PDP-Chapitre 3

 

Cagpntrm 36 D„gkg gkgdysm dysm `hkchk `hkchkkmdd kmddmm

 

Cagpntrm 36 D„gkg gkgdysm dysm `hkchk `hkchkkmdd kmddmm

 

Lî`kntnhk lm hkctnhk Nd s„gint l„ukm gchk rîgdnsî pgr uk prhlunt mxprnjîm shus `hrjm lm out å gmnklrm, mk `gnsgkt gostrgchk lm thutms shduhks. Iîkîrgdmjmkt, ukm `hkchk s„mxprnjm pgr uk vmrom l„gchk l„gchk mt  mt uk khj khj,, mk îvntgkt l„y gsshcnmr uk qugdncg` •

]km `hkchk mst thufhurs chjphsîm l„uk vmrom  

shutmknr   ætrm

•

mt l„uk khj ukm jgssm rîpgrgodm

Uhurquhn ukm tmddm rniumur8  – Uhur å rîîcanr sur dm omshnk rîmd 2  – Uhur `hrcmr å ætrm gussn prîcns qum phssnodm.

 

Urhlunt

Udusnmurs `hkchks lm kgturm mt l„njphrtgkcm lnîrmktms

Cdgssncghks

 \yphdhinm lms hkctnhks  \yphdhinm @hkchks prnkcnpgdms 6 Cm shkt dms `hkchks mssmkmddms l„uk prhlunt, dg rgnshk l„ætrm lm cmduncn. Mddms pmuvmkt ætrm lms `hkchks lm smrvncm hu mkchrm lms `hkchks tmcaknqums. Shuvmkt, uk prhlunt mst chjphsî lm pdus l„ukm `hkchk prnkcnpgdm. @hkchks

chjpdîjmktgnrms 6 dms `hkchks qun rîgdnsmkt lms gchks qun chjpdátmkt, gjîdnhrmkt dms smrvncms rmklus pgr dms `hkchks prnkcnpgdms. Dms `hkchks chjpdîjmktgnrms pmuvmkt ætrm gutgkt lm smrvncm qum tmcaknqums mt shkt, iîkîrgdmjmkt, mk khjorm supîrnmur gux `hkchks prnkcnpgdms. @hkchks

lm chktrgnktms 6 Mxprnjmkt ukm dnjntghk lm dnomrtî lm chkcmphk l„uk prhlunt 6 mddms njphsmkt lms kgdntîs. Dm pdus shuvmkt, mddms prmkkmkt dmur hrninkm lm d„mkvnrhkkmjmkt, lm dg tmcakhdhinm, l„nksgs`gchks jgfmurms lms cdnmkts hu lms dhns mt ráidmjmkts. Mkk, dm prhlunt km rîgdnsmkt agontumddmjmkt pgs cms `hkchks 6 nd dms rmspmctm hu s„y chk`hrjm.

 

Urhlunt

Udusnmurs `hkchks lm kgturm mt l„njphrtgkcm lnîrmktms

Cdgssncghks

\^UHDHINM LMS @HKC\NHKS @hkchks

lm smrvncm 6 gchks lmjgklîms å uk prhlunt hu rîgdnsî pgr dun gk lm

sgs`gnrm ukm pgrm lu omshnk l„uk udnsgtmur, s„homkt pgr dg qumshk6 Wu„mst cm qum dm prhlunt lhnt `gnrm hu rîgdnsmr phur sgs`gnrm d„udnsgtmur. @hkchk l„usgim6 `hkchks lm smrvncm gygkt uk gspmct udntgnrm @hkchk l„msjm6 `hkchks lm smrvncm gygkt uk njpgct psycahdhinqum hu gmc` sur d„udnsghk lu prhlunt @hkchks

tmcaknqums 6 cm shkt lms gchks l„uk chkstugkt mk vum lm pmrjmrm dg rîgdnsghk lms `hkchks lm smrvncm. Dms `hkchks tmcaknqums lîpmklmkt lms cahnx tmcakhdhinqums rîgdnsîs, cgr mddms `hkt pgrm lm d„mkvnrhkkmjmkt nktmrkm lu prhlunt. Cmrtgnks gutmurs msjmkt qum dms `hkchks tmcaknqums shkt iîkîrgdmjmkt lm 7,= å ? `hns pdus khjormusms qum dms `hkchks lm smrvncm.

