PDF Sample Chapter11

October 1, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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H J B ^ P O \O C O U O M

@ohkskim Gbakmf wktj b Xtrbtofkh Ogpjbsks Beor stu`ykmf tjks hjbptor, yiu sjiuc` lo blco ti . . . 2. @oemo tjo òhkskim-gbakmf òhkskim-gbakmf prihoss bm` kòmy tjo tjo typos i hist kmirgbim rocovbmt ir òhkskim gbakmf

wktj b Xtrbtofkh Ogpjbsks 082 Hjbptor 22 @ohkskim Gbakmf wktj

OZJKLKP 22.2 Pjo @ohkskim-Gbakmf ^rihoss Ekrst4 @otorgkmo tjo Irfbmkzbim's Luskmoss

Pjkr`4 \ocovbmt Hist Bmbcysks bm` Xtrbtofkh Bmbcysks

Omvkrimgomt bm` Higpovo

Xtrbtofy Kòmy bm` Hiccoht \ocovbmt Kmirgbim Xohim`4 Xpohky tjo Hrktorkb bm` Kòmy tjo Bctormbvo Bhims

Xjirt-Porg Eihus ^ro`kht Euturo Ubcuos i \ocovbmt Hists & \ovomuos

Eiurtj4 Xocoht bm` Kgpcogomt tjo Lost Hiurso i Bhim

Xtrbtofkh Bmbcysks Cimf-Porg Eihus

Ekj4 Ovbcubto ôrirgbmho

bmsworkmf tjo rkfjt quostkim. Xtrbtofkh tjkmakmf ks kgpirtbmt ti bvik` òhkskims tjbt gkfjt lo lost imcy km tjo sjirt torg. Eir oxbgpco, b pcbmt gbmbfor gkfjt kmhirrohtcy vkow tjo hjikho bs wjotjor ti gbao ir ti luy b pbrt eir b gbmuebhturo` priùht wjom tjo hirroht òhkskim gkfjt ti òtorgkmo wjotjor lo roòskfmo` tjoòhkskim pbrt ks mit mooò`. Pjologbmbfor‛s sohim` stop tjo ks tipriùht spohkeysjiuc` tjo hrktorkb ly wjkhjsitjo ks ti lo gbò bm` ti kòmtkey tjo bctormbtkvo bhtkims. Gist ietom tjo gbmbfor‛s prkmhkpbc ildohtkvo ks bm obskcy qubmtk- eko`, sjirt-torg, bhjkovblco fibc, suhj bs ti roùho hist, kgprivo priekt, ir gbxkgkzo roturm im kmvostgomt. Itjor kmtorosto` pbrtkos (o.f., iwmors ir sjbrojicòrs) jbvo tjokr iwm hrktorkb eir tjoso òhkskims. Pjoroeiro, b gbmbfor gist ietom ks eirho` ti tjkma ie guctkpco ildohtkvos, litj tjo qubmtkekblco sjirt-torg fibcs, bm` tjo giro strbtofkh, `keekhuctti-qubmtkey fibcs. Km tjo tjkr` stop, b gbmbfor poreirgs bm bmbcysks km wjkhj tjo rocovbmt kmeirgbtkim ks òvocipo` òvoci po` bm` bmbcy bmbcyzo`, zo`, uskmf rocovbmt hist bmbcy bmbcysks sks bm` strbto strbtofkh fkh hist bmbcy bmbcysks. sks. Pjks stop kmvicvos tjroo soquomtkbc bhtkvktkos. Pjo gbmbfor (2) kòmtkekos bm` hiccohts rocovbmt kmeirgbtkim bliut tjo òhkskim, ( por yobr, bm` kt jbs mi trbò-km ir `kspisbc vbcuo. Bt tjo om` ie tjo ekrst yobr, yobr, tjo gbhjkmo jbs b mot liia vbcuo ie $> ($0,> ‐ $>) lut tjo gbhjkmo moo`s ti lo ropbkro` ir ropcbho`. Bssugo tjbt tjo purhjbso prkho ie b mow gbhjkmo ks $6,>>> bm` kt ks oxpohto` ti cbst eir imo yobr wktj ckttco ir mi oxpohto` trbò-km ir `kspisbc vbcuo. Pjo ropbkr ie tjo ic` gbhjkmo wiuc` hist $8,?>> bm` wiuc` lo sueekhkomt eir bmitjor yobr ie priùhtkvo uso. Pjo piwor eir oktjor gbhjkmo ks oxpohto` ti hist $ por jiur. Pjo mow priùhtkvo gbhjkmo ks sogkbutigbto`, roqukrkmf b coss-sakcco` iporbtir bm` rosuctkmf km b roùhtkim ie bvorbf bvo rbfoo cb cbli lirr hists erig $2>.>> $2>.>> ti $;.?> por jiur eir tjo mow gbhjkmo. gbhjkmo. Ke tjo ekrg ks oxpohto` ti iporbto bt b >>-jiur covoc ie iutput eir tjo moxt yobr, tjo titbc vbrkblco hists eir piwor wkcc lo $>> Ö $ 7 $?,>>> eir oktjor gbhjkmo, bm` cblir hists wkcc lo $2;,>>> ($;.?> Ö >>) bm` $,>>> ($2> Ö >>) eir tjo mow bm` ic` gbhjkmos rospohtkvocy. @btb ir Gbhjkmo \opcbhogomt Oxbgpco Ic` gbhjkmo Covoc i iutput Hurromt mot liia vbcuo _souc cko (k ropbkro`) Iporbmf hist (cblir) jiur Mow gbhjkmo Covoc i iutput ûrhjbso prkho _souc cko Iporbmf hist (cblir)

>> jiurs/yobr $> 2 yobr $2> por >> jiurs/yobr $6,>>> 2 yobr $;.?> por jiur

wktj b Xtrbtofkh Ogpjbsks 088 Hjbptor 22 @ohkskim Gbakmf wktj

OZJKLKP 22.8

\ocovbmt Hists

\ocovbmt Hist Bmbcysks km

Oqukpgomt \opcbhogomt

Ubrkblco hists Cblir (>> Ö $2>, $;.?>) Ekxo` hists (rocovbmt hists) Ic` gbhjkmo ropbkr hist Mow gbhjkmo Pitbc hists \opbkr hist ciwor ly4 $>

@koromho

\opbkr

\opcbho

\opcbho Gkmus \opbkr

$,>>>

$2;,>>>

$(2,>>>)

6,>>>

(8,?>>) 6,>>>

8,?>>

$>

$>>

$ >

Pjo suggbry ie rocovbmt hists eir tjks òhkskim ks km Oxjklkt 22.8, sjiwkmf b $> b`vbmtbfo eir ropbkrkmf tjo ic` gbhjkmo. Pjo $2,>>> òhrobso km cblir hists eir tjo mow gbhjkmo ks coss tjbm tjo $8,?>> `keeoromho ie ropcbhogomt hist ivor ropbkr hist ($6,>>> ‐ $8,?>>). $8,?>> ). Mito tjbt tjo piw piwor or hists bm` tjo òpro òprohkbtkim hkbtkim im tjo ic` gbhjkmo bro igktto` lohbuso tjoy bro mit rocovbmt1 tjoy ì mit `keeor lotwoom tjo iptkims. Pi sjiw tjbt tjo bmbcys bmbcysks ks lbso` im titbc hists privkòs tjo sbgo bms bmswor wor,, Oxjklkt 22.0 sjiws tjo bmbcysks eir titbc hists tjbt kmhcuòs tjo piwor hists bm` tjo òprohkbtkim ie tjo ic` gbhjkmo1 moktjor hist ks rocovbmt. Pjo coet pirtkim ie Oxjklkt 22.0 ks tjo sbgo bs Oxjklkt 22.8. Mito tjbt litj bmbcysos cob` ti tjo sbgo himhcuskim. Pjo rocovbmt hist bppribhj km Oxjklkt 22.8 ks bcwbys proeorro`, jiwovor, lohbuso kt ks skgpcor bm`, tjoroeiro coss primo ti orrir1 kt bcsi privkòs lottor eihus eir tjo òhkskim gbaor.

Lbthj-Covoc Hist @rkvors Pjo blivo bmbcysks jbs kmhcuò` tjo ekxo` hist bssihkbto` wktj tjo purhjbso ir ropbkr ie tjo gbhjkmo, lut jbs mit kmhcuò` tjo ekxo` hist ie cblir eir gbhjkmo sotup. Xotup hist ks b lbthj- covoc hist tjbt vbrkos wktj tjo muglor ie lbthjos bm` mit tjo umkts ir jiurs ie iutput im tjo gbhjkmo. Xuppiso tjbt tjoro wkcc lo 2 sotups ìmo ùrkmf tjo yobr, krrospohtkvo ie wjotjor tjo gbhjkmo ks ropcbho` ir ropbkro`. Pjks sium`s krrocovbmt, lohbuso tjo muglor ie sotups rogbkms tjo sbgo. Lut suppiso eurtjor, tjbt lohbuso tjo butigbto` gbhjkmo ks obskor ti sot up, kt tbaos imcy imo jiur ti sot up tjo mow gbhjkmo, wjkco tjo ic` gbhjkmo tbaos eiur jiurs ti sot up. Bcsi, bssugo tjbt tjo butigbto` gbhjkmo roqukros coss-sakcco` sotup cblir, si tjbt tjo $;.?> por jiur cblir rbto bppckos bm` tjo ekrg usos imcy tjo mooò` sotup cblir1 tjoro ks mi umuso umuso` ` hbpbhkty km sotup cblir. Pjo gbhjkmo ropcbhogomt ropcbhogomt bmbcy bmbcysks sks sjiuc` bcsi kmhcuò tjo `keeoromtkbc sotup tkgo bm` hist bs eicciws4 Xotu Xo tup p His Hists ts i irr Mow Mow Gb Gbhj hjkm kmo o

Xotu Xo tup p His Hists ts i irr Ic` Ic` Gb Gbhj hjkm kmo o

$;.?> por jiur ir cblir Ö 2 sotups por yobr Ö 2 jiur por sotup 7 $2,20>

OZJKLKP 22.0 \ocovbmt Hist bm` Pitbc Hist Bmbcysks km Oqukpgomt \opcbhogomt

$2> por jiur ir cblir 2 sotups por yobr Ö 0 jiurs por sotup 7 $0,:>>

Ö

\ocovbmt Hists \opbkr

\opcbho

$,>>>

$2;,>>>

Ubrkblco hists Cblir îwor Ekxo` hists Ic` gbhjkmo @oprohkbim \opbkr hist Mow gbhjkmo Pitbc hists

8,?>>

$>

6,>>> $>>

Pitbc Hists

@koromho

\opbkr

\opcbho

\opcbho ‘ \opbkr

$,>>> ?,>>>

$2;,>>> ?,>>>

$(2,>>>) >

>

>

8,?>> $8>,5>>

>

6,>>>

(8,?>>) 6,>>>

$88,2>>

$ >

080 ^brt Pwi ^cbmmkmf bm` @ohkskim Gbakmf Gbakmf

OZJKLKP 22.?

\ocovbmt Hists

\ocovbmt Hists km Oqukpgomt \opcbhogomt (kmhcu`kmf himskòrbtkim ie sotup hists) Ubrkblco hists

Cblir

\opbkr

\opcbho

$,>>> 0,:>>

Pitbc Hists

@koromho

\opbkr

\opcbho

\opcbho ‘ \opbkr

$2;,>>>

$,>>>

$2;,>>>

$ (2,>>>)

2,20>

0,:>>

2,20>

(8,55>)

6,>>>

(8,?>>) 6,>>>

$80,

$ (2,25>)

Lbthj-covoc hists

Xotup hists

Ekxo` hists Ic` gbhjkmo \opbkr hist Mow gbhjkmo Pitbc hists

8,?>>

8,?>> 6,>>>

$>

$

$8?,0>>

Pjo mow gbhjkmo sbvos $8,55> ($0,:>> ‐ $2,20>) km sotup cblir bs wocc bs $2,>>> km `kroht cblir. Pjo cblir sbvkmfs titbc ks $0,55> ($8,55> + $2,>>>). Pjks giro tjbm ieesots tjo oxhoss ie tjo hist ie tjo mow gbhjkmo ivor tjo hist ie ropbkr, $8,?>> ($6,>>> ‐ $8,?>>), eir b $2,25> 7 ($0,55> ‐ $8,?>>) mot lomoekt ie ropcbhkmf tjo gbhjkmo. Xoo tjo rovkso` bmbcysks km Oxjklkt 22.?.

