Pemeliharaan CT Dan PT
April 29, 2019 | Author: Wisnu Tirtayasa | Category: N/A
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com BAB 5 PEMELIHARAAN TRAFO ARUS (CT) DAN TRAFO TEGANGAN (PT)
5.1
PEMELIHARAAN TRAFO ARUS
5.1.1 DEFENISI DAN FUNGSI
Sistem pengukuran besaran listrik pada jaringan tenaga listrik yang berkapasitas besar, harus menggunakan trafo pengukuran, yaitu trafo arus ( current transformer ) untuk besaran arus dan trafo tegangan ( potential transformer ) untuk besaran tegangan dan merubahnya menjadi besaran pengukuran (sekunder). Dengan besaran sekunder ini, maka peralatan ukur (meter dan proteksi) dapat dirancang lebih fleksibel, sehingga hasil pengukurannya lebih akurat dan presisi. Trafo arus adalah trafo yang dirancang khusus untuk fungsi pengukuran arus pada rangkaian primer dan mengkonversinya menjadi besaran sekunder. Fungsi trafo arus (CT)
Mengkonversi besaran arus pada sistem tenaga listrik dari besaran primer menjadi besaran sekunder untuk keperluan sistem metering dan proteksi.
Mengisolasi rangkaian sekunder terhadap rangkaian primer.
Standarisasi besaran sekunder, yaitu 1 A, 2 A dan 5 A.
5.1.2 PRINSIP KERJA TRAFO ARUS
Prinsip Kerja Prinsip kerja trafo arus adalah sebagai berikut : N 1
N 2 P2
P1
S1
I 1
I 2 S2
Gambar 1. Rangkaian pada Trafo Arus
Untuk trafo yang dihubung singkat: I 1 N 1
I 2 N 2
http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com 1
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com Untuk trafo pada kondisi tidak berbeban: E 1
E 2
N 1 N 2
Dimana: N 1
a
I 1
I 2
N 1
N 2
jumlah lilitan sekunder.
N 2
, sehingga N 1
N 2 ,
jumlah lilitan primer, dan
Adapun rangkaian ekivalen trafo arus adalah sebagai berikut : I 1Z 1
U 1
I 2Z 2
I 0
E 2
I 2·Z b = U 2
I 2
Gambar 2. Rangkaian Ekivalen
Tegangan induksi pada sisi sekunder adalah E 2
4,44 B A f N 2 Volt
Tegangan jepit rangkaian sekunder adalah E 2
I 2 Z 2 Z b Volt
Z b
Z kawat Z inst Volt
Dalam aplikasinya harus dipenuhi U 1
U 2
Dimana: B
= kerapatan fluksi (tesla),
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com N 2
= jumlah lilitan sekunder, sekunder,
U 1
= tegangan sisi primer,
U 2
= tegangan sisi sekunder,
Z b
= impedansi/tahanan beban trafo arus,
Z kawat = impedansi/tahanan kawat dari terminasi CT ke instrumen, dan Z inst
= impedansi/tahanan internal instrumen, misalnya relai proteksi atau peralatan meter.
Diagram Fasor Arus dan Tegangan pada Trafo Arus (CT)
U1
I1 Z1
E
I2 Z2 U2
IO
I1
I2
IO
Ø
Im Gambar 3. Diagram Fasor Arus dan Tegangan pada Trafo Arus
5.1.3 APLIKASI TRAFO ARUS
Berdasarkan penggunaan, trafo arus dikelompokkan menjadi dua kelompok dasar, yaitu; trafo arus metering dan trafo arus proteksi. a. Trafo arus metering
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com kelas dan tingkat kejenuhan. Tingkat kejenuhan trafo arus metering relatif lebih rendah dibandingkan trafo arus proteksi. Penggunaan trafo arus pengukuran untuk Amperemeter, Watt-meter, VARhmeter, Energi meter dan cos meter. b. Trafo Arus Proteksi Trafo arus proteksi memiliki ketelitian tinggi sampai arus yang besar yaitu pada saat terjadi gangguan, dimana arus yang mengalir mencapai beberapa kali dari arus pengenalnya dan trafo arus proteksi mempunyai tingkat kejenuhan cukup tinggi. Penggunaan trafo arus proteksi untuk relai arus lebih (OCR dan GFR), relai beban lebih, relai diferensial, relai daya dan relai jarak. Perbedaan mendasar trafo arus pengukuran dan proteksi adalah pada titik saturasinya seperti pada kurva saturasi dibawah (Gambar 4).
