`ksb Zkhk Dkyb Zrgnktur Xgrfkhkp Zgrudkfk` Fgnehb`knbl. Ieur`kc eo Fecbstba 4), 2‑;8. fttps9//heb.erm/;:.1;?:1/`ursb`m.v?b4.4??1 @ursb`m Qabg`ag, ? ((4), Kprbcbkwktb, k`btk, & Teskcb`k. (4:;?). Xfg Googat Eo Zre`g Zesbtbe` Xe Exymg` Kturktbe`‒s Cgvgc K`h Tgspbrktery Tktg Kne`m B`ok`ts ]fe Dgb`m B`stkccgh Ngafk`bakc _g`tbcktbe` B` @BAW Leik Fespbtkc Fespbtkc .
Hkrnkwk`, I. (4:;2). Zg`ktkcklsk`kk` dkyb prgnktur prgnktur . Eltedgr. fttps9//www.kcenghblk.aen/pg`yklbt/lgsgfktk`-k`kl/dkyb prgnktur/pg`ktkcklsk`kk` prgnktur/pg`ktkcklsk `kk` Ourhe`, K. Q. (4:;=). prgnkturbty. ;1 Eltedgr. fttps9//gnghbab`g.nghsakpg.aen/krtbacg/2=72:2-evgrvbgw Fkriktb, X. (4:;1). Ckperk` Zg`gcgtbk` Zg`mkruf Zg`mkruf Zesbsb Zre`ksb Xgrfkhkp Qkturksb Elsbmg` Zkhk Dkyb Zrgnktur Rk`m Ng`mmu`klk` _g`tbckter Hb WZL/Hbvbsb Zgrb`ktecemb TQAN . fttp9//pgrpus.obluni.ka.bh/b`hgx.pfp5
p>ostrgkn-pho&obh>;::4&dbh>416: p>ostrgkn-pho&obh>;: :4&dbh>416: Fgrnk`, Bstbk`kf, W., & Quryk`b, G. (4:;7). Fudu`mk` Zgng`ufk` Zgng`ufk` Lgdutufk` Bstbrkfkt Xbhur Hg`mk` Fgnehb`knbl Fgnehb`knbl Zkhk Zksbg` Mg`grkc K`gstgsb Hb TQWH @g`g Nkccene Lkdupktg` Lkdupktg` Qbhg`rg`m Tkppk`m Tkppk`m Quckwgsb Qgcktk`.
Ikmkhggswkrb, I., & Qe`byk, T. (4:4:). Googatbvg`gss eo pre`g k`h supb`g pesbtbe` e` rgspbrktery pkttgr` kne`m `ge`ktgs. Hrum B`vg`tbe` Xehky, ;1(=), 261‑ 267. fttps9//www.rgsgkrafmktg.`gt/preobcg/IkmkhggswkrbUIkyksggck`/pudcbaktbe`/18 4;?:==8UGoogatbvg`gssUeoUpre`gUk`hUsupb`gUpesbtbe`Ue`UrgspbrkteryUpkttg
;8
r`Ukne`mU`ge`ktgs/cb`ls/7gg?;42;k?ohaa=1dg=d6ag8/Googatbvg`gss-eo pre`g-k`h-supb`g-pesbtbe`-e`-r pre`g-k`h-supb` g-pesbtbe`-e`-rgspbrktery-pk gspbrktery-pk igve`s. (4:;;). Ne`bterb`m Fgnehb`knbl Fgnehb`knbl Zksbg` Mkwkt Hkrurkt . =‑47. @bswkf, O. B. (4:;?). Oklter Tbsble Lgikhbk` Zgrskcb`k` Zrgnktur Zrgnktur (Qtuhb Lksus hb TQWH Xumurgie Qgnkrk`m) .
Eltkrbk`b, C., Qkrb, T. Q., & Qkrb, O. T. (4:4:). Zg`mkruf Zesbsb Zre`ksb Zkhk Zkhk Dkyb Zrgnktur Rk`m Xgrpksk`m Xgrpksk`m AZKZ Xgrfkhkp Qtktus Qtktus Fgnehb`knbl hb Tuk`m @BAW TQ K`-`bsk K`-`bsk Xk`mgrk`m Xkfu` Xkfu` 4:4:. 88(6), ;?62‑;?22.
fttps9//heb.erm/;:.;:66/;=7;-6;;1/88/6/:674:; Zrkwgstb, K., Gnkcbykwktb, G., Nbrwk`tb, T., & @urkg`b, K. (4:;2). Xfg Googatbvg`gss eo Zre`g k`h Qupb`g @gstb`m Zesbtbe`s e` Afk`mgs eo Exymg` Qkturktbe` k`h ]gbmft b` Zrgnkturg Dkdbgs. Iur`kc @grs, ;8(4), ;1=. fttps9//heb.erm/;:.4:8=1/i`.v;8b4.==77 Zreobc Lgsgfktk` Zrevb`sb Dk`tg`. (4:;=). @e Xbtcg. obcg9///A9/Wsgrs/usgr/KppHktk/Ceakc/Xgnp/Tkr$HBk:.=8:/DKD B.pho Qkrb, skmbtk hkrnk. (4:;=). Lgfknbck`, Zgrskcb`k`, Dkyb Dkyb Zrgtgrn & Zesttgrn Hbsgrtkb Gvbhg`ag Dksgh . @eegroblrb. fttps9//deels.meemcg.ae.bh/deels5
bh>ArYXHwKK[DKI&cpm>ZK41&hq>pg`mgrtbk` dkyb prgnktur&pm>ZZ;#v>e`gpkmg&q>pg`mgrtbk` prgnktur&pm>ZZ;#v>e`gpkm g&q>pg`mgrtbk` dkyb dky b prgnktur&o>okcsg Xgrfkhkp Qtktus Fgnehb`knbl Qugl, E. H. (4:;1). Zg`mkruf Zesbsb Zre`ksb Xgrfkhkp K`kl Rk`m Ng`mmu`klk` Ng`mmu`klk` _g`tbcksb Nglk`bl Hb Tuk`m ZBAW TQKD Fkrkpk` Fkrkpk` Lbtk Iklkrtk. 177‑1??.
fttp9//iur`kc.pectglgslupk`m.ka.bh/b`hgx.pfp/b`oelgs/krtbacg/vbgw/7 Qurknb, H. (4:;6). Ksufk` dkyb prgnktur. Qurknb, Hll, 71(2), ;?62‑;?22. ]FE. (4:;=). @undgr Eo @ge`ktkc Hgktf-Dy Akusg Akusg. fttps9//www.wfe.b`t/pudcbaktbe`s/hktk/nktgr`kc-`gwder`-afbch-khecgsag`tkmgb`m/b`hbakter-gxpcergr-`gw/nak/`undgr-eo-`ge`ktkc-hgktfs---dy-akusg @KL - Igckikf Fbhup Dgrsknk Dkyb Dkyb Rus`k, H. (4:4:). KTXB FKHBTNW, @KL
;7
Zrgnktur . Qtbcgtte B`hb Deel. fttps9//deels.meemcg.ae.bh/deels5
bh>whwLGKKK[DKI&cpm>ZK;;&hq>lcksboblksb dkyb prgnktur&pm>ZK;;#v>e`gpkmg&q>lcksboblksb prgnktur&pm>ZK;;#v>e`gp kmg&q>lcksboblksb dkyb dky b prgnktur&o>okcsg CKNZBTK@ FKQBC WIB ZCKMBKX
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