pengantar-makroekonomi

Pengantar 

Makroekonomi

TEE 314 Bisnis Kelistrikan 

Pendahuluan Ilmu Ekonomi :

Ilmu yang mempelajari upaya-upaya manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya yang tidak terbatas dengan sumber daya yang terbatas (Lipsey, Richard G. dan Steiner, Peter O., 1981)

Ilmu Ekonomi

Mikroekonomi

Makroekonomi

Mikroekonomi → Makroekonomi  Persamaan

:  Mempelajari upaya manusia memenuhi kebutuhannya yang tidak terbatas dengan sumber daya yang terbatas Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate  Perbedaan in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic   Corak analisis sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census. •

•

Mikroekonomi : meliputi bagian-bagian kecil dari keseluruhan kegiatan perekonomian → analisis kegiatan seorang konsumen/suatu firma/suatu pasar  Makroekonomi : lebih global/menyeluruh → analisis tindakan konsumen secara keseluruhan, keseluruhan kegiatan pengusaha dan keseluruhan perubahan kegiatan ekonomi.

Mikroekonomi → Makroekonomi (cont’d)  Perbedaan 

Ruang lingkup dan fokus analisisnya •

 Mikroekonomi → analisis tentang pilihan untuk : Efisiensi dalam penggunaan sumber-sumber 

Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and  – responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996,  – and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.

 Mencapai kepuasan maksimum →

•

 Makroekonomi → analisis tentang :  –

 –

 Pentingnya segi permintaan dalam menentukan tingkat kegiatan dalam perekonomian Pentingnya kebijakan dan campur tangan pemerintah untuk mewujudkan prestasi kegiatan ekonomi di tingkat yang dikehendaki

Isu-Isu Utama Analisis Mikroekonomi   Titik

tolak faktor produksi/sumber yang dimiliki masyarakat terbatas, sedangkan keinginan manusia tidak terbatas   Masyarakat harus membuat pilihan   Kegiatan “memilih” dibedakan kepada dua aspek : Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and 1. Statistics Dalam kegiatan  barang  memproduksi  responsibilities of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic dan Censusjasa every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, 2. Dalam kegiatan menggunakan barang dan jasa and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.   Masalah “memilih” tersebut dianalisis dengan  mengemukakan tiga pertanyaan 1. Apakah jenis barang dan jasa yang harus diproduksi? 2. Bagaimanakah caranya memproduksi berbagai barang dan jasa yang dibutuhkan tersebut? 3. Untuk siapakah berbagai barang dan jasa tersebut diproduksikan?

Asal Mula Analisis Makroekonomi   Analisis

mikroekonomi tidak dapat menjelaskan : 1. Pengangguran 2. Kenaikan harga-harga berlaku 3. Pertumbuhan perekonomian tidak sama cepat 4. Perekonomian tidak mengalami perkembangan yang stabil Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and  Mahzab klasik tidak banyak membuat analisis hal tersebut responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year karena ending with:the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical complete and thorough in various economic → database istingkat kegiatan ekonomi  Sistem pasar bebas akan mewujudkan sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census. yang efisien dalam jangka panjang  Kesempatan kerja penuh akan selalu tercapai  Perekonomian akan mengalami pertumbuhan yang teguh  Ketidakstabilan dalam perekonomian, penyebab pertumbuhan ekonomi yang lambat dan pengangguran dapat berlaku dalam setiap perekonomian, tetapi hanya bersifat sementara  Sistem pasar bebas akan membuat penyesuaian yang mengeliminasi masalah tersebut

The Great Depression (1929-1932)  Kemunduran

ekonomi di seluruh dunia  Mekanisme pasar tidak dapat otomatis menimbulkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan tingkat penggunaan tenaga kerja penuh Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and  John Maynard Keynes (General Theory of responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year Employment, ending with the number 6. Interest BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and Money, 1936), and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical → database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through menjadi the Agriculture Census. mengemukakan teori yang landasan makroekonomi modern  Pandangan buku Keynes dapat dibedakan menjadi :  Kritik pada pandangan ahli ekonomi klasik tentang faktor penentu tingkat kegiatan suatu perekonomian  Penjabaran faktor utama penentu prestasi kegiatan ekonomi suatu negara