Ekxo` Hists bm` @oprohkbim B higgim gksporhoptkim ks tjbt òprohkbtkim ie ebhkcktkos bm` oqukpgomt ks b rocovbmt hist. Km ebht, òprohkbtkim ks b pirtkim ie b higgktto` hist (tjo bccihbtkim ie b purhjbso hist ivor tjo ckeo ie bm bssot)1 tjoroeiro, kt ks suma bm` krrocovbmt. Pjoro ks bm oxhoptkim ti tjks ruco4 wjom tbx oeeohts oeeohts bro himskòro` km òhkskim gbakmf. Km tjks himto himtoxt, xt, òprohkbtkim jbs b pisktkvo piskt kvo vbcuo km k m tjbt, t jbt, bs bm oxpomso, oxpomso, kt roùhos tbxblco kmhigo bm` tbx oxpom oxpomso. so. Ke tbxos bro himskòro` himsk òro`,, òprohkbtkim jbs b rico ti tjo oxtomt tjbt kt k t roùhos tbx ckblk ckblkckty. ckty. Pjo òhkskim gbaor ietom gust himskòr tjo kgpbht kgpbht ie cihbc, eoòrbc, bm` sigotkgos kmtormbtkimbc tbx `keeoromho `keeo romhoss im tjo òhkskim sktubtkim. Ippirtumkty hist ks tjo lomoekt cist wjom tjo hjisom iptkim prohcuòs tjo lomoekts erig bm bctormbtkvo bctormbtkvo iptkim.

Itjor \ocovbmt Kmirgbim4 Ippirtumkty Hists Gbmbfors sjiuc` kmhcuò km tjokr òhkskim prihoss kmeirgbtkim suhj bs tjo hbpbhkty usbfo ie tjo pcbmt. Hbpbhkty usbfo kmeirgbtkim ks b hrktkhbc skfmbc ie tjo pitomtkbc rocovbmho ie ippirtumkty hists, tjo lomoekt cist wjom imo hjisom iptkim prohcuòs tjo lomoekts erig bm bctormbtkvo iptkim. Vjom tjo pcbmt ks iporbtkmf bt eucc hbpbhkty, ippirtumkty hists bro bm kgpirtbmt him- skòrbtkim lohbuso tjo òhkskim ti priùho b spohkbc iròr ir b`` b mow priùht ckmo hbm hbus hbusoo tjo roùhtkim, òcb òcby, y, ir ciss ie sbcos ie priùhts bm` sorvkhos hurromtcy ieeoro`. hurromtcy ieeoro`. Km himtrbst, himtrbst, b ek rg wktj oxhoss hbpbhkty hbpbhkty gkfjt lo blco ti priùho priùho eir hurromt ògbm` bs wocc bs jbm`co b spohkbc iròr ir mow priùht1 tjus, mi ippirtumkty hist ks prosomt. Vjom ippirtumkty hists bro rocovbmt, tjo gbmbfor gust himskòr tjo vbcuo ie cist sbcos bs wocc bs tjo himtrklutkim erig tjo mow iròr ir mow priùht. Bmitjor kgpirtbmt ebhtir ks tjo tkgo vbcuo ie gimoy tjbt ks rocovbmt wjom òhk`kmf bgimf bctormbtkvo bctorm btkvoss wktj hbsj eciws ivor ivor twi ir giro yobrs. Pjoso òhkskims òhkskims bro lost jbm`co` ly tjo gotji`s òshrklo` km Hjbptor 2> P-sj P-sjkrts krts prkmto` prkmto` wktj brt brtwir wira a pulc pulckhkzk khkzkmf mf b eum` eum`-rbks -rbkskmf kmf ovo ovomt. mt. BLF ieeors ti pby $5.?> eir obhj sjkrt. PPX mirgbccy hjbrfos $;.>> eir sjkrts ie tjks typo eir tjks skzo iròr.

085 ^brt Pwi ^cbmmkmf bm` @ohkskim Gbakmf Gbakmf

OZJKLKP 22.6 Gbstor Lu`fot eir PPX‛s Gbmuebhturkmf Hists

Oxpohto` Iutput ie >,>>> _mkts km > Lbthjos

Lbthj-Covoc Hists Hist Ocogomt Xjkrt

Hists ôr _mkt $8.,>>>. Pjo >,>>> umkts bro oxpohto` ti lo priùho` km > `keeoromt lbthjos ie 2,>>> umkts obhj. Pjo tjroo friups ie hist ocogomts bro bs eicciws4 2. _mkt _mkt-covo -covocc hists vbry wktj obhj sjkrt prkmto` bm` kmhcuò tjo hist ie tjo sjkrt ($8. ‐ ?. Ö

$8.6?) (8,6?> )

Mot himtrkluim (ciss) ir tjo iròr

$(>)

Oxjklkt 22.; sjiws tjo oeeoht ie bhhoptkmf tjo Bcpjb Lotb Fbggb iròr bt eucc hbpbhkty1 umòr eucc hbpbhkty, tjo Bcpjb Lotb Fbggb iròr wiuc` roùho titbc priekts ly $> ùo ti cist sbcos.

Oxhosskvo \ocovbmt Hist ^rkhkmf Pjo rocovbmt hist òhkskim ruco eir spohkbc iròrs ks kmtomò` imcy eir tjiso kmeroquomt sktub- tkims wjom b spohkbc iròr hbm kmhrobso kmhigo. @imo im b rofucbr lbsks, rocovbmt hist prkhkmf hbm oriò mirgbc prkhkmf pickhkos bm` cob` ti b ciss km priektblkckty eir ekrgs suhj bs PPX. Pjo ebkcuro ie cbrfo higpbmkos km tjo bkrckmo, buti, bm` stooc kmùstrkos jbs loom bttrkluto` ti OZJKLKP 22.; Xpohkbc Iròr @ohkskim eir PPX umòr Eucc Hbpbhkty

Vktj BLF Iròr

Vktjiut BLF Iròr

Xbcos

,>>> umkts bt $;.>> >> bt $;.>>1 2,>>> bt $5.?> Ubrkblco hist bt $?.> 2,82>

$>

Himtrkluim gbrfkm Ekxo` hist

$ ;8?,>>> 0?>,>>>

$ ;86,?>> 0?>,>>>

Iporbmf kmhigo B`vbmtbfo km bvir i rodohmf tjo BLF iròr

$ 0:?,>>>

$ 0:6,?>> $ >

\OBC-VI\C@ EIH_X

Hist Kmirgbim ir ^rkhkmf4 Higpovo Kssuos

Xjirt-torg prkhk Xjirt-torg prkhkmf mf ir spohkb spohkbcc iròrs iròrs usos rocov rocovbmt bmt hist kmirgb kmirgbim. im. bssos bssosso` so` ciwor tjbm tjokr hro`kt shiros. Bmbcyhbc Bmbcyhbc prkhkmf prkhkmf ks lbso` Eir cimf-torg prkhkmf, tjo erg himskòrs higpovo kssuos bs woccim higputor bm` stbshbc giòcs i himsugor-lbso` kmirgbim. bs hist hist kmir kmirgb gbim. im. Pjo Pjo twi twi icciw icciwkmf kmf oxbg oxbgpco pcoss kccust kccustrbt rbto o tjks. tjks. Jitocs Jit ocs bm` bm` rotbk rotbkcor corss uso –`ym –`ymbgk bgkhh prkhkm prkhkmf‗ f‗ (bcsi (bcsi lbso lbso` ` im bmbcy bmbcyhs) hs) Xigo ergs tbao b –vbcuo‗ –vbcuo‗ bppribhj ti prkhkmf. prkhkmf. Km wjbt ks hig- ti b`dust b`dust tjo prkho prkho ir ir tjo oxpoht oxpohto` o` ògbm`, ògbm`, kmvomtir kmvomtiryy covoc, covoc, higpohigpoprkhkmf, gbmy gimcy  amiwm gimcy amiwm  bs UBC_O -LBXO@  prkhkmf, gbmy  ergs ergs  sot prkhos lbso` im jkstiry.. tir lojbvkir, bm` hustigor jkstiry tjo ivor ivorbcc bcc vbcu vbcuo o tjo tjo erg hbm òckv òckvor or ti tjo husti hustigor, gor, kmhc kmhcu`kmf u`kmf husKm tjo toxco kmùstry, kmùstry, kmhrobso` kmhrobso` fcilbc prkho prkho higpoim higpoim jbs tigorr sorvkho, tigo sorvkho, bsskstbmho bsskstbmho wktj kmstbcc kmstbccbim bim bm` trbkmkmf trbkmkmf ir tjo pri`- irho irho` ` gbmy priùhors priùhors ti em` spohkbc gbraots. gbraots. Xigo i tjoso tjoso ergs,   uht ir sorvkho ergs, sorvkho,, bm` em`kmf em`kmf wbys wbys ir tjo tjo priùht priùht ir sorvkho sorvkho ti ti sbvo tjo tjo bs ir Lcugomtjbc Lcugomtjbc ^rkmt ^rkmt Viras, hbtor hbtor ti spohkbc iròr iròr hustigors ly ly hustigor gimoy. privk`kmf km-jiuso `yokmf bm` emksjkmf bm` b priprkotbry hjomkcco Km bmitjor oxbgpco, oxbgpco, @occ Higputor Hirp. himmuos kts ìgk- priùh priùhtt ti brbht tjo tjo sgbcc iròr iròr spohkbc spohkbc hustigors. hustigors. Lcugomtjb Lcugomtjbcc mbmho km tjo ^H gbraot gbraot ly uskmf b higputor-lb higputor-lbso` so` prkhkmf prkhkmf systog ìos mit mit try ti higpoto higpoto wktj tjo ciw-hi ciw-hist, st, jkfj-vic jkfj-vicugo ugo priùh priùhors, ors, tjbt bcciws bcciws tjo erg erg ti b`dust prkhos prkhos tjriufjiu tjriufjiutt tjo `by ir `koromt `koromt wji bho tjo tjo frobtost frobtost higpoim higpoim rig blrib`. hustigors km `koromt kmùstrkos wktj `koromt iròr qubmos bm` òckvory `btos. Imo aoy kmfro`komt i tjo prkhkmf systog ks bhhurbto, Xiurhos4 Pjigbs J. @bvompirt bm` Dobmmo F. Jbrrks, Higpotmf im up-ti-`bto hist kmirgbim, bm` prohkso irohbsts i gbtorkbcs hists bm` bvbkcblkckty ir tjo moxt skx gimtjs. Pjo systog jocps @occ gbkmtbkm kts piskim bs tjo ciw-hist, ciw-prkho siurho ir ^Hs. Bcsi, sigo ergs suhj bs Hbpktbc Imo bm` ^rifrosskvo Kmsurbmho uso bmbcyhbc prkhkmf gotji`s ti brbht hustigors wjiso rksa ks

Bmbcyths, Jbrvbr` Luskmoss Xhjiic ^ross, >6, p. ;21 –Pjo îwor i Xgbrt ^rkhkmf,‗ Luskmoss Vooa, Bprkc 2>, >>, pp. 25>‘2501 Fbry GhVkcckbgs, –@occ Ekmo-Pumos Kts ^H ^rkhkmf ti Fbkm bm O`fo km b Xciw Gbraot,‗ Pjo Vbcc Xroo Diurmbc, Dumo :, >2, bm` Fkmb @imckm, –Ciiakmf ir Mkhjos,‗ _pjicsory @oskfm & Gbmbfogom, Eolrubry >0, p. :.

tjokr oxhosskvo rocovbmt hist prkhkmf lohbuso b strbtofy ie himtkmubccy eihuskmf im tjo sjirt torg hbm òmy b higpbmy b suhhosseuc cimf torg. Xpohkbc iròr prkhkmf òhkskims sjiuc` mit lohigo tjo homtorpkoho ie b ekrg‛s strbtofy.

Itjor Kgpirtbmt Xtrbtofkh Ebhtirs Km b``ktkim ti hbpbhkty utkckzbtkim bm` cimf-torg prkhkmf kssuos, PPX sjiuc` himskòr Bcpjb Lotb Fbggb‛s hro`kt jkstiry, bmy pitomtkbc higpcoxktkos km tjo òskfm tjbt gkfjt hbuso priùhtkim prilcogs, bm` itjor strbtofkh kssuos suhj bs wjotjor tjo sbco gkfjt cob` ti b``ktkimbc sbcos ie itjor PPX priùhts.

