Pencil Pictures
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UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
LIBRARIES
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LYRASIS
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IVIembers and Sloan Foundation
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PENCIL PICTURES
PENCIL PICTURES A
Guide
to
Their Pleasing Arrangement
BY
THEODORE KAUTZKY
PUBLISHED BY REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION
NEW YORK
ARCHI.
TECTURE BOOK ROOM
Copyright 1947
REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION New
York, U.S.A.
All rights reserved
Printed and Bannd
in the
United States of Atnerica
TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION
I
PRELIMINARY THOUGHTS Plate:
The Landscape— Balance
vs.
2
.
Symmetry
PICTURE SYNTHESIS Plate: Balance— Angular and
4
Curved Forms
VALUE ARRANGEMENT
6
Plate: Foreground, Middleground, Background
PLANNING Plates:
A
PICTURE
The Beach— Center
8
of Interest
Beach Scene
SEACOAST REFLECTIONS Plates:
.
.
.
14
Along the Coast— Perspective
Rocky
Inlet
THEFISHINGPORT Plates: Boats and
In the
20
Water
Harbor
THE USE OF CONTRAST
26
Plates: Line Opposition— Gulls
Fish Pier
COMPELLING THE EYE Plates:
More Waterfront
32
Topics
Gulls and Shadows
THE VILLAGE SCENE
38
Plates: Tree-Lined Street
Cottages in Sunshine
THE CHANGING SUN Plates: Light Direction— Shadows
New England
Vista
44
TABLE OF CONTENTS THE WINTER Plates:
Snowy
A
L A
x\
DSC APE
.
50
Contrasts
Country Church
THEFARMGROUP Plates: Balancing
The
IN
(Continued)
56
Forms— Details
Sheltering Tree
ROLLING COUNTRY
.
62
Plates: Curving Patterns
Roadside Farm
THEHILLFARM Plates: Nature's
68
Moods
Vermont Farmhouse
INTHE FOREST Plates:
Woodland
The
Silhouettes
Birch Grove
MOUNTAIN SCENERY Plates:
74
80
Rugged Forms Castellated Crag
THELOFTY PEAKS Plates: Alpine Heights
High
Sierra
86
INTRODUCTION Like every other
many
very
artist,
have been asked by
I
lay persons, draftsmen, students, and
them how to go about making attractive pictures. Most of my questioners already know something about drawing and some amateurs to
tell
of
them have developed
at
wielding the pencil or brush. Yet they are
excellent technical skill
they
down before a blank sheet make a picture that really
of paper
sit
try to
inherent sense of what
is
right.
all
when
troubled by the difficulty they encounter
and
satisfies their
Perhaps they have
lect
and arrange the things found in nature
that will
There
make them appeal
rhythm,
ance,
pictures.
Upon how intelligently they are
depends the excellence of the Naturally, with the pencil
fess
inferior to water colors
this process
does not give them what
to
do about
them
like to set
productive
would
like to help. I
from the
free
give
so that they will
if
they want to
quality of
limitations of re-
and
line
know what
and
book
do with
The
make
pictures that have the
a
I
devoted
an exposition of a particular tech-
complete range of textures and values
attainable through the use of broad strokes,
with a this
a
wedge-shaped
flat,
point.
I
made
demonstrated
of finished sketches in which the tex-
tures of the
common
trees
were
materials of building and
number
the rendition of a
of different types of
I
am assuming
that the reader has already attained ficiency in the use
that he
may now
more important namely, the
some pro-
and control of the pencil
so
concentrate his attention on a
part of an artist's stock in trade;
ability to
combine and put together
the elements of subject matter in such a
make pleasing
way
as to
pictures of whatever he chooses
draw.
The
thing
would like
it is
is
to the average person that this
addressed.
is
illustrations of this
book are of two kinds.
that will be described hereafter.
to teach
here
is
how to
se-
Each Lesson
how
Plate analyzes a picture and shows
been put together, both
as to the
it
has
arrangement of
the pattern in line and the balancing of the principal light
and dark values.