V
proteksi
metering
I Gambar 4. Kurva kejenuhan CT untuk Metering dan Proteksi
Trafo arus untuk metering dirancang supaya lebih cepat jenuh dibandingkan trafo arus proteksi sehingga konstruksinya mempunyai luas penampang inti yang lebih kecil (Gambar 5).
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com CT Metering
CT Proteksi A2
A1
Gambar 5. Luas Penampang Inti Trafo Arus
5.1.4
KLASIFIKASI TRAFO ARUS
5.1.4.1
Trafo arus berdasarkan konstruksi belitan primer Berdasarkan konstruksi belitan primer trafo arus terbagi menjadi dua seperti pada Gambar 6 dan Gambar 7 berikut. a. Sisi primer batang (bar primary ) dan
Gambar 6. Bar Primary
b. Sisi primer lilitan (wound primary ). ).
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com
Gambar 7. Wound Primary
5.1.4.2
Trafo arus berdasarkan kontruksi jenis inti Berdasarkan konstruksi jenis inti, trafo arus dibagi menjadi dua kelompok: a. Trafo arus dengan inti besi Trafo arus dengan inti besi adalah trafo arus yang umum digunakan, pada arus yang kecil (jauh dibawah nilai nominal) terdapat kecenderungan kesalahan dan pada arus yang besar (beberapa kali nilai nominal) trafo arus akan mengalami saturasi. b. Trafo arus dengan inti bukan besi Trafo arus dengan inti bukan besi tidak memiliki saturasi dan rugi histerisis, transformasi dari besaran primer ke besaran sekunder adalah linier di seluruh jangkauan pengukuran, contohnya adalah koil rogowski (rogowski coil ).
5.1.4.3
Trafo arus berdasarkan jenis isolasi Berdasarkan jenis isolasinya, trafo arus dibagi menjadi dua kelompok: a. Trafo arus isolasi minyak Trafo arus isolasi minyak banyak digunakan pada pengukuran arus tegangan tinggi, umumnya digunakan pada pasangan di luar ruangan ( outdoor ) misalkan
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com b. Trafo arus kering Trafo arus kering biasanya digunakan pada tegangan menengah, umumnya digunakan pada pasangan dalam ruangan (indoor ) misalnya trafo arus cast resin, trafo arus tipe cincin yang digunakan pada kubikel penyulang 20 kV.
5.1.4.4
Trafo arus berdasarkan pemasangan Berdasarkan lokasi pemasangannya, trafo arus dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu: a. Trafo arus pemasangan luar ruangan ( outdoor ) Trafo arus pemasangan luar ruangan memiliki konstruksi fisik yang kokoh, isolasi yang baik, biasanya menggunakan isolasi minyak untuk rangkaian elektrik internal dan bahan keramik/porcelain untuk isolator eksternal.
Gambar 8. Trafo Arus Pemasangan Luar Ruangan
b. Trafo arus pemasangan dalam ruangan (indoor ) Trafo arus pemasangan dalam ruangan biasanya memiliki ukuran yang lebih kecil dari pada trafo arus pemasangan luar ruangan, menggunakan isolator dari
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com Gambar 9. Trafo Arus Pemasangan Dalam Ruangan
5.1.4.5
Trafo arus berdasarkan rasio transformasi a. Rasio tunggal (single ratio ) Contoh rasio trafo arus:
– 150 – 300 / 5 A, 150 – 300 / 5 – 5 A – 400 – 800 – 1600 / 5 A, 400 – 800 – 1600 / 5 – 5 – 5 A. P1
P2 300/5 A 300/5 A
1S1
1S2
2S1
2S2
Gambar 10. Trafo Arus Rasio Tunggal 150 – 300 / 5 – 5 A
b. Rasio ganda (double ratio ) Contoh rasio trafo arus:
– 150 – 300 / 5 A dan 1000 – 2000 / 5 A, – 800 – 1600 / 5 A dan 1000 – 2000 / 5 A.