Ubcuo Xtrobg Bhhiummf bm` tjo Xpohkbc Iròr @ohkskim Vjom uskmf cobm bhhiumtkmf (soo Hjbptor 26 eir giro kmeirgbtkim im tjks tipkh) tjo gbmbfoB vbcuo strobg

himsksts ie bcc tjo bhtkvktkos roqukro` ti hrobto hustigor vbcuo eir b ebgkcy ie priùhts ir sorvkhos.

gomt bhhiumtbmt puts ebgkckos ie priùhts tifotjor km wjbt ks hbcco` b vbcuo strobg, wjkhj himsksts ie bcc tjo bhtkvktkos roqukro` ti hrobto hustigor vbcuo eir tjbt ebgkcy ie priùhts ir sorvkhos. Bm oxbgpco ie b priùht ebgkcy eir b himsugor ocohtrimkhs ekrg wiuc` lo kts friup ie @U@ pcbyors, wjkco bmitjor ebgkcy ie priùhts wiuc` lo kts `kfktbc tocovkskims. Bm oxbgpco eir b sorvkho ekrg, b lbma, wiuc` lo vbcuo strobgs eir kmstbccgomt cibms, girtfbfo cibms, bm` higgorhkbc cibms. Vjom uskmf cobm bhhiumtkmf, spohkbc iròrs bro ovbcubto` wktjkm tjo himtoxt himto xt ie tjo vbcuo strobg km wjkhj tjoy bro cihbto`, cihbto`, si tjo bmbcysks ie hists kmhcuòs rocovbmt rocov bmt hists tjriufjiut tjo vbcuo strobg bm` tjo strbtofkh bmbcysks bmbcysks ks eir tjo omtkro ebgkcy ie priùhts km tjo vbcuo strobg.

Gbao, Cobso, ir Luy @ohkskim \ocovbmt Hist Bmbcysks COB\MKMF ILDOHPKUO 8

_so roc rocovb ovbmt mt bm` str strbto btofkh fkh hist hi st bm bmbc bcysk yskss km tj tjoo gb gbao, ao, cobso, ir luy òhkskim. 08:

Fomorbccy, b ekrg‛s priùhts bro gbmuebhturo` bhhir`kmf ti spohkekhbtkims sot eirtj km wjbt ks hbcco` tjo lkcc ie gbtorkbcs, wjkhj ks b òtbkco` ckst ie tjo higpimomts ie tjo gbmuebhturo` priùht. B lkcc ie gbtorkbcs eir tjo gbmuebhturo ie eurmkturo ks kccustrbto` km Hjbptor 0. Bm kmhrobskmfcy higgim òhkskim eir gbmuebhturors ks ti hjiiso wjkhj ie tjoso higpimomts ti gbmuebhturo km tjo ekrg‛s pcbmt bm` wjkhj ti purhjbso erig iutskò suppckors.

wktj b Xtrbtofkh Ogpjbsks 08; Hjbptor 22 @ohkskim Gbakmf wktj

Pjo rocovbmt hist kmeirgbtkim eir tjo gbao-ir-luy òhkskim ks òvocipo` km b gbmmor skgkcbr ti tjbt ie tjo spohkb spohkbcc iròr òhkskim. Pjo rocovbmt hist kmeirgbtkim kmeirgbtkim eir gbakmf tjo higpimomt himsksts ie tjo sjirt-torg hists ti gbmue gbmuebhturo bhturo kt, ir`km ir`kmbrkcy brkcy tjo vbrkb vbrkblco lco gbmuebhturkmf hists, wjkhj wiuc` lo sbvo` ke tjo pbrt ks purhjbso`. Pjoso hists bro higpbro` ti tjo purhjbso prkho eir tjo pbrt ir higpimomt ti òtorgkmo tjo bppriprkbto òhkskim. Hists tjbt wkcc mit hjbmfo wjotjor tjo ekrg gbaos tjo pbrt ir mit bro kfmiro`. Eir oxbgpco oxb gpco,, him himsk` skòr or Lcu Lcuoo Pi Pimo mo Gbm Gbmueb uebhtu hturkm rkmf, f, gba gbaor or ie hcb hcbrkm rkmots ots bm` itj itjor or roo roo`-l `-lbso bso` ` guskhbc kmstrugomts. Xuppiso tjbt Lcuo Pimo ks hurromtcy gbmuebhturkmf tjo giutjpkoho eir kts hcbrkmot lut jbs tjo iptkim ti luy kt erig b suppckor. Pjo giutjpkoho ks pcbstkh, wjkco tjo rogbkmòr ie tjo hcbrkmot ks gbò erig wii`. Pjo eicciwkmf hist kmeirgbtkim bssugos tjbt ekxo` ivorjob` ivorjob` hists wkcc mit hjbmfo hjbmfo wjotjor Lcuo Pim Pimoo hjiisos ti gbao ir luy tjo giutjpkoho4

Hist ti luy tjo giutjpkoho, por umktt Hist ti gbmubhturo, por umkt umk Gbtorkbcs Cblir Ubrkblco ivorjob` Pitbc vbrkblco hists Ekxo` ivorjob`

$> $25.>> 0.?> 2.>>

$ 5.>>

Pitbc hists Pitbc rocovbmt hists

$ $

Xbvkmfs rig himmukmf ti gbao

$

Km tjks oxbgpco, tjo rocovbmt hist ti gbao ks $. Xkmho tjo òhkskim wkcc mit beeoht ekxo` ivorjob`, tjo titbc $ hist ks krrocovbmt. Pjo rocovbmt hist ti gbao ks $ coss tjbm tjo purhjbso hist. Pjo moxt stop ks eir Lcuo Pimo ti higpcoto b strbtofkh bmbcysks tjbt himskòrs, eir oxbgpco, tjo qubckty ie tjo pbrt, tjo rockblkckty ie tjo suppckor, bm` tjo pitomtkbc bctormbtkvo usos ie Lcuo Pi Pimo mo‛s ‛s pcbmt hbpbhkty. Vktj tjo higlkmo` hist bm` strbtofkh bmbcysks, Lcuo Pimo ks propbro` ti gbao tjo òhkskim. B skgkcbr sktubtkim brksos wjom b ekrg gust hjiiso lotwoom cobskmf ir purhjbskmf b pkoho ie oqukpgomt. Xuhj òhkskims bro lohigkmf ovor giro eroquomt bs tjo hist bm` torgs ie cobskmf brrbmfogomts himtkmuo ti lohigo giro ebvirblco. Pi kccustrbto tjo cobso ir luy òhkskim, wo uso tjo oxbgpco ie Rukha Hipy, Kmh., b ekrg tjbt privkòs prkmtkmf bm` ùpckhbtkmf sorvkhos bm` itjor rocbto` luskmoss sorvkhos. Rukha Hipy usos imo cbrfo hipy gbhjkmo ti higpcoto gist lkf dils. Kt cobsos tjo gbhjkmo erig tjo gbmuebhturor im bm bmmubc lbsks tjbt kmhcuòs fomorbc sorvkhkmf. Pjo bmmubc cobso kmhcuòs litj b ekxo` eoo ie $0>,>>> bm` b por hipy hjbrfo ie $>.>,>>>. Rukha Hipy wiuc` uso tjo purhjbso` hipkor eir imo yobr, betor wjkhj kt hiuc` socc kt lbha ti tjo gbmuebhturor eir imo-eiurtj tjo purhjbso prkho ($0>,>>>). Km b``ktkim, tjo mow gbhjkmo jbs b roqukro` bmmubc sorvkho himtrbht ie $,>>> wjkhj kmhcuòs bcc ropbkr, sorvkho, bm` ropcbhogomt ie kma hbrtrk`fos. Rukha Hipy‛s iptkims eir tjo higkmf yobr bro ti romow tjo cobso eir tjo hurromt hipkor ir ti purhjbso tjo mow hipkor. Pjo rocovbmt kmeirgbtkim ks iutckmo` km Oxjklkt 22.2>.

OZJKLKP 22.2> Rukha Hipy Cobso ir Luy Kmeirgbtkim

Cobso Ipim Bmmubc cobso Hjbrfo por hipy ûrhjbso hist

Bmmubc sorvkho himtrbht Ubcuo bt om` i porki` Oxpohto` muglor i hipkos b yobr

$0>,>>> >.>< M/B M/B M/B 5,>>>,>>>

ûrhjbso Ipim M/B M/B $25>,>>> $ ,>>> $ 0>,>>> 5,>>>,>>>

\OBC-VI\C@ EIH_X

Gbao ir Luy4 Jugbm \osiurhos Gbmbfogomt1 ûlckh Xorvkhos

Bctjiufj Bctjiuf j tjo gbao-ir gbao-ir-lu -luyy òhkskim òhkskim ks higgimc higgimcyy tjiufjt tjiufjt ti boht boht Eir oxbg oxbgpco pco,, imo jugb jugbm m rosiurh rosiurho o gbmbf gbmbfor or pbrh pbrhkpb kpbmf mf km km tj tjo o pbrts bm` higpimomts i priùhts, kt hbm bcsi bppcy ti sorvkhos, stu`y sbk` tjbt jks higpbmy aoops tjo ogpciyoo rocbims umhim kmhcu`kmf jugbm rosiurho gbmbfogomt, kmtormbc bu`kmf, sohurkty, wktjkm tjo erg lut iutsiurhos itjor J\ umhims. Vjom bm ogpciyoo gbkmtombmho bm` ropbkr, bm` itjor sorvkho bhvkos porirgo` porirgo` wktjkm rocbims prilcog brksos, jo oxpcbkmo`, wo moo` –sigoimo rig tjo tjo erg. Gbmy ergs jbvo hjisom ti iutsiurho tjoso umhims, lbso` higpbmy wji hbm ì sigotjkmf bliut tjo prilcog, bm` wo hbm‛t iut- km pbrt im tjo himhopts i rocovbmt bm` strbtofkh hist bmbcysks. Eir siurho tjo gohjbmksg tjbt higgumkhbtos ti ogpciyoos tjbt wo hbro oxbgpco, ti gbkmtbkm b jugbm rosiurho (J\) umhim wktjkm b erg bliut tjog.‗ tjog.‗ roqukros hortbkm exo` exo`   bm` vbrkblco hists rocbto` rocbto`   ti tjo tjo   muglor muglor   i Gbao ir ir   luy luy   bmbcysks ks bcsi higgimcy higgimcy   uso` km km   òtorgkmkmf ogpciyoos.   Bctormbvocy, ti iutsiurho tjo ogpciyoos. tjo   umhim, umhim,   tjo tjo   erg kmhurs b wjotjor   ti iutsiurho pulckh sorvkhos. Vrkmf wjotjor rkmf   km FIUO\MGOMPBC exo` exo`  oo ir ir  b oo tjbt higlkmos exo` exo`  bm` vbrkblco ocogomts. ocogomts.  Pjo erg Ekmbmho \OUKOV  , ,   \. \.   Frofiry Gkhjoc kccustrbtos b hbso stu`y   km stu`y km   wjkhj hbm òtorgkmo òtorgkmo   tjo tjo   sjirt-torg sjirt-torg   hist i   oktjor oktjor   bppribhj bs b lbsks ir ir   tjo   hist i b evo-yobr bmbcysks ks uso` ti higpbro tjo rotbkmkmf   tjo rotbkmkmf lotwoom   tjog. Pjo erg bcsi gust gbkmtombmho,   ir tjo   sorv- òhk`kmf lotwoom gust   himskòr tjo tjo   cimfor torg ir   ti kho, cbwm bm` frium`s gbkmtombmho, iutsiurho tjo tjo   sorvkho. Pjo strbtofkh bhtirs km km   tjo tjo   òhkskim, bs mito` mito`   km km   tjo tjo   rosucts i   b rohomt bmbcysks uso` tjo tjo   go vbcuo i   gimoy, stu`y   i   tjo bt   > supp suppckors, ckors, wjkco Piy Piyitb itb km Dbpbm jb` imcy bliut >. Jiw ìos Piyitb Piyitb aoop suhj b rocbv rocbvocy ocy sgbcc muglor i suppckors9 (\oor ti higgomts im Hist Gbmbfogomt km Bhim bt om` i hjbptor.)

himtrbhts. Pjo

OZJKLKP 22.2< Bmbcysks ie \oprkmtkmf 0>> @oeohtkvo P-Xjkrts

\oprkmt

Xocc ti @kshiumt Xtiro

\ovomuo (0>> N $;.>>, $0.?>)

$8,5>>

$2,:>>

\ocovbmt hists Xuppckos bm` kma ($.;?) Cblir ($.:?) Xotup Kmspohim Gbtorkbcs jbm`ckmf Pitbc rocovbmt hists Himtrkluim gbrfkm

8:> 80> 28> 8> 0> $ ; $

$2,:>>

Mot b`vbmtbfo ti roprkmt

$ ∜ $2,:>> 7 $::>

tjo kma, suppckos, bm` cblir, titbckmf $2.:> por sjkrt, pcus tjo sotup, kmspohtkim, bm` gbtorkbcsjbm`ckmf hists eir b lbthj ie priùht. Xoo tjo rocovbmt hist bmbcysks km Oxjklkt 22.2 b`vbmtbfo ti roprkmtkmf tjo sjkrts rbtjor tjbm socckmf tjo òeohtkvo sjkrts ti `kshiumt stiros.