Each Lesson Plate
also gives several additional
small picture arrangements
made with
the same
or similar elements. In the whole collection there is
a great variety of subject matter, ranging
the seaside and waterfront to the hill
and
wharves
trees; with houses, boats, barns,
as the
aim
to
and
elements out of which landscapes
are built up. In
my
from
and moun-
country of the interior; with rivers, roads,
rocks,
making the
show how there
everywhere and how the
illustrations is
it
was
picture material
by selecting them to suit his
artist can,
the essentials and rearranging
purpose, grasp and convey the real truth and
beauty others
I
however,
There are seventeen of what may be called Lesson Plates and fourteen carefully studied Picture
tain
illustrated.
In presenting this second book,
to
is
technique with a series of lesson sheets and
number
belief,
Plates in which have been applied the principles
nique of drawing with the graphite pencil, where-
by
my
making of
learn to do as well with the pencil as he can with
the brush, and
light to
book, "Pencil Broadsides," to
is
the
that the pencil, in the hands of a true artist,
the
good design.
In my first my efforts
It
oils in
other means. Certainly, the average person can
the subject matter nature provides in such abun-
dance
art.
medium somehow
this
and
would
them command over
arrangement of pattern of
shadow
makes
worthy works of
are limited to black
hold their own against pictures made by any
I
art, to
believe
to
we
which many people pro-
capable of producing really fine results that can
it.
these people
It is
a limitation
applied
results.
know
they are really seeking, but they do not
what
artists.
all
These principles can be learned and applied by anyone who is in earnest about wanting to make
leaving anything out or changing the position or
Somehow,
tastes.
contrast, etc., that are followed
they see before them, as a camera does, without
view includes.
normal
dther consciously or instinctively by
and white,
their
to all
are certain principles of proportion, bal-
been taught to reproduce correctly on paper what
form of any of the objects
so that
the resulting pictures will have those qualities
go
to
in the scene that lies
may enjoy
it.
before
him
so that
So, with this objective, let us
work together,
seriously, to
make
pictures.
1
PRELIMINARY THOUGHTS In making any kind of a picture, obviously the first
thing to be done
Most
is
much
for
undulating, but you are conscious of the it
difficult.
You
however,
will,
difficulty in arriving at a pleas-
you give the matter
if
at first
size of the
it
a
will be decided
paper you
You
use.
are
likely to find available sketch pads in the proportion of 9 to
which
12,
more
or
less
thought. Perhaps
you by the
flat
that
antly proportioned one little
be perfectly
and rectangles have
an infinite variety of possible shapes, which makes
not have too
may
to establish its dimensions.
pictures are rectangular
the problem sound
the distance. It
the page size of this
is
book. In any case, you will not go far
wrong
if
fact
recedes toward the horizon. Various things
contribute to this effect— color tions,
or
and value grada-
diminishing sizes of familiar objects such
and the converging of actually parallel
as trees,
lines as they lead
away from you. The most pow-
erful of these factors in producing an
depth
in a picture
is
eflFect
the last mentioned.
A
of
tree-
lined road or the banks of a stream, whether they
be straight or winding, lead the eye into the distance as nothing else will do.
The
artist
makes
you accept this proportion at first. As you develop greater sensitivity to proportion, you can re-
will
fine the dimensions of your pictures to suit your
server's eye into the center of interest he has
taste.
The
do with
it,
nature of the subject has something to of course,
and most landscapes
into a rectangle placed horizontally, with
Most landscapes
of this horizon it
sides
the river or the road carry your eye into the distance.
important, particularly where
is
With few
exceptions,
it
circumstances be placed
as
the case.
the top
picture, as indicated in
satisfactory results
somewhat
picture, as in
sketches 2, 4, and 6.
the vertical axis
is
also to be
how awkward
it
is
to
place the center of interest in the middle and
placed.
same
with similar
The two
size
trees
elements symmetrically
and the two
and value only succeed
picture a deadly static quality which
and lacking
this
book and
The
may
be used in either the
clouds, too, are arranged in
receding planes over your head, and look carefully at the sky you will see this
if
you
how
will
often
receding "S" shaped arrangement occurs. In
sketch 2,
I
have used
it
to
make
the sky go back
into the distance as well as to help lead the eye to
avoided. Sketch 3 shows
it
use of this device, as
make more and more pictures of your own. In general, the "S" shaped element is a more subtle and satisfactory way of producing the illusion of depth in a picture. It avoids the monotony of the straight line and
below or above the center of the
flank
make good
converging sides of
you proceed through
land or the sky.
are always achieved with the horizon
Symmetry about
can
6, the
midway between
The most
opposite.