P1
P2 1600/5 A
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com a. Trafo arus dengan inti tunggal (single core ) Contoh: 150 – 300 / 5 A, 200 – 400 / 5 A, atau 300 – 600 / 1 A. b. Trafo arus dengan inti banyak (multi core ) Trafo arus dengan inti banyak dirancang untuk berbagai keperluan yang mempunyai sifat pengunaan yang berbeda dan untuk m enghemat tempat. Contoh: Trafo arus 2 (dua) inti 150 – 300 / 5 – 5 A (Gambar 10). Penandaan primer: P1-P2 Penandaan sekunder inti ke-1: 1S 1-1S2 (untuk metering) Penandaan sekunder inti ke-2: 2S 1-2S2 (untuk proteksi)
P1
P2 300/5 A 300/5 A
1S1
1S2
2S1
2S2
Gambar 12. Trafo Arus dengan 2 Inti
Trafo arus 4 (empat) inti 800 – 1600 / 5 – 5 – 5 – 5 A (Gambar 13). Penandaan primer: P1-P2 Penandaan sekunder inti ke-1: 1S 1-1S2 (untuk metering) Penandaan sekunder inti ke-2: 2S 1-2S2 (untuk relai arus lebih) Penandaan sekunder inti ke-3: 3S -3S (untuk relai jarak)
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com P1
P2 1600/5 A 1600/5 A 1600/5 A 1600/5 A
1S1
1S2 2S1
2S2 3S1
3S2 4S1
4S2
Gambar 13. Trafo Arus dengan 4 Inti
5.1.4.6
Trafo arus berdasarkan pengenal Trafo arus memiliki dua pengenal, yaitu pengenal primer dan sekunder. Pengenal primer yang biasanya dipakai adalah adalah 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, 600, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2500, 3000 dan 3600. Pengenal sekunder yang biasa dipakai adalah 1 A, 2 A dan 5 A. Berdasarkan pengenalnya, trafo arus dapat dibagi menjadi: a. Trafo arus dengan dua pengenal primer - Primer paralel
Contoh: CT dengan rasio 800 – 1600 / 1 A Untuk hubungan primer paralel, maka didapat rasio CT 1600 / 5 A, Gambar 14. P1
P2
P1
P2
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com b. Trafo arus multi rasio/sekunder tap Trafo arus multi rasio memiliki rasio tap yang merupakan kelipatan dari tap yang terkecil, umumnya trafo arus memiliki dua rasio tap, namun ada juga yang memiliki lebih dari dua tap (lihat Gambar 13). Contoh:
– Trafo arus dengan dua tap: 300 – 600 / 5 A Pada Gambar 13.a., S1-S2 = 300 / 5 A, S 1-S3 = 600 / 5 A.
– Trafo arus dengan tiga tap: 150 – 300 – 600 / 5 A Pada Gambar 13.b., S1-S2 = 150 / 5 A, S 1-S3 = 300 / 5 A, S 1-S4 = 600 / 5 A. P1
S1
P2
S2
P1
S3
CT Sekunder 2 Tap
S1
S2
P2
S3
S4
CT Sekun Sekunder der 3 Tap
Gambar 15. Trafo Arus Multi Rasio/Sekunder Tap
5.1.5
PENGENAL (RATING (RATING ) TRAFO ARUS
5.1.5.1
Rated Burden ) Pengenal Beban (Rated Burden
Pengenal beban adalah pengenal dari beban trafo arus dimana akurasi trafo arus masih bisa dicapai dan dinyatakan dalam satuan VA. Umumnya bernilai 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30 dan 40 VA.
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com pengenal trafo arus (nameplate ), ), contoh: I th th = 31.5 kA / 1 s. 5.1.5.4
Pengenal Arus Dinamik (Dynamic Rated Current ) Pengenal arus dinamik adalah perbandingan
I peak I rated
, dimana I peak adalah arus puncak
primer maksimum trafo arus yang diijinkan tanpa menimbulkan kerusakan dan I rated rated adalah arus nominal primer trafo arus, contoh: I dyn dyn = 40 kA.