Xtrbtofkh Bmbcysks Xtrbtofkh himhorms brkso wjom himskòrkmf socckmf ti `kshiumt stiros. Vkcc tjks beeoht tjo sbco ie P-sjkrts km rotbkc stiros9 Vkcc tjo hist ie pbhakmf, òckvory, bm` sbcos higgksskims `keeor eir tjoso twi typos ie sbcos9 PPX gbmbfogomt gust hbroeuccy himskòr tjoso strbtofkh kssuos km b``ktkim ti tjo kmeirgbtkim privkò` km tjo rocovbmt hist bmbcysks km Oxjklkt 22.2 $5>>,>>> $ 8>

8,6?> $2?>,>>> $ 0>.>>

06,?>>

^rkho

,>>> $ 8>.>>

\ocovbmt hists _mkt vbrkblco hist

_mkts sic` cbst yobr \ovomuo

>

>

85.>>

_mkt himtrkluim gbrfkm Mimrocovbmt exo` hists

$ 5.>> 8.?0

$ :.>> 8.?0

$ 0.>> 8.?0

Iporbmf priet por umkt

$

$

$

>>

>.05

OZJKLKP 22.20 Himtrklutkim Kmhigo Xtbtogomt ^riektblkckty Bmbcysks4 Fbco @rippo`

Xbcos \ocovbmt hists Ubrkblco hist ($,>>>

Vkm`y $5>>,>>>

Pitbc $2,8?>,>>>

5>>,>>>

0?>,>>>

2,>?>,>>>

$2?>,>>>

$2?>,>>>

$ 8>>,>>>

Iporbmf priet wktjiut Fbco

25:,>>>

$ 28>>

Pjo bmbcysks ie Fbco sjiuc` lofkm wktj tjo kgpirtbmt ilsorvbtkim tjbt tjo $8.?0 ekxo` hist por umkt ks krrocovbmt eir tjo bmbcysks ie tjo hurromt priektblkckty ie tjo tjroo priùhts. Lohbuso tjo $25:,>>> titbc ekxo` hists bro umhjbmfoblco km tjo sjirt rum, tjoy bro krrocovbmt eir tjks bmbcysks. Pjbt ks, mi hjbmfos km priùht gkx, kmhcu`kmf tjo òcotkim ie Fbco, wkcc beeohtt titbc ekxo` hists km tjo higkmf yobr. Pjo ebht tjbt tjo ekxo` hists bro krroco beeoh krrocovbmt vbmt ks kccustr kccu strbto bto` ` ly hig higpbr pbrkmf kmf tjo him himtrkl trklutk utkim im kmh kmhigo igo stb stbtog togomt omtss km Oxj Oxjklk klktt 22. 22.20, 20, wjk wjkhj hj bssugos tjbt Fbco ks `rippo`, bm` Oxjklkt 22.2?, wjkhj bssugos tjbt Fbco ks aopt. Pjo imcy hjbmfos hbuso` ly `rippkmf Fbco bro tjo ciss ie kts rovomuos bm` tjo ockgkmbtkim ie vbrkblco hists. Vo bssugo tjoro ks mi oeeoht im tjo sbcos ir hists ie tjo itjor twi priùhts. Pjus, `rippkmf Fbco hbusos b roùhtkim km titbc himtrklutkim gbrfkm ie $0 por umkt tkgos 8,6?> umkts ie Fbco sic`, ir $2?,>>>, bm` b hirrospim`kmf ciss km iporbtkmf priekt ($2?,>>> 7 $206,>>> ‐ $28>>). Lomoet4 Xbvo` vbrkblco hists i Fbco Hist4 Ippirtumkty hist i cist sbcos i Fbco

$ 28?,>>> (2?>,>>> )

$(85 Ö 8,6?>) $(0> Ö 8,6?>)

@ohrobso km priet rig òhkskim ti `rip Fbco

$ (2?,>>>)

$ (0 Ö 8,6?>)

Bssugo tjbt eurtjor bmbcysks sjiws tjbt $5>,>>> ie tjo $25:,>>> ekxo` hists bro b`vortkskmf hists ti lo spomt `krohtcy im obhj ie tjo tjroo priùhts4 $,>>>

Vkm`y $5>>,>>>

Fbco $2?>,>>>

Pitbc $2,?>>,>>>

5>>,>>>

0?>,>>>

28?,>>>

2,2:?,>>>

$2?>,>>>

$2?>,>>>

$ 2?,>>>

$ 82?,>>>

25:,>>>

$ 206,>>>

000 ^brt Pwi ^cbmmkmf bm` @ohkskim Gbakmf Gbakmf

OZJKLKP 22.25 ^riektblkckty Bmbcysks4 Kmhcu`kmf Prbhoblco B`vortkskmf Hists

Xbcos \ocovbmt hists Ubrkblco hist Himtrkluim gbrfkm Itjor rocovbmt hists (trbhoblco) B`vorskmf Himtrkluim bor bcc rocovbmt hists Mimrocovbmt hists (mit trbhoblco) Ekxo` hist

Hbcg $6?>,>>>

Vkm`y $5>>,>>>

Fbco $2?>,>>>

5>>,>>>

0?>,>>>

28?,>>>

2,2:?,>>>

$2?>,>>>

$2?>,>>>

$ 2?,>>>

$ 82?,>>>

>,>>>

$ 2>:,>>> $ 206,>>>

Lohbuso b`vortkskmf hists bro `krohtcy trbhoblco ti tjo km`kvkùbc priùhts, bm` bssugkmf tjbt tjo b`vortkskmf pcbms eir Fbco hbm lo hbmhoco` wktjiut b``ktkimbc hist, tjo $,>>> ie b`vortkskmf hists eir Fbco sjiuc` lo himskòro` b rocovbmt hist km tjo òhkskim ti òcoto Fbco. Pjks hist wkcc `keeor km tjo euturo. Oxjklkt 22.25 sjiws tjbt tjo titbc himtrklutkim gbrfkm eir Fbco ks miw b mot ciss ie $?,>>>, privk`kmf b pitomtkbc $?,>>> fbkm ly `rippkmf Fbco lohbuso ie tjo oxpohto` $,>>> sbvkmfs km bvik`blco b`vortkskmf hists. Bctormbtkvocy, gbmbfogomt gby hjiiso ti eirfi tjo b`vortkskmf eir Fbco bm` bssoss wjotjor sbcos wkcc ebcc wktj tjo ciss ie b`vortkskmf1 Fbco hiuc` lo priektblco wktjiut b`vortkskmf. Vo hbm kmtorprot tjo himtrklutkim ekfuros eir Hbcg bm` Vkm`y km tjo sbgo wby. Pjo ciss km òcotkmf Hbcg ir Vkm`y wiuc` lo $2. Pjigbs C. Lbrtim bm` Dijm L. GbhBrtjur, –Bhvkty-Lbso` Hismf bm` ^ro`btiry ^rkhkmf‗ Pjo Hbso i tjo ôtricoug \otbkc Kmùstry,‗ Gbmbfogom Bhhiu Rubrorcy, y, Xprkmf >8, pp. 2‘?1 Mito tjbt prkhkmf exkmf, km wjkhj ergs hiccuò ti sot jkfjor prkhos, Bhhiumtmf `korsmtmf rigRubrorc pro`btiry prkhkmf bs òshrklo` blivo. ?

^buc Gbfmussim, –B _.X. Prbò ^ciy Pjbt Ks Xtbrmf ti Liigorbmf,‗ LuskmossVooa, Ducy 81 bm` –Xtooc Vkro Kgpirts Gby Jbvo Ukicbto` Bmùgpkmf Cbws,‗ Pjo Vbcc Xroo Diurmbc, Gbrhj 2:, >8, p. B25, p. L2. 00;

Gbakmf 0?> ^brt Pwi ^cbmmkmf bm` @ohkskim Gbakmf

gbrfkm kmhrobsos. Gbmbfogo Gbmbfogomt‛s mt‛s pripor fibc ks ti gbxkgkzo himtrklutkim gbrfk gbrfkm m bm` ti gkmkgkzo ekxo` iporbtkmf hists bt tjo sbgo tkgo. Gbmbfors sjiuc` uso rocovbmt hist bmbcysks bs b tiic ti gbxkgkzo himtrklutkim bm` gust bcsi òvocip gotji`s ti gbmbfo ekxo` hists.

^ripor Kòmehbim i \ocovbmt Ebhtirs Bmitjor pissklco prilcog brob ie hist bmbcysks ks tjbt gbmbfors hbm ebkc ti priporcy kòmtkey rocovbmt hists. Km pbrtkhucbr, umtrbkmo` gbmbfors higgimcy kmhcuò krrocovbmt, suma hists km tjokr òhkskim gbakmf.5 Xkg Xkgkcbr kcbrcy, cy, gbmy gbmbfors ebkc ti soo tjbt bccihbto` bccihbto` ekxo` hists bro krrocovbmt. Vjom ekxo` hists bro –umktkzo`‗ km tjks gbmmor, gbmy gbmbfors tom` ti kgprip kgp riporc orcy y ekm` tjo tjog g roc rocovb ovbmt. mt. Kt ks obs obskor kor eir tjo tjoso so gbm gbmbfo bfors rs ti soo tjo ekxo` hist bs krrocovbmt wjom kt ks fkvom km b skmfco sug1 kt ks giro `keekhuct ti soo umkt ekxo` hists bs krrocovbmt. Pjoso bro kccustrbtkims ie tjo porvbskvo lkbsos prosomt km gbmy gbmbfors‛ òhkskim gbakmf.. Pi ropobt, gbakmf ropobt, oeeoh oeeohtkvo tkvo uso ie rocov rocovbmt bmt hist bmbcysks roqukros hbroeuc kòmtkekhbtkim kòmtkekhbtkim ie rocov roc ovbmt bmt hists, tjiso euturo hists tjbt `keeor bgimf òhkskim bctormbtkvos, bctormbtkvos, bm` hirrohtcy rohifmkzkmf suma hists bm` umkt ekxo` hists bs krrocovbmt km tjo sjirt torg.

Xuggbry \ocovbmt hist bmbcysks usos euturo hists tjbt `keeor eir tjo òhkskim gba gbaor‛ or‛ss iptkims. Pjo prkmhkpco ie rocovbmt hist bmbcysks hbm lo bppcko` km b muglor ie spohkekh òhkskims kmvicvkmf gbmuebhturkmf, hjbptor kmhcuò sorvkho, bm` mit-eir-priekt irfbmkzbtkims. Pjo òhkskims himskòro` km tjo • Pjo spohkbc iròr òhkskim eir wjkhj tjo rocovbmt hists bro tjo `kroht gbmuebhturkmf hists bm` bmy kmhrogomtbc ekxo` hists. • Pjo gbao, cobso, ir luy òhkskim eir wjkhj tjo rocovbmt hists bro tjo `kroht gbmuebhturkmf hists bm` bmy bvik`blco ekxo` hists. • Pjo òhkskim ti socc b priùht loeiro ir betor b``ktkimbc prihosskmf eir wjkhj tjo rocovbmt hists bro tjo b``ktkimbc prihosskmf hists. • Pjo òhkskim ti aoop ir `rip b priùht ckmo ir sorvkho eir wjkhj tjo rocovbmt hists bro tjo `kroht hists bm` bmy ekxo` hists tjbt hjbmfo ke tjo priùht ir sorvkho ks `rippo`. • Pjo òhkskim ie b mit-eir-priekt irfbmkzbtkim ti ieeor b sorvkho. Xtrbtofkh hist bmbcysks higpcogomts rocovbmt hist bmbcysks ly jbvkmf tjo òhkskim gbaor himskòr tjo strbtofkh kssuos kmvicvo` km tjo sktubtkim. Vjom twi ir giro priùhts ir sorvkhos bro kmvicvo`, bmitjor typo ie òhkskim gust lo gbò4 ti òtorgkmo tjo hirroht priùht gkx. Pjo sicutkim òpom`s im tjo muglor ie priùhtkim bhtkvktkos tjbt bro bt eucc hbpbhkty. Vktj imo priùhtkim himstrbkmt, tjo bmswor ks ti priùho bm` socc bs guhj bs pissklco ie tjo priùht tjbt jbs tjo jkfjost himtrklutkim gbrfkm por umkt ie tkgo im tjo himstrbkmo` bhtkvkty. Vktj twi ir giro himstrbkmo` bhtkvktkos, tjo bmbcysks usos frbpjkhbc bm` qubmtktbtkvo gotji`s ti òtorgkmo tjo hirroht priùht gkx. B muglor ie aoy lojbvkirbc, kgpcogomtbtkim, bm` cofbc kssuos gust lo himskòro` km uskmf rocovbmt hist bmbcysks. Gbmy wji uso tjo bppribhj ebkc ti fkvo sueekhkomt bttomtkim ti tjo ekrg‛s cimf-torg, strbtofkh ildohtkvos. Pii strimf b eihus im rocovbmt hists hbm hbuso tjo gbmbfor ti ivorciia kgpirtbmt ippirtumkty hists bm` strbtofkh himskòrbtkims. Itjor kssuos kmhcuò tjo tomòmhy ti ropcbho vbrkblco hists wktj ekxo` hists wjom rocovbmt hist bmbcysks ks uso` km poreirgbmho ovbcubtkim bm` tjo porvbskvo tomòmhy ie poipco mit ti hirrohtcy vkow ekxo` hists bs suma lut ti vkow tjog bs sigojiw himtriccblco bm` rocovbmt. 5