1,
commonly
You
will be seen as
and
should never under such
and the bottom of your sketch
is
Observe how,
fit
meets the sky. Theplacing
dominates the picture,
as the focus of his picture.
its
take in both earth and sky: in
distant land
planned
to do; lead the ob-
in sketches 4, 5,
other words, they have a horizon at eye-level,
where the
do what he wants them
well
proportion of about 3 to 4.
in the
use of this fact by placing such things where they
in interest. It
is
hills of the
the silhouetted house and tree. I
have referred several times to the "center of
in-
Every picture should have a principal where the most interesting element
terest."
point of focus
or combination of elements should be placed.
For
in
giving the
best results, as suggested above, this point should
is
unpleasing
occur somewhat to one side of the vertical axis and
balance, not
sym-
either above or
below the geometrical center of
metry, which you are seeking. If you will analyze
the enclosing rectangle.
the scenes which delight you most in nature, you
has been done in sketches 2, 4, 5, and 6, and also in all of the pictures shown hereafter in this book.
will discover that
them
it is
always balance that gives
their admirable quality.
a special case of balance
and
is
Symmetry
but the most skilful and finished
As you look out
is
only
best let alone by all
away before your eyes
picture
to
will notice
how
this
look for this center of interest in every
you
see that attracts
you and observe how
the artist has used the devices I have mentioned
artists.
across the landscape in nature,
the earth stretches
Learn
You
into
here as well as some others to compel the observer's
eye to go where he wanted
it
to go.
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Si-'
THE LANDSCAPE-BALANCE
VS.
SYMMETRY
PICTURE SYNTHESIS Balance has been emphasized as one of the prin-
any
cipal desiderata in
picture. It
must be present
some extent the
mind
learn, the subject matter, as such,
is
elements or contains It
may
One
be attained it
always
in
as
you proceed.
of the useful things to Icnow
that a small
is
By is
you can control to upon the observer. This
selection of the subject effect
psychological
a
important
matter.
making
in picture
Actually, you
as-
the arrangement
of the elements into a
be used to balance a large area of dark or light
wish to
that would otherwise overweight the picture
looks well because of the arrangement of
its
own
direction.
For example,
in sketch
1
op-
,
call
and dark
A
so.
it
areas, of
will
not nearly so
is
spot of dark against light or light against dark can
in
mood.
the type and, in turn, something of the
made up of a few simple many and complex forms. in various ways— but only by
whether the picture
keeping
types. Obviously, the subject matter determines
pattern— a design,
if
you
really well designed picture
its
forms and
its
light
lines, into a
its
properly placed against
well balanced and interesting ensemble. Thus,
the large area of sky, has kept the heavy weight
the abstraction, so-called, which containslio rec-
posite, the small gull,
from creating an unshown diagrammatically
of the dark rocks at the left
balanced
effect.
in sketch 2.
This
is
In sketch 3, the comparatively small
mass of the telephone poles serves to counterbalance the large dark mass of the house and
shadow. Often, when you look
may have
a feeling that
direction or another. If
it
at a picture,
overheavy
is
in
its
you one
you look carefully, you
can usually find a place where the introduction of
some small
intense spot of dark or light can
restore the balance.
The beginner must
ognizable objects, art.
may
be a satisfying work of
But we are not concerned with abstractions
here; only naturalistic pictures, which are intel-
average person the world over.
ligible to the
Returning now, for the moment, your attention
is
called to the
way
to sketch in
lines of the design pattern cause the eye to
the center of interest— the
little
3,
which the go
to
house, near but
not at the middle of the picture. Although the
house
at
scale, all
the left
nearer the eye and
is
seem
lines
its
Even
to
at
larger
converge upon the
he put the most interesting element at his center
shadow leads the eye where it is wanted. There are some strong horizontals, however, which would carry the eye away to the right if they were not interrupted
of interest, but he must
by the vertical telephone poles, introduced for
his pictures,
consider carefully, as he plans
what elements he
and where they are
is
going to include
to be placed.
fill
Not only must
the rest of the picture
with other supporting elements, each of which
must be balanced by something else.
the result will depend on are
else,
somewhere
Decision after decision must be made, and
how
intelligently they
made. After a good degree of proficiency has
smaller building.
The
that reason.
the
small pole at the
left
not only
helps to assure us of the reality of the telephone line but
is
carefully placed to help frame the
center of interest, to continue the line of the fore-
ground
roof,
and
to break
up the sky
area.
been attained, he will have learned to decide
In sketch 5, though the forms are rounded, the
automatically or instinctively what to include
underlying principles are the same.