5.1.6
KESALAHAN TRAFO ARUS
Pada trafo arus dikenal 2 jenis kesalahan, yaitu: 5.1.6.1
Kesalahan perbandingan/rasio Kesalahan perbandingan/rasio trafo arus berdasarkan IEC–185/1987 adalah kesalahan besaran arus karena perbedaan rasio pengenal trafo arus dengan rasio sebenarnya dinyatakan dalam:
dimana
K T I S I P
I P
100% ,
= kesalahan rasio trafo arus (%),
K
= pengenal rasio trafo arus,
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com
I S S
Sudut fasa (δ1) negatif I P P
Sudut fasa (δ1) positif Gambar 16. Kesalahan Sudut Trafo Arus
5.1.7 KESALAHAN KOMPOSIT (COMPOSITE (COMPOSITE ERROR )
Kesalahan komposit (%) berdasarkan IEC – 185 merupakan nilai rms dari kesalahan trafo arus yang ditunjukkan oleh persamaan berikut: E C
dimana :
1
I P
1
T
T
K T iS i P 2 dt 100% , 0
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com saat sekunder dibebani arus pengenalnya. Accuracy Limit Factor / ALF) 5.1.8.2 Faktor Batas Ketelitian ( Accuracy
Faktor batas ketelitian disebut juga faktor kejenuhan inti adalah batasan perbandingan nilai arus primer minimum terhadap arus primer pengenal dimana kesalahan komposit dari trafo arus sama atau lebih kecil dari 5% atau 10% pada sekunder dari
yang
dibebani arus pengenalnya.
ALF
merupakan
perbandingan
I primer I rated
Contoh: CT 5P20 dengan rasio 300 / 1 A, artinya accuracy limit factor (ALF) = 20, maka batas ketelitian trafo arus tersebut adalah : ≤ 5% pada nilai 20 x Arus pengenal primer atau ≤ 5% * 300 A pada pengukuran arus primer 20 * 300 A, atau ≤15 A pada pengukuran arus primer 6000 A.
5.1.8.3
Kelas Ketelitian Trafo Arus Metering Trafo arus metering memiliki ketelitian tinggi untuk daerah pengukuran sampai 1,2 kali nominalnya. Daerah kerja trafo arus metering antara : 0.1 – 1.2 x I N trafo arus.
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com +/- % Kesalahan Rasio Arus pada % dari Arus Pengenal
Kelas Ketelitian
+/- Pergeseran Fase pada % dari Arus Pengenal Menit (1/60 derajat)
1
5
20
10 0
1 20
1
5
20
1 00
1 20
0,2S
0,75
0 0,,35
0,2
0,2
0,2
30
15
10
10
10
0,5S
1,5
0,75
0,5
0 ,5
0,5
90
45
30
30
30
x IS
10
5%
8 6 4 2 x IP
2
4
6
8
10
12
Gambar 17. Kurva Faktor Batas Ketelitian
5.1.8.4
Kelas Ketelitian Trafo Arus Proteksi
a. Kelas P
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com mempunyai tipikal konstanta waktu sekunder, dikelompokkan sebagai berikut: Kelas TPX (non (non gapped core )
Trafo arus TPX adalah trafo arus tanpa celah udara dengan konstanta waktu lebih lama dari 5 detik, umumnya 5 s.d. 20 detik. Trafo arus jenis ini mempunyai ketelitian tinggi, arus magnetisasi yang sangat rendah, presisi pada transformasi komponen AC dan DC.
– Cocok untuk semua jenis proteksi. – Faktor remenensi K R R 0.8 – Trafo arus jenis ini mempunyai inti yang besar sehingga berat dan mahal. – Dapat dikombinasikan dengan trafo arus jenis TPY. – Pengguna (user ) harus menyertakan nilai minimum dari Vknee dan nilai rms maksimum dari arus eksitasi.
– Trafo arus jenis TPX ini pada umumnya digunakan pada sistem tegangan tinggi/tegangan ekstra tinggi untuk proteksi: Busbar, CCP, dan REF. Kelas TPY (anti (anti remanence gapped core )
Trafo arus TPY adalah trafo arus yang memiliki celah udara kecil (pada inti) dengan konstanta waktu 0.2 s.d. 5 detik. detik. Trafo arus jenis ini hampir sama dengan dengan trafo arus jenis TPX namun transformasi komponen DC tidak seteliti trafo arus TPX.