Keynes  Pengeluaran

agregat, yaitu perbelanjaan masyarakat ke atas barang dan jasa, adalah faktor utama yang menentukan tingkat kegiatan ekonomi yang dicapai sesuatu Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate negara in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical → database is complete and thorough in various economic  Penggunaan tenaga kerja penuh dalam sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census. sistem pasar bebas tidak selalu tercipta  Diperlukan kebijakan pemerintah untuk menciptakan tingkat penggunaan tenaga kerja penuh dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang teguh

Analisis Penentuan Tingkat Kegiatan Ekonomi  Menunjukkan

bagaimana pengeluaran agregat (permintaan agregat) dan penawaran agregat akan menentukan tingkat keseimbangan kegiatan sesuatu Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate perekonomian in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic  Komponen : sectors, except agriculture sector thatpengeluaran the data collected through theagregat Agriculture Census. 1. Pengeluaran konsumsi rumah tangga 2. Investasi perusahaan-perusahaan 3. Pengeluaran konsumsi dan investasi pemerintah 4. Ekspor 

Masalah Utama Makroekonomi 1.   Pertumbuhan ekonomi  Perkembangan kegiatan dalam perekonomian yang menyebabkan barang dan jasa yang diproduksi dalam masyarakat bertambah dan Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and kemakmuran masyarakat responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation ofmeningkat the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical is complete and thorough in various economic → databasememproduksi kemampuan  Perkembangan sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census. barang dan jasa sebagai akibat pertambahan faktor-faktor produksi tidak selalu diikuti pertambahan produksi barang dan jasa yang sama  Perkembangan ekonomi < perkembangan potensinya

Masalah Utama Makroekonomi (cont’d) 2. Ketidakstabilan kegiatan ekonomi

Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.

→

Masalah Utama Makroekonomi (cont’d) 2. Ketidakstabilan kegiatan ekonomi

Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.

→

Masalah Utama Makroekonomi (cont’d) 3. Pengangguran dan inflasi Pengangguran : keadaan saat seseorang yang  tergolong dalam angkatan kerja ingin mendapatkan pekerjaan tetapi belum dapat Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and memperolehnya responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and tidak thorough in various economic → bekerja Seseorang yang tidak tetapi  sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census. secara aktif mencari pekerjaan tidak tergolong sebagai penganggur. Contoh : •

•



Ibu rumah tangga Anak keluarga kaya yang tidak mau bekerja

Faktor utama penyebab pengangguran yaitu kekurangan pengeluaran agregat

Masalah Utama Makroekonomi (cont’d) 3. Pengangguran dan inflasi 

Inflasi : suatu proses kenaikan harga-harga yang berlaku dalam sesuatu perekonomian

Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and  – responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.



Tingkat inflasi moderat : 5  10 persen →

Masalah Utama Makroekonomi (cont’d) 4. Neraca pembayaran dan neraca perdagangan Neraca pembayaran : suatu ringkasan pembukuan yang menunjukkan aliran pembayaran yang dilakukan dari negara-negara lain ke dalam negeri, Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate dan ofdari dalam negeri ke negara-negara lain. in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the → database is complete and thorough in various economic Meliputi : primary source of statistical 

sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census. •

•

•

Penerimaan dari ekspor dan pembayaran untuk impor  barang dan jasa Aliran masuk penanaman modal asing dan pembayaran penanaman modal ke luar negeri Aliran ke luar dan aliran masuk modal jangka pendek (deposit uang di luar negeri)

Masalah Utama Makroekonomi (cont’d) 4. Neraca pembayaran dan neraca perdagangan 

Dua neraca penting dalam suatu neraca pembayaran : •

Neraca perdagangan

Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and menunjukkan perimbangan di antara ekspor dan impor  responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending •with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, Neraca keseluruhan and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic menunjukkan di antara keseluruhan aliran pembayaran ke sectors, except agriculture sector that the perimbangan data collected through the Agriculture Census.