The
and where— and what
barn
is
to leave out.
Some pictures, when analyzed, turn made up mostly of straight lines and
is
the center of interest, the eye
out to be
by the
rectilinear
and held there by the strong contrast
forms. Others are built out of curves and rounded
lines of the fence
little
led to
it
and the curving road in
value of
the white silhouette against the dark hill.
The
of
telephone poles not only keep the eye from es-
the latter type as contrasted with the preceding
caping to the left but their crossbeams serve as
ones on this page. There
a balancing accent for the
forms. Sketch 5, and
tended that one
is
its
analysis, 6,
is
show one
no implication
better than
another— just
matter of pointing out the difference. noting, however, that there
ence in the
is
mood produced by
in-
It is
heavy dark of the
hill.
a
It is
fun to analyze thus a picture already drawn.
worth
It is
more fun
to plan other pictures so that they
something but be
a certain differ-
will not only depict
each of the two
and have good design.
in
balance
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THE FARM GROUP Farmhouses and
their
picturesque.
The
barns,
in
leaves our foreground in bright sunshine, bal-
somehow always
ancing the bright sky and increasing the tendency
buildings
accessory
every part of the country are
new and
old, the chicken
come
for the eye to
to rest
midway between them,
houses, the sheds for various purposes, the silos,
on the gable end of the house.
the windmills, and all the multifarious buildings
Partly to break up the sky area
farm
that
seems
life
to
demand
arranged so that they hold together and story of the kind of life lived in
on that
tell a
and around
our big
etc.— with which the artist can construct an un-
number
limited
when he
of patterns
ring in the old trick of putting
is
is
just
your picture,
in the principal area of
be sure not to put
puts their
foil for
whenever there
tree. Incidentally,
one big tree
shapes— prisms, cylinders, cones,
we
side,
slender tree, which serves also as a
in a
them. Not only that, but they make a design of solid geometric
the right and
at
partly to stop any tendency for the eye to escape
usually
are
right in the middle. This
it
true advice in general but
is
especially perti-
three dimensions on two-dimensional paper.
nent in the case of such a prominent downward-
Let us take one such farmhouse as our subject for
thrusting form as indicated in the diagram.
the next exercise in picture making. It happens to
be in
New
England and
is
There
of the old gambrel
salt-box variety with a big central chimney.
nothing much new to be said about ren-
is
dering the
Some
Your arrangement
final.
you have but
to
is
all set
and
apply the principles you have
a stately, spreading tree rising high over the roof
By now, this should be a habit. Again, I have made two little sketches of the same scene with different lighting. One has the
and giving welcome shade from the summer sun.
sun coming from the right and our tree and
This tree and the shadow of
gable are
made dark
the other,
it is
owner has thoughtfully sycamore which has now grown into
already learned.
ancestor of the present
planted a
gable end of the house will
branches on the
its
make an
excellent
center of interest for our picture.
as the
We
way we look
plan our rectangle with the principal focus
to the left of center
and sketch
eye-controlling lines as objects. sit
An
we
in
find
old ramshackle shed
our important
them at
our
in
it is
we
curves
downward toward
from
first
it,
fits
The
into our plan, since
limbs of the tree
itself,
The road it
A
series of
most important surface
make
a "picture,"
a
The
a picture. is
that
below
horizontals— the path to the
fence, the roof lines of the buildings— afford us
we have
toward our objective.
the sur-
to the tex-
have not tried have tried
to
to put
decide on a dark background formed by the
thing
I
a
as that
museum,
directs attention back at the house
light
chance to make an infinitely more interit
than
shining full from the
same
have tried to demonstrate
across the surface in long diagonals
esting job of
wooded hill behind the house and partially merge this dark area with some foreground darks at the left, culminating in a pointed shadow on the ground which
I
a sharp
and following the streamers of
it
and shadow
We
though
in
by letting each clapboard shade the one
shed, the fence, the base of the house, the second
a succession of steps
at
balance and emphasis into even this segment of
most powerful converging force from the top
down.
matter which
it.
a picture!
show up and give character
face will
travels
form
No
call
we have
ture. In sketch 5, opposite, I
silhouet-
ting against dark masses of trees beyond,
it,
often well to choose to have the light falling
across the
toward the house and then away
which
both ways.
the tree.
at
back-lighting,
angle so that even small irregularities
facing our subject will give us a set of lines
vanishing
photographers
we have
In drawing closeup views of architectural detail,
nearby
left as
against a gray distance. In
winter, and
followed in lighting sculpture
particularly
cate.