 

Jîtahlhdhinm lm d„gkgdysm `hkchkkmddm _mcamrcamr dms `hkchks Hrlhkkmr dms `hkchks Cgrgctîrnsmr dms `hkchks Anîrgrcansmr dms `hkchks

 

Mtgpm 76 _mcamrcamr dms `hkchks Cmm prmjnárm îtgpm lm d„gkgdysm `hkchkkmddm g phur hofmc` lm `hrjudmr thutms dms `hkchks l„uk prhlunt.

Jîtahlm 6 Dg chkvmrsnhk chkvmrsnhk lms omshnks mk `hkchks Jîtahlms 6 _MSMG]

 

Mxprmssnhk

  Urhlunt Lîjgtîrngdnsghk

@hkchks

`hkctnhkkmddm lms omshnks

]k prhlunt mst kn pdus kn jhnks qum dg rîphksm å uk omshnk 6 Mxp6 Guthjhondm \îdîpahkm

sm lîpdgcmr chjjuknqumr

Nd ms phssnodm l„mxprnjmr cagcuk lms omshnks l„uk utdnsgmur shus

`hrjm lm `hkcthks qum lmvrg rîgdnsmr hu rmspmcmr uk prhlun . Cmm

`géhk lm `gnrm pmrjmt lm jnmux chjprmklrm dm omshnk rîmd mt, mksuntm, lm trhuvmr ukm shduhk hpjgdm rîphklgkt å cm omshnk. cmcn îvntm lm cahnsnr dg prmjnárm shduhk sm prîsmktgkt å d„msprnt mt gnksn, `gvhrnsm dg rmcamrcam systîjgqum lm shduhks hrninkgdms mt jnmux glgptîms chjprmklrm dm  dm omshnk rîmd mt lm trhuvmr ukm shduhk hpjgdm pmrjmt lm jnmux chjprmklrm rîphklgkt å cm omshnk.

Mddm

 D„gmkhk mst

phrtî sur s ur dm quhn (cm qum dm cdnmkt vmut rîmddmjmkt) mt khk sur dm chjjmkt Shduthks hrninkgdms

 

Jîtahlms _MSMG] (0 jîtahlms) _ M 

_mcamrcam nktunvm Mxgjmk lm d„mkvnrhkkmjmkt

S

Smqumkgd Gkgdysns @ukchkgd Mdmjmkt (SG@M)

M 

Mxgjmk lms mhrts Gkgdysm l„uk prhlunt lm rî`îrmkcm ]dnsghk lms khrjms mt lms ráidmjmkts ráidmjmkts

 G ] 

 

Dg rmcamrcam nktunvm Chjjm shk khj d„nklnqum, cmm pagsm `gnt gppmd å d„nktunhk, rmcamrcam sphktgkîm rgssmjodgkt å uk orgnksthrjnki prgquî. Dg rmcamrcam nktunvm å dm jîrntm lm pdgcmr dm irhupm mk sntughk gssmz rgpnlmjmkt cgr thus dms pgrcnpgkts lu irhupm lm trgvgnd rmcamrcamkt dms `hkchks lgks thutms dms lnrmchks. Cmm jîtahlm pmrjmt lm iîkîrmr mktrm =5% mt 05% lms `hkchks

 

D„mxgjmk lm d„mkvnrhkkmjmkt 



Hk d„gppmddm gussn dg jîtahlm lms nktmrgctmurs  – Dg pdus chjpdátm mt dg pdus systî systîjgqum jgqum … … jgns gussn dg pdus dhkium å jmrm mk œuvrm. Gu churs lm sg « vnm ², uk prhlunt `rgkcanrg pdusnmurs îtgpms. Nd sm trhuvmrg gdhrs mk nktmrgchk gvmc lms dnmux, lms systájms mt lms imks lnîrmkts. Nd lmvrg gdhrs s„glgptmr å cms chktmxtms, lm jgknárm å chkkumr å rmklrm dms smrvncms gmklus. Nd `gut gdhrs6

7) chksnlîrmr pdusnmurs sntughks lgks dmsqumddms dm prhlunt, dm systájm hu dm smrvncm phurrgnmkt îvhdumr2 ?) `hrjudmr dms `hkchks qum lmvrg rîgdnsmr hu rmspmctmr dm prhlunt phur îvhdumr lgks cms sntughks. 

Dg jîtahlm sm rîgdnsm mk qugtrm phnkts6 7-Lîknr dm cycdm lm vnm ?- nlmkmr thus dms nktmrgctmurs l„uk prhlunt 3- cgrgctîrnsmr thus dms nktmrgctmurs