→

luar negeri dan keseluruhan aliran penerimaan dari luar negeri

Alat Pengamat Prestasi Kegiatan Ekonomi 1. Pendapatan nasional 2. Penggunaan tenaga kerja dan pengangguran Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.

3. Tingkat perubahan harga-harga

4. Neraca pembayaran→dan neraca perdagangan

1. Pendapatan Nasional  Menerangkan

tentang nilai barang dan jasa yang diproduksi suatu negara dalam suatu tahun tertentu. Dibedakan menjadi :  Produk Nasional Bruto (PNB/GNP) Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). Theyang implementation of the Economic Census produk nasional diwujudkan olehevery ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic warganegara  suatu negara sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.  Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB/GDP) produk nasional yang diwujudkan oleh  penduduk  dalam suatu negara  Merupakan ukuran besarnya kemampuan suatu negara untuk menghasilkan barang dan jasa dalam suatu tahun tertentu

1. Pendapatan Nasional (cont’d)

Negara Maju

GDP < GNP

Negara Berkembang

GDP > GNP

Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.

1. Pendapatan Nasional (cont’d)  Kegunaan

1.

data Produk Nasional :

Menilai prestasi pertumbuhan ekonomi Hitung PNB/PDB (menurut harga tahun dasar)

Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate PNB/PDB menurut harga tetap in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.

Hitung persen pertambahan PNB/PDB dari tahun ke tahun Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.

2.

Menentukan tingkat kemakmuran masyarakat dan perkembangannya

2. Tenaga Kerja dan Pengangguran  Angkatan

kerja : jumlah tenaga kerja yang terdapat dalam suatu perekonomian pada suatu waktu tertentu

 Pengangguran

: perbedaan antara angkatan kerja dengan penggunaan tenaga kerja

Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.

3. Tingkat Inflasi  Tingkat

kenaikan harga barang tidak seragam

 Tingkat

inflasi dinilai dengan “Indeks Harga Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and Konsumen”, yaitu indeks harga dari barangresponsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, barang selalu digunakan konsumen and 2006. Economic Censusyang is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.

4. Neraca Pembayaran dan Kurs Valuta Asing  Neraca

pembayaran :  Informasi hubungan ekonomi satu negara dengan negara lain  Aliran modal jangka panjang (gambaran Based on the law - Indonesia Republic modal Act No. 16 ofasing 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and penawaran ke suatu negara) responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on mutasi the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, Neraca keseluruhan : perimbangan  and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector thatsuatu the data collected through ke the Agriculture Census. keuangan negara negara lain  Kurs valuta asing  Banyaknya uang dalam negeri yang diperlukan untuk membeli satu unit valuta asing tertentu  Neraca keseluruhan sangat mempengaruhi kurs valuta asing

Tujuan Kebijakan Makroekonomi 1. Menstabilkan kegiatan ekonomi 2. Mencapai tingkat penggunaan tenaga kerja penuh tanpa inflasi Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.

3. Mencapai pertumbuhan ekonomi yang teguh 4. Menghindari masalah inflasi

Bentuk-Bentuk Kebijakan Makroekonomi 1. Kebijakan fiskal meliputi langkah-langkah pemerintah membuat perubahan dalam bidang perpajakan dan pengeluaran pemerintah untuk mempengaruhi pengeluaran agregat dalam perekonomian Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate 2. Kebijakan moneter  in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is thepemerintah primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic langkap (Bank Sentral) untuk sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census. mempengaruhi penawaran uang dalam perekonomian atau merubah tingkat bunga untuk mempengaruhi pengeluaran agregat 3. Kebijakan segi penawaran untuk mempertinggi efisiensi kegiatan perusahaanperusahaan sehingga dapat menawarkan barangbarangya dengan harga lebih murah

Based on the law - Indonesia Republic Act No. 16 of 1997, Statistics section 8, providing a census economic tasks and responsibilities Statistics of Indonesia (BPS). The implementation of the Economic Census every ten years is appropriate in the year ending with the number 6. BPS-Statistics Indonesia has been conducted on the 1986 Economic Census, 1996, and 2006. Economic Census is the primary source of statistical database is complete and thorough in various economic sectors, except agriculture sector that the data collected through the Agriculture Census.

sekian