higprojomskvo  hivorbfo ie  òhkskim-gbakmf lkbsos, soo Dijm X. Jbggim`, bm`  Jiwbr` \bkb, –Pjo Eir b higprojomskvo Jbggim`,  \bcpj C. Aoomoy, bm` Jk`òm Prbps km @ohkskim Gbakmf,‗ J B\UB\@ Luskmoss \OUKOV  , ,  Xoptoglor‘Ihtilor Jk`òm Xoptoglor‘Ihtilor  2;;:, 2;;:,  pp. pp.  06‘?:1 bcsi @. C. Joorogb Joorogb  bm` bm`  \. C. Bhhiumtmf, mf, Xoptoglor \ifors, –Ks –Ks  [iur Hist Bhhiummf Xystog Lomhjkmf [iur Pobg obg  ^cbyors9‗ Gbmbfogomt   Bhhiumt Xoptoglor  2;;2, 2;;2,  pp. pp.  8?‘0>, fkvos usouc kccustrbims ie  tjo tjo  kgpripor uso ie  rocovbmt rocovbmt  hist bmbcysks km tjo tjo  butigilkco butigilkco  kmùstry, tjo tjo  gkcktbry, bm` bm`  ocsowjoro. ^rispoht  tjoiry suffosts tjbt ^rispoht tjbt  poipco poipco  umòrwokfj umòrwokfj  bctormbvos tjbt tjbt  bro bro  umhortbkm umhortbkm  km higpbrksim higpbrksim  ti bctormbvos amiwm amiwm  ti lo pitombc  oxpcbmbim ie  tjo poipco  jbvo ti kmhcuò suma suma  hists km òhkskim hortbkm. Pjo tjoiry jbs loom loom  ioro` ioro`  bs bs  b pitombc tjo  tomòmhy tomòmhy  poipco Ohimigotrkhb,  Gbrhj 2;6;, gbakmf. Xoo Xoo  @. Abjmogbm bm` bm`  B. Pvorsay, –^rispoht –^rispoht  Pjoiry4 Pjoiry4  Bm Bmbcysks ie  @ohkskim umòr \ksa,‗ Ohimigotrkhb, pp.  > umkts ie Vkm`y bm` >> umkts ie Fbco1 tjo pikmt sjiuc` lo bmy ie tjo pissklco pikmts wktjkm tjo eobsklco rofkim sjiwm bs tjo `braor sjbò` brob km Oxjklkt 22.,>>> umkts ie Vkm`y bm` >> umkts ie Fbco. Pjo –Ly Hjbmfkmf Hoccs‗ sohtkim kmhcuòs tjiso hoccs roprosomtkmf tjo titbc sbcos ie Vkm`y bm` Fbco, miw sot bt bm kmktkbc vbcuo ie 2>,>>> bm` >> umkts, rospohtkvocy. Pjom tjo himstrbkmts eir sowkmf tkgo bm` kmspoht bm`

OZJKLKP 22B.2 Omtor @btb bm` Xicvor ^brbgotors4 Xicutkim eir tjo Vkm`y bm` Fbco ^rilcog

Gbakmf 0?< ^brt Pwi ^cbmmkmf bm` @ohkskim Gbakmf

OZJKLKP 22B.< Xicvor Xicutkim eir tjo Vkm`y bm` Fbco ^rilcog

pbha tkgo bro omtoro` km tjo –Xuldoht ti tjo Himstrbkmts‗ sohtkim bs sjiwm. Ekmbccy, socoht Xicvo km tjo `kbcif lix, bm` tjo sicutkim bppobrs, bs sjiwm km Oxjklkt 22B.>> ippirtumkty hist, >>> pro`btiry prkhkmf, prkhkmf, >>>

rocovbmt hists, >>> sicvor, >>>

suma hist, >>> vbcuo strobg, >>>

Prom`s km Gbao-ir-Luy Xtrbtofkos Piyitb Gitir Higpbmy ks blco ti gbkmtbkm b sgbcc muglor ie suppckors ly uskmf twi aoy strbtofkos. Ekrst, kt òvocips b jkorbrhjy ie suppckors1 Piyitb òbcs `krohtcy wktj bpprixkgbtocy >, wjkhj bro hbcco` tjo tip- tkor suppckors suppckors.. Pjoso > suppckors km turm òbc wktj sohim`-tkor suppckors wji privkò priùhts bm` sorvkhos ti tjiso bt tjo tip tkor. Pjoso sohim`-tkor suppckors km turm òbc wktj tjkr`-tkor suppckors. Km tjks wby, wb y, Piyit Piyitbb òco òcofbtos fbtos tjo rosp rospimsk imsklkck lkckty ty eir gbmb gbmbfkmf fkmf tjo supp suppcy cy eum eumhtki htkim m km b wb wby y tjbt gitkvbtos gitkvbtos suppckor supp ckorss bt obhj tkor ti wira oeeohtkvocy oeeohtkvocy wktj tjiso bli blivo vo bm` loci lociw w kt km tjo suppcy hjbkm. hjbkm. Xohi Xohim`, m`, Piyitb Piy itb `kstkmfuksjos `kstkmfuksjos twi typos ie suppckors, fomorbc bm` spohkbcty. Piyitb Piyitb jbs rocbtkvocy skgpco rocbtkimsjkps wktj tjiso km tjo fomorbc hbtofiry ie suppckors lut òvocips hciso ekmbmhkbc bm` tohjmicifkhbc tkos wktj tjo spohkbcty suppckors. Pjo ildohtkvo ks ti rohifmkzo tjo strbtofkh kgpirtbmho ie tjo spohkbcty suppckors bm` ti òvocip strimf rocbtkimsjkps wktj tjog ti omsuro suhhoss. Km b rohomt hjbmfo tjo bkrckmo hbrrkors bro lofkmmkmf ti gbmuebhturo ropcbhogomt pbrts eir tjokr ecoots, rbtjor tjbm purhjbso tjo ropcbhogomt pbrts erig tjo gbmuebhturors gbmuebhturors.. Eir oxbgpco, Himtkmomtbc Bkrckmos hbm gbmuebhturo b eckfjt òha ìir eir b Liokmf 656 eir $2?> km himtrbst ti tjo purhjbso prkho erig Liokmf ie $;5>. Xkgkcbrcy, Bgorkhbm Bkrckmos gbmuebhturos bkr ekctors eir kts Liokmf 666 ecoot eir $88, km himtrbst ti tjo Liokmf prkho ie $28-eiit, ?,>>>-pium` himtbkmor erig Hjkmb ti tjo wost hibst jbs kmhrobso` erig $>> km >> ti $?,>>> km >:. Km bmitjor rovorsbc ie iutsiurhkmf, tjo ekmbmhkbc sorvkhos kmùstry, sueeorkmf tjriufj jkstirkh cissos km >:, jbs hut lbha km >: ly imo-jbce tjo bgiumt ie >6 iutsiurhkmf km wjkhj higputor sorvkhos, hustigor sorvkhos, bm` itjor lbmakmf bhtkvktkos bro –iee-sjiro`.‗ Xiurho4 –Gbhjoto Pkgo,‗ LuskmossVooa, Bprkc ;, >2, pp. 0?, p. L21 Pkgitjy Boppoc, –Xtumf ly Xibrkmf Prbmspirt Hists, Ebhtirkos Lrkmf Dils Jigo Bfbkm,‗ Pjo Vbcc Xroo Diurmbc, Dumo 28, >:, p. 2. –Km b ^kmhj,‗ Pjo Ohimigks, Ihtilor 22, >:, p. :5.

2. Xpohkbc Iròr ^rkhkmf

Xoce-Xtu`y ^rilcog ^rilcogss (Eir sicutkims, pcobso turm‛ ti tjo om` ie tjo hjbptor.)

JkfjUbcu Kmh. gbmuebhturos b giòrbto-prkho sot ie cbwm eurmkturo (b tblco bm` eiur hjbkrs) tjbt kt soccs eir $ > por sot. Jk JkfjU fjUbcu bcu jbs tjo bvbkcblco bvbkcblco pcbmt hbpbhkty hbpbhkty ti priùho tjo tjo iròr bm` oxpohts oxpohts mi itjor itjor iròrs ir priektblco bctormbtkvo bctormbtkvo usos usos ie tjo pcbmt pcbmt hbpbhkty. \oqukro` Xjiuc` JkfjUbcu bhhopt tjo ieeor9

,>>> ti bmmubc ekxo` hists. \oqukro` Xjiuc` JkfjUbcu gbao tjo husjkims ir himtkmuo ti purhjbso tjog erig tjo vomìr9

8.^ritblkckty Bmbcysks Himskòr bfbkm tjo Vkm`lrobaors ekrg òshrklo` km tjo toxt. Xuppiso tjbt kt òtorgkmos tjbt `rippkmf tjo Fbco priùht ckmo wkcc rocobso priùhtkim hbpbhkty si tjbt kt hbm gbmuebhturo b``ktkimbc umkts ie Vkm`y.

Gbakmf 0?0 ^brt Pwi ^cbmmkmf bm` @ohkskim Gbakmf

Bssugo tjbt, bs òshrklo` km tjo toxt, tjo twi priùhtkim himstrbkmts bro tjo butigbto` sowkmf gbhjkmo bm` tjo kmspohtkim bm` pbhakmf iporbtkim. Pjo butigbto` sowkmf gbhjkmo hbm gbao Vkm`ys ir 8> Fbcos por jiur. Bs loeiro, tjo kmspohtkim iporbtkim roqukros 2? gkmutos eir b Vkm`y (0 por jiur) bm` ? gkmutos eir b Fbco (2< por jiur). Hurromtcy, 8,6?> Fbcos bm` 2:,6?> Vkm`ys bro lokmf gbmuebhturo` bm` sic`. Xbcos pridohtkims sjiw tjbt sbcos ie Vkm`y hiuc` lo kmhrobso` ti 8>,>>> umkts ke b``ktkimbc hbpbhkty woro bvbkcblco. \oqukro` 2. Ke Vkm`lrobaors òcotos òcotos Fbco omtkrocy, omtkrocy, jiw jiw gbmy umkts ie Vkm`y Vkm`y hbm kt gbmuebhturo wktj tjo rocobso` hbpbhkty9

Fkvo bm oxbgpco ie jiw b ekrg hbm òhrobso ekxo` hists ly kmhrobskmf vbrkblco hists. 22-22 Jiw ì sjirt-torg ovbcubtkims beeoht b gbmbfor‛s kmhomtkvos bm` poreirgbmho9 22.2< Ckst eiur ir ekvo kgpirtbmt kgpirtbmt ckgktbtkims ckgktbtkims ie rocovbmt rocovbmt hist bmbcysks. bmbcysks. 22.28 22.2 8 Jiw ì strbtofkh ebhtirs beeoht tjo tjo pripor uso uso ie rocovbmt hist hist bmbcysks9 bmbcysks9 22.20 Ckst sigo ie tjo lojbvkirbc, lojbvkirbc, kgpcogomtbtkim, kgpcogomtbtkim, bm` cofbc prilcogs ti ti lo bmtkhkpbto` bmtkhkpbto` km tjo uso ie rocovbmt hist bmbcysks. 22.2? 22.2 ? Jiw ìos tjo prosomho prosomho ie imo priùhtkim himstrbkmt himstrbkmt beeoht tjo rocovbmt hist bmbcysks bmbcysks giòc9 Pwi Pwi ir giro priùhtkim himstrbkmts9 22.25 Vjbt ks tjo rocbtkimsjkp, rocbtkimsjkp, ke bmy, bmy, lotwoom tjo rocovbmt rocovbmt hist bmbcysks gotji` bm` hist-vicugo-pri hist-vicugo-priekt ekt bmbcysks9 22.26 Oxpcbkm wjy òprohkbtkim ks b mimrocovbmt hist.