When
fully
it
is
we would if the sun were front. The principle is the
when
the modelling
a subject so lighted
full of life
is
in a
is
deli-
drawn
skil-
and sparkle, even though
For the gray parts of the picture we use the middleground grass, the foliage of the tree,
grays are predominant. Lighted from the front,
and the front and roofs of the buildings. This
sunshine
and
tree.
it
56
becomes
flat
itself
and
loses "color,"
may
even though the
be extremely brilliant.
AV-
BALANCING FO RM S- D ETAILS
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NATURE'S MOODS
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THE FOREST
IN There
are people
see the
woods
who
are said to be unable to
for the trees,
supplied by the long shadows on the ground and by the massed trees along the far iently
and others who con-
versely are unable to see the trees for the forest.
The artist must be able
to see both.
side of the pond.
He must know
To
break the monotony
troduce a leaning tree
at
the
individual tree forms and must also
know how
also to force the eye into our center.
and
affect each
In distributing our values
the trees live together in nature other's habits of growth. It
is
one thing to draw
at
a single tree, of definite species, so that its charac-
unmistakably expressed.
teristics are
draw
to
that
group of
a
It is
birch trunks into relief.
light— using whatever
produce
it
in-
a strong dark will
throw the
We then make some
some gray, and some we have to
of our nearby trunks dark,
trees, a grove, a forest, so
will be convincingly real.
it
the center of interest, where
little
another
we put
we
which helps
left,
artistic instinct
a pleasing balance.
The
rest of the distant
making a picture out of a bit of woodland, we will take up our position in a little birch grove, in winter, where we can look
trees
out through an opening, across a frozen, snow-
short, curving horizontals to express the texture
covered pond, toward a spruce woods beyond.
of the bark and give vibration. Occasional long
This will give us a chance to draw individual
vertical strokes help to
As an
trees,
By
exercise in
We draw our tree trunks in lightly and then proceed to render them with clean strokes; mostly
The
small groups, and massed growth.
move-
the very nature of things, the general
ment must be
ground
nishing the contrasting opposition.
We
range for some diagonals, too,
in the
it
may
suit
straight trunks, closely
our convenience.
and branches of the nearer
interestingly. Character
lot of
a
wood
find
is
to
them, they are
break up the darks
given to the band of
make
the
jagged silhouette of their tops describe their nature. Finally, our
ground shadows are put
in
with soft, undulating strokes of fluctuating widths
are unevenly spaced, of varying thickness
of trunk, and of different degrees of dark or light textures.
the lighter trunks
distant trees by simply taking care to
that the trees in
is
and help
clearly silhouetted
and equally spaced, would
What we
we
trees pass along or
across the darker ones behind
shape of
be deadly monotonous, to say nothing of their lack of reality.
Where
have observed them.
fur-
can ar-
A
their roundness.
following the growth habits of the trees as
branches, and can even have a tree or two falling
over where
model
interlacing branches are put in with long,
firm strokes that vary in thickness and direction
vertical, following the lines of the
trunks, with the horizontals of the
and our ground shadows are gray.
accomplished by rocking our pencil.
Within reason, we can play upon these
ful to
divergencies and create interesting rhythms.
add
to the receding effect
shadows closer
we are standing close we cannot include their our rectangular frame. We make the most
as
We are care-
by spacing these
they get farther away from
us.
have provided several other sketches of wood-
In the present instance
I
among the
land scenes in which you will discern the same
tops in
nearer trees, so
principles.
At
3, I
have emphasized the impor-
of this situation by deciding to group their slender
tance of clean, suggestive silhouette
trunks in an irregular and interesting rhythm.
my subject
We
a glance that the forest
little
choose to
make what we
opening our center of
interest,
a little to the right of center.
on either side
and one on the in
see
The
and place
two
at
a
the left
of the
pond
is
now needs some
line
this is
means.
You
can
tell at
of wind-beaten everis
into the water to drink. I
have drawn two old dead
the forest's edge.
I
chose these two trees for
central topic rather than three because
placed in the center of interest to
Our
moose wading
In the picture at 5,
A slim, triple-stemmed birch at the edge
give the eye an anchoring post.
by
trunks standing out starkly against the pines of
clusters are all different
the number, size, and spacing of the trees they
include.
entirely
greens and that the creature in the foreground
it
We group the trees
in three clusters,
right.
through the
by describing
it
my
never
seems quite satisfactory to put three similar ob-
diagram
jects
horizontals which are conven-
prominently
or five
74
make
in a
group.
a pleasing
One
or two or four
unit— never three.
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K h
MOUNTAIN SCENERY When we
travel about in
we
country,
tainous
more ruggedly moun-
where the sun cannot
reaching up the mountainside
encounter striking
often
many
scenes that prompt us to reach for pencil and paper. The bold and striking natural forms we see are of noble and majestic proportions and re-
The
houettes.
more intimate views we have been dealing with. How shall we ever put these huge vistas onto a 9" X 12" sheet? Well, it can be done by
attention to
following exactly the same principles of arrange-
some
As you will was not so difficult
skyline
make
of the leafy
given especially careful
is
A
few wind-battered
added character. have seen by now, the change in
pines along the crest give
have taken for the following a little farm
after all. It
is
scale
just a matter of
Things that required many strokes
relativity.
now become mere
plate a mountain view that includes
before are
nestled close to a couple of steep and jagged
picture, to be described adequately with a
cliffs.
What
was once the rounded shoulder of
a small mountain,
now looms up
against the sky,
naked rocks
soil
its
well-placed strokes.
romantically
washed
A
of its mass, nature has chiseled a series of
The
details in the broader
thing that counts
we weave with
the pattern
clear of
by the action of centuries of wind and water.
Out
sil-
the crenellations count interest-
ingly in broken rhythm.
with smaller subjects. in point, I
broken up with
is
rounded crowns, with jiggly strokes here and there to give vibration to
than the
ment As a case
of trees
curving strokes that suggest the
short
quire greater scope for our canvas, so to speak,
as
The mass
reach.
few
is still
and values.
lines
couple of other arrangements of the same ma-
terial are
shown
directed
differently
at 3
and
4.
in
each.
Attention has been
them
Analyze
stony towers whose architectonic forms suggest
and strengthen your comprehension of picture-
some medieval fortress. Here is a subject has grandeur enough for broad treatment.
making.
The a
that
At
choose to
make this our it we assume
accentuate
We
the right.
have depicted
a
We
The elements
flows a broad river.
are big but
center of interest and to
they are simply expressed with a few value areas.
the sun striking in from
In rendering
place the sheer edge
somewhat
lively
to
it,
and sparkling,
as befitted
serenity of the distance
of strong lines leading to it— an approaching road,
its
shadowed
its
was expressed by merging
details into soft grays as they receded
See
trees, the roof slopes
made more nearness. The
the foreground was
the right in our rectangle and develop a series
the profiles of the
long vista through moun-
tainous forms skirting a valley through which
castellated ridge terminates dramatically in
perpendicular wall of imposing height.
5, 1
if
you can follow the
scheme
line
as
from it
us.
makes
and chimneys of the house, and the forms of the
use of directional lines, vanishing parallels, S-
mountains lend themselves to our purpose. In
curves,
sketch 2,
we arrange our
and
Then
lines in opposition.
try to
make
some broad views of your own.
values to highlight the
with darks and grays
We have come a long way, have we not, since we
which funnel the gaze to the exact spot of our
started out on our long excursion into the realm
cliffside
and surround
intended emphasis. close against the is
to
it
The
deepest black
is
placed
of picture building.
gleaming triangle of rock which
form our focus and
is
something
balanced by another
as
I
hope that you have learned
we went
but smaller intense dark in the foreground trees.
press both graphically
Grays are
important thing
also distributed so that they balance
around the central motif.
Rendering the in
the areas
final
worked
drawing
we have
is
model the
shadows
and putting
to define the
rich blacks inside the
deep
fissures
and
in
have tried words.
to ex-
The most
you have presumably
making drawing
after
drawing and
efforts
and the work of
this consistently
over a
period of time, you should have progressed
forms, leaving patches of white paper in the lighter grays
it,
and
that
shown here but your own others. If you have done
laid out with strokes of ap-
We
at
is
I
conscientiously analyzing not only the examples
a matter of filling
propriate weight and direction.
along, and that you have
absorbed the principles that
gate to
crevices
80
at
way beyond the threshold of the the world of creative art.
least a little
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RUGGED FORMS
-,^;3w;.
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<
THE LOFTY PEAKS We have now come to the final lesson in this book and it
is
we
since
started out at sea level, so to speak,
among
rate,
view
in the
ject a
scenery
I
have chosen for our
last
water
sub-
High up among
western mountains, where the
we
where
group of
a
Note that by making and down on the
stands out
The mass
peak.
foreground tree
of the trees roughly
we have here and the
to
make
sail
secondary center up the mountain top.
trifle to
cone a flat,
snow are put
We decide Our
Where
tree
farther out in the
same
direction.
edge are made
To
The
provide a barrier against escape
at
the
left,
the
with broad even strokes, close
in
snow has melted or blown away from
more or
' .
I
make and I
we
will leave
it
have
to
you
a
few
enough room
just
have earnestly tried
to
in this
to interpret
book
knew how
I
shaggy branches are also useful
Our
down and
from the
in
value diagram shapes up easily as
them.
in
with
and
trees
bits of
showing through near the peak are made trast
more
them.
softly with the gray
The dark
reflections in the
position of the trees which cast
ledge
do
to
hope that
I
what the
so,
mental
artist's
and executes
have impressed upon you the
to con-
what you need, and putting
maimer
in
such a
I
have not tried
of
may or may not
water accent the
it
together
as will produce pleasing results, to
make you overnight
That work and presupposes
finished artist.
shadows around
them and
I
selecting
the strongest dark of the trees against the bright
snow beyond. Other dark
you
fundamental ways of analyzing your material,
left.
at 2,
to give
helpful guidance. I have explained, as clearly as
which gives a strong contrasting
directing attention
remarks to
final
processes are as he plans his pictures
vertical. Its
them
make them.
put in the trunk and lower branches of a fulltree
your
less self-explanatory at this stage of
to yourself, for I
to in-
is somehow more much for the tech-
grown
fir
well to use
it
smaller sketches opposite are, or should be,
progress.
crease the sense of depth in our picture as well as to
the
Smooth shadows on the
nical points.
pond and returns toward our focus along the base of another group of trees. The angular forms of the mountain press down from above and some at the water's
mould
vertical strokes to express
expressive of the texture. So
the
foreground rocks
rendered with a combination
of each exposed patch. This
A
receding S-curve follows around the edge of
slope their planes in the right direction.
we
of the
short strokes going across the shorter dimension
the right of the axis, with the apex of the
little
The trunk
the rock formations, I have found
and a
in the rectangle
measured up
together and ending cleanly at the sun line.
the trees our center of interest, with a
group centers low down
is
the texture of the bark.
by the
to that furnished
down by the seacoast.
nearer
this strip of light
vertical plane of our picture,
form and some long
the opportunity to play up a
somewhat akin
contrast
gulls
cut a slender hori-
of short horizontal curving strokes to
echoes the shape of the rocky crest above them, so
vertical strokes for the
increase the illusion of depth.
against a snow-filled ravine on the slope of a conical
by
Through them we
the far shore rather than halfway,
lake and look
little
tall firs
and
placid
passed and caused a slight ripple to reflect the sky.
the infrequently trodden snows,
stand at the edge of a
across to
The
zontal streak of light where a puff of air has
the last level where substantial vegetation can
exist,
pure silhouette,
to stand out boldly.
best expressed
is
reflections.
noted for breath-taknig magnificence.
is
in
for their profiles are sufficiently descriptive
the snow-capped peaks above the timber
At any
handled almost
trees are
we want them
perhaps appropriate that we should end up
line.
at
The
is
have.
I
a natural talent that
you
do believe, however, that
you should have derived from these pages
also in-
into a
something that takes years
a better
tensify the importance of the farther shoreline.
understanding of pictures and their making than
When
you had before you began
our scheme
satisfies
our sense of balance,
we go ahead with our drawing
at full size.
Clean
I
and accuracy of definition of forms and areas now become important, and we display our hard-won knowledge of how to render textures.
have accomplished
this
yours has not been wasted.
detail
of success in both
and draw.
to read
much, I
my
time and
wish you the best
making and appreciating
and better pictures— Pencil Pictures,
86
If
better
let's say!
ALPINE HEIGHTS
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Octe Due
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