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com 5.1.9
PEMELIHARAAN TRAFO ARUS
Lingkup pengujian trafo arus adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Pengujian Rasio, 2. Pengujian Beban, 3. Pengujian Kejenuhan (Saturasi), 4. Pengujian Polaritas, 5. Pengukuran Tahanan DC (R dc), dan 6. Pengukuran Tahanan Isolasi (Megger). 5.1.9.1 Pengujian Rasio Trafo Arus Pengujian rasio CT dilakukan untuk membandingkan rasio transformasi arus primer dan sekunder, apakah sesuai dengan tanda pengenal (nameplate ) trafo arus. Pengujian rasio sesuai dengan IK-OPH/CT-03/P3BS/2007 IK-OPH/CT-03/P3BS/2007..
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com
S1 S2
Alat Uji Arus
A 220
V
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com Gambar 20. Rangkaian Pengujian Beban Trafo Arus
5.1.9.4
Pengujian Kejenuhan Trafo Arus (Saturasi) Pengujian kejenuhan trafo arus dilakukan untuk mengetahui tegangan knee ( Knee point ) terhadap referensi dari tanda pengenal trafo arus dan kurva magnetisasi
pada masing-masing inti (core ), ), kemudian dibandingkan dengan kebutuhan persyaratan tegangan pada rangkaian sekunder (V s) yang ditinjau saat terjadi gangguan hubung singkat maksimum. Pengujian kejenuhan CT sesuai dengan IK-OPH/CT-04/P3BS/2007.
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com
V
Trafo arus proteksi
dV = 10%
Trafo arus metering
dI = 50%
Gambar 22. Kurva Kejenuhan Trafo Arus
I
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com 5.1.9.6
Pengukuran Tahanan DC (R dc) Pengukuran tahanan DC trafo arus bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai tahanan DC internal trafo arus. Nilai tahanan DC pada trafo arus biasanya dipakai untuk menghitung setelan pada relai gangguan tanah terbatas (restricted earth fault ). ). Pengukuran tahanan DC sesuai dengan IK-OPH/CT-08/P3BS/2007. Pengukuran tahanan isolasi dilakukan pada semua terminal sekunder pada masing-masing inti seperti Gambar 19.
mΩ
-
Terminal 1S1 – 1S2,
-
Terminal 1S1 – 1S3,
-
Terminal 2S1 – 2S2, dan
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com Contoh Perhitungan Kejenuhan Inti
Diketahui arus hubung singkat maksimum I F max = 7266 A, rasio CT 1000 /5 A dan kelas 10P20, burden 7.5 VA. CT tersebut dihubungkan pada rangkaian relai proteksi dengan nilai tahanan internal R CT = 0.26 , R relai relai = 0.02 , R kawat kawat = 0.15 Perhitungan untuk relai arus lebih:
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com 5.2
TRAFO TEGANGAN ( POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER / TRANSFORMER / PT )
5.2.1 DEFENISI DAN FUNGSI TRAFO TEGANGAN
Trafo tegangan adalah trafo yang dirancang khusus untuk fungsi pengukuran tegangan pada rangkaian primer dan mengkonversinya menjadi besaran sekunder. Fungsi trafo tegangan (PT)
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http://catatan-team-jaya.blogspot.com E 1 E 2
N 1 N 2
a,
dimana: a
= perbandingan transformasi dimana N 1
N 1
= jumlah lilitan primer,
N
= jumlah lilitan sekunder,
N 2 ,
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Trafo Tegangan Induktif ( inductive voltage transformer atau electromagnetic voltage transformer )
Trafo tegangan induktif adalah trafo tegangan yang terdiri dari belitan primer dan belitan sekunder dengan prinsip kerja tegangan masukan ( input ) pada belitan primer akan menginduksikan tegangan ke belitan sekunder melalui inti .
Trafo Tegangan Kapasitor (capasitor voltage transformer )
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