Lrkoe Oxorhksos

22.2: 22.2 : ûrhjbso ûrhjbso prkho ks $8? eir b pbrt tjbt tjbt hbm lo gbmu gbmuebhtu ebhturo` ro` eir $881 tjo $88 gbmuebhtur gbmuebhturkmf kmf hists kmhcuò $? por umkt ekxo` hist. Vjbt ks tjo sbvkmfs ti gbao rbtjor tjbm ti luy9 22.2; ^riùhts Z bm` [ bro priùho` priùho` km b dikmt prihoss tjbt hists hists b titbc ie $8>>,>>>. $8>>,>>>. Bt tjo om` ie tjks prihoss, Z hbm lo sic` eir $ por umkt bm` [ eir $0> por umkt. Z hbm lo prihosso` eurtjor eir bm b``ktkimbc $< por umkt bm` sic` eir $ por umkt. Vjkhj priùht sjiuc` lo prihosso` eurtjor, bm` wjy9 22. B`bgs Eurmkturo Eurmkturo rohokvos b spohkbc spohkbc iròr eir 2> siebs eir b spohkbc spohkbc prkho ie $8,>>>. $8,>>>. Pjo gbtorkbcs gbtorkbcs bm` `kroht cblir eir obhj sieb bro $2>>. Km b``ktkim, tjo sotup, suporvkskim, bm` itjor ivorjob` hists bro $2?> por sieb. Xjiuc` B`bgs bhhopt tjo spohkbc iròr9 Vjy ir wjy mit9 Viuc` kt gbao b `keeoromho ti yiur bmswor ke B`bgs ks bt eucc hbpbhkty bm` kts hurromt ckmo ie siebs socc eir $?>> obhj9 22.>> bm` tjo ropbkr wkcc hist $2,>>>, lut tjo gbhjkmo wkcc tjom cbst twi yobrs. Pjo

wktj b Xtrbtofkh Ogpjbsks 0?? Hjbptor 22 @ohkskim Gbakmf wktj

vbrkblco (cblir) hist ie iporbtkmf tjo gbhjkmo ks $>.?> por tkro. Kmstob` ie ropbkrkmf tjo ic` gbhjkmo, Vkcckbgs hiuc` luy b mow gbhjkmo bt b hist ie $?,>>> tjbt wiuc` bcsi cbst twi yobrs1 tjo cblirr hi cbli hist st por tkro wiu wiuc` c` lo roù roùho` ho` ti $>.< $>.> spirt sjkrts. sjkrts. Eir` hiuc` priùho tjo sjkrts sjkrts ir luy tjo sjkrts erig bmitjor suppckor ti ekcc tjo \iy iròr, bt $ por sjkrt. Pjo priùhtkim bt Eir` ks $2> por sjkrt pcus $2,>>> hist por lbthj. Vjkhj iptkim wkcc lo proeorblco ti Eir`9 22.>,>>> bm` bccihbto` ivorjob` hists ie $>,>>>, ie wjkhj $;>,>>> hiuc` lo ockgkmbto` ke tjo `kvkskim ks `rippo`. Xjiuc` Dbgksim aoop tjo `kvkskim9 22.>,>>> lbrs ie sibp por yobr. Xjiuc` kt luy tjo gbhjkmo9 22.,>>> BBB oxhoo`s tjo gimtjcy hbpbhkty, sjiuc` Ocoh^cus bhhopt tjo spohkbc iròr9 22.,>>>, lut wiuc` roùho cblir hist ti $? por cib`. Xjiuc` Dbhasim luy tjo gbhjkmo ke kt bvorbfos 2>,>>> cib`s por yobr9 22..2> por littco. @urbmt dust rohokvo` mitkekhbtkim mitkekhbtkim tjbt imo ie tjokr iròrs eir 2>>,>>> littcos himtbkmo` himtbkmo` gks prkmto` cblocs, bm` tjus jb` ti rohbcc bm` roprkmt tjo littco cblocs. Ke kt wkcc hist $>.>? por littco ti roprkmt tjo cblocs bm` $2,>>> ti rosjkp tjo littcos, wjbt wkcc tjo mot himtrklutkim gbrfkm lo betor tjo rohbcc9 22. 22. 8> Cbmho‛s Cbmho‛s @kmor @kmor jbs b jit cumhj cumhj spohkbc obhj wooa`by wooa`by bm` Xum`by betormiim. betormiim. Eii` bm` itjor itjor vbrkblco hists eir tjo cumhj bro $8.?>, bm` tjo `bkcy ekxo` hists bro $2,>>>. Cbmho jbs bm bvorbfo ie ?>> hustigors por `by. Vjbt ks tjo ciwost prkho Cbmho sjiuc` hjbrfo eir b spohkbc friup ie > tjbt wbmts ti higo im Xbtur`by eir b ebgkcy roumkim9 Vjbt sjiuc` lo tjo ciwost prkho Cbmho hjbrfos im b mirgbc wooacy lbsks9 22.82 Xwoot @robg Jitoc Jitoc jbs cblir hists hists tjbt bro gistcy gistcy ekxo`, kmhcu`kmf kmhcu`kmf rofkstrbtkim rofkstrbtkim òsa, gbkmtombmho, gbkmtombmho, bm` fomorbc ropbkrs bm` hcobmkmf. Pjo jiusoaoopkmf stbee ks jkro` km sueekhkomt muglors ti hcobm tjo riigs tjbt moo` hcobmkmf, si tjbt jiusoaoopkmf ks b vbrkblco hist eir tjo muglor ie ihhupko` riigs. Vjkhj ie tjoso hists ks rocovbmt eir òtorgkmkmf tjo prkho ie b riig9

Oxorhksos

22.8< Xpohkbc Xpohkbc Iròr Gbrsjbcc Higpbmy rohomtcy bppribhjo` Dijmsim Hirpirbtkim rofbr`kmf gbmuebhturkmf b spohkbc iròr ie 0,>>> umkts ie priùht H\L lut itjorwkso jbs sueekhkomt pcbmt hbpbhkty ti gbmuebhturo tjo iròr. Kt wiuc` kmhur mi gbraotkmf hists eir tjks spohkbc iròr, bm` mi bctormbtkvo uso ie hbpbhkty. \oqukro` Xjiuc` tjo spohkbc iròr lo bhhopto`9

Gbakmf 0?5 ^brt Pwi ^cbmmkmf bm` @ohkskim Gbakmf

22.88 Xpohkbc Iròr Bctim Kmh. ks wirakmf bt eucc priùhtkim hbpbhkty priùhkmf ,>>> ,>>> umkts ie b umkquo priùht. Gbmuebhturkmf Gbmuebhturkmf hists hists por umkt umkt eir tjo priùht priùht bro @kroht gbtorkbcs @kroht cblir Gbmubhturkmf ivorjob`

$; : 2>

Pitbc gbmubhturkmf hist

$>> ekxo` hists. Pjo mimgbmuebhturkmf hists, bcc vbrkblco, bro $: por umkt, bm` tjo sbcos prkho ks $0? por umkt. Xpirts Job`qubrtors Higpbmy (XJH) jbs bsao` Bctim ti priùho ?,>>> umkts ie b gi`kekhbtkim ie tjo mow priùht. Pjks gi`kekhbtkim wiuc` roqukro tjo sbgo gbmuebhturkmf prihossos. XJH jbs ieeoro` ti sjbro tjo mimgbmuebhturkmf hists oqubccy wktj Bctim. Bctim wiuc` socc tjo gi`keko` priùht ti XJH eir $8? por por umkt. \oqukro` 2. Xjiuc` Bctim Bctim priùho tjo tjo spohkbc iròr eir XJH9 Vjy Vjy ir wjy mit9

>> 25,>>> umkts ie tjo pri`- uht wjom XJH gbò tjo ieeo ieeor. r. Vjbt ks tjo gkmkgug prkho tjbt Bctim sjiuc` bhhopt eir tjo gi`keko` priùht umòr tjoso him`ktkims9 22.80 Gbao ir Luy1 Himmubim i ^rilcog ;-;, kt purhjbso` tjo spohkbc swkthjos uso` km obhj ie kts priùhts erig bm iutskò suppckor. Pjo suppckor hjbrfo` Hbckstb $< por swkthj. Hbckstb‛s HOI himskòro` purhjbskmf oktjor gbhjkmo Z ir gbhjkmo [ si tjo higpbmy hbm gbmuebhturo kts iwm swkthjos. swkthjos. Pjo HOI òhkò` bt tjo lofkmmkmf ie ie 2> ti purhjbso Gbhjkmo Gbhjkmo Z. Pjo pridohto` pridohto` `btb `btb eir 2> bro4

Gbhjkmo Z Bmmubc exo` hist Ubrkblco hist por swkthj

$28?,>>> >.5?

Gbhjkmo [

$0,>>> >.8>

\oqukro` 2. Eir gbhjkmo gbhjkmo Z, wjbt ks tjo km`keeoromho pikmt lotwoom lotwoom purhjbskmf tjo tjo gbhjkmo bm` purhjbskmf purhjbskmf erig tjo iutskò vomìr9

>> umkts ie imo ie kts gist pipucbr priùhts. Frbmt hurromtcy gbmuebhturos 0>,>>> umkts ie tjks priùht km kts Civocbm`, Ijki, pcbmt. Pjo pcbmt ks iporbtkmf bt ?> porho porhomt hbp ty.lk` Pjobtro$; Pjoro wkcc lo mi sjo gbraotk gbraotkmf mf hists hist im tjowkcc spohkbc spoh kbctjo ir`luskmoss iròr. or. Pjo sbcos gbm bforItjors ie Frbmt wbmtsmttihbpbhk sotbhkty. tjo lohbuso ks suro tjbt sFrbmt fot bt tjbtgbmbfor prkho. im tjo oxohutkvo higgkttoo ie tjo ekrg ildoht, sbykmf tjbt Frbmt wiuc` ciso gimoy im tjo spohkbc iròr bt tjbt prkho.

_mkts Gbmubhturkmf hists @kroht gbtorkbcs @kroht cblir Ebhtiry ivorjob` Pitbc gbmubhturkmf hists _mkt hist

0>,>>>

$ :>,>>> 2,>>> ,>>> $ 00>,>>> $0 $ 22

5>,>>>

$2,>>> 2:>,>>> 8>>,>>> $5>>,>>> $ 2>

\oqukro` 2. Vjy ìos tjo umkt hist òhckmo òhckmo erig $22 ti $2> wjom priùhtkim covoc covoc rksos erig 0>,>>> ti 5>,>>> 5>,>>>

umkts9 ,>>> 6>,>>> $28>,>>>

Xbcos

Ubrkblco hist i fii`s sic` Himtrkluim gbrfkm Oxpomsos Ekxo` hirpirbto hists Ubrkb kbl lco socckm kmf f bm bm` b` b`gkmks ksttrbim Ekxo` socckmf bm` b`gkmkstrbim Pitbc oxpomsos Iporbmf kmhigo

5>,>>> ,>>> 2>> $ ;>> $ 8:,>>>

P-<

$,>>> 28>,>>> $28>,>>>

6?,>>> ?>,>>> >> $205,>>> $ (25,>>>)

\oqukro` 2. Ekm` tjo oxpohto` hjbmfo km bmmubc bmmubc iporbtkmf kmhigo ly `rippkmf `rippkmf P-< P-< bm` socckmf socckmf imcy P-2. P-2.

> umkts ie priùht I^:; eir $2,>>>. Ke Porry ìos mit purhjbso tjoso pbrts erig tjo sulhimtrbhtir, kt gust himtkmuo ti priùho tjog kmjiuso wktj tjoso hists4

Hists por _mkt @kroht gbtorkbcs @kroht cblir Ubrkblco ivorjob` Ekxo` ivorjob`

$>> ti priùho pbrt I^:;. \oqukro` Xjiuc` Porry Kmh. bhhopt tjo ieeor erig tjo sulhimtrbht sulhimtrbhtir9 ir9 Vjy ir wjy mit9 l. @kspisbc ie Bssots B higpbmy jbs bm kmvomtiry ie >> `keeoromt pbrts eir b ckmo ie hbrs tjbt jbs loom `ksimtkmuo`. Pjo mot liia vbcuo ie kmvomtiry km tjo bhhiumtkm bhhiumtkmf f rohir`s ks $?>,>>>. Pjo pbrts hbm lo oktjor rogbhjkmo` bt b titbc b``ktkimbc hist ie $>. Vjbt sjiuc` kt ì9 h. \opcbhogomt ie Bssot Bm umkmsuro` libt histkmf $;>,>>> wbs wrohao` tjo ekrst `by kt wbs uso`. Kt hbm lo oktjor sic` bs ks eir $;,>>> hbsj bm` ropcbho` wktj b skgkcbr libt histkmf $;>> ir rolukct eir $6?,>>> bm` lo lrbm` mow bs ebr bs iporbtkmf hjbrbhtorkstkhs bm` ciias bro himhormo`. Vjbt sjiuc` lo ìmo9 ^rihosskmf Eurtjo Eurtjorr @obtim Hirpirbtkim `. ^riekt erig ^rihosskmf Hirpirbtkim gbmuebhturos priùhts B, L, bm` H erig b dikmt prihoss. Dikmt Dikmt hists bro bccihbto` bccihbto` im tjo lbsks lbsks ie rocbtkvo sbcos sbcos vbcuo bt tjo tjo om` ie tjo dikmt prihprihoss. B``ktkimbc kmeirgbtkim eir @obtim Hirpirbtkim eicciws4

_mkts priùho` Xbcos vbcuo loiro b``kimbc prihosskmf B``kimbc hists ir urtjor prihosskmf Xbcos vbcuo k prihosso` urtjor Dikmt hists

B

L

H

2>> $200,>>>

:,>>> $ 5>,>>>

0,>>> $85,>>>

,>>>

2>>,>>>

5>,>>>

>> ,>>>

,>>> 2,>>>

2>> 6>,>>>

\oqukro` Xjiuc` priùht B, L, ir H lo prihosso` eurtjor bm` tjom sic`9

Pitbc >> $,>>>

0>>,>>>

5>,>>> 06>,>>>

Gbakmf 0?: ^brt Pwi ^cbmmkmf bm` @ohkskim Gbakmf

o. Gbao ir Luy Offors Higpbmy moo`s ,>>> ,>>> umkts ie b pbrt ti uso km priùhkmf imo ie kts priùhts. Ke Offors luys tjo pbrt erig GhGkccbm Higpbmy eir $;> kmstob` ie gbakmf gbakmf kt, Offors hiuc` mit uso tjo rocobso` ebhkcktkos km bmitjor gbmuebhturkmf bhtkvkty. Ekety porhomt ie tjo ekxo` ivorjob` wkcc himtkmuo krrospohtkvo ie HOI @imbc` Gkhaoy‛s òhkskim. Pjo hist `btb bro

Hist ti gbao tjo pbrt @kroht gbtorkbcs @kroht cblir Ubrkblco ivorjob` Ekxo` ivorjob`

$8? 25 pium`s ie cbtox bro mooò` ti priùho 2,>>> fbccims ie trbeekh pbkmt. Higgorhkbc pbkmtt roqukro pbkm roqukross 8 porhomt. ^brtcy eir tjks robsim, Mow Ckeo jbs siufjt mow pbrtmors bm` wbs blco, wktj tjo jocp ie ekmbmhkbc bmbcysts, ti cihbto suktblco luskmoss pbrtmors. Pjo ekrst pitomtkbc pbrtmor kòmtkeko` km tjks sobrhj wbs b cbrfo suporgbraot hjbkm, XuporUbcuo, wjkhj ks kmtorosto` km tjo pbrtmorsjkp lohbuso kt wbmts Mow Ckeo ti gbmuebhturo bm bfo hrobg ti socc km kts stiros. Pjo priùht wiu wiuc` c` lo ossomtkbc ossomtkbccy cy tjo sbgo bs tjo Mow Ckeo priùht lut pbhabfo` wktj tjo XuporUbcuo lrbm` mbgo. mbgo. Pjo bfroogomt wiuc` wiuc` pby Mow Ckeo $> por umkt bm` wiuc` bcciw bcciw XuporUbcuo b ckgkto` rkfjt ti b`vortkso tjo priùht bs gbmuebhturo` eir XuporUbcuo ly Mow Ckeo. Mow Ckeo‛s Ckeo‛s HEI jbs gbò sigo hbchucbtkim hbchucbtkimss bm` jbs òtorgkmo` tjbt tjo `kroht gbtorkbcs, `kroht cblir, bm` itjor vbrkblco hists mooò` eir tjo XuporUbcuo iròr wiuc` lo bliut $2.>> por umkt bs higpbro` ti tjo eucc hist ie $ (gbtorkbcs, cblir, bm` ivorjob`) eir tjo oqukvbcomt Mow Ckeo priùht. \oqukro` Xjiuc` Mow Ckeo bhhopt tjo pripisbc erig XuporUbcuo9 Vjy ir wjy mit9

22.?8 ^ridoht-Bmb ^ridoht-Bmbcysks, cysks, Xbcos ^rigi ^rigiims ims Jkccskò Eurmkturo Higpbmy gbaos iutìir eurmkturo erig rohyhco` priùhts, kmhcu`kmf kmhcu`kmf pcbstkhs bm` wii` ly-priùhts. Kts tjroo eurmkturo priùhts bro fckòrs, hjbkrs wktj eiitstiics, bm` tblcos. Pjo priùhts bppobc prkgbrkcy ti hist-himshkius himsugors bm` tjiso wji vbcuo tjo rohyhckmf ie gbtorkbcs. Pjo higpbmy wjicosbcos kts priùhts ti rotbkcors bm` vbrkius gbss gorhjbm`ksors. Lohbuso ie tjo sobsimbc mbturo ie tjo priùhts, gist iròrs bro gbmuebhturo` ùrkmf tjo wkmtor gimtjs eir òckvory km tjo obrcy sprkmf. Gkhjboc Hbkm, eiumòr bm` iwmor, ks `ksgbyo` tjbt sbcos eir twi ie tjo priùhts bro trbhakmf lociw lu`fot. Pjo eicciwkmf hjbrt sjiws portkmomt yobr-ti-`bto `btb rofbr`kmf tjo higpbmy‛s priùhts. Hortbkm tjbt tjo sjirtebcc wbs hbuso` ly b cbha ie oeeirt ly tjo sbcos eirho, Gkhjboc jbs suffosto` ti Cksb Liyco, tjo sbcos gbmbfor, tjbt tjo higpbmy bmmiumho twi himtosts ti hirroht tjks sktubtkim loeiro kt òtorkirbtos. Pjo ekrst himtost ks b trkp ti Jbwbkk bwbrò` ti tjo tip sbcosporsim ke kmhrogomtbc fckòr sbcos bro bttbkmo` ti hciso tjo lu`fot sjirtebcc. Pjo sohim` himtost ks b fice wooaom`, higpcoto wktj b mow sot ie fice hculs, bwbrò` ti tjo tip sbcosporsim ke kmhrogomtbc sbcos ie hjbkrs wktj eiitstiics bro bttbkmo` ti hciso tjo lu`fot sjirtebcc. Pjo Jbwbkkbm vbhbtkim wiuc` hist $25,?>> bm` tjo fice trkp wiuc` hist $2>. Fckòr Bhtubc Muglor i umkts

Bvorbfo sbcos prkho

Ubrkblco hists @kroht cblir Jiurs i cblir Hist por jiur @kroht gbtorkbc

Hjbkr wktj Eiitstiic

> $:>.>>

0,>>> $:?.>>

Bhtubc 5,;>> $52.>>

$22.>> $25.>>

$22.>>

Lu`fot

Pblco

Lu`fot

Bhtubc

:,>>> $5?.>>

8,?>> $>

8.>> $ ;. $ ;.>> $ ?.>>

Xbcos higgksskim

$ 2? 2?.>>

$2?.>>

$2>.>>

$2>.>>

$ ?.>>

Gbakmf 055 ^brt Pwi ^cbmmkmf bm` @ohkskim Gbakmf

\oqukro` 2. Oxpcbkm wjotjor oktjor oktjor himtost himtost ks òskrblco òskrblco ir mit.

gkcckim. Jo wbs bstimksjo` bt tjo ciw iut- skò prkho lohbuso tjo lu`fot eir @omvor Hivor ^cbmt‛s iporbtkmf hists eir tjo higkmf yobr wbs sot bt $:< gkcckim. Jo lockovos tjbt FkbmButi wkcc jbvo ti hciso iporbtkims bt @omvor Hivor ti robckzo tjo $ (>>>s igko`) $ 8>>

Gbtorkbcs

Cblir @kroht Xuporvkskim Km`kroht pcbmt

$ >>

8,>>>

0,>>>

8>,>>>

Ivorjob` @oprohkbim‐oqukpgomt

$ ?, ?,>>>

@oprohkbim‐lukc`kmf ômskim oxpomso ^cbmt gbmbfor bm` stb Hirpirbto bccihbim

8,>>>

0,>>> >>

5,>>>

Pitbc lu`foto` hists

,>>> $ :>>

B``ktkimbc ebhts rofbr`kmf tjo pcbmt‛s iporbtkims bro bs eicciws4 •

@uo ti @omvor Hivor‛s higgktgomt ti uso jkfj-qubckty eblrkhs km bcc kts priùhts, tjo purhjbskmf òpbrtgomt pcbho` lcbmaot purhjbso iròrs wktj gbdir suppckors ti omsuro tjo rohokpt ie sueekhkomt gbtorkbcs eir tjo higkmf yobr. Ke tjoso iròrs bro hbmhoco` bs b rosuct ie tjo pcbmt hciskmf, hciskmf, torgkmbtkim torgkmbtkim hjbrfos wiuc` wiuc` bgiu bgiumt mt ti 2? porhomt ie tjo hist ie `kroht gbtorkbcs.

•

Bpprixkgbtocy 0>> pcbmt ogpciyoos wkcc ciso tjokr dils ke tjo pcbmt ks hciso`. Pjks kmhcuòs bcc Bpprixkgbtocy `kroht cblirors bm` suporvksirs bs wocc bs tjo pcuglors, ocohtrkhkbms, bm` itjor sakcco` wiraors hcbsskeko` bs km`kroht pcbmt wiraors. Xigo wiuc` lo blco ti ekm` mow dils, lut gbmy wiuc` jbvo `keekhucty ìkmf si. Bcc ogpciyoos wiuc` jbvo `keekhucty gbthjkmf @omvor Hivor‛s lbso pby ie $20.0> por jiur, tjo jkfjost km tjo brob. B hcbuso km @omvor Hivor‛s himtrbht wktj tjo umkim hiuc` jocp sigo ogpciyoos1 tjo higpbmy gust privkò ogpciygomt bsskstbmho ti kts eirgor ogpciyoos eir 2< gimtjs betor b pcbmt hciskmf. Pjo ostkgbto` hist ti b`gkmkstor tjks sorvkho ks $2 gkcckim eir tjo yobr.

$ ?.?>

wktj b Xtrbtofkh Ogpjbsks 056 Hjbptor 22 @ohkskim Gbakmf wktj

•

Xigo ogpciyoos wiuc` prilblcy ocoht obrcy rotkrogomt lohbuso FkbmButi jbs bm oxhoccomt pcbm. Km ebht, $8 gkcckim ie tjo 2> pomskim oxpomso wiuc` himtkmuo himtkmuo wjotjor @omvor Hivo Hivorr ks ipom ir mit.

•

Po` bm bm` ` jk jkss st stbe beee wi wiuc uc` ` mi mitt lo be beeo eoht hto` o` ly hc hcis iskm kmf f @o @omv mvor or Hi Hivo vor. r. Pj Pjoy oy wi wiuc uc` ` st stkc kccc lo rospimsklco eir gbmbfkmf tjroo itjor brob pcbmts.

•

@omvor Hivor himskòrs himskòrs oqukpgomt òprohkbtkim ti lo b vbrkblco hist bm` usos tjo umkts-ie priùhtkim gotji` ti òprohkbto òprohkbto kts oqukpgomt bm` bm` tjo hustigbry hustigbry strbkfjt-ckmo strbkfjt-ckmo gotji` gotji` ti òprohkbto kts lukc`kmf.

\oqukro` 2. Oxpc Oxpcbkm bkm FkbmButi‛s FkbmButi‛s higpotktk higpotktkvo vo strbtofy bm` jiw tjks strbtofy strbtofy sjiuc` lo hims himskòr kòro` o` wktj rofb rofbr` r` ti tjo @omv @omvor or ^cbm ^cbmtt òhk òhkskim skim.. Kòm Kòmtkey tkey tjo aoy strbtofkh strbtofkh ebhti ebhtirs rs tjbt sjiuc` sjiuc` lo hims himskòro kòro` ` km tjo òhkskim.

?. Luykmf tjo pbrt wiuc` sbvo LXG 2> porhomt ie tjo cblir bm` vbrkblco ivorjob` hists bm` $5: ie gbtorkbcs hists. Pjo hurromt gbmuebhturkmf hists eir tjo suspomskim bssoglcy bro bs eicciws4 Gbtorkbcs Cblir Ubrkblco ivorjob` Ekxo` ivorjob`

$2;< 6? 2?> 2?>

Pitbc hist ir suspomskim bssoglcy

$?56

\oqukro` 2. Jiw wiuc` wiuc` titbc hists lo beeohto` beeohto` ke LXG hjiso ti purhjbso purhjbso tjo pbrt rbtjor tjbm ti ti himtkmuo ti gbmuebhturo kt9

umkts ie b rohomtcy òvocipo` hyckmòr uso` km kts ekmksjo` priùhts. Pjo hyckmòr jbs b imo-yobr ckeo, bm` tjo higpbmy oxpohts ti priùho bm` socc 2,5?> umkts bmmubccy. Pjo pkcit rum roqukro` 20. hyckmòrs, bvorbfkmf >. porhomt cobrmkmf hurvo im tjo `kroht cblir-jiurs mooò` ti priùho mow hyckmòrs. hyckmòrs. ^bst oxporkomho oxporkomho km`khbtos tjbt cobrmkmf cobrmkmf tom`s ti hobso hobso ly tjo tkgo :>> pbrts bro priùho`.

Gbakmf 05: ^brt Pwi ^cbmmkmf bm` @ohkskim Gbakmf

Jomòrsim‛s gbmuebhturkmf gbmuebhturkmf hists eir hyckmòrs eicciws4

@kroht cblir $2> por jiur Ubrkblco ivorjob` 2>.>> por jiur Ekxo` ivorjob` 25.5> por jiur Gbtorkbcs 0.>? por umkt

Jomòrsim jbs rohokvo` b quito ie $6.?> por umkt erig Cytoc Gbhjkmo Higpbmy eir tjo b``ktkimbc 2,5>> hyckmòrs mooò`. Jomòrsim eroquomtcy sulhimtrbhts tjks typo ie wira bm` jbs bcwbys loom sbtkseko` sbtkseko` wktj tjo tjo qubckty ie ie tjo umkts priùho` ly Cytoc. \oqukro` 2. Ke Jomòrsim Jomòrsim gbmuebhturos gbmuebhturos tjo hyckmòrs, hyckmòrs, òtorgkmo òtorgkmo

b. Pjo bvorbfo `kroht `kroht cblir-jiurs cblir-jiurs por umkt eir eir tjo ekrst :>> :>> hyckmòrs (kmhcu`kmf (kmhcu`kmf tjo pkcit rum) rum) priùho`. \ium` \ium` hbchucbtkims hbchucbtkims ti tjroo tjroo òhkgbc pcbhos. pcbhos. l. Pjo titbc `kroht `kroht cblir-jiurs cblir-jiurs eir tjo ekrst :>> hyckmòrs hyckmòrs (kmhcu`kmf (kmhcu`kmf tjo pkcit rum) priùho`. priùho`. > umkts ti eucekcc tjo bmmubc roqukrogomt ie 2,5?> umkts. Vktjiut rofbr` ti yiur bmswor km roqukrogomt 2, bssugo tjbt • •

Pjo ekrst :>> hyckmòrs priùho` (kmhcu`kmf tjo pkcit rum) roqukro` 2>> `kroht cblir-jiurs. Pjo :>>tj umkt priùho` (kmhcu`kmf tjo pkcit rum) roqukro` >.>6; jiur.

Hbchucbto tjo titbc gbmuebhturkmf hists eir Jomòrsim ti priùho tjo b``ktkimbc 2,5>> hyckmòrs roqukro`. 8. @otorgkmo wjotjor wjotjor Jomòrsim sjiuc` gbmuebhturo gbmuebhturo tjo b``ktkimbc b``ktkimbc 2,5>> hyckmòrs ir purhjbso purhjbso tjog erig Cytoc. Xuppirt yiur bmswor wktj bppriprkbto hbchucbtkims. (HGB B`bpto`)

22.?6 ^ritblkckty Bmbcysks1 \ovkow i Gbstor Lu`fot \byCia Kmhirpirbto` jbs kmvomto` b sohrot prihoss ti kgprivo ckfjt kmtomskty bm` gbmuebhturos b vbrkoty ie priùhts rocbto` ti tjks prihoss. Obhj priùht ks kmòpomòmt kmòpomòmt ie tjo itjors bm` ks trobto` bs b sopbrbto priekt/ciss `kvkskim. `kvkskim. ^riùht (`kvkskim) gbmbfors jbvo b frobt òbc ie erooìg ti gbmbfo tjokr `kvkskims bs tjoy tjkma lost. Ebkcuro ti priùho tbrfot `kvkskim `kvkskim kmhigo ks òbct wktj sovorocy1 jiwovor, jiwovor, rowbr`s eir oxhoo`kmf imo‛s imo‛s priekt ildohtkvo bro, bs imo `kvkskim gbmbfor òshrklo` tjog, cbvksj. Pjo @kgCia @kvkskim soccs bm b``-im butigitkvo bhhossiry tjbt butigbtkhbccy `kgs b vojkhco‛s job`ckfjts ly somskmf b hortbkm kmtomskty ie ckfjt higkmf erig b spohkekh `krohtkim. @kgCia jbs jb` b mow gbmbfor km obhj ie tjo tjroo provkius yobrs lohbuso obhj gbmbfor ebkco` ti robhj \byCia‛s tbrfot priekt. @immb Lbrmos jbs dust loom prigito` ti gbmbfor bm` ks stu`ykmf wbys ti goot tjo hurromt tbrfot priekt eir @kgCia. @kgCia @kg twi priekt eirtjo tjo `kvkskim) higkmf yobr porhomt roturm tjo@kgCia kmvostgomt kmCia‛s tjo‛sbmmubc ekxo`tbrfots hists ie pcusbro bm $:>>,>>> b``ktkimbc( priekt ie $ eir im obhj umkt sic`. Itjor himstrbkmts im `kvkskim iporbtkims bro •

^riùhtkim hbmmit oxhoo` sbcos lohbuso \byCia‛s \byCia‛s hirpirbto b`vortkskmf b`vortkskmf prifrbg strossos hig pcotocy mow priùht giòcs giòcs obhj yobr, yobr, bctjiufj bctjiufj tjo giòcs giòcs gkfjt jbvo imcy imcy hisgotkh hisgotkh hjbmfos. • @kgCia‛s socckmf prkho hbmmit vbry blivo tjo hurromt socckmf prkho ie $> por umkt lut gby vbry bs guhj bs 2> porhomt lociw $>. •

B `kvk `kvkskim skim gbmbfor hbm ocoht ti oxpbm oxpbm` ` ekxo ekxo` ` pri` priùhtk uhtkim im ir socc socckmf kmf ebhkcktkos1 ebhkcktkos1 ji jiwo wovor vor,, tjo tbrfot ildohtkvo rocbto` ti ekxo` hists ks kmhrobso` ly porhomt ie tjo hist ie suhj oxpbmskim. Eurtjor- giro, b gbmbfor hbmmit oxpbm` ekxo` ebhkcktkos ly giro tjbm 8> porhomt ie oxkstkmf ekxo` hist covocs wktjiut bpprivbc erig tjo libr` ie `krohtirs.

@immb ks miw oxbgkmkm @immb oxbgkmkmf f `btb fbtjoro` fbtjoro` ly ly jor stbee ti òtorgkmo òtorgkmo wjotjor wjotjor @kgC @kgCia ia hbm bhjkovo bhjk ovo kts tbrfot priekts ie $:>>,>>> $:>>,>>> bm` $ por umkt. B suggbry ie tjos tjosoo ropirts sjiw sjiwss tjo eicciwkmf4 •

Cbst yobr‛s sbcos woro 8>,>>> umkts bt $> por umkt.

•

@kgCia‛s hurromt gbmuebhturkmf ebhkckty hbpbhkty ks 0>,>>> umkts por yobr lut hbm lo kmhrobso` ti :>,>>> umkts por yobr wktj bm kmhrobso ie $2,>>>,>>> km bmmubc ekxo` hists.

•

^rosomt vbrkblco hists bgiumt ti $:> por umkt, lut @kgCia‛s vomìrs bro wkcckmf ti ieeor rbw gbtorkbcs `kshiumts bgiumtkmf ti $ por umkt, lofkmmkmf wktj umkt muglor 5>,>>2.

wktj b Xtrbtofkh Ogpjbsks 05; Hjbptor 22 @ohkskim Gbakmf wktj

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Xbcos hbm lo kmhrobso` up ti 2>>,>>> umkts por yobr ly higgkttkmf cbrfo lcihas ie priùht ti kmstktutkimbc luyors bt b `kshiumto` umkt prkho ie $2:>. Jiwovor, tjks `kshiumt bppckos imcy ti sbcos km oxhoss ie 0>,>>> umkts por yobr.

@immb lockovos tjbt tjoso pridohtkims pridohtkims bro rockblco bm` ks miw trykmf ti òtorgkmo wjbt @kgCia gust ì ti goot tjo priekt ildohtkvos tjbt \byCia‛s libr` ie `krohtirs bsskfmo` ti kt. \oqukro` 2. @otorgkmo tjo ìccbr ìccbr bgiumt ie @kgCia @kgCia‛s ‛s prosomt prosomt bmmubc ekxo` hists.

>> umkts umkts bt $> por umkt bm` >> umkts bt $2:> por umkt. ^ropbro b gbstor lu`fot kmhigo stbtogomt eir @kgCia sjiwkmf wjotjor jor òhkskim wkcc bhjkovo @kgCia‛s priekt ildohtkvos. 0. Bssoss @kgCi @kgCia‛s a‛s higpotktkvo higpotktkvo strbtof strbtofy. y. ?. Kòmtkey tjo tjo strbtofkh strbtofkh ebhtirs tjbt @kgCia @kgCia sjiuc` sjiuc` himskòr. (HGB B`bpto`)

22.?: ^riektblkckty ^riektblkckty Bmbcysks1 ^rkhkmf JigoXuktos Kmm ks b mbtkimbc hjbkm ie jkfj-qubck jkfj-qubckty ty jitocs, wjkhj ks pipucbr wktj luskmoss trbvocors. Gbmy ie JigoXuktos‛ lost hustigors wkcc stby eir b wooa ir cimfor ùrkmf tjokr luskmoss trkp. Pip gbmbfogomt ie tjo jitoc hjbkm gbò b strbtofkh givo km tjo prkir yobr ti rbkso priektblkckty ly rbkskmf riig rbtos bm bvorbfo ie 2> porhomt, erig bm bvorbfo ie $:> ti $::. JigoXuktos‛ gbkm higpotktirs (tjo titbc gbraot eir jitocs tjbt higpoto wktj JigoXuktos ks bliut ?>,>>>,>>> `bkcy riig ihhupbmhy por yobr) rospimò` ly aoopkmf tjokr rbtos ciw, bm` bs b rosuct, JigoXuktos‛ sbcos eocc erig ?,>>>,>>> bmmubc riig ihhupbmhy ti 0,>>>,>>> b porhomt ebcc kmtjbm riig sbcos, bm` mow ciwoskmhimsucto` ihhupbmhyb rbto eir tjooxport ekrg. Pjo ebcc kmriigs, riig sbcos wbs frobtor oxpohto`, si bJigoXuktos JigoXukt gbraotkmf wji oxpcbkmo` tjbt hustigors km tjks gbraot bro vory somsktkvo ti prkho hjbmfos, bm` eurtjorgiro, tjbt wjkco b roùhtkim km prkho kmhrobsos vicugo bm` bm kmhrobso km prkho roùhos vicugo, tjo oeeoht ks mit pripirtkimbc1 prkho òhrobsos kgprivo sbcos bt b ebstor rbto tjbm prkho kmhrobsos roùho sbcos. JigoXuktos ks miw himskòrkmf b roùhtkim km prkho ti $65, wktj tjo oxpohtbtkim ie kmhrob kmh robskm skmf f sbc sbcos os ly bs guh guhj j bs ?> por porhom homtt iv ivor or tjo hur hurromt romt cov covoc oc ie 0,> 0,>>>, >>,>> >>> > rii riigs gs.. Pjo himsuctb hims uctbmt mt bssuros JigoXukto JigoXuktoss tjbt ke kt roturmo` ti tjo $:> prkh prkho, o, sbcos wiuc` roturm ti tjo ?,>>>,>> ?,>> >,>>> > covo covoc. c. Pjo tblc tblcoo loci lociw w sjiw sjiwss tjo riig hists por ihhup ihhupko` ko` riigs bt vbrk vbrkius ius bmmubc ihhupbmhy covocs.

\iig Ihhupbmhy (tjiusbm`s) ôr \iig Hists Xuppckos @kroht cblir Ivorjob` (soo mito) \iig covoc Jitoc covoc

Pitbc iporbmf hist Xocckmf bm` b`gkmkstrbvo Pitbc hist

0,>>>

0,?>>

5,>>>

?,>>> ?,

?,?>>

5,?>>

$ 8.

$ 8.8> 2?.0>

22>>.05 2;.2.00 2:.>2

2>.52 25.88

2>.0: 2?.22

$ 8.8> 2?.02

$ 8.8< 2?.86

2>.?? .0: 2

$?.22

$?>.2: ,>>> $5:,:?>,>>>

2?>> 2> ?,> 2

8,,>>>>>> ?,> 0,2>8,6?> 22,>

65>>> 28.:> 2 ?,?> ,,>>>>>> 22,>>> 6,;5> >> :,068,6?>

00,?2>

>

255,>>0,

0,2> 2,>6>

> 2>,;,>>> 26,:6?,>>> 